Towards the development of a GIS method for identifying rural food deserts: Geographic access in Vermont, USA

Applied Geography

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 165-176

  McEntee, Jesse ^a   Agyeman, Julian ^b  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Food desert; Food security; Geographic information systems (GIS); Rural food access; Vermont

Indexed keywords

FOOD MARKET; FOOD SECURITY; GIS; POVERTY; RETAILING; RURAL AREA;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; VERMONT;

EID: 70649088114     PISSN: 01436228     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.05.004     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Acheson D. Independent inquiry into inequalities in health report. Available from (1998). http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/ih/part2d.htm#6 Accessed 02.01.08
2. Apparicio P., Cloutier M., and Shearmur R. The case of Montreal's missing food deserts: evaluation of accessibility to food supermarkets. International Journal of Health Geographics 6 1 (2007) 4
3. Baker E.A., Schootman M., Barnidge E., and Kelly C. The role of race and poverty in access to foods that enable individuals to adhere to dietary guidelines. Preventing Chronic Disease 3 3 (2006) A76
4. Ball K., Timperio A., and Crawford D. Neighborhood socioeconomic inequalities in food access and affordability. Health & Place 15 (2009) 578-585
5. Bodor J.N., Rose D., Farley T.A., Swalm C., and Scott S.K. Neighbourhood fruit and vegetable availability and consumption: the role of small food stores in an urban environment. Public Health Nutrition (2007) 1-8
6. Brault M. Disability status and the characteristics of people in group quarters: a brief analysis of disability prevalence among the civilian noninstitutionalized and total populations in the American community survey, the United States census bureau report. Available from (2008). http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/disability/GQdisability.pdf Accessed 10.17.08
7. Brug J., Lechner L., and de Vries H. Psychosocial determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption. Appetite 25 (1995) 285-296
8. Burns C.M., and Inglis A.D. Measuring food access in Melbourne: access to healthy and fast foods by car, bus and foot in an urban municipality in Melbourne. Health & place 13 4 (2007) 877-885
9. Clarke G., Eyre H., and Guy C. Deriving indicators of access to food retail provision in British cities: studies of Cardiff, Leeds and Bradford. Urban Studies 39 11 (2002) 2041-2060
10. Coveney J., and O'Dwyer L. Effects of mobility and location on food access. Health & Place (2008) Author's Accepted Manuscript
11. Cummins S., Findlay A., Petticrew M., and Sparks L. Healthy cities: the impact of food retail-led regeneration on food access, choice and retail structure. Built Environment 31 4 (2005) 288-301
12. Cummins S., and Macintyre S. The location of food stores in urban areas: a case study in Glasgow. British Food Journal 101 (1999) 54-55 2
13. Cummins S., and Macintyre S. A systematic study of an urban foodscape: the price and availability of food in greater Glasgow. Urban Studies 39 (2002) 2115-2130 16
14. Department of Health. Low income, food, nutrition and health: Strategies for improvement. A Report from the Low Income Project Team to the Nutrition Task Force (1996), Department of Health, London
15. Donkin A.J., Dowler E.A., Stevenson S.J., and Turner S.A. Mapping access to food at a local level. British Food Journal 101 7 (1999) 554
16. Donkin A.J., Dowler E.A., Stevenson S.J., and Turner S.A. Mapping access to food in a deprived area: the development of price and availability indices. Public Health Nutrition 3 1 (2000) 31-38
17. Douglas M. Deciphering a meal. Daedalus 101 (1972) 61-82
18. Dubowitz T., Acevedo-Garcia D., Salkeld J., Lindsay A.C., Subramanian S.V., and Peterson K.E. Lifecourse, immigrant status and acculturation in food purchasing and preparation among low-income mothers. Public Health Nutrition 10 4 (2007) 396-404
19. Eikenberry N., and Smith C. Attitudes, beliefs, and prevalence of dumpster diving as a means to obtain food by Midwestern, low-income, urban dwellers. Agriculture and Human Values 22 2 (2005) 187-202
20. ESRI. ArcMap version 9.1: Environment systems (2005), Research Institute Inc.
21. Food Research and Action Center. State of the states: 2007 (2007) Washington, DC
22. French S.A., Story M., and Jeffery R.W. Environmental influences on eating and physical activity. Annual Review of Public Health 22 (2001) 309-335
23. Furey S., Strugnell C., and McIlveen H. An investigation of the potential existence of "food deserts" in rural and urban areas of Northern Ireland. Agriculture and Human Values 18 4 (2001) 447-457
24. Glanz K., Kristal A.R., Sorensen G., Palombo R., Heimendinger J., and Probart C. Development and validation of measures of psychosocial factors influencing fat- and fiber-related dietary behavior. Preventative Medicine 22 (1993) 373-387
25. Guy C.M., Clarke G., and Eyre H. Food retail change and the growth of food deserts: a case study of Cardiff. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 32 (2004) 72-88 17
26. Guy C.M., and David G. Measuring physical access to 'healthy foods' in areas of social deprivation: a case study in Cardiff. International Journal of Consumer Studies 28 3 (2004) 222-224
27. Hendrickson D., Smith C., and Eikenberry N. Fruit and vegetable access in four low-income food deserts communities in Minnesota. Agriculture and Human Values 23 3 (2006) 371-383
28. Horowitz C., Colson K., Hebert P., and Lancaster K. Barriers to buying healthy foods for people with diabetes: evidence of environmental disparities. American Journal of Public Health 94 (2004) 1549-1554
29. Hughes B. (2000). Speech to third annual local food retailing conference, July, 2000.
30. Kaufman P.R. Rural poor have less access to supermarkets, large grocery stores. Rural Development Perspectives 13 3 (1999)
31. Kwan M.P., Murray A.T., O'Kelly M.E., and Tiefelsdorf M. Recent advances in accessibility research: representation, methodology and applications. Journal of Geographical Systems 5 1 (2003) 129-138
32. Lang T., and Caraher M. Access to healthy foods: part II. Food poverty and shopping deserts: what are the implications for health promotion policy and practice?. Health Education Journal 57 (1998) 202-211
33. Larsen K., and Gilliland J. Mapping the evolution of 'food deserts' in a Canadian city: supermarket accessibility in London, Ontario, 1961-2005. International Journal of Health Geographics 7 (2008) 16
34. Liese A.D., Weis K.E., Pluto D., Smith E., and Lawson A. Food store types, availability, and cost of foods in a rural environment. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 107 11 (2007) 1916-1923
35. Lobstein T. Health, income and diet, tackling inequalities in health and diet related disease (1999), Sustain Publication, London KKS Printing
36. Lovett A., Haynes R., Sunnenberg G., and Gale S. Car travel time and accessibility by bus to general practitioner services: a study using patient registers and GIS. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 55 1 (2002) 97-111
37. Maxwell S., and Smith M. Household food security: a conceptual review. In: Maxwell S., and Frankenberger T. (Eds). Household food security: concepts, indicators, measurements: A technical review, monograph (1992) UNICEF and IFAD, New York and Rome
38. Maxwell S. Food security: a post-modern perspective. Food Policy 21 3 (1996) 155-170
39. McEntee J.C., and Ogneva-Himmelberger Y. Diesel particulate matter, lung cancer, and asthma inceidences along major traffic corridors in MA, USA: a GIS analysis. Health & Place 14 4 (2008) 817-828
40. McEntee, J.C. (2009). Re-localization of rural food systems: A key ingredient in the creation of sustainable communities?. Presented at the 2009 Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting. Las Vegas, NV. 22-27 March 2009.
41. Morland K., Diez Roux A.V., and Wing S. Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30 4 (2006) 333-339
42. Morland K., Wing S., and Diez Roux A. The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents' diets: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. American Journal of Public Health 92 (2002) 1761-1767
43. Morton L., Bitto E., Oakland M., and Sand M. Solving the problems of Iowa food deserts: food insecurity and civic structure. Rural Sociology 70 1 (2005) 94-112
44. Morton L.W., and Blanchard T.C. Starved for access: life in rural America's food deserts. Rural Realities 1 4 (2007) 1-10
45. Nord, M., & Andrews, M. (2002). Reducing food insecurity in the United States: assessing progress toward a national objective. Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report, No. 26-2.
46. Nord M., Jemison K., and Bickel G. Measuring food security in the United States: Prevalence of food insecurity and hunger, by State, 1996-1998. Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report (1999), Food and Rural Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Report No. 2
47. Olson C., Rauschenbach B., Frongillo Jr. E., and Kendall A. Factors contributing to household food insecurity in a rural upstate New York county. Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper, no. 1107-96 (1996), Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University
48. Papas M.A., Alber A.J., Ewing R., Heizisouer K.J., Gary T.L., and Klassen A.C. The built environment and obesity. Epidemiologic Reviews 29 (2007) 129-143
49. Pearce J., Witten K., and Bartie P. Neighbourhoods and health: a GIS approach to measuring community resource accessibility. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60 5 (2006) 389-395
50. Pearce J., Witten K., Hiscock R., and Blakely T. Are socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods deprived of health-related community resources?. International Journal of Epidemiology 36 2 (2007) 348-355
51. Piachhaud D., and Webb J. The price of food: Missing out on mass consumption (1996), STICERD London School of Economics, London
52. Pothukuchi K. Attracting supermarkets to inner-city neighborhoods: economic development outside the box. Economic Development Quarterly 19 3 (2005) 232-244
53. Powell L., Slater S., Mirtcheva D., Bao Y., and Chaloupka F. Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Preventative Medicine 94 (2007) 189-195
54. ReferenceUSA, Inc. 2007, Omaha, NE.
55. Rodgers J., Bergmann K., Salak V., Lackland D., and Hinson V. Geographic distribution of Parkinson's disease and stroke in South Carolina. Annals of Epidemiology 9 9 (2007) 723
56. Rose D. Economic determinants and dietary consequences of food insecurity in the United States. Journal of Nutrition 129 (1999) 517S-520S
57. Rose D., and Richards R. Food store access and household fruit and vegetable use among participants in the US Food Stamp Program. Public Health Nutrition 7 8 (2004) 1081-1088
58. Seliske L.M., Pickett W., Boyce W.F., and Janssen I. Density and type of food retailers surrounding Canadian schools: variations across socioeconomic status. Health & Place 15 3 (2009) 903-907
59. Sharkey J.R., and Horel S. Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and minority composition are associated with better potential spatial access to the ground-truthed food environment in a large rural area. The Journal of Nutrition 138 (2008) 620-627
60. Shaw H.J. Food deserts: towards the development of a classification. Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography 88 2 (2006) 231-247
61. Short A., Guthman J., and Raskin S. Food deserts, oases, or mirages? Small markets and community food security in the San Francisco Bay Area. Journal of Planning Education And Research 26 3 (2007) 352-364
62. Skerratt S. Food availability and choice in rural Scotland: the impact of "place". British Food Journal 101 7 (1999) 537-544
63. Smith C., Butterfass J., and Richards R. Environment influences food access and resulting shopping and dietary behaviors among homeless Minnesotans living in food deserts. Online publication: Feb, 2009. Agriculture & Human Values (2009) 10.1007/s10460-009-9191-z
64. Smoyer-Tomic K.E., Spence J.C., and Amrhein C. Food deserts in the Prairies? Supermarket accessibility and neighborhood need in Edmonton, Canada. The Professional Geographer 58 (2006) 307
65. Social Exclusion Unit. Bringing Britain together: A national strategy for neighbourhood renewal (1998), The Stationery Office, London
66. Stead M., Caraher M., Wrieden W., Longbotton P., Valentine K., and Anderson A. Confident, fearful and hopeless cooks: findings from the development of a food-skills initiative. British Food Journal 106 4 (2004) 274-287
67. US Census Bureau. Census 2000 basics. Available from (2003). http://www.census.gov/mso/www/c2000basics/chapter4.htm Accessed 05.18.09
68. US Census Bureau. Information & research services, population division 2005, census 2000 gateway. Available from (2005). http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html Accessed 20.11.05
69. US Census Bureau. U.S. census bureau: state and county quickfacts. [Homepage of U.S. Census Bureau], [Online]. Available from (2007). http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/50000.html Accessed 28.02.07
70. US Department of Agriculture. National agricultural statistics service, NASS - 2002 census of agriculture. Available from (2006). http://www.nass.usda.gov/Census_of_Agriculture/index.asp Accessed 01.16.07
71. US Department of Agriculture. Economic research service, Vermont fact sheet. Available from (2008). http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/VT.htm Accessed 03.12.08
72. US Department of Health, Education, and welfare. Centers for disease control. Ten-state nutrition survey in the United States, 1968-1970. Preliminary report to congress (1971), DHEW, Atlanta, GA
73. US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. National Center for Health Statistics. Preliminary Findings of the First Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1971-72. DHEW Publication No. (HRA) 74-1219-1 (1974), DHEW, Rockville, MD
74. US Congress. Food, conservation, and energy act of 2008, 110th congress (2008), US Government Printing Office
75. Vermont Center for Geographic Information. Vermont Center for Geographic Information Website. Available from (2007). http://www.vcgi.org
76. Whelan A., Wrigley N., Warm D., and Cannings E. Life in a 'Food Desert'. Urban Studies 39 11, 18 (2002) 2083-2100
77. World Bank. Poverty and hunger: Issues and options for food security in developing countries (1986), World Bank Policy Study, Washington, DC
78. Wrigley N. 'Food Deserts' in British cities: policy context and research priorities. Urban Studies 39 11 (2002) 2029-2040
79. Wrigley N. Food poverty and retail access what recent UK-US research reveals (2005) Cambridge - MIT Institute Workshop
80. Wrigley N., Guy C., and Lowe M. Urban regeneration, social inclusion and large store development: the seacroft development in context. Urban Studies 39 (2002) 2101-2114 14
81. Wrigley N., Warm D., and Margetts B. Deprivation, diet, and food-retail access: findings from the leeds 'food deserts' study. Environment and Planning A 35 1 (2003) 151-188
82. Wrigley N., Warm D., Margetts B., and Lowe M. The leeds 'food desert' intervention study: what the focus groups reveal. International Journal of Retail Distribution & Management 32 2 (2004) 123-136
83. Zandstra E.H., de Graaf C., and Van Staveren W.A. Influence of health and taste attitudes on consumption of low- and high-fat foods. Food Quality and Preference 12 (2001) 75-82
84. Zenk S.N., Schulz A.J., Hollis-Neely T., Campbell R.T., Holmes N., Watkins G., et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in African Americans income and store characteristics. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 29 1 (2005) 1-9