Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST): The clinical implications of cellular signalling pathways

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue , 2009, Pages

  Katz, Daniela ^a   Lazar, Alexander ^a   Lev, Dina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EGFR PROTEIN, HUMAN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; MTOR PROTEIN, HUMAN; NEUROFIBROMIN; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN P21; TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN KINASE; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR;

HUMAN; METABOLISM; NERVE SHEATH TUMOR; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

HUMANS; NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS; NEUROFIBROMIN 1; PROTEIN KINASES; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS P21(RAS); RECEPTOR, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; RECEPTORS, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; RECEPTORS, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TOR SERINE-THREONINE KINASES;

EID: 77951761066     PISSN: 14623994     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1462399409001227     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Grobmyer, S.R. et al. (2008) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: molecular pathogenesis and current management considerations. Journal of Surgical Oncology 97, 340-349 (Pubitemid 351358582)
2. Cashen, D.V. et al. (2004) Survival data for patients with malignant schwannoma. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 426, 69-73 (Pubitemid 39167110)
3. Anghileri, M. et al. (2006) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: prognostic factors and survival in a series of patients treated at a single institution. Cancer 107, 1065-1074 (Pubitemid 44291156)
4. Angelov, L. et al. (1998) Neurogenic sarcomas: experience at the University of Toronto. Neurosurgery 43, 56-64; discussion 64-55
5. Evans, D.G. et al. (2002) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in neurofibromatosis 1. Journal of Medical Genetics 39, 311-314 (Pubitemid 34526349)
6. Ducatman, B.S. et al. (1986) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 120 cases. Cancer 57, 2006-2021 (Pubitemid 16113778)
7. Ferner, R.E. and Gutmann, D.H. (2002) International consensus statement on malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis. Cancer Research 62, 1573-1577 (Pubitemid 34407825)
8. Tucker, T. et al. (2005) Association between benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in NF1. Neurology 65, 205-211 (Pubitemid 41022362)
9. Friedman, J.M. (1999) Epidemiology of neurofibromatosis type 1. American Journal of Medical Genetics 89, 1-6
10. Gutmann, D.H. et al. (1997) The diagnostic evaluation and multidisciplinary management of neurofibromatosis 1 and neurofibromatosis 2. Journal of the American Medical Association 278, 51-57 (Pubitemid 27274517)
11. Zadeh, G. et al. (2007) Radiation induced peripheral nerve tumors: case series and review of the literature. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 83, 205-212 (Pubitemid 46784995)
12. Adamson, D.C., Cummings, T.J. and Friedman, A.H. (2004) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the spine after radiation therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clinical Neuropathology 23, 245-255 (Pubitemid 39222717)
13. Gupta, G., Mammis, A. and Maniker, A. (2008) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 19, 533-543
14. Vauthey, J.N., Woodruff, J.M. and Brennan, M.F. (1995) Extremity malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (neurogenic sarcomas): a 10-year experience. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2, 126-131
15. Van Herendael, B.H. et al. (2006) The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the differentiation between malignant peripheral nerve-sheath tumors and non-neurogenic malignant soft-tissue tumors. Skeletal Radiology 35, 745-753 (Pubitemid 44317527)
16. Cardona, S. et al. (2003) Evaluation of F18-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to assess the nature of neurogenic tumours. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 29, 536-541 (Pubitemid 37009972)
17. Woodruff, J.M. (1996) Pathology of the major peripheral nerve sheath neoplasms. Monographs in Pathology 38, 129-161
18. Lin, B.T., Weiss, L.M. and Medeiros, L.J. (1997) Neurofibroma and cellular neurofibroma with atypia: a report of 14 tumors. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 21, 1443-1449 (Pubitemid 27528254)
19. Zou, C. et al. (2009) Clinical, pathological, and molecular variables predictive of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor outcome. Annals of Surgery 249, 1014-1022
20. DeRaedt,T. et al. (2003) Elevated risk for MPNST in NF1 microdeletion patients. American Journal of Human Genetics 72, 1288-1292 (Pubitemid 36530016)
21. Warbey, V.S. et al. (2009) [18F]FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours in neurofibromatosis type-1. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 36, 751-757
22. Furniss, D. et al. (2008) A 10-year review of benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in a single center: clinical and radiographic features can help to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 121, 529-533 (Pubitemid 351642915)
23. Hruban, R.H. et al. (1990) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors of the buttock and lower extremity.Astudy of 43 cases. Cancer 66, 1253-1265 (Pubitemid 20310668)
24. Kourea, H.P. et al. (1998) Subdiaphragmatic and intrathoracic paraspinal malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 25 patients and 26 tumors. Cancer 82, 2191-2203 (Pubitemid 28240826)
25. Wong, W.W. et al. (1998) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: analysis of treatment outcome. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 42, 351-360 (Pubitemid 28502782)
26. Sharif, S. et al. (2006) Second primary tumors in neurofibromatosis 1 patients treated for optic glioma: substantial risks after radiotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, 2570-2575 (Pubitemid 46630636)
27. Sordillo, P.P. et al. (1981) Malignant schwannoma - clinical characteristics, survival, and response to therapy. Cancer 47, 2503-2509 (Pubitemid 11127646)
28. Carli, M. et al. (2005) Pediatric malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: the Italian and German soft tissue sarcoma cooperative group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, 8422-8430
29. D'Agostino, A.N., Soule, E.H. and Miller, R.H. (1963) Sarcomas of the Peripheral Nerves and Somatic Soft Tissues Associated with Multiple Neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen's Disease). Cancer 16, 1015-1027
30. Poyhonen, M., Niemela, S. and Herva, R. (1997) Risk of malignancy and death in neurofibromatosis. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 121, 139-143 (Pubitemid 27097495)
31. Perry, A. et al. (2001) NF1 deletions in S-100 protein-positive and negative cells of sporadic and neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)-associated plexiform neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. American Journal of Pathology 159, 57-61 (Pubitemid 33704192)
32. Bottillo, I. et al. (2009) Germline and somatic NF1 mutations in sporadic and NF1-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours. Journal of Pathology 217, 693-701
33. Holtkamp, N. et al. (2007) MMP-13 and p53 in the progression of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Neoplasia 9, 671-677 (Pubitemid 47328086)
34. Menon, A.G. et al. (1990) Chromosome 17p deletions and p53 gene mutations associated with the formation of malignant neurofibrosarcomas in von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87, 5435-5439
35. Birindelli, S. et al. (2001) Rb and TP53 pathway alterations in sporadic and NF1-related malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Laboratory Investigation 81, 833-844 (Pubitemid 32553405)
36. Legius, E. et al. (1994) TP53 mutations are frequent in malignant NF1 tumors. Genes Chromosomes and Cancer 10, 250-255 (Pubitemid 24238432)
37. Johannessen, C.M. et al. (2005) The NF1 tumor suppressor critically regulates TSC2 and mTOR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 8573-8578 (Pubitemid 40862777)
38. Ambrosini, G. et al. (2008) Sorafenib inhibits growth and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in malignant peripheral nerve sheath cells. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 7, 890-896 (Pubitemid 351551042)
39. Perrone, F. et al. (2009) PDGFRA, PDGFRB, EGFR, and downstream signalling activation in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Neuro-Oncology Feb 26; [Epub ahead of print]
40. Watson, M.A. et al. (2004) Gene expression profiling reveals unique molecular subtypes of Neurofibromatosis Type I-associated and sporadic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Brain Pathology 14, 297-303 (Pubitemid 39095992)
41. Mahller, Y.Y. et al. (2006) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with high and low Ras-GTP are permissive for oncolytic herpes simplex virus mutants. Pediatric Blood and Cancer 46, 745-754 (Pubitemid 43726422)
42. Mattingly, R.R. et al. (2006) The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor PD184352 (CI-1040) selectively induces apoptosis in malignant schwannoma cell lines. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 316, 456-465 (Pubitemid 41832626)
43. Tang, Y. et al. (1998) A role for Pak protein kinases in Schwann cell transformation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95, 5139-5144 (Pubitemid 28208564)
44. Ingram, D.A. et al. (2001) Hyperactivation of p21(ras) and the hematopoietic-specific Rho GTPase, Rac2, cooperate to alter the proliferation of neurofibromin-deficient mast cells in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Experimental Medicine 194, 57-69 (Pubitemid 32660437)
45. Yang, F.C. et al. (2003) Neurofibromin-deficient Schwann cells secrete a potent migratory stimulus for Nf1 +/- mast cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation 112, 1851-1861
46. Donovan, S. et al. (2002) Hyperactivation of protein kinase B and ERK have discrete effects on survival, proliferation, and cytokine expression in Nf1-deficient myeloid cells. Cancer Cell 2, 507-514 (Pubitemid 41043955)
47. Lau, N. et al. (2000) Loss of neurofibromin is associated with activation of RAS/MAPK and PI3-K/AKT signaling in a neurofibromatosis 1 astrocytoma. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 59, 759-767
48. Zhang, Y.Y. et al. (1998) Nf1 regulates hematopoietic progenitor cell growth and ras signaling in response to multiple cytokines. Journal of Experimental Medicine 187, 1893-1902
49. Holtkamp, N. et al. (2008) EGFR and erbB2 in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and implications for targeted therapy. Neuro-Oncology 10, 946-957
50. Mawrin, C. et al. (2002) Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of p53, RB, and PTEN in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Virchows Archiv 440, 610-615 (Pubitemid 34809693)
51. Schneider-Stock, R. et al. (1997) p53 gene mutations in soft-tissue sarcomas-correlations with p53 immunohistochemistry and DNA ploidy. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 123, 211-218 (Pubitemid 27243567)
52. Kindblom, L.G. et al. (1995) Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of p53, MDM2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67 in benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours. Virchows Archiv 427, 19-26
53. Kourea, H.P. et al. (1999) Deletions of the INK4A gene occur in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors but not in neurofibromas. American Journal of Pathology 155, 1855-1860
54. Nielsen, G.P. et al. (1999) Malignant transformation of neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis 1 is associated with CDKN2A/p16 inactivation. American Journal of Pathology 155, 1879-1884
55. Kourea, H.P. et al. (1999) Expression of p27(kip) and other cell cycle regulators in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and neurofibromas: the emerging role of p27(kip) in malignant transformation of neurofibromas. American Journal of Pathology 155, 1885-1891
56. Perry, A. et al. (2002) Differential NF1, p16, and EGFR patterns by interphase cytogenetics (FISH) in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) and morphologically similar spindle cell neoplasms. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 61, 702-709 (Pubitemid 34851773)
57. Mantripragada, K.K. et al. (2008) High-resolution DNA copy number profiling of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors using targeted microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. Clinical Cancer Research 14, 1015-1024 (Pubitemid 351302546)
58. Theos, A. and Korf, B.R. (2006) Pathophysiology of neurofibromatosis type 1. Annals of Internal Medicine 144, 842-849 (Pubitemid 46780620)
59. Ballester, R. et al. (1990) The NF1 locus encodes a protein functionally related to mammalian GAP and yeast IRA proteins. Cell 63, 851-859 (Pubitemid 120035058)
60. Xu, G.F. et al. (1990) The catalytic domain of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene product stimulates ras GTPase and complements ira mutants of S. cerevisiae. Cell 63, 835-841
61. Daum, G. et al. (1994) The ins and outs of Raf kinases. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 19, 474-480 (Pubitemid 24342760)
62. Fu, H.W. and Casey, P.J. (1999) Enzymology and biology of CaaX protein prenylation. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 54, 315-342; discussion 342-313
63. Rubio, I. et al. (1999) Farnesylation of Ras is important for the interaction with phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma. European Journal of Biochemistry 266, 70-82
64. Basso, A.D., Kirschmeier, P. and Bishop, W.R. (2006) Lipid posttranslational modifications. Farnesyl transferase inhibitors. Journal of Lipid Research 47, 15-31
65. Roy, S. et al. (2005) Individual palmitoyl residues serve distinct roles in H-ras trafficking, microlocalization, and signaling. Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, 6722-6733 (Pubitemid 41023244)
66. Wong, W.W. et al. (2002) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the malignant cell: the statin family of drugs as triggers of tumor-specific apoptosis. Leukemia 16, 508-519 (Pubitemid 34460459)
67. Morgan, M.A., Ganser, A. and Reuter, C.W. (2003) Therapeutic efficacy of prenylation inhibitors in the treatment of myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 17, 1482-1498 (Pubitemid 36986950)
68. Mendola, C.E. and Backer, J.M. (1990) Lovastatin blocks N-ras oncogene-induced neuronal differentiation. Cell Growth and Differentiation 1, 499-502
69. Sebti, S.M., Tkalcevic, G.T. and Jani, J.P. (1991) Lovastatin, a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, inhibits the growth of human H-ras oncogene transformed cells in nude mice. Cancer Communications 3, 141-147
70. Wojtkowiak, J.W. et al. (2008) Induction of apoptosis in neurofibromatosis type 1 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cell lines by a combination of novel farnesyl transferase inhibitors and lovastatin. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 326, 1-11 (Pubitemid 351872120)
71. Krab, L.C. et al. (2008) Effect of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 300, 287-294 (Pubitemid 352008645)
72. Sun, J. et al. (1998) Both farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitors are required for inhibition of oncogenic K-Ras prenylation but each alone is sufficient to suppress human tumor growth in nude mouse xenografts. Oncogene 16, 1467-1473 (Pubitemid 28151853)
73. Rowell, C.A. et al. (1997) Direct demonstration of geranylgeranylation and farnesylation of Ki-Ras in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 14093-14097 (Pubitemid 27232813)
74. Yan, N. et al. (1995) Farnesyltransferase inhibitors block the neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) malignant phenotype. Cancer Research 55, 3569-3575
75. Widemann, B.C. et al. (2006) Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in children with refractory solid tumors or neurofibromatosis type I and plexiform neurofibromas. Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, 507-516 (Pubitemid 46630471)
76. Chang, F. et al. (2003) Signal transduction mediated by the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway from cytokine receptors to transcription factors: potential targeting for therapeutic intervention. Leukemia 17, 1263-1293 (Pubitemid 36857335)
77. Lavoie, J.N. et al. (1996) Cyclin D1 expression is regulated positively by the p42/p44MAPK and negatively by the p38/HOGMAPK pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 20608-20616 (Pubitemid 26281839)
78. Katz, M.E. and McCormick, F. (1997) Signal transduction from multiple Ras effectors. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 7, 75-79 (Pubitemid 27092767)
79. Rini, B.I. (2007) Sunitinib. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 8, 2359-2369
80. Maki, R.G. et al. (2008) Sorafenib Sarcoma Study Group Updated results of a phase II study of oral multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib in sarcomas, CTEP study #7060. Journal of Clinical Oncology 26 (May 20 Suppl: ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings), Abstract 10531
81. Diwakar, G. et al. (2008) Neurofibromin as a regulator of melanocyte development and differentiation. Journal of Cell Science 121, 167-177 (Pubitemid 351228449)
82. Dilworth, J.T. et al. (2006) Molecular targets for emerging anti-tumor therapies for neurofibromatosis type 1. Biochemical Pharmacology 72, 1485-1492 (Pubitemid 44666729)
83. Johansson, G. et al. (2008) Effective in vivo targeting of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 7, 1237-1245
84. Guertin, D.A. and Sabatini, D.M. (2005) An expanding role for mTOR in cancer. Trends in Molecular Medicine 11, 353-361 (Pubitemid 41080576)
85. LoPiccolo, J. et al. (2008) Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: effective combinations and clinical considerations. Drug Resistance Updates 11, 32-50
86. Zou, C.Y. et al. (2009) Dual targeting of AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin: A potential therapeutic approach for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics May 5; [Epub ahead of print]
87. Vezina, C., Kudelski, A. and Sehgal, S.N. (1975) Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. I. Taxonomy of the producing streptomycete and isolation of the active principle. Journal of Antibiotics 28, 721-726
88. Sabatini, D.M. (2006) mTOR and cancer: insights into a complex relationship. Nature Reviews Cancer 6, 729-734
89. Wan, X. and Helman, L.J. (2007) The biology behind mTOR inhibition in sarcoma. Oncologist 12, 1007-1018 (Pubitemid 47359144)
90. Guba, M. et al. (2002) Rapamycin inhibits primary and metastatic tumor growth by antiangiogenesis: involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor. Nature Medicine 8, 128-135 (Pubitemid 34155123)
91. Sun, S.Y. et al. (2005) Activation of Akt and eIF4E survival pathways by rapamycin-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition. Cancer Research 65, 7052-7058
92. Wang, X. et al. (2007) Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin induces phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent andMnk-mediated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E phosphorylation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 27, 7405-7413 (Pubitemid 350033648)
93. Mita, M.M. et al. (2008) Phase I trial of the novel mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor deforolimus (AP23573; MK-8669) administered intravenously daily for 5 days every 2 weeks to patients with advanced malignancies. Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, 361-367 (Pubitemid 351171685)
94. Chawla, S.P. et al. (2007) Survival results ofAP23573, a novel mTOR inhibitor, in patients with advanced soft tissue or bone sarcomas: update of a phase II trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25 (June 20 Suppl: ASCOAnnualMeeting Proceedings), Abstract 10076
95. Fetterly, G.J. et al. (2008) Pharmacokinetics of oral deforolimus (AP23573, MK-8669). Journal of Clinical Oncology 26 (May 20 Suppl: ASCO Annual Meetings Proceedings), Abstract 14555
96. [No authors listed] ClinicalTrials.gov. A pivotal trial to determine the efficacy and safety of AP23573 when administered as maintenance therapy to patients with metastatic soft-tissue or bone sarcomas. http://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT00538239
97. Raynaud, F.I. et al. (2007) Pharmacologic characterization of a potent inhibitor of class I phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases. Cancer Research 67, 5840-5850 (Pubitemid 46985018)
98. Gschwind, A., Fischer, O.M. and Ullrich, A. (2004) The discovery of receptor tyrosine kinases: targets for cancer therapy. Nature Reviews Cancer 4, 361-370 (Pubitemid 38579482)
99. Yarden, Y. (2001) The EGFR family and its ligands in human cancer. signalling mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. European Journal of Cancer 37 (Suppl 4), S3-8
100. DeClue, J.E. et al. (2000) Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in neurofibromatosis type 1-related tumors and NF1 animal models. Journal of Clinical Investigation 105, 1233-1241 (Pubitemid 30266076)
101. Tawbi, H. et al. (2008) Epidermal growth factor receptor expression and mutational analysis in synovial sarcomas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Oncologist 13, 459-466 (Pubitemid 351679927)
102. Albritton, K.H. et al. (2008) Phase II study of erlotinib in metastatic or unresectable malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). Journal of Clinical Oncology 24 (June 20 Suppl: ASCOAnnual Meeting Proceedings),Abstract 9518
103. Li, H. et al. (2002) Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathways are associated with tumorigenesis in the Nf1:p53 mouse tumor model. Cancer Research 62, 4507-4513 (Pubitemid 34827315)
104. Ling, B.C. et al. (2005) Role for the epidermal growth factor receptor in neurofibromatosis-related peripheral nerve tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 7, 65-75 (Pubitemid 40126383)
105. Holtkamp, N. et al. (2004) Subclassification of nerve sheath tumors by gene expression profiling. Brain Pathology 14, 258-264 (Pubitemid 39095987)
106. Keizman, D. et al. (2009) Expression and significance of EGFR in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 94, 383-388
107. Raymond, E., Faivre, S. and Armand, J.P. (2000) Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase as a target for anticancer therapy. Drugs 60 (Suppl 1), 15-23; discussion 41-12
108. Su, W. et al. (2003) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cell invasion is facilitated by Src and aberrant CD44 expression. Glia 42, 350-358 (Pubitemid 36702275)
109. Mahller, Y.Y. et al. (2007) Oncolytic HSV and erlotinib inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis in a novel malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor xenograft model. Molecular Therapy 15, 279-286 (Pubitemid 46111877)
110. Herbst, R.S. et al. (2002) Selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 is generallywell-tolerated and has activity in non-small-cell lung cancer and other solid tumors: results of a phase I trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, 3815-3825
111. Benvenuti, S. et al. (2007) Oncogenic activation of the RAS/RAF signaling pathway impairs the response of metastatic colorectal cancers to antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody therapies. Cancer Research 67, 2643-2648 (Pubitemid 46548951)
112. van Zandwijk, N. et al. (2007) EGFR and KRAS mutations as criteria for treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: retro- and prospective observations in non-small-cell lung cancer. Annals of Oncology 18, 99-103 (Pubitemid 46152507)
113. Perrone, F. et al. (2009) PI3KCA/PTEN deregulation contributes to impaired responses to cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Annals of Oncology 20, 84-90
114. Frattini, M. et al. (2007) PTEN loss of expression predicts cetuximab efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. British Journal of Cancer 97, 1139-1145 (Pubitemid 47587019)
115. Geyer, C.E. et al. (2006) Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 355, 2733-2743 (Pubitemid 46021510)
116. Heldin, C.H. and Westermark, B. (1984) Growth factors: mechanism of action and relation to oncogenes. Cell 37, 9-20
117. Betsholtz, C., Karlsson, L. and Lindahl, P. (2001) Developmental roles of platelet-derived growth factors. Bioessays 23, 494-507 (Pubitemid 32575610)
118. Badache, A. and De Vries, G.H. (1998) Neurofibrosarcoma-derived Schwann cells overexpress platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors and are induced to proliferate by PDGF BB. Journal of Cellular Physiology 177, 334-342 (Pubitemid 28452834)
119. Holtkamp, N. et al. (2004) Differentially expressed genes in neurofibromatosis 1-associated neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. ActaNeuropathologica 107, 159-168 (Pubitemid 38159303)
120. Holtkamp, N. et al. (2006) Mutation and expression of PDGFRA and KIT in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and its implications for imatinib sensitivity. Carcinogenesis 27, 664-671 (Pubitemid 43372895)
121. Dang, I. and DeVries, G.H. (2005) Schwann cell lines derived from malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors respond abnormally to platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Journal of Neuroscience Research 79, 318-328 (Pubitemid 40278346)
122. Jones, S.M. and Kazlauskas, A. (2000) Connecting signaling and cell cycle progression in growth factor-stimulated cells. Oncogene 19, 5558-5567
123. Aoki, M. et al. (2007) Imatinib mesylate inhibits cell invasion of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Laboratory Investigation 87, 767-779 (Pubitemid 47077256)
124. Buchdunger, E. et al. (2000) Abl protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 inhibits in vitro signal transduction mediated by c-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 295, 139-145
125. Badache, A., Muja, N. and De Vries, G.H. (1998) Expression of Kit in neurofibromin-deficient human Schwann cells: role in Schwann cell hyperplasia associated with type 1 neurofibromatosis. Oncogene 17, 795-800 (Pubitemid 28412501)
126. Reilly, K.M. and Van Dyke, T. (2008) It takes a (dysfunctional) village to raise a tumor. Cell 135, 408-410
127. Zhu, Y. et al. (2002) Neurofibromas in NF1: Schwann cell origin and role of tumor environment. Science 296, 920-922 (Pubitemid 34464899)
128. DuBois, S. and Demetri, G. (2007) Markers of angiogenesis and clinical features in patients with sarcoma. Cancer 109, 813-819 (Pubitemid 46333523)
129. Hicklin, D.J. and Ellis, L.M. (2005) Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, 1011-1027 (Pubitemid 46202320)
130. Harper, S.J. and Bates, D.O. (2008) VEGF-A splicing: the key to anti-angiogenic therapeutics? Nature Reviews Cancer 8, 880-887
131. Wasa, J. et al. (2008) Differential expression of angiogenic factors in peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 25, 819-825
132. Angelov, L. et al. (1999) Inhibition of angiogenesis by blocking activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 leads to decreased growth of neurogenic sarcomas. Cancer Research 59, 5536-5541 (Pubitemid 29526470)
133. D'Adamo, D.R. et al. (2005) Phase II study of doxorubicin and bevacizumab for patients with metastatic soft-tissue sarcomas. Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, 7135-7142
134. Verschraegen, C.F. et al. (2008) Phase I/II study of docetaxel, gemcitabine, and bevacizumab in patients with advanced or recurrent soft tissue sarcoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25 (June 20 Suppl: ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings), Abstract 10056
135. Hensley, M.L. et al. (2002) Gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with unresectable leiomyosarcoma: results of a phase II trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, 2824-2831 (Pubitemid 34651511)