Epidermal growth factor receptor in triple-negative and basal-like breast cancer: Promising clinical target or only a marker?

Cancer Journal

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 23-32

  Burness, Monika L ^a   Grushko, Tatyana A ^a   Olopade, Olufunmilayo I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Epidermal growth factor receptor; Triple negative breast cancer

Indexed keywords

1,4 DIAMINO 1,4 BIS(2 AMINOPHENYLTHIO) 2,3 DICYANOBUTADIENE; 2 (2 AMINO 3 METHOXYPHENYL)CHROMONE; 2 MORPHOLINO 8 PHENYLCHROMONE; 5 (4 BROMO 2 CHLOROANILINO) 4 FLUORO 1 METHYL 1H BENZIMIDAZOLE 6 CARBOHYDROXAMIC ACID 2 HYDROXYETHYL ESTER; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; BORTEZOMIB; C 11040; CANCER VACCINE; CAPECITABINE; CETUXIMAB; DASATINIB; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; ERLOTINIB; GEFITINIB; IMATINIB; LAPATINIB; MITOMYCIN C; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; PACLITAXEL; PEPDUCIN; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; SUNITINIB; TAPI 2; TRASTUZUMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANDETANIB; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; BASAL LIKE BREAST CANCER; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; BREAST CARCINOMA; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CANCER; DIARRHEA; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG TARGETING; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HUMAN; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN TARGETING; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER; TUMOR PROMOTION;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; RECEPTOR, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; RECEPTOR, ERBB-2; RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN; RECEPTORS, PROGESTERONE;

EID: 77149180777     PISSN: 15289117     EISSN: 1540336X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181d24fc1     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. American Cancer Society. Global facts and figures. Available at: http:// www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/Global-Facts-and-Figures-2007-rev2.pdf.
2. Carey LA, Perou CM, Livasy CA, et al. Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. JAMA. 2006;295:2492-2502.
3. Liedtke C, Mazouni C, Hess KR, et al. Response to neoadjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1275-1281.
4. Perou CM, Sørlie T, Eisen MB, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2000;406:747-752.
5. Siziopikou KP, Cobleigh M. The basal subtype of breast carcinomas may represent the group of breast tumors that could benefit from EGFR-targeted therapies. Breast. 2007;16:104-107.
6. Livasy CA, Karaca G, Nanda R, et al. Phenotypic evaluation of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2006;19:264-271.
7. Rouzier R, Perou CM, Symmans WF, et al. Breast cancer molecular subtypes respond differently to preoperative chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:5678-5685.
8. Parker JS, Mullins M, Cheang MC, et al. Supervised risk predictor of breast cancer based on intrinsic subtypes. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1160-1167.
9. Hu Z, Fan C, Oh DS, et al. The molecular portraits of breast tumors are conserved across microarray platforms. BMC Genomics. 2006;7:96.
10. Abd El-Rehim DM, Pinder SE, Paish CE, et al. Expression of luminal and basal cytokeratins in human breast carcinoma. J Pathol. 2004;203:661-671.
11. Nielsen TO, Hsu FD, Jensen K, et al. Immunohistochemical and clinical characterization of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:5367-5374.
12. Dent R, Trudeau M, Pritchard KI, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:4429-4434.
13. Hennessy BT, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Stemke-Hale K, et al. Characterization of a naturally occurring breast cancer subset enriched in epithelial- tomesenchymal transition and stem cell characteristics. Cancer Res. 2009;69: 4116-4124.
14. Collett K, Stefansson IM, Eide J, et al. A basal epithelial phenotype is more frequent in interval breast cancers compared with screen detected tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:1108-1112.
15. Nalwoga H, Arnes JB, Wabinga H, et al. Expression of EGFR and c-kit is associated with the basal-like phenotype in breast carcinomas of African women. APMIS. 2008;116:515-525.
16. Rodriguez-Pinilla SM, Sarrio D, Moreno-Bueno G, et al. Sox2: a possible driver of the basal-like phenotype in sporadic breast cancer. Mod Pathol. 2007;20:474-481.
17. Adelaide J, Finetti P, Bekhouche I, et al. Integrated profiling of basal and luminal breast cancers. Cancer Res. 2007;67:11565-11575.
18. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000;100:57-70.
19. DiRenzo J, Signoretti S, Nakamura N, et al. Growth factor requirements and basal phenotype of an immortalized mammary epithelial cell line. Cancer Res. 2002;62:89-98.
20. Foulkes WD, Stefansson IM, Chappuis PO, et al. Germline BRCA1 mutations and a basal epithelial phenotype in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:1482-1485.
21. Lakhani SR, Reis-Filho JS, Fulford L, et al. Prediction of BRCA1 status in patients with breast cancer using estrogen receptor and basal phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:5175-5180.
22. van der Groep P, Bouter A, van der Zanden R, et al. Re: Germline BRCA1 mutations and a basal epithelial phenotype in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:712-713; author reply 714.
23. Cohen S. Isolation of a mouse submaxillary gland protein accelerating incisor eruption and eyelid opening in the new-born animal. J Biol Chem. 1962;237:1555-1562.
24. Cohen S, Carpenter G. Human epidermal growth factor: isolation and chemical and biological properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1975;72:1317-1321.
25. Gregory H. Isolation and structure of urogastrone and its relationship to epidermal growth factor. Nature. 1975;257:325-327.
26. Cohen S, Carpenter G, King L Jr. Epidermal growth factor-receptor-protein kinase interactions. Co-purification of receptor and epidermal growth factorenhanced phosphorylation activity. J Biol Chem. 1980;255:4834-4842.
27. Cohen S, Ushiro H, Stoscheck C, et al. A native 170,000 epidermal growth factor receptor-kinase complex from shed plasma membrane vesicles. J Biol Chem. 1982;257:1523-1531.
28. Sporn MB, Todaro GJ. Autocrine secretion and malignant transformation of cells. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:878-880.
29. Harari PM, Allen GW, Bonner JA. Biology of interactions: antiepidermal growth factor receptor agents. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4057-4065.
30. Burgess AW. EGFR family: structure physiology signalling and therapeutic targets. Growth Fact. 2008;26:263-274.
31. Chan SK, Hill ME, Gullick WJ. The role of the epidermal growth factor receptor in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2006;11:3-11.
32. Flynn JF, Wong C, Wu JM. Anti-EGFR therapy: mechanism and advances in clinical efficacy in breast cancer. J Oncol. 2009;2009:526963.
33. Hynes NE, Dey JH. PI3K inhibition overcomes trastuzumab resistance: blockade of ErbB2/ErbB3 is not always enough. Cancer Cell. 2009;15:353-355.
34. Arteaga CL. Epidermal growth factor receptor dependence in human tumors: more than just expression? Oncologist. 2002;7(suppl 4):31-39.
35. Milanezi F, Carvalho S, Schmitt FC. EGFR/HER2 in breast cancer: a biological approach for molecular diagnosis and therapy. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2008;8:417-434.
36. Goswami S, Sahai E, Wyckoff JB, et al. Macrophages promote the invasion of breast carcinoma cells via a colony-stimulating factor-1/epidermal growth factor paracrine loop. Cancer Res. 2005;65:5278-5283.
37. Rae JM, Scheys JO, Clark KM, et al. EGFR and EGFRvIII expression in primary breast cancer and cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004;87: 87-95.
38. Weber F, Fukino K, Sawada T, et al. Variability in organ-specific EGFR mutational spectra in tumour epithelium and stroma may be the biological basis for differential responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:1922-1926.
39. Ekstrand AJ, Sugawa N, James CD, et al. Amplified and rearranged epidermal growth factor receptor genes in human glioblastomas reveal deletions of sequences encoding portions of the N- and/or C-terminal tails. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:4309-4313.
40. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2129-2139.
41. Sartore-Bianchi A, Moroni M, Veronese S, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor gene copy number and clinical outcome of metastatic colorectal cancer treated with panitumumab. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3238-3245.
42. Hirsch FR, Varella-Garcia M, Cappuzzo F. Predictive value of EGFR and HER2 overexpression in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncogene. 2009;28(suppl 1):S32-S37.
43. Cappuzzo F, Magrini E, Ceresoli GL, et al. Akt phosphorylation and gefitinib efficacy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:1133-1141.
44. Klijn JG, Berns PM, Schmitz PI, et al. The clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in human breast cancer: a review on 5232 patients. Endocr Rev. 1992;13:3-17.
45. Kersting C, Tidow N, Schmidt H, et al. Gene dosage PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization reveal low frequency of egfr amplifications despite protein overexpression in invasive breast carcinoma. Lab Invest. 2004;84: 582-587.
46. Bhargava R, Gerald WL, Li AR, et al. EGFR gene amplification in breast cancer: correlation with epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA and protein expression and HER-2 status and absence of EGFR-activating mutations. Mod Pathol. 2005;18:1027-1033.
47. Conzen S, Grushko TA, Olopade OI. The molecular biology of breast cancer. In: DeVita V, Lawrence T, Rosenberg SA. DEVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. Vol. 2. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008:1595-1605.
48. Huo D, Ikpatt F, Khramtsov A, et al. Population differences in breast cancer: survey in indigenous African women reveals over-representation of triplenegative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4515-4521.
49. Reis-Filho JS, Milanezi F, Carvalho S, et al. Metaplastic breast carcinomas exhibit EGFR, but not HER2, gene amplification and overexpression: immunohistochemical and chromogenic in situ hybridization analysis. Breast Cancer Res. 2005;7:R1028-R1035.
50. Sharma SV, Settleman J. ErbBs in lung cancer. Exp Cell Res. 2009;315: 557-571.
51. Cappuzzo F, Varella-Garcia M, Finocchiaro G, et al. Primary resistance to cetuximab therapy in EGFR FISH-positive colorectal cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2008;99:83-89.
52. Neskovic-Konstantinovic Z, Nikolić-Vukosavljević D, Branković-Magić M, et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in breast cancer, from early stages to advanced disease. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1999;18:347-355.
53. Tsutsui S, Ohno S, Murakami S, et al. Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its relationship to the estrogen receptor status in 1029 patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002;71:67-75.
54. Kakarala M, Wicha MS. Implications of the cancer stem-cell hypothesis for breast cancer prevention and therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2813-2820.
55. Dave B, Chang J. Treatment resistance in stem cells and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2009;14:79-82.
56. Cortes-Reynosa P, Robledo T, Salazar EP. Epidermal growth factor promotes epidermal growth factor receptor nuclear accumulation by a pathway dependent on cytoskeleton integrity in human breast cancer cells. Arch Med Res. 2009;40:331-338.
57. Lo HW, Hsu SC, Hung MC. EGFR signaling pathway in breast cancers: from traditional signal transduction to direct nuclear translocalization. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;95:211-218.
58. Lin SY, Makino K, Xia W, et al. Nuclear localization of EGF receptor and its potential new role as a transcription factor. Nat Cell Biol. 2001;3:802-808.
59. Arora P, Cuevas BD, Russo A, et al. Persistent transactivation of EGFR and ErbB2/HER2 by protease-activated receptor-1 promotes breast carcinoma cell invasion. Oncogene. 2008;27:4434-4445.
60. Kenny PA, Bissell MJ. Targeting TACE-dependent EGFR ligand shedding in breast cancer. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:337-345.
61. Zheng X, et al. ADAM17 promotes breast cancer cell malignant phenotype through EGFR-PI3K-AKT activation. Cancer Biol Ther. 2009;8:1045-1054.
62. Liu W, James CD, Frederick L, et al. PTEN/MMAC1 mutations and EGFR amplification in glioblastomas. Cancer Res. 1997;57:5254-5257.
63. Gebhardt F, Zanker KS, Brandt B. Modulation of epidermal growth factor receptor gene transcription by a polymorphic dinucleotide repeat in intron 1. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:13176-3180.
64. Brandt B, Hermann S, Straif K, et al. Modification of breast cancer risk in young women by a polymorphic sequence in the egfr gene. Cancer Res. 2004;64:7-12.
65. Agelopoulos K, Kersting C, Korsching E, et al. Egfr amplification specific gene expression in phyllodes tumours of the breast. Cell Oncol. 2007;29: 443-451.
66. Zandi R, Larsen AB, Andersen P, et al. Mechanisms for oncogenic activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cell Signal. 2007;19:2013-2023.
67. Stratford AL, Habibi G, Astanehe A, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is transcriptionally induced by the Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) and can be inhibited with Iressa in basal-like breast cancer, providing a potential target for therapy. Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9:R61.
68. Wu J, Lee C, Yokom D, et al. Disruption of the Y-box binding protein-1 results in suppression of the epidermal growth factor receptor and HER-2. Cancer Res. 2006;66:4872-4879.
69. Torregrosa D, Bolufer P, Lluch A, et al. Prognostic significance of c-erbB-2/neu amplification and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in primary breast cancer and their relation to estradiol receptor (ER) status. Clin Chim Acta. 1997;262:99-119.
70. Ciardiello F, Tortora G. EGFR antagonists in cancer treatment. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1160-1174.
71. Arnes JB, Bégin LR, Stefansson I, et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in relation to BRCA1 status, basal-like markers and prognosis in breast cancer. J Clin Pathol. 2009;62:139-146.
72. Buchholz TA, Tu X, Ang KK, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression correlates with poor survival in patients who have breast carcinoma treated with doxorubicin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer. 2005;104:676-681.
73. Cheang MC, Voduc D, Bajdik C, et al. Basal-like breast cancer defined by five biomarkers has superior prognostic value than triple-negative phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:1368-1376.
74. Tan DS, Marchió C, Jones RL, et al. Triple negative breast cancer: molecular profiling and prognostic impact in adjuvant anthracycline-treated patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;111:27-44.
75. Cho EY, Choi YL, Han JJ, et al. Expression and amplification of Her2, EGFR and cyclin D1 in breast cancer: immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization. Pathol Int. 2008;58:17-25.
76. Mizukami Y, Nonomura A, Noguchi M, et al. Immunohistochemical study of oncogene product ras p21, c-myc and growth factor EGF in breast carcinomas. Anticancer Res. 1991;11:1485-1494.
77. Fox SB, Harris AL. The epidermal growth factor receptor in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 1997;2:131-141.
78. Sassen A, Rochon J, Wild P, et al. Cytogenetic analysis of HER1/EGFR, HER2, HER3 and HER4 in 278 breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10:R2.
79. Uhm JE, Park YH, Yi SY, et al. Treatment outcomes and clinicopathologic characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer patients who received platinum-containing chemotherapy. Int J Cancer. 2009;124:1457-1462.
80. Ross JS, Slodkowska EA, Symmans WF, et al. The HER-2 receptor and breast cancer: ten years of targeted anti-HER-2 therapy and personalized medicine. Oncologist. 2009;14:320-368.
81. Harari PM. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition strategies in oncology. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2004;11:689-708.
82. Roda JM, Joshi T, Butchar JP, et al. The activation of natural killer cell effector functions by cetuximab-coated, epidermal growth factor receptor positive tumor cells is enhanced by cytokines. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13: 6419-6428.
83. Beum PV, Mack DA, Pawluczkowycz AW, et al. Binding of rituximab, trastuzumab, cetuximab, or mAb T101 to cancer cells promotes trogocytosis mediated by THP-1 cells and monocytes. J Immunol. 2008;181:8120-8132.
84. Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D, et al. Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2733-2743.
85. Ciardiello F, Troiani T, Caputo F, et al. Phase II study of gefitinib in combination with docetaxel as first-line therapy in metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2006;94:1604-1609.
86. Burris HA, Hurwitz HI, Dees EC, et al. Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity study of lapatinib (GW572016), a reversible dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic carcinomas. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5305-5313.
87. Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM, Franco S, et al. A phase II study of lapatinib monotherapy in chemotherapy-refractory HER2-positive and HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2008;19:1068-1074.
88. Di Leo A, Gomez HL, Aziz Z, et al. Phase III, double-blind, randomized study comparing lapatinib plus paclitaxel with placebo plus paclitaxel as first-line treatment for metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26: 5544-5552.
89. Finn RS, Press MF, Dering J, et al. Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and epidermal growth factor receptor expression and benefit from lapatinib in a randomized trial of paclitaxel with lapatinib or placebo as first-line treatment in HER2-negative or unknown metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3908-3915.
90. Hoadley KA, Weigman VJ, Fan C, et al. EGFR associated expression profiles vary with breast tumor subtype. BMC Genomics. 2007;8:258.
91. Moasser MM, Basso A, Averbuch SD, et al. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 ("Iressa") inhibits HER2-driven signaling and suppresses the growth of HER2-overexpressing tumor cells. Cancer Res. 2001;61:7184-7188.
92. Corkery B, Crown J, Clynes M, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor as a potential therapeutic target in triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20:862-867.
93. Fountzilas G, Pectasides D, Kalogera-Fountzila A, et al. Paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy combined with gefitinib (IRESSA) in patients with advanced breast cancer: a phase I/II study conducted by the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;92:1-9.
94. Gasparini G, Sarmiento R, Amici S, et al. Gefitinib (ZD1839) combined with weekly epirubicin in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a phase I study with biological correlate. Ann Oncol. 2005;16:1867-1873.
95. Gutteridge E, Agrawal A, Nicholson R, et al. The effects of gefitinib in tamoxifen resistant and hormone insensitive breast cancer: a phase II study. Int J Cancer. In press.
96. Green MD, Francis PA, Gebski V, et al. Gefitinib treatment in hormoneresistant and hormone receptor-negative advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20:1813-1817.
97. von Minckwitz G, Jonat W, Fasching P, et al. A multicentre phase II study on gefitinib in taxane- and anthracycline-pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;89:165-172.
98. Dickler MN, Cobleigh MA, Miller KD, et al. Efficacy and safety of erlotinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;115:115-121.
99. Dickler MN, Rugo HS, Eberle CA, et al. A phase II trial of erlotinib in combination with bevacizumab in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:7878-7883.
100. Twelves C, Trigo JM, Jones R, et al. Erlotinib in combination with capecitabine and docetaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a dose-escalation study. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44:419-426.
101. Sato JD, Kawamoto T, Le AD, et al. Biological effects in vitro of monoclonal antibodies to human epidermal growth factor receptors. Mol Biol Med. 1983;1:511-529.
102. Vermorken JB, Herbst RS, Leon X, et al. Overview of the efficacy of cetuximab in recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in patients who previously failed platinum-based therapies. Cancer. 2008;112:2710-2719.
103. Oliveras-Ferraros C, Vazquez-Martin A, López-Bonet E, et al. Growth and molecular interactions of the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab and the DNA cross-linking agent cisplatin in gefitinib-resistant MDA-MB-468 cells: new prospects in the treatment of triple-negative/basal-like breast cancer. Int J Oncol. 2008;33:1165-1176.
104. Gholam D, Chebib A, Hauteville D, et al. Combined paclitaxel and cetuximab achieved a major response on the skin metastases of a patient with epidermal growth factor receptor-positive, estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative (triple-negative) breast cancer. Anti Cancer Drugs. 2007;18:835-837.
105. Baselga J, Pfister D, Cooper MR, et al. Phase I studies of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor chimeric antibody C225 alone and in combination with cisplatin. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:904.
106. Modi S, D'Andrea G, Norton L, et al. A phase I study of cetuximab/ paclitaxel in patients with advanced-stage breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2006;7:270-277.
107. Shiu KK, Tan DS, Reis-Filho JS. Development of therapeutic approaches to 'triple negative' phenotype breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2008; 12:1123-1137.
108. Carey LA. TBCRC 001: EGFR inhibition with cetuximab added to carboplatin in metastatic triple-negative (basal-like) breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26.
109. Busam KJ, Capodieci P, Motzer R, et al. Cutaneous side-effects in cancer patients treated with the antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody C225. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:1169-1176.
110. Tan AR, Steinberg SM, Parr AL, et al. Markers in the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway and skin toxicity during erlotinib treatment. Ann Oncol. 2008;19:185-190.
111. Cohen EEW, Rosen F, Stadler WM, et al. Phase II trial of ZD1839 in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1980-1987.
112. Emery IF, Battelli C, Auclair PL, et al. Response to gefitinib and erlotinib in non-small cell lung cancer: a restrospective study. BMC Cancer. 2009;9: 333.
113. Agero ALC, Dusza SW, Benvenuto-Andrade C, et al. Dermatologic side effects associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:657-670.
114. Harari PM, Huang SM. Searching for reliable epidermal growth factor receptor response predictors: commentary re M. K. Nyati, et al., Radiosensitization by pan-ErbB inhibitor CI-1033 in vitro and in vivo. Clin. Cancer Res., 10:691-700, 2004. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:428-432.
115. Reinmuth N, Meister M, Muley T, et al. Molecular determinants of response to RTK-targeting agents in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer. 2006; 119:727-734.
116. Mueller KL, Hunter LA, Ethier SP, et al. Met and c-Src cooperate to compensate for loss of epidermal growth factor receptor kinase activity in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2008;68:3314-3322.
117. Tao Y, Pinzi V, Bourhis J, et al. Mechanisms of disease: signaling of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor pathway-therapeutic perspectives in cancer. Nat Clin Pract. 2007;4:591-602.
118. Roussidis AE, Theocharis AD, Tzanakakis GN. et al. The importance of c-Kit and PDGF receptors as potential targets for molecular therapy in breast cancer. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14:735-743.
119. Bianco R, Rosa R, Damiano V, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 contributes to resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor drugs in human cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:5069-5080.
120. Yang E, et al. Blockade of PAR1 signaling with cell-penetrating pepducins inhibits Akt survival pathways in breast cancer cells and suppresses tumor survival and metastasis. Cancer Res. 2009;69:6223-6231.
121. Reis-Filho JS, Tutt AN. Triple negative tumours: a critical review. Histopathology. 2008;52:108-118.
122. Cascone T, Morelli MP, Morgillo F, et al. Synergistic anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of combined therapy with bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) drugs in human cancer cells. J Cellular Physiol. 2008;216:698-707.
123. Mirzoeva OK, Das D, Heiser LM, et al. Basal subtype and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-phosphoinositide 3-kinase feedback signaling determine susceptibility of breast cancer cells to MEK inhibition. Cancer Res. 2009;69: 565-572.
124. Normanno N, De Luca A, Maiello MR, et al. The MEK/MAPK pathway is involved in the resistance of breast cancer cells to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib. J Cellular Physiol. 2006;207:420-427.
125. Chung CH, Ely K, McGavran L, et al. Increased epidermal growth factor receptor gene copy number is associated with poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4170-4176.