Genetics and pathogenesis of coeliac disease

Seminars in Immunology

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 346-354

  Heap, Graham A ^a   van Heel, David A ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Celiac; Coeliac; Genetics; Immunogenetics; Immunology

Indexed keywords

ENDOMYSIUM ANTIBODY; GLIADIN; GLUTEN; HLA B8 ANTIGEN; HLA DQ2 ANTIGEN; HLA DQ8 ANTIGEN; INTERLEUKIN 21; PROTEIN GLUTAMINE GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE 2;

CELIAC DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HLA SYSTEM; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENETICS; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INNATE IMMUNITY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INTESTINE EPITHELIUM; INTESTINE MUCOSA PERMEABILITY; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL INTOLERANCE; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

CELIAC DISEASE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HLA ANTIGENS; HUMANS; TRANSGLUTAMINASES;

EID: 70749097849     PISSN: 10445323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.04.001     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Jabri B., Kasarda D.D., and Green P.H. Innate and adaptive immunity: the yin and yang of celiac disease. Immunological Reviews 206 (2005) 219-231
2. Dicke W.K., Weijers H.A., and Van De Kamer J.H. Coeliac disease. II. The presence in wheat of a factor having a deleterious effect in cases of coeliac disease. Acta Paediatrica 42 1 (1953) 34-42
3. Maki M., and Collin P. Coeliac disease. Lancet 349 9067 (1997) 1755-1759
4. Lo W., Sano K., Lebwohl B., Diamond B., and Green P.H. Changing presentation of adult celiac disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 48 2 (2003) 395-398
5. Chapman B.L., Henry K., Paice F., Coghill N.F., and Stewart J.S. Measuring the response of the jejunal mucosa in adult coeliac disease to treatment with a gluten-free diet. Gut 15 11 (1974) 870-874
6. Fasano A., Berti I., Gerarduzzi T., et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study. Archives of Internal Medicine 163 3 (2003) 286-292
7. Bingley P.J., Williams A.J., Norcross A.J., et al. Undiagnosed coeliac disease at age seven: population based prospective birth cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research ed) 328 7435 (2004) 322-323
8. Maki M., Mustalahti K., Kokkonen J., et al. Prevalence of celiac disease among children in finland. The New England Journal of Medicine 348 25 (2003) 2517-2524
9. van Heel D.A., and West J. Recent advances in coeliac disease. Gut 55 7 (2006) 1037-1046
10. Peraaho M., Kaukinen K., Mustalahti K., et al. Effect of an oats-containing gluten-free diet on symptoms and quality of life in coeliac disease. A randomized study. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 39 1 (2004) 27-31
11. Kemppainen T.A., Heikkinen M.T., Ristikankare M.K., et al. Unkilned and large amounts of oats in the coeliac disease diet: a randomized, controlled study. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 43 9 (2008) 1094-1101
12. Janatuinen E.K., Pikkarainen P.H., Kemppainen T.A., et al. A comparison of diets with and without oats in adults with celiac disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 333 16 (1995) 1033-1037
13. Srinivasan U, Leonard N, Jones E, et al. Absence of oats toxicity in adult coeliac disease. BMJ (Clinical Research ed) 1996; 313(7068):1300-1.
14. Greco L., Romino R., Coto I., et al. The first large population based twin study of coeliac disease. Gut 50 5 (2002) 624-628
15. Nistico L., Fagnani C., Coto I., et al. Concordance, disease progression, and heritability of coeliac disease in Italian twins. Gut 55 6 (2006) 803-808
16. Bourgey M., Calcagno G., Tinto N., et al. HLA related genetic risk for coeliac disease. Gut 56 8 (2007) 1054-1059
17. van Heel D.A., Hunt K., Greco L., and Wijmenga C. Genetics in coeliac disease. Best Practice & Research 19 3 (2005) 323-339
18. Falchuk Z.M., Rogentine G.N., and Strober W. Predominance of histocompatibility antigen HL-A8 in patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 51 6 (1972) 1602-1605
19. Keuning J.J., Pena A.S., van Leeuwen A., van Hooff J.P., and va Rood J.J. HLA-DW3 associated with coeliac disease. Lancet 1 7958 (1976) 506-508
20. Tosi R., Vismara D., Tanigaki N., et al. Evidence that celiac disease is primarily associated with a DC locus allelic specificity. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 28 3 (1983) 395-404
21. Price P., Witt C., Allcock R., et al. The genetic basis for the association of the 8.1 ancestral haplotype (A1, B8, DR3) with multiple immunopathological diseases. Immunological Reviews 167 (1999) 257-274
22. Sollid L.M., Markussen G., Ek J., Gjerde H., Vartdal F., and Thorsby E. Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 169 1 (1989) 345-350
23. Dubois P.C., and van Heel D.A. Translational mini-review series on the immunogenetics of gut disease: immunogenetics of coeliac disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 153 2 (2008) 162-173
24. Karell K., Louka A.S., Moodie S.J., et al. HLA types in celiac disease patients not carrying the DQA1*05-DQB1*02 (DQ2) heterodimer: results from the European Genetics Cluster on Celiac Disease. Human Immunology 64 4 (2003) 469-477
25. van Belzen M.J., Koeleman B.P., Crusius J.B., et al. Defining the contribution of the HLA region to cis DQ2-positive coeliac disease patients. Genes and Immunity 5 3 (2004) 215-220
26. Louka A.S., Nilsson S., Olsson M., et al. HLA in coeliac disease families: a novel test of risk modification by the 'other' haplotype when at least one DQA1*05-DQB1*02 haplotype is carried. Tissue Antigens 60 2 (2002) 147-154
27. van de Wal Y., Kooy Y.M., Drijfhout J.W., Amons R., Papadopoulos G.K., and Koning F. Unique peptide binding characteristics of the disease-associated DQ(alpha 1*0501, beta 1*0201) vs the non-disease-associated DQ(alpha 1*0201, beta 1*0202) molecule. Immunogenetics 46 6 (1997) 484-492
28. Qiao S.W., Bergseng E., Molberg O., Jung G., Fleckenstein B., and Sollid L.M. Refining the rules of gliadin T cell epitope binding to the disease-associated DQ2 molecule in celiac disease: importance of proline spacing and glutamine deamidation. Journal of Immunology 175 1 (2005) 254-261
29. Vader W., Stepniak D., Kooy Y., et al. The HLA-DQ2 gene dose effect in celiac disease is directly related to the magnitude and breadth of gluten-specific T cell responses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 21 (2003) 12390-12395
30. Sjostrom H., Lundin K.E., Molberg O., et al. Identification of a gliadin T-cell epitope in coeliac disease: general importance of gliadin deamidation for intestinal T-cell recognition. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 48 2 (1998) 111-115
31. van de Wal Y., Kooy Y.M., van Veelen P., et al. Glutenin is involved in the gluten-driven mucosal T cell response. European Journal of Immunology 29 10 (1999) 3133-3139
32. Anderson R.P., Degano P., Godkin A.J., Jewell D.P., and Hill A.V. In vivo antigen challenge in celiac disease identifies a single transglutaminase-modified peptide as the dominant A-gliadin T-cell epitope. Nature Medicine 6 3 (2000) 337-342
33. Arentz-Hansen H., McAdam S.N., Molberg O., et al. Celiac lesion T cells recognize epitopes that cluster in regions of gliadins rich in proline residues. Gastroenterology 123 3 (2002) 803-809
34. Vader W., Kooy Y., Van Veelen P., et al. The gluten response in children with celiac disease is directed toward multiple gliadin and glutenin peptides. Gastroenterology 122 7 (2002) 1729-1737
35. van de Wal Y., Kooy Y.M., van Veelen P.A., et al. Small intestinal T cells of celiac disease patients recognize a natural pepsin fragment of gliadin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 17 (1998) 10050-10054
36. Mantzaris G., and Jewell D.P. In vivo toxicity of a synthetic dodecapeptide from A gliadin in patients with coeliac disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 26 4 (1991) 392-398
37. Shan L., Molberg O., Parrot I., et al. Structural basis for gluten intolerance in celiac sprue. Science 297 5590 (2002) 2275-2279
38. Mazzarella G., Maglio M., Paparo F., et al. An immunodominant DQ8 restricted gliadin peptide activates small intestinal immune response in in vitro cultured mucosa from HLA-DQ8 positive but not HLA-DQ8 negative coeliac patients. Gut 52 1 (2003) 57-62
39. Volta U., Molinaro N., Fusconi M., Cassani F., and Bianchi F.B. IgA antiendomysial antibody test. A step forward in celiac disease screening. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 36 6 (1991) 752-756
40. Kumar V., Lerner A., Valeski J.E., Beutner E.H., Chorzelski T.P., and Rossi T. Endomysial antibodies in the diagnosis of celiac disease and the effect of gluten on antibody titers. Immunological Investigations 18 1-4 (1989) 533-544
41. Lerner A., Kumar V., and Iancu T.C. Immunological diagnosis of childhood coeliac disease: comparison between antigliadin, antireticulin and antiendomysial antibodies. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 95 1 (1994) 78-82
42. Ferreira M., Davies S.L., Butler M., Scott D., Clark M., and Kumar P. Endomysial antibody: is it the best screening test for coeliac disease?. Gut 33 12 (1992) 1633-1637
43. Catassi C., Fanciulli G., D'Appello A.R., et al. Antiendomysium versus antigliadin antibodies in screening the general population for coeliac disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 35 7 (2000) 732-736
44. Bruce S.E., Bjarnason I., and Peters T.J. Human jejunal transglutaminase: demonstration of activity, enzyme kinetics and substrate specificity with special relation to gliadin and coeliac disease. Clinical Science (London) 68 5 (1985) 573-579
45. Dieterich W., Ehnis T., Bauer M., et al. Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease. Nature Medicine 3 7 (1997) 797-801
46. Henderson K.N., Reid H.H., Borg N.A., et al. The production and crystallization of the human leukocyte antigen class II molecules HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 complexed with deamidated gliadin peptides implicated in coeliac disease. Acta Crystallographica 63 Pt 12 (2007) 1021-1025
47. Molberg O., McAdam S.N., Korner R., et al. Tissue transglutaminase selectively modifies gliadin peptides that are recognized by gut-derived T cells in celiac disease. Nature Medicine 4 6 (1998) 713-717
48. van de Wal Y., Kooy Y., van Veelen P., et al. Selective deamidation by tissue transglutaminase strongly enhances gliadin-specific T cell reactivity. Journal of Immunology 161 4 (1998) 1585-1588
49. Brusco G., Muzi P., Ciccocioppo R., Biagi F., Cifone M.G., and Corazza G.R. Transglutaminase and coeliac disease: endomysial reactivity and small bowel expression. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 118 3 (1999) 371-375
50. Skovbjerg H., Hansen G.H., Niels-Christiansen L.L., et al. Intestinal tissue transglutaminase in coeliac disease of children and adults: ultrastructural localization and variation in expression. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 39 12 (2004) 1219-1227
51. Koskinen O., Collin P., Korponay-Szabo I., et al. Gluten-dependent small bowel mucosal transglutaminase 2-specific IgA deposits in overt and mild enteropathy coeliac disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 47 5 (2008) 436-442
52. Haroon Z.A., Hettasch J.M., Lai T.S., Dewhirst M.W., and Greenberg C.S. Tissue transglutaminase is expressed, active, and directly involved in rat dermal wound healing and angiogenesis. Faseb Journal 13 13 (1999) 1787-1795
53. Johnson T.S., Skill N.J., El Nahas A.M., et al. Transglutaminase transcription and antigen translocation in experimental renal scarring. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10 10 (1999) 2146-2157
54. Autuori F., Farrace M.G., Oliverio S., Piredda L., and Piacentini M. Tissue transglutaminase and apoptosis. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 62 (1998) 129-136
55. Piacentini M., Farrace M.G., Piredda L., et al. Transglutaminase overexpression sensitizes neuronal cell lines to apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular oxidative stress. Journal of Neurochemistry 81 5 (2002) 1061-1072
56. Greenberg C.S., Birckbichler P.J., and Rice R.H. Transglutaminases: multifunctional cross-linking enzymes that stabilize tissues. Faseb Journal 5 15 (1991) 3071-3077
57. Jones R.A., Nicholas B., Mian S., Davies P.J., and Griffin M. Reduced expression of tissue transglutaminase in a human endothelial cell line leads to changes in cell spreading, cell adhesion and reduced polymerisation of fibronectin. Journal of Cell Science 110 Pt 19 (1997) 2461-2472
58. De Laurenzi V., and Melino G. Gene disruption of tissue transglutaminase. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21 1 (2001) 148-155
59. Nanda N., Iismaa S.E., Owens W.A., Husain A., Mackay F., and Graham R.M. Targeted inactivation of Gh/tissue transglutaminase II. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 23 (2001) 20673-20678
60. Griffin M., Casadio R., and Bergamini C.M. Transglutaminases: nature's biological glues. The Biochemical Journal 368 Pt 2 (2002) 377-396
61. Dieterich W., Esslinger B., Trapp D., et al. Cross linking to tissue transglutaminase and collagen favours gliadin toxicity in coeliac disease. Gut 55 4 (2006) 478-484
62. Skovbjerg H., Anthonsen D., Knudsen E., and Sjostrom H. Deamidation of gliadin peptides in lamina propria: implications for celiac disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 53 11 (2008) 2917-2924
63. Bergamini C.M., Signorini M., and Poltronieri L. Inhibition of erythrocyte transglutaminase by GTP. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 916 1 (1987) 149-151
64. Pinkas D.M., Strop P., Brunger A.T., and Khosla C. Transglutaminase 2 undergoes a large conformational change upon activation. PLoS Biology 5 12 (2007) e327
65. Sollid L.M., Molberg O., McAdam S., and Lundin K.E. Autoantibodies in coeliac disease: tissue transglutaminase-guilt by association?. Gut 41 6 (1997) 851-852
66. Piper J.L., Gray G.M., and Khosla C. High selectivity of human tissue transglutaminase for immunoactive gliadin peptides: implications for celiac sprue. Biochemistry 41 1 (2002) 386-393
67. Sulkanen S., Halttunen T., Laurila K., et al. Tissue transglutaminase autoantibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in detecting celiac disease. Gastroenterology 115 6 (1998) 1322-1328
68. Byrne G., Ryan F., Jackson J., Feighery C., and Kelly J. Mutagenesis of the catalytic triad of tissue transglutaminase abrogates coeliac disease serum IgA autoantibody binding. Gut 56 3 (2007) 336-341
69. Nilsen E.M., Lundin K.E., Krajci P., Scott H., Sollid L.M., and Brandtzaeg P. Gluten specific, HLA-DQ restricted T cells from coeliac mucosa produce cytokines with Th1 or Th0 profile dominated by interferon gamma. Gut 37 6 (1995) 766-776
70. Nilsen E.M., Jahnsen F.L., Lundin K.E., et al. Gluten induces an intestinal cytokine response strongly dominated by interferon gamma in patients with celiac disease. Gastroenterology 115 3 (1998) 551-563
71. Leon A.J., Garrote J.A., Blanco-Quiros A., et al. Interleukin 18 maintains a long-standing inflammation in coeliac disease patients. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 146 3 (2006) 479-485
72. Monteleone G., Pender S.L., Alstead E., et al. Role of interferon alpha in promoting T helper cell type 1 responses in the small intestine in coeliac disease. Gut 48 3 (2001) 425-429
73. Salvati V.M., MacDonald T.T., Bajaj-Elliott M., et al. Interleukin 18 and associated markers of T helper cell type 1 activity in coeliac disease. Gut 50 2 (2002) 186-190
74. Di Sabatino A., Pickard K.M., Gordon J.N., et al. Evidence for the role of interferon-alfa production by dendritic cells in the Th1 response in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 133 4 (2007) 1175-1187
75. Monteleone G., Pender S.L., Wathen N.C., and MacDonald T.T. Interferon-alpha drives T cell-mediated immunopathology in the intestine. European Journal of Immunology 31 8 (2001) 2247-2255
76. Johrens K., Anagnostopoulos I., and Stein H. T-bet expression patterns in coeliac disease, cryptic and overt enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma. Histopathology 47 4 (2005) 368-374
77. Monteleone I., Monteleone G., Del Vecchio Blanco G., et al. Regulation of the T helper cell type 1 transcription factor T-bet in coeliac disease mucosa. Gut 53 8 (2004) 1090-1095
78. Strengell M., Julkunen I., and Matikainen S. IFN-alpha regulates IL-21 and IL-21R expression in human NK and T cells. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 76 2 (2004) 416-422
79. Parrish-Novak J., Dillon S.R., Nelson A., et al. Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function. Nature 408 6808 (2000) 57-63
80. Wurster A.L., Rodgers V.L., Satoskar A.R., et al. Interleukin 21 is a T helper (Th) cell 2 cytokine that specifically inhibits the differentiation of naive Th cells into interferon gamma-producing Th1 cells. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 196 7 (2002) 969-977
81. Fina D., Sarra M., Caruso R., et al. Interleukin 21 contributes to the mucosal T helper cell type 1 response in coeliac disease. Gut 57 7 (2008) 887-892
82. van Heel D.A., Franke L., Hunt K.A., et al. A genome-wide association study for celiac disease identifies risk variants in the region harboring IL2 and IL21. Nature Genetics 39 7 (2007) 827-829
83. Monteleone G., Monteleone I., Fina D., et al. Interleukin-21 enhances T-helper cell type I signaling and interferon-gamma production in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 128 3 (2005) 687-694
84. Olaussen R.W., Johansen F.E., Lundin K.E., Jahnsen J., Brandtzaeg P., and Farstad I.N. Interferon-gamma-secreting T cells localize to the epithelium in coeliac disease. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 56 6 (2002) 652-664
85. Meresse B., Verdier J., and Cerf-Bensussan N. The cytokine interleukin 21: a new player in coeliac disease?. Gut 57 7 (2008) 879-881
86. Sollid L.M. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac disease: license to kill revealed. Immunity 21 3 (2004) 303-304
87. Roberts A.I., Lee L., Schwarz E., et al. NKG2D receptors induced by IL-15 costimulate CD28-negative effector CTL in the tissue microenvironment. Journal of Immunology 167 10 (2001) 5527-5530
88. Maasho K., Opoku-Anane J., Marusina A.I., Coligan J.E., and Borrego F. NKG2D is a costimulatory receptor for human naive CD8+ T cells. Journal of Immunology 174 8 (2005) 4480-4484
89. Bahram S., Bresnahan M., Geraghty D.E., and Spies T. A second lineage of mammalian major histocompatibility complex class I genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 14 (1994) 6259-6263
90. Hue S., Mention J.J., Monteiro R.C., et al. A direct role for NKG2D/MICA interaction in villous atrophy during celiac disease. Immunity 21 3 (2004) 367-377
91. Jinushi M., Takehara T., Tatsumi T., et al. Autocrine/paracrine IL-15 that is required for type I IFN-mediated dendritic cell expression of MHC class I-related chain A and B is impaired in hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Immunology 171 10 (2003) 5423-5429
92. Ebert E.C. IL-15 converts human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes to CD94 producers of IFN-gamma and IL-10, the latter promoting Fas ligand-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunology 115 1 (2005) 118-126
93. Mention J.J., Ben Ahmed M., Begue B., et al. Interleukin 15: a key to disrupted intraepithelial lymphocyte homeostasis and lymphomagenesis in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 125 3 (2003) 730-745
94. Di Sabatino A., Ciccocioppo R., Cupelli F., et al. Epithelium derived interleukin 15 regulates intraepithelial lymphocyte Th1 cytokine production, cytotoxicity, and survival in coeliac disease. Gut 55 4 (2006) 469-477
95. Maiuri L., Ciacci C., Ricciardelli I., et al. Association between innate response to gliadin and activation of pathogenic T cells in coeliac disease. Lancet 362 9377 (2003) 30-37
96. Rakhimova M., Esslinger B., Schulze-Krebs A., Hahn E.G., Schuppan D., and Dieterich W. In vitro differentiation of human monocytes into dendritic cells by peptic-tryptic digest of gliadin is independent of genetic predisposition and the presence of celiac disease. Journal of Clinical Immunology (2008)
97. Palova-Jelinkova L., Rozkova D., Pecharova B., et al. Gliadin fragments induce phenotypic and functional maturation of human dendritic cells. Journal of Immunology 175 10 (2005) 7038-7045
98. Bernardo D., Garrote J.A., Allegretti Y., et al. Higher constitutive IL15R alpha expression and lower IL-15 response threshold in coeliac disease patients. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 154 1 (2008) 64-73
99. Wang W., Uzzau S., Goldblum S.E., and Fasano A. Human zonulin, a potential modulator of intestinal tight junctions. Journal of Cell Science 113 Pt 24 (2000) 4435-4440
100. Lammers K.M., Lu R., Brownley J., et al. Gliadin induces an increase in intestinal permeability and zonulin release by binding to the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Gastroenterology 135 1 (2008) pp. 194-204 e3
101. Clemente M.G., De Virgiliis S., Kang J.S., et al. Early effects of gliadin on enterocyte intracellular signalling involved in intestinal barrier function. Gut 52 2 (2003) 218-223
102. Schumann M., Richter J.F., Wedell I., et al. Mechanisms of epithelial translocation of the alpha(2)-gliadin-33mer in coeliac sprue. Gut 57 6 (2008) 747-754
103. Harris K.M., Fasano A., and Mann D.L. Cutting Edge: IL-1 controls the IL-23 response induced by gliadin, the etiologic agent in celiac disease. Journal of Immunology 181 7 (2008) 4457-4460
104. Raki M., Tollefsen S., Molberg O., Lundin K.E., Sollid L.M., and Jahnsen F.L. A unique dendritic cell subset accumulates in the celiac lesion and efficiently activates gluten-reactive T cells. Gastroenterology 131 2 (2006) 428-438
105. Anderson R.P., van Heel D.A., Tye-Din J.A., et al. T cells in peripheral blood after gluten challenge in coeliac disease. Gut 54 9 (2005) 1217-1223
106. Hunt K.A., McGovern D.P., Kumar P.J., et al. A common CTLA4 haplotype associated with coeliac disease. European Journal of Human Genetics 13 4 (2005) 440-444
107. Consortium T.H. A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature 437 7063 (2005) 1299-1320
108. Steemers F.J., and Gunderson K.L. Whole genome genotyping technologies on the BeadArray platform. Biotechnology Journal 2 1 (2007) 41-49
109. Nestle M. Animal v. plant foods in human diets and health: is the historical record unequivocal?. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58 2 (1999) 211-218
110. Hunt K.A., Zhernakova A., Turner G., et al. Newly identified genetic risk variants for celiac disease related to the immune response. Nature Genetics (2008)
111. Maher B. Personal genomes: the case of the missing heritability. Nature 456 7218 (2008) 18-21
112. Walker-Smith J.A., Vines R., and Grigor W. Coeliac disease and diabetes. Lancet 2 7621 (1969) 650
113. Holmes G.K. Coeliac disease and Type 1 diabetes mellitus-the case for screening. Diabetes Medicine 18 3 (2001) 169-177
114. Consortium TWTCC. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 2007; 447(7145):661-78.
115. Spolski R., Kashyap M., Robinson C., Yu Z., and Leonard W.J. IL-21 signaling is critical for the development of type I diabetes in the NOD mouse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 37 (2008) 14028-14033
116. Zhernakova A., Alizadeh B.Z., Bevova M., et al. Novel association in chromosome 4q27 region with rheumatoid arthritis and confirmation of type 1 diabetes point to a general risk locus for autoimmune diseases. American Journal of Human Genetics 81 6 (2007) 1284-1288
117. Todd J.A., Walker N.M., Cooper J.D., et al. Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes. Nature Genetics 39 7 (2007) 857-864
118. Liu Y., Helms C., Liao W., et al. A genome-wide association study of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis identifies new disease Loci. PLoS Genetics 4 3 (2008) e1000041
119. Smyth D.J., Plagnol V., Walker N.M., et al. Shared, distinct and opposing genetic factors in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 359 26 (2008) 2767-2777
120. Ivarsson A., Persson L.A., and Hernell O. Does breast-feeding affect the risk for coeliac disease?. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 478 (2000) 139-149