Nutrigenomics in cardiovascular medicine

Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics

Volumn 2, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 637-651

  Corella, Dolores ^a,b   Ordovas, Jose M ^a,c  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA   (Spain)

^c CENTRO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIONES CARDIOVASCULARES CNIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIETARY INTAKE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FOOD INTAKE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; NONHUMAN; NUTRIGENOMICS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; ANIMAL; DIET; GENETICS; MEDICINE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET; HUMANS; MEDICINE; NUTRIGENOMICS;

EID: 77449098763     PISSN: 1942325X     EISSN: 19423268     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.891366     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. O'Donnell CJ, Nabel EG. Cardiovascular Genomics, Personalized Medicine, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Part I: The Beginning of an Era. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2008;1:51-57.
2. Ioannidis. JPA. Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes and Established Cardiovascular Risk Factors by Genome-WiDe Association Markers. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2:7-15.
3. Ding K, Kullo IJ. Genome-wiDe association studies for atherosclerotic vascular disease and its risk factors. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009;2: 63-72.
4. Hegele RA. Plasma lipoproteins: genetic influences and clinical implications. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10:109-121.
5. GovinDaraju DR, Cupples LA, Kannel WB, O'Donnell CJ, Atwood LD, D'Agostino RB Sr, Fox CS, Larson M, Levy D, Murabito J, Vasan RS, Splansky GL, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ. Genetics of the Framingham Heart Study population. Adv Genet. 2008;62:33-65.
6. Wilson PW. Assessing coronary heart disease risk with traditional and novel risk factors. Clin Cardiol. 2004;27(6 suppl 3):III7-III11.
7. Lindner JR. Molecular imaging of cardiovascular disease with contrastenhanced ultrasonography. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2009;6:475-481.
8. Hu FB, Willett WC. Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 2002;288:2569-2578.
9. Mente A, De Koning L, Shannon HS, Anand SS. A systematic review of the eviDence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:659-669.
10. Chahoud G, AuDe YW, Mehta JL. Dietary recommenDations in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease: do we have the iDeal diet yet? Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1260-1267.
11. Van Horn L, McCoin M, Kris-Etherton PM, Burke F, Carson JA, Champagne CM, Karmally W, Sikand G. The eviDence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:287-331.
12. Sievenpiper JL, Jenkins AL, Whitham DL, Vuksan V. Insulin resistance: concepts, controversies, and the role of nutrition. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2002;63:20-32.
13. Gifford KD. Dietary fats, eating guiDes, and public policy: history, critique, and recommenDations. Am J Med. 2002;113(suppl 9B): 89S-106S.
14. Hercberg S. The history of beta-carotene and cancers: from observational to intervention studies. What lessons can be drawn for future research on polyphenols? Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(1 suppl):218S-222S.
15. McDonald BE. The Canadian experience: why CanaDa DeciDed against an upper limit for cholesterol. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(6 suppl): 616S-620S.
16. Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;293:43-53.
17. McAuley KA, Hopkins CM, Smith KJ, McLay RT, Williams SM, Taylor RW, Mann JI. Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a highcarbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia. 2005; 48:8-16.
18. Estruch R, Martínez-González MA, Corella D, Salas-SalvadóJ, Ruiz- Gutiérrez V, Covas MI, Fiol M, Gómez-Gracia E, López-Sabater MC, Vinyoles E, Arós F, ConDe M, Lahoz C, Lapetra J, Sáez G, Ros E. PREDIMED Study Investigators. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:1-11.
19. Whitfield-Brown L, Hamer O, Ellahi B, BurDen S, Durrington P. An investigation to Determine the nutritional aDequacy and individuals experience of a very low fat diet used to treat type V hypertriglyceriDaemia. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2009;22:232-238.
20. Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Margolis KL, Mysiw WJ, Ockene JK, Parker LM, Perri MG, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto GE, Schatz IJ, Snetselaar LG, Stevens VJ, Tinker LF, Trevisan M, Vitolins MZ, AnDerson GL, Assaf AR, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Gass M, Granek I, Greenland P, Hays J, Heber D, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM. Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006;295:655-666. (Pubitemid 43209067)
21. Jakobsen MU, O'Reilly EJ, Heitmann BL, Pereira MA, Bälter K, Fraser GE, Goldbourt U, Hallmans G, Knekt P, Liu S, Pietinen P, Spiegelman D, Stevens J, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1425-1432.
22. Brown JM, Shelness GS, RuDel LL. Monounsaturated fatty acids and atherosclerosis: opposing views from epiDemiology and experimental animal moDels. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007;9:494-500.
23. Russo GL. Dietary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: from biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009;77:937-946.
24. Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, Shahar DR, Witkow S, Greenberg I, Golan R, Fraser D, Bolotin A, Vardi H, Tangi-Rozental O, Zuk-Ramot R, Sarusi B, Brickner D, Schwartz Z, Sheiner E, Marko R, Katorza E, Thiery J, Fiedler GM, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Stampfer MJ. Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:229-241.
25. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, Smith SR, Ryan DH, Anton SD, McManus K, Champagne CM, Bishop LM, Laranjo N, Leboff MS, Rood JC, De Jonge L, Greenway FL, Loria CM, Obarzanek E, Williamson DA. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009;360: 859-873.
26. Lovegrove JA, Gitau R. Personalized nutrition for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a future perspective. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2008;21: 306-316.
27. Mitchell BD, McArdle PF, Shen H, Rampersaud E, Pollin TI, Bielak LF, Jaquish C, Douglas JA, Roy-Gagnon MH, Sack P, Naglieri R, Hines S, Horenstein RB, Chang YP, Post W, Ryan KA, Brereton NH, Pakyz RE, Sorkin J, Damcott CM, O'Connell JR, Mangano C, Corretti M, Vogel R, Herzog W, Weir MR, Peyser PA, Shuldiner AR. The genetic response to short-term interventions affecting cardiovascular function: rationale and Design of the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention (HAPI) Heart Study. Am Heart J. 2008;155:823-828.
28. Lefevre M, Champagne CM, Tulley RT, Rood JC, Most MM. Individual variability in cardiovascular disease risk factor responses to low-fat and low-saturated-fat diets in men: body mass inDex, adiposity, and insulin resistance predict changes in LDL cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 82:957-963.
29. Keys A, AnDerson JT, GranDe F. Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet, III: differences among individuals. Metabolism. 1965;14: 766-775.
30. Abumrad NA. The gene-nutrient-gene loop. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001;4:407-410.
31. Ordovas JM, Corella D. Nutritional genomics. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2004;5:71-118.
32. Jansen AC, Van Wissen S, Defesche JC, Kastelein JJ. Phenotypic variability in familial hypercholesterolaemia: an upDate. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13:165-171.
33. Corella D, Ordovas JM. Single nucleotiDe polymorphisms that influence lipid metabolism: interaction with dietary factors. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005; 25:341-390.
34. Hegele RA. Gene-environment interactions in atherosclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 1992;113:177-186.
35. Ordovas JM, Lopez-MiranDa J, Mata P, Perez-Jimenez F, Lichtenstein AH, Schaefer EJ. Gene-diet interaction in Determining plasma lipid response to dietary intervention. Atherosclerosis. 1995;118:S11-S27.
36. Tall A, Welch C, Applebaum-BowDen D, Wassef M. Interaction of diet and genes in atherogenesis. Report of an NHLBI working group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:3326-3331.
37. Pérusse L, Bouchard C. Gene-diet interactions in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:1285S-1290S.
38. Elliott R, Ong TJ. Nutritional genomics. BMJ. 2002;324:1438-1442.
39. Van Ommen B, Stierum R. Nutrigenomics: exploiting systems biology in the nutrition and health arena. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2002;13:517-521.
40. German JB, Roberts MA, Fay L, Watkins SM. Metabolomics and individual metabolic assessment: the next great challenge for nutrition. J Nutr. 2002;132:2486-2487.
41. Müller M, Kersten S. Nutrigenomics: goals and strategies. Nat Rev Genet. 2003;4:315-322.
42. Ordovas JM, Mooser V. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004;15:101-108.
43. Kaput J, Rodriguez RL. Nutritional genomics: the next frontier in the postgenomic era. Physiol Genomics. 2004;16:166-177.
44. Chadwick R. Nutrigenomics, individualism and public health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2004;63:161-166.
45. Kaput J, Ordovas JM, Ferguson L, Van Ommen B, Rodriguez RL, Allen L, Ames BN, Dawson K, German B, Krauss R, Malyj W, Archer MC, Barnes S, Bartholomew A, Birk R, Van BlaDeren P, Bradford KJ, Brown KH, Caetano R, Castle D, Chadwick R, Clarke S, Clément K, Cooney CA, Corella D, Manica Da Cruz IB, Daniel H, Duster T, Ebbesson SO, Elliott R, Fairweather-Tait S, Felton J, Fenech M, Finley JW, Fogg- Johnson N, Gill-Garrison R, Gibney MJ, Gillies PJ, Gustafsson JA, Hartman Iv JL, He L, Hwang JK, Jais JP, Jang Y, Joost H, Junien C, Kanter M, Kibbe WA, Koletzko B, Korf BR, Kornman K, Krempin DW, Langin D, Lauren DR, Ho Lee J, Leveille GA, Lin SJ, Mathers J, Mayne M, McNabb W, Milner JA, Morgan P, Muller M, Nikolsky Y, Van Der OuDeraa F, Park T, Pensel N, Perez-Jimenez F, Poutanen K, Roberts M, Saris WH, Schuster G, Shelling AN, Simopoulos AP, Southon S, Tai ES, Towne B, Trayhurn P, Uauy R, Visek WJ, WarDen C, Weiss R, Wiencke J, Winkler J, Wolff GL, Zhao-Wilson X, Zucker JD. The case for strategic international alliances to harness nutritional genomics for public and personal health. Br J Nutr. 2005;94:623-632.
46. Trujillo E, Davis C, Milner J. Nutrigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and the practice of dietetics. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106: 403-413.
47. Ordovas JM, Mooser V. Metagenomics: the role of the microbiome in cardiovascular diseases. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2006;17:157-161.
48. Gallou-Kabani C, Vigé A, Gross MS, Junien C. Nutri-epigenomics: lifelong remoDelling of our epigenomes by nutritional and metabolic factors and beyond. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007;45:321-327.
49. Castle D, Ries NM. Ethical, legal and social issues in nutrigenomics: the challenges of regulating service Delivery and building health professional capacity. Mutat Res. 2007;622:138-143.
50. Low YL, Tai ES. UnDerstanding diet-gene interactions: lessons from studying nutrigenomics and cardiovascular disease. Mutat Res. 2007; 622:7-13.
51. Brown L, Van Der OuDeraa F. Nutritional genomics: food industry applications from farm to fork. Br J Nutr. 2007;97:1027-1035.
52. Bergmann MM, Görman U, Mathers JC. Bioethical consiDerations for human nutrigenomics. Annu Rev Nutr. 2008;28:447-467.
53. Subbiah MT. UnDerstanding the nutrigenomic Definitions and concepts at the food-genome junction. OMICS. 2008;12:229-235.
54. Stover PJ, Caudill MA. Genetic and epigenetic contributions to human nutrition and health: managing genome-diet interactions. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:1480-1487.
55. Whelan K, McCarthy S, Pufulete M. Genetics and diet- gene interactions: involvement, confiDence and knowledge of dietitians. Br J Nutr. 2008;99:23-28.
56. McCabe-Sellers B, Lovera D, Nuss H, Wise C, Ning B, Teitel C, Clark BS, Toennessen T, Green B, Bogle ML, Kaput J. Personalizing nutrigenomics research through community based participatory research and omics technologies. OMICS. 2008;12:263-272.
57. Tepper BJ. Nutritional implications of genetic taste variation: the role of PROP sensitivity and other taste phenotypes. Annu Rev Nutr. 2008;28: 367-388.
58. Ferguson LR. Nutrigenomics approaches to functional foods. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:452-458.
59. Shen J, Ordovas JM. Impact of genetic and environmental factors on hsCRP concentrations and response to therapeutic agents. Clin Chem. 2009;55:256-264.
60. Lopez-MiranDa J, Ordovas JM, Espino A, Marin C, Salas J, Lopez- Segura F, Jimenez-Pereperez J, Perez-Jimenez F. Influence of mutation in human apolipoprotein A-1 gene promoter on plasma LDL cholesterol response to dietary fat. Lancet. 1994;343:1246-1249.
61. Jansen S, Lopez-MiranDa J, Salas J, Ordovas JM, Castro P, Marin C, Ostos MA, Lopez-Segura F, Jimenez-Pereperez JA, Blanco A, Perez- Jimenez F. Effect of 347-serine mutation in apoprotein A-IV on plasmaLDL cholesterol response to dietary fat. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:1532-1538. (Pubitemid 27387774)
62. D'Angelo A, Coppola A, Madonna P, Fermo I, Pagano A, Mazzola G, Galli L, Cerbone AM. The role of vitamin B12 in fasting hyperhomocysteinemia and its interaction with the homozygous C677T mutation of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene. A case-control study of patients with early-onset thrombotic events. Thromb Haemost. 2000;83:563-570.
63. Campos H, D'Agostino M, Ordovás JM. Gene-diet interactions and plasma lipoproteins: role of apolipoprotein E and habitual saturated fat intake. Genet EpiDemiol. 2001;20:117-128.
64. Luan J, Browne PO, Harding AH, Halsall DJ, O'Rahilly S, Chatterjee VK, Wareham NJ. EviDence for gene-nutrient interaction at the PPARgamma locus. Diabetes. 2001;50:686-689.
65. Corella D, Tucker K, Lahoz C, Coltell O, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM. Alcohol drinking Determines the effect of the APOE locus on LDL-cholesterol concentrations in men: the Framingham offspring study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:736-745.
66. Leeson CP, Hingorani AD, Mullen MJ, Jeerooburkhan N, Kattenhorn M, Cole TJ, Muller DP, Lucas A, Humphries SE, Deanfield JE. Glu298Asp endothelial nitric oxiDe synthase gene polymorphism interacts with environmental and dietary factors to influence endothelial function. Circ Res. 2002;90:1153-1158.
67. Ordovas JM, Corella D, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Couture P, Coltell O, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Tucker KL. Dietary fat intake Determines the effect of a common polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene promoter on high-Density lipoprotein metabolism: eviDence of a strong dose effect in this gene-nutrient interaction in the Framingham Study. Circulation. 2002;106:2315-2321.
68. Brown S, Ordovás JM, Campos H. Interaction between the APOC3 gene promoter polymorphisms, saturated fat intake and plasma lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis. 2003;170:307-313.
69. Memisoglu A, Hu FB, Hankinson SE, Manson JE, De Vivo I, Willett WC, Hunter DJ. Interaction between a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene polymorphism and dietary fat intake in relation to body mass. Hum Mol Genet. 2003;12:2923-2929.
70. Dwyer JH, Allayee H, Dwyer KM, Fan J, Wu H, Mar R, Lusis AJ, Mehrabian M. Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase promoter genotype, dietary arachidonic acid, and atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:29-37.
71. Dedoussis GV, Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Zampelas A, Choumerianou D, Stefanadis C. Effect of interaction between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C-+T mutation on homocysteine concentrations in healthy adults: the ATTICA Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:849-854.
72. Tai ES, Corella D, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Coltell O, Schaefer EJ, Tucker KL, Ordovas JM. Framingham heart study.Polyunsaturated fatty acids interact with the PPARA-L162V polymorphism to affect plasma triglyceriDe and apolipoprotein C-III concentrations in the Framingham Heart Study. J Nutr. 2005;135:397-403.
73. Zhang L, Miyaki K, Araki J, Song Y, Kimura T, Omae K, Muramatsu M. Interaction of angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion-Deletion polymorphism and Daily salt intake influences hypertension in Japanese men. Hypertens Res. 2006;29:751-758.
74. Corella D, Qi L, Tai ES, Deurenberg-Yap M, Tan CE, Chew SK, Ordovas JM. Perilipin gene variation Determines higher susceptibility to insulin resistance in Asian women when consuming a high-saturated fat, low-carbohydrate diet. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1313-1319.
75. Robitaille J, Pérusse L, Bouchard C, Vohl MC. Genes, fat intake, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Quebec Family Study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15:2336-2347. (Pubitemid 350004102)
76. Corella D, Lai CQ, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Manning AK, Tucker KL, Ordovas JM. APOA5 gene variation modulates the effects of dietary fat intake on body mass inDex and obesity risk in the Framingham Heart Study. J Mol Med. 2007;85:119-128.
77. Sofi F, Fatini C, Sticchi E, Lenti M, Gori AM, Giusti B, Fedi S, Casini A, Abbate R, Gensini GF. Fish intake and LPA 93C+T polymorphism: gene-environment interaction in modulating lipoprotein (a) concentrations. Atherosclerosis. 2007;195:e147-e154.
78. Pérez-Martínez P, ADarraga-Cansino MD, FernánDez De la Puebla RA, Blanco-Molina A, Delgado-Lista J, Marín C, Ordovás JM, López- MiranDa J, Pérez-Jiménez F. The+675 4G/5G polymorphism at the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) gene modulates plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 concentrations in response to dietary fat consumption. Br J Nutr. 2008;99:699-702.
79. Norat T, Bowman R, Luben R, Welch A, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bingham S. Blood pressure and interactions between the angiotensin polymorphism AGT M235T and sodium intake: a cross-sectional population study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:392-397.
80. Nettleton JA, Volcik KA, Hoogeveen RC, Boerwinkle E. Carbohydrate intake modifies associations between ANGPTL4[E40K] genotype and HDL-cholesterol concentrations in white men from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203: 214-220.
81. Kanoni S, Dedoussis GV, Herbein G, Fulop T, Varin A, Jajte J, Rink L, Monti D, Mariani E, Malavolta M, Giacconi R, Marcellini F, Mocchegiani E. Assessment of gene-nutrient interactions on inflammatory status of the elDerly with the use of a zinc diet score-ZINCAGE study. J Nutr Biochem. 2009, May 14 (epub ahead of print).
82. Fumeron F, Betoulle D, Luc G, Behague I, Ricard S, Poirier O, Jemaa R, EVans A, Arveiler D, Marques-ViDal P. Alcohol intake modulates the effect of a polymorphism of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene on plasma high Density lipoprotein and the risk of myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:1664-1671.
83. Markus HS, Ali N, Swaminathan R, Sankaralingam A, Molloy J, Powell J. A common polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, homocysteine, and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Stroke. 1997;28:1739-1743.
84. Yoo JH, Park SC. Low plasma folate in combination with the 677 C-+T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease in Koreans. Thromb Res. 2000;97:77-84.
85. Hines LM, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM, Hankinson SE, Sacks F, Rimm EB, Hunter DJ. Genetic variation in alcohol Dehydrogenase and the beneficial effect of moDerate alcohol consumption on myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:549-555.
86. Yates Z, Lucock M. Interaction between common folate polymorphisms and B-vitamin nutritional status modulates homocysteine and risk for a thrombotic event. Mol Genet Metab. 2003;79:201-213.
87. Younis J, Cooper JA, Miller GJ, Humphries SE, Talmud PJ. Genetic variation in alcohol Dehydrogenase 1C and the beneficial effect of alcohol intake on coronary heart disease risk in the Second Northwick Park Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 2005;180:225-232.
88. Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Kabagambe EK, Campos H. Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2006;295: 1135-1141.
89. Volcik K, Ballantyne CM, Pownall HJ, Sharrett AR, Boerwinkle E. Interaction effects of high-Density lipoprotein metabolism gene variation and alcohol consumption on coronary heart disease risk: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007;68: 485-492.
90. Yang Y, Ruiz-Narvaez E, Kraft P, Campos H. Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype and saturated fat intake on plasma lipids and myocardial infarction in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Hum Biol. 2007;79: 637-647.
91. Ruiz-Narváez EA, Kraft P, Campos H. Ala12 variant of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene (PPARG) is associated with higher polyunsaturated fat in adipose tissue and attenuates the protective effect of polyunsaturated fat intake on the risk of myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1238-1242.
92. Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Campos H. GSTT1 genotype modifies the association between cruciferous vegetable intake and the risk of myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:752-758.
93. Allayee H, Baylin A, Hartiala J, Wijesuriya H, Mehrabian M, Lusis AJ, Campos H. Nutrigenetic association of the 5-lipoxygenase gene with myocardial infarction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:934-940.
94. Jensen MK, Mukamal KJ, Overvad K, Rimm EB. Alcohol consumption, TaqIB polymorphism of cholesteryl ester transfer protein, high-Density lipoprotein cholesterol, and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:104-112.
95. PhenX Toolkit. July 30, 2009, Ver. 2.3. Available at http://www. phenxtoolkit.org.
96. Ngo J, Engelen A, Molag M, Roesle J, García-Segovia P, Serra-Majem L. A review of the use of information and communication technologies for dietary assessment. Br J Nutr. 2009;101(suppl 2):S102-S112.
97. Bennet AM, Di Angelantonio E, Ye Z, Wensley F, Dahlin A, Ahlbom A, Keavney B, Collins R, Wiman B, De Faire U, Danesh J. Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes with lipid levels and coronary risk. JAMA. 2007;298:1300-1311.
98. Thompson A, Di Angelantonio E, Sarwar N, Erqou S, Saleheen D, Dullaart RP, Keavney B, Ye Z, Danesh J. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein genotypes with CETP mass and activity, lipid levels, and coronary risk. JAMA. 2008;299:2777-2788.
99. Masson LF, McNeill G. The effect of genetic variation on the lipid response to dietary change: recent findings. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2005; 16:61-67.
100. Corella D, Sáiz C, Guillén M, Portolés O, Mulet F, González JI, Ordovás JM. Association of TaqIB polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene with plasma lipid levels in a healthy Spanish population. Atherosclerosis. 2000;152:367-376.
101. Boekholdt SM, Sacks FM, Jukema JW, Shepherd J, Freeman DJ, McMahon AD, Cambien F, Nicaud V, De Grooth GJ, Talmud PJ, Humphries SE, Miller GJ, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, Kauma H, Kakko S, Savolainen MJ, Arca M, Montali A, Liu S, Lanz HJ, ZwinDerman AH, Kuivenhoven JA, Kastelein JJ. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIB variant, high-Density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, cardiovascular risk, and efficacy of pravastatin treatment: individual patient meta-analysis of 13,677 subjects. Circulation. 2005;111:278-287.
102. Ordovas JM, Cupples LA, Corella D, Otvos JD, Osgood D, Martinez A, Lahoz C, Coltell O, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein-TaqIB polymorphism with variations in lipoprotein subclasses and coronary heart disease risk: the Framingham study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:1323-1329.
103. Djoussé L, Pankow JS, Arnett DK, Eckfeldt JH, Myers RH, Ellison RC. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism modifies the alcohol-HDL association observed in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1639-1644.
104. Li TY, Zhang C, Asselbergs FW, Qi L, Rimm E, Hunter DJ, Hu FB. Interaction between dietary fat intake and the cholesterol ester transfer protein TaqIB polymorphism in relation to HDL-cholesterol concentrations among US diabetic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1524-1529.
105. Nettleton JA, Steffen LM, Ballantyne CM, Boerwinkle E, Folsom AR. Associations between HDL-cholesterol and polymorphisms in hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase genes are modified by dietary fat intake in African American and white adults. Atherosclerosis. 2007;194: e131-e140.
106. Lai CQ, Corella D, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Adiconis X, Zhu Y, Parnell LD, Tucker KL, Ordovas JM. Dietary intake of n-6 fatty acids modulates effect of apolipoprotein A5 gene on plasma fasting triglyceriDes, remnant lipoprotein concentrations, and lipoprotein particle size: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2006;113:2062-2070.
107. Tong Y, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhang B. Association between TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus: a large Human Genome EpiDemiology (HuGE) review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Genet. 2009;10:15.
108. Cornelis MC, Qi L, Kraft P, Hu FB. TCF7L2, dietary carbohydrate, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women. Cornelis MC, Qi L, Kraft P, Hu FB. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1256-1262.
109. Fisher E, Boeing H, Fritsche A, Doering F, Joost HG, Schulze MB. Whole-grain consumption and transcription factor-7-like 2 (TCF7L2) rs7903146: gene-diet interaction in modulating type 2 diabetes risk. Br J Nutr. 2009;101:478-481.
110. Ordovas JM, Corella D, Cupples LA, Demissie S, Kelleher A, Coltell O, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Tucker K. Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate the effects of the APOA1 G-A polymorphism on HDL-cholesterol concentrations in a sex-specific manner: the Framingham Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:38-46.
111. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Walker AM. Concepts of interaction. Am J EpiDemiol. 1980;112:467-470.
112. Wu X, Jin L, Xiong M. Mutual information for testing geneenvironment interaction. PLoS One. 2009;4:e4578.
113. Dempfle A, Scherag A, Hein R, Beckmann L, Chang-ClauDe J, Schäfer H. Gene-environment interactions for complex traits: Definitions, methodological requirements and challenges. Eur J Hum Genet. 2008;16: 1164-1172.
114. CorDell HJ. Genome-wiDe association studies: Detecting gene-gene interactions that unDerlie human diseases. Nat Rev Genet. May 12, [Epub ahead of print].
115. Lanktree MB, Hegele RA. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions: new insights into the prevention, Detection and management of coronary artery disease. Genome Med. 2009;1:28.
116. Rose S. Moving on from old dichotomies: beyond nature-nurture towards a lifeline perspective. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2001;40:s3-s7.
117. Corella D, González JI, BullóM, Carrasco P, Portolés O, Díez-Espino J, Covas MI, Ruíz-Gutierrez V, Gómez-Gracia E, Arós F, Fiol M, Herrera MC, Santos JM, Sáez G, Lamuela R, Lahoz C, Vinyoles E, Ros E, Estruch R. Polymorphisms cyclooxygenase-2-765G+C and interleukin-6 -174G+C are associated with serum inflammation markers in a high cardiovascular risk population and do not modify the response to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with virgin olive oil or nuts. J Nutr. 2009;139:128-134.
118. Panagiotou G, Nielsen J. Nutritional systems biology: Definitions and approaches. Annu Rev Nutr. 2009;29:329-339.
119. Wheelock CE, Wheelock AM, Kawashima S, Diez D, Kanehisa M, Van Erk M, Kleemann R, Haeggström JZ, Goto S. Systems biology approaches and pathway tools for investigating cardiovascular disease. Mol Biosyst. 2009;5:588-602.
120. Roy H, Bhardwaj S, Yla-Herttuala S. Molecular genetics of atherosclerosis. Hum Genet. 2009;125:467-491.