메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 1075-1087

African trypanosomiasis and antibodies: Implications for vaccination, therapy and diagnosis

Author keywords

African trypanosomiasis; Antibody; Diagnosis; Drug targeting; Nanobody ; Sleeping sickness; Vaccination

Indexed keywords

DIMINAZENE ACETURATE; DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS TETANUS VACCINE; HEAVY CHAIN ANTIBODY VACCINE; NANOBODIES; PROTOZOAL VACCINE; TRYPANOSOMA VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VARIANT SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN;

EID: 70449382286     PISSN: 17460913     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.65     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (25)

References (95)
  • 1
    • 0021877040 scopus 로고
    • Developmental cycles and biology of pathogenic trypanosomes
    • Vickerman K: Developmental cycles and biology of pathogenic trypanosomes. Br. Med. Bull. 41, 105-114 (1985).
    • (1985) Br. Med. Bull. , vol.41 , pp. 105-114
    • Vickerman, K.1
  • 2
    • 39849096916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eliminating human African trypanosomiasis: Where do we stand and what comes next?
    • Gives a very accurate and updated insight into the actual numbers of sleeping sickness cases reported to the WHO
    • Simarro PP, Jannin J, Cattand P: Eliminating human African trypanosomiasis: where do we stand and what comes next? PLoS Med. 5, e55 (2008). ■■ Gives a very accurate and updated insight into the actual numbers of sleeping sickness cases reported to the WHO.
    • (2008) PLoS Med. , vol.5
    • Simarro, P.P.1    Jannin, J.2    Cattand, P.3
  • 3
    • 64949148683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trypanosomiasis vector control in Africa and Latin America
    • Schofield CJ, Kabayo JP: Trypanosomiasis vector control in Africa and Latin America. Parasit. Vectors 1, 24 (2008).
    • (2008) Parasit. Vectors , vol.1 , pp. 24
    • Schofield, C.J.1    Kabayo, J.P.2
  • 5
    • 33751017069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Switching trypanosome coats: What's in the wardrobe?
    • Taylor JE, Rudenko G: Switching trypanosome coats: what's in the wardrobe? Trends Genet. 22, 614-620 (2006).
    • (2006) Trends Genet. , vol.22 , pp. 614-620
    • Taylor, J.E.1    Rudenko, G.2
  • 6
    • 50849133896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of B-cells and IgM antibodies in parasitemia, anemia, and VSG switching in Trypanosoma brucei-infected mice
    • Magez S, Schwegmann A, Atkinson R et al.: The role of B-cells and IgM antibodies in parasitemia, anemia, and VSG switching in Trypanosoma brucei-infected mice. PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000122 (2008).
    • (2008) PLoS Pathog. , vol.4
    • Magez, S.1    Schwegmann, A.2    Atkinson, R.3
  • 7
    • 0031969369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trypanosoma brucei infection elicits nitric oxide-dependent and nitric oxide-independent suppressive mechanisms
    • Beschin A, Brys L, Magez S, Radwanska M, De Baetselier P: Trypanosoma brucei infection elicits nitric oxide-dependent and nitric oxide-independent suppressive mechanisms. J. Leukoc. Biol. 63, 429-439 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Leukoc. Biol. , vol.63 , pp. 429-439
    • Beschin, A.1    Brys, L.2    Magez, S.3    Radwanska, M.4    De Baetselier, P.5
  • 8
    • 0033972621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative analysis of antibody responses against HSP60, invariant surface glycoprotein 70, and variant surface glycoprotein reveals a complex antigen-specific pattern of immunoglobulin isotype switching during infection by Trypanosoma brucei
    • Includes data obtained in both wild-type and T-cell-deficient nu/nu BALB/c mice, suggesting the very limited impact of T cells on the process of parasitemia control
    • Radwanska M, Magez S, Michel A, Stijlemans B, Geuskens M, Pays E: Comparative analysis of antibody responses against HSP60, invariant surface glycoprotein 70, and variant surface glycoprotein reveals a complex antigen-specific pattern of immunoglobulin isotype switching during infection by Trypanosoma brucei. Infect. Immun. 68, 848-860 (2000). ■ Includes data obtained in both wild-type and T-cell-deficient nu/nu BALB/c mice, suggesting the very limited impact of T cells on the process of parasitemia control.
    • (2000) Infect. Immun. , vol.68 , pp. 848-860
    • Radwanska, M.1    Magez, S.2    Michel, A.3    Stijlemans, B.4    Geuskens, M.5    Pays, E.6
  • 9
    • 0020469102 scopus 로고
    • Humoral responses against Trypanosoma brucei variable surface antigen are induced by degenerating parasites
    • Sendashonga CN, Black SJ: Humoral responses against Trypanosoma brucei variable surface antigen are induced by degenerating parasites. Parasite Immunol. 4, 245-257 (1982).
    • (1982) Parasite Immunol. , vol.4 , pp. 245-257
    • Sendashonga, C.N.1    Black, S.J.2
  • 10
    • 0016634564 scopus 로고
    • Antigenic variation in syringe passaged populations of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei. 1. Rationalization of the experimental approach
    • Van Meirvenne N, Janssens PG, Magnus E: Antigenic variation in syringe passaged populations of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei. 1. Rationalization of the experimental approach. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 55, 1-23 (1975).
    • (1975) Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. , vol.55 , pp. 1-23
    • Van Meirvenne, N.1    Janssens, P.G.2    Magnus, E.3
  • 11
    • 0016640879 scopus 로고
    • Antigenic variation in syringe passaged populations of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei. II. Comparative studies on two antigenic-type collections
    • Van Meirvenne N, Janssens PG, Magnus E, Lumsden WH, Herbert WJ: Antigenic variation in syringe passaged populations of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei. II. Comparative studies on two antigenic-type collections. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 55, 25-30 (1975).
    • (1975) Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. , vol.55 , pp. 25-30
    • Van Meirvenne, N.1    Janssens, P.G.2    Magnus, E.3    Lumsden, W.H.4    Herbert, W.J.5
  • 14
    • 0021046636 scopus 로고
    • All metacyclic variable antigen types of Trypanosoma congolense identified using monoclonal antibodies
    • Crowe JS, Barry JD, Luckins AG, Ross CA, Vickerman K: All metacyclic variable antigen types of Trypanosoma congolense identified using monoclonal antibodies. Nature 306, 389-391 (1983).
    • (1983) Nature , vol.306 , pp. 389-391
    • Crowe, J.S.1    Barry, J.D.2    Luckins, A.G.3    Ross, C.A.4    Vickerman, K.5
  • 15
    • 0018926667 scopus 로고
    • Studies on Trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense III. Antigenic variation in three cyclically transmitted stocks
    • Nantulya VM, Doyle JJ, Jenni L: Studies on Trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense III. Antigenic variation in three cyclically transmitted stocks. Parasitology 80, 123-131 (1980).
    • (1980) Parasitology , vol.80 , pp. 123-131
    • Nantulya, V.M.1    Doyle, J.J.2    Jenni, L.3
  • 16
    • 0020973285 scopus 로고
    • Immune mechanisms in C57B1 mice genetically resistant to Trypanosoma congolense infection. II. Aspects of the humoral response
    • MacAskill JA, Holmes PH, Whitelaw DD, Jennings FW, Urquhart GM: Immune mechanisms in C57B1 mice genetically resistant to Trypanosoma congolense infection. II. Aspects of the humoral response. Parasite Immunol. 5, 577-586 (1983).
    • (1983) Parasite Immunol. , vol.5 , pp. 577-586
    • MacAskill, J.A.1    Holmes, P.H.2    Whitelaw, D.D.3    Jennings, F.W.4    Urquhart, G.M.5
  • 17
    • 0020640992 scopus 로고
    • Antibody responses induced by immunization of inbred mice susceptible and resistant to African trypanosomes
    • Mitchell LA, Pearson TW: Antibody responses induced by immunization of inbred mice susceptible and resistant to African trypanosomes. Infect. Immun. 40, 894-902 (1983).
    • (1983) Infect. Immun. , vol.40 , pp. 894-902
    • Mitchell, L.A.1    Pearson, T.W.2
  • 18
    • 33744796798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CR3 (CD11b/CD18) is the major macrophage receptor for IgM antibody-mediated phagocytosis of African trypanosomes: Diverse effect on subsequent synthesis of tumor necrosis factor α and nitric oxide
    • DOI 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.009, PII S1286457905004314
    • Pan W, Ogunremi O, Wei G, Shi M, Tabel H: CR3 (CD11b/CD18) is the major macrophage receptor for IgM antibody-mediated phagocytosis of African trypanosomes: diverse effect on subsequent synthesis of tumor necrosis factor α and nitric oxide. Microbes Infect. 8, 1209-1218 (2006). (Pubitemid 43831686)
    • (2006) Microbes and Infection , vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp. 1209-1218
    • Pan, W.1    Ogunremi, O.2    Wei, G.3    Shi, M.4    Tabel, H.5
  • 19
    • 28444455575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired Kupffer cells in highly susceptible mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense
    • Shi M, Wei G, Pan W, Tabel H: Impaired Kupffer cells in highly susceptible mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Infect. Immun. 73, 8393-8396 (2005).
    • (2005) Infect. Immun. , vol.73 , pp. 8393-8396
    • Shi, M.1    Wei, G.2    Pan, W.3    Tabel, H.4
  • 21
    • 0028340956 scopus 로고
    • ESAG 6 and 7 products of Trypanosoma brucei form a transferrin binding protein complex
    • Steverding D, Stierhof YD, Chaudhri M et al.: ESAG 6 and 7 products of Trypanosoma brucei form a transferrin binding protein complex. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 64, 78-87 (1994).
    • (1994) Eur. J. Cell Biol. , vol.64 , pp. 78-87
    • Steverding, D.1    Stierhof, Y.D.2    Chaudhri, M.3
  • 22
    • 0027412723 scopus 로고
    • The identification, purification, and characterization of two invariant surface glycoproteins located beneath the surface coat barrier of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei
    • Jackson DG, Windle HJ, Voorheis HP: The identification, purification, and characterization of two invariant surface glycoproteins located beneath the surface coat barrier of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 8085-8095 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.268 , pp. 8085-8095
    • Jackson, D.G.1    Windle, H.J.2    Voorheis, H.P.3
  • 23
    • 0026727797 scopus 로고
    • Identification of invariant surface glycoproteins in the bloodstream stage of Trypanosoma brucei
    • Ziegelbauer K, Overath P: Identification of invariant surface glycoproteins in the bloodstream stage of Trypanosoma brucei. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10791-10796 (1992).
    • (1992) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.267 , pp. 10791-10796
    • Ziegelbauer, K.1    Overath, P.2
  • 24
    • 0026739802 scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of two invariant surface glycoproteins specific for the bloodstream stage of Trypanosoma brucei
    • Ziegelbauer K, Multhaup G, Overath P: Molecular characterization of two invariant surface glycoproteins specific for the bloodstream stage of Trypanosoma brucei. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10797-10803 (1992).
    • (1992) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.267 , pp. 10797-10803
    • Ziegelbauer, K.1    Multhaup, G.2    Overath, P.3
  • 25
    • 0030702839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a novel, stage-specific, invariant surface protein in Trypanosoma brucei containing an internal, serine-rich, repetitive motif
    • Nolan DP, Jackson DG, Windle HJ et al.: Characterization of a novel, stage-specific, invariant surface protein in Trypanosoma brucei containing an internal, serine-rich, repetitive motif. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29212-29221 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.272 , pp. 29212-29221
    • Nolan, D.P.1    Jackson, D.G.2    Windle, H.J.3
  • 26
    • 0042195176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host-parasite interactions and trypanosome morphogenesis: A flagellar pocketful of goodies
    • Gull K: Host-parasite interactions and trypanosome morphogenesis: a flagellar pocketful of goodies. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 6, 365-370 (2003).
    • (2003) Curr. Opin. Microbiol. , vol.6 , pp. 365-370
    • Gull, K.1
  • 27
    • 0028817199 scopus 로고
    • Partial protection against natural trypanosomiasis after vaccination with a flagellar pocket antigen from Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
    • Mkunza F, Olaho WM, Powell CN: Partial protection against natural trypanosomiasis after vaccination with a flagellar pocket antigen from Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Vaccine 13, 151-154 (1995).
    • (1995) Vaccine , vol.13 , pp. 151-154
    • Mkunza, F.1    Olaho, W.M.2    Powell, C.N.3
  • 28
    • 0033670753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibodies raised against the flagellar pocket fraction of Trypanosoma brucei preferentially recognize HSP60 in cDNA expression library
    • Radwanska M, Magez S, Dumont N, Pays A, Nolan D, Pays E: Antibodies raised against the flagellar pocket fraction of Trypanosoma brucei preferentially recognize HSP60 in cDNA expression library. Parasite Immunol. 22, 639-650 (2000).
    • (2000) Parasite Immunol. , vol.22 , pp. 639-650
    • Radwanska, M.1    Magez, S.2    Dumont, N.3    Pays, A.4    Nolan, D.5    Pays, E.6
  • 29
    • 0019456539 scopus 로고
    • Some phenomena associated with the development of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans
    • Gingrich JB, Ward RA, Macken LM, Esser KM: Some phenomena associated with the development of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 30, 570-574 (1981).
    • (1981) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.30 , pp. 570-574
    • Gingrich, J.B.1    Ward, R.A.2    Macken, L.M.3    Esser, K.M.4
  • 30
    • 33750289924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The invariant surface glycoprotein ISG75 gene family consists of two main groups in the Trypanozoon subgenus
    • DOI 10.1017/S0031182006000953, PII S0031182006000953
    • Tran T, Claes F, Dujardin JC, Buscher P: The invariant surface glycoprotein ISG75 gene family consists of two main groups in the Trypanozoon subgenus. Parasitology 133, 613-621 (2006). (Pubitemid 44624104)
    • (2006) Parasitology , vol.133 , Issue.5 , pp. 613-621
    • Tran, T.1    Claes, F.2    Dujardin, J.C.3    Buscher, P.4
  • 31
    • 45449094364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterologous expression, purification and characterisation of the extracellular domain of trypanosome invariant surface glycoprotein ISG75
    • Tran T, Buscher P, Vandenbussche G, Wyns L, Messens J, De Greve H: Heterologous expression, purification and characterisation of the extracellular domain of trypanosome invariant surface glycoprotein ISG75. J. Biotechnol. 135, 247-254 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Biotechnol. , vol.135 , pp. 247-254
    • Tran, T.1    Buscher, P.2    Vandenbussche, G.3    Wyns, L.4    Messens, J.5    De Greve, H.6
  • 32
    • 0034785850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunisation of cattle with cysteine proteinases of Trypanosoma congolense: Targetting the disease rather than the parasite
    • Authie E, Boulange A, Muteti D, Lalmanach G, Gauthier F, Musoke AJ: Immunisation of cattle with cysteine proteinases of Trypanosoma congolense: targetting the disease rather than the parasite. Int. J. Parasitol. 31, 1429-1433 (2001).
    • (2001) Int. J. Parasitol. , vol.31 , pp. 1429-1433
    • Authie, E.1    Boulange, A.2    Muteti, D.3    Lalmanach, G.4    Gauthier, F.5    Musoke, A.J.6
  • 33
    • 0038574978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling trypanotolerance in a cross of tolerant West African N'Dama and susceptible East African Boran cattle
    • Hanotte O, Ronin Y, Agaba M et al.: Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling trypanotolerance in a cross of tolerant West African N'Dama and susceptible East African Boran cattle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7443-7448 (2003).
    • (2003) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.100 , pp. 7443-7448
    • Hanotte, O.1    Ronin, Y.2    Agaba, M.3
  • 34
    • 0037434461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of bovine chimaeras combining trypanosomosis resistant and susceptible genotypes to experimental infection with Trypanosoma congolense
    • Naessens J, Leak SG, Kennedy DJ, Kemp SJ, Teale AJ: Responses of bovine chimaeras combining trypanosomosis resistant and susceptible genotypes to experimental infection with Trypanosoma congolense. Vet. Parasitol. 111, 125-142 (2003).
    • (2003) Vet. Parasitol. , vol.111 , pp. 125-142
    • Naessens, J.1    Leak, S.G.2    Kennedy, D.J.3    Kemp, S.J.4    Teale, A.J.5
  • 35
    • 0035985064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congopain from Trypanosoma congolense: Drug target and vaccine candidate
    • Lalmanach G, Boulange A, Serveau C et al.: Congopain from Trypanosoma congolense: drug target and vaccine candidate. Biol. Chem. 383, 739-749 (2002).
    • (2002) Biol. Chem. , vol.383 , pp. 739-749
    • Lalmanach, G.1    Boulange, A.2    Serveau, C.3
  • 36
    • 0032986496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor α is a key mediator in the regulation of experimental Trypanosoma brucei infections
    • Magez S, Radwanska M, Beschin A, Sekikawa K, De Baetselier P: Tumor necrosis factor α is a key mediator in the regulation of experimental Trypanosoma brucei infections. Infect. Immun. 67, 3128-3132 (1999).
    • (1999) Infect. Immun. , vol.67 , pp. 3128-3132
    • Magez, S.1    Radwanska, M.2    Beschin, A.3    Sekikawa, K.4    De Baetselier, P.5
  • 37
    • 0028342537 scopus 로고
    • Tumour necrosis factor production by monocytes from cattle infected with Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax and Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense: Possible association with severity of anaemia associated with the disease
    • Sileghem M, Flynn JN, Logan-Henfrey L, Ellis J: Tumour necrosis factor production by monocytes from cattle infected with Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax and Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense: possible association with severity of anaemia associated with the disease. Parasite Immunol. 16, 51-54 (1994). (Pubitemid 24176420)
    • (1994) Parasite Immunology , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-54
    • Sileghem, M.1    Flynn, J.N.2    Logan-Henfrey, L.3    Ellis, J.4
  • 38
    • 0032519414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The glycosyl-inositol-phosphate and dimyristoylglycerol moieties of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of the trypanosome variant-specific surface glycoprotein are distinct macrophage-activating factors
    • Magez S, Stijlemans B, Radwanska M, Pays E, Ferguson MA, De Baetselier P: The glycosyl-inositol-phosphate and dimyristoylglycerol moieties of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of the trypanosome variant-specific surface glycoprotein are distinct macrophage-activating factors. J. Immunol. 160, 1949-1956 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Immunol. , vol.160 , pp. 1949-1956
    • Magez, S.1    Stijlemans, B.2    Radwanska, M.3    Pays, E.4    Ferguson, M.A.5    De Baetselier, P.6
  • 39
    • 35748961998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A glycosylphosphatidylinositol-based treatment alleviates trypanosomiasis-associated immunopathology
    • Stijlemans B, Baral TN, Guilliams M et al.: A glycosylphosphatidylinositol-based treatment alleviates trypanosomiasis- associated immunopathology. J. Immunol. 179, 4003-4014 (2007).
    • (2007) J. Immunol. , vol.179 , pp. 4003-4014
    • Stijlemans, B.1    Baral, T.N.2    Guilliams, M.3
  • 40
    • 0018305391 scopus 로고
    • Functional depletion of T- And B-memory cells and other lymphoid cell subpopulations-during trypanosomiasis
    • Askonas BA, Corsini AC, Clayton CE, Ogilvie BM: Functional depletion of T- and B-memory cells and other lymphoid cell subpopulations-during trypanosomiasis. Immunology 36, 313-321 (1979).
    • (1979) Immunology , vol.36 , pp. 313-321
    • Askonas, B.A.1    Corsini, A.C.2    Clayton, C.E.3    Ogilvie, B.M.4
  • 41
    • 0018565634 scopus 로고
    • Trypanosoma brucei infection in nude mice: B lymphocyte function is suppressed in the absence of T lymphocytes
    • Clayton CE, Ogilvie BM, Askonas BA: Trypanosoma brucei infection in nude mice: B lymphocyte function is suppressed in the absence of T lymphocytes. Parasite Immunol. 1, 39-48 (1979).
    • (1979) Parasite Immunol. , vol.1 , pp. 39-48
    • Clayton, C.E.1    Ogilvie, B.M.2    Askonas, B.A.3
  • 42
    • 0016323409 scopus 로고
    • The nature of immunosuppression in Trypanosoma brucei infections in mice. I. The role of the macrophage
    • Murray PK, Jennings FW, Murray M, Urquhart GM: The nature of immunosuppression in Trypanosoma brucei infections in mice. I. The role of the macrophage. Immunology 27, 815-824 (1974).
    • (1974) Immunology , vol.27 , pp. 815-824
    • Murray, P.K.1    Jennings, F.W.2    Murray, M.3    Urquhart, G.M.4
  • 43
    • 0016324089 scopus 로고
    • The nature of immunosuppression in Trypanosoma brucei infections in mice. II. The role of the T and B lymphocytes
    • Murray PK, Jennings FW, Murray M, Urquhart GM: The nature of immunosuppression in Trypanosoma brucei infections in mice. II. The role of the T and B lymphocytes. Immunology 27, 825-840 (1974).
    • (1974) Immunology , vol.27 , pp. 825-840
    • Murray, P.K.1    Jennings, F.W.2    Murray, M.3    Urquhart, G.M.4
  • 46
    • 0017102176 scopus 로고
    • Immunodepression, high IgM levels and evasion of the immune response in murine trypanosomiasis
    • Hudson KM, Byner C, Freeman J, Terry RJ: Immunodepression, high IgM levels and evasion of the immune response in murine trypanosomiasis. Nature 264, 256-258 (1976).
    • (1976) Nature , vol.264 , pp. 256-258
    • Hudson, K.M.1    Byner, C.2    Freeman, J.3    Terry, R.J.4
  • 47
    • 0017684542 scopus 로고
    • Suppressor cells and loss of B-cell potential in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei
    • Corsini AC, Clayton C, Askonas BA, Ogilvie BM: Suppressor cells and loss of B-cell potential in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 29, 122-131 (1977).
    • (1977) Clin. Exp. Immunol. , vol.29 , pp. 122-131
    • Corsini, A.C.1    Clayton, C.2    Askonas, B.A.3    Ogilvie, B.M.4
  • 48
    • 0020321890 scopus 로고
    • Immunosuppression in bovine trypanosomiasis: Response of cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination and subsequent live virus challenge
    • Sharpe RT, Langley AM, Mowat GN, Macaskill JA, Holmes PH: Immunosuppression in bovine trypanosomiasis: response of cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination and subsequent live virus challenge. Res. Vet. Sci. 32, 289-293 (1982).
    • (1982) Res. Vet. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 289-293
    • Sharpe, R.T.1    Langley, A.M.2    Mowat, G.N.3    Macaskill, J.A.4    Holmes, P.H.5
  • 49
    • 0020629687 scopus 로고
    • Immune depression in bovine trypanosomiasis: Effects of acute and chronic Trypanosoma congolense and chronic Trypanosoma vivax infections on antibody response to Brucella abortus vaccine
    • Rurangirwa FR, Musoke AJ, Nantulya VM, Tabel H: Immune depression in bovine trypanosomiasis: effects of acute and chronic Trypanosoma congolense and chronic Trypanosoma vivax infections on antibody response to Brucella abortus vaccine. Parasite Immunol. 5, 267-276 (1983).
    • (1983) Parasite Immunol. , vol.5 , pp. 267-276
    • Rurangirwa, F.R.1    Musoke, A.J.2    Nantulya, V.M.3    Tabel, H.4
  • 50
    • 0025423462 scopus 로고
    • Immunosuppression in caprine trypanosomiasis: Effects of acute Trypanosoma congolense infection on antibody response to anthrax spore vaccine
    • Mwangi DM, Munyua WK, Nyaga PN: Immunosuppression in caprine trypanosomiasis: effects of acute Trypanosoma congolense infection on antibody response to anthrax spore vaccine. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 22, 95-100 (1990).
    • (1990) Trop. Anim. Health Prod. , vol.22 , pp. 95-100
    • Mwangi, D.M.1    Munyua, W.K.2    Nyaga, P.N.3
  • 51
    • 0037434464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of Trypanosoma evansi infection on pig performance and vaccination against classical swine fever
    • Holland WG, Do TT, Huong NT et al.: The effect of Trypanosoma evansi infection on pig performance and vaccination against classical swine fever. Vet. Parasitol. 111, 115-123 (2003).
    • (2003) Vet. Parasitol. , vol.111 , pp. 115-123
    • Holland, W.G.1    Do, T.T.2    Huong, N.T.3
  • 52
    • 44949219210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trypanosomiasis-induced B cell apoptosis results in loss of protective anti-parasite antibody responses and abolishment of vaccine-induced memory responses
    • Describes in detail the alterations that occur to a number of specific B-cell subsets during experimental trypanosome infections in mice. Also shows how trypanosomes knockout the vaccine-induced memory responses against other pathogens such as Bordetella pertussis
    • Radwanska M, Guirnalda P, De Trez C, Ryffel B, Black S, Magez S: Trypanosomiasis-induced B cell apoptosis results in loss of protective anti-parasite antibody responses and abolishment of vaccine-induced memory responses. PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000078 (2008). ■■ Describes in detail the alterations that occur to a number of specific B-cell subsets during experimental trypanosome infections in mice. Also shows how trypanosomes knockout the vaccine-induced memory responses against other pathogens such as Bordetella pertussis.
    • (2008) PLoS Pathog. , vol.4
    • Radwanska, M.1    Guirnalda, P.2    De Trez, C.3    Ryffel, B.4    Black, S.5    Magez, S.6
  • 53
    • 0032029353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both IgM and IgG anti-VSG antibodies initiate a cycle of aggregation-disaggregation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei without damage to the parasite
    • O'Beirne C, Lowry CM, Voorheis HP: Both IgM and IgG anti-VSG antibodies initiate a cycle of aggregation-disaggregation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei without damage to the parasite. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 91, 165-193 (1998).
    • (1998) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.91 , pp. 165-193
    • O'Beirne, C.1    Lowry, C.M.2    Voorheis, H.P.3
  • 54
    • 35548966701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrodynamic Flow-Mediated Protein Sorting on the Cell Surface of Trypanosomes
    • DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.046, PII S0092867407011440
    • Engstler M, Pfohl T, Herminghaus S et al.: Hydrodynamic flow-mediated protein sorting on the cell surface of trypanosomes. Cell 131, 505-515 (2007). ■■ Gives new insights into the role of parasite cell mobility and the process of active endocytosis. (Pubitemid 350007695)
    • (2007) Cell , vol.131 , Issue.3 , pp. 505-515
    • Engstler, M.1    Pfohl, T.2    Herminghaus, S.3    Boshart, M.4    Wiegertjes, G.5    Heddergott, N.6    Overath, P.7
  • 56
    • 0021972830 scopus 로고
    • Murine natural resistance to Trypanosoma lewisi involves complement component C3 and radiation-resistant, silica dust-sensitive effector cells
    • Albright JW, Albright JF: Murine natural resistance to Trypanosoma lewisi involves complement component C3 and radiation-resistant, silica dust-sensitive effector cells. Infect. Immun. 47, 176-182 (1985).
    • (1985) Infect. Immun. , vol.47 , pp. 176-182
    • Albright, J.W.1    Albright, J.F.2
  • 57
    • 0025090986 scopus 로고
    • Trypanosoma congolense bloodstream forms evade complement lysis in vitro by shedding of immune complexes
    • Frevert U, Reinwald E: Trypanosoma congolense bloodstream forms evade complement lysis in vitro by shedding of immune complexes. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 52, 264-269 (1990).
    • (1990) Eur. J. Cell Biol. , vol.52 , pp. 264-269
    • Frevert, U.1    Reinwald, E.2
  • 58
    • 34548012847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-Trypanosoma brucei activity in Cape buffalo serum during the cryptic phase of parasitemia is mediated by antibodies
    • Demonstrates that while antibody-mediated parasite clearance is certainly beneficial in parasitemia control, activation of the complement cascade has only a limited contribution to the control of chronic stage parasitemia
    • Guirnalda P, Murphy NB, Nolan D, Black SJ: Anti-Trypanosoma brucei activity in Cape buffalo serum during the cryptic phase of parasitemia is mediated by antibodies. Int. J. Parasitol. 37, 1391-1399 (2007). ■■ Demonstrates that while antibody-mediated parasite clearance is certainly beneficial in parasitemia control, activation of the complement cascade has only a limited contribution to the control of chronic stage parasitemia.
    • (2007) Int. J. Parasitol. , vol.37 , pp. 1391-1399
    • Guirnalda, P.1    Murphy, N.B.2    Nolan, D.3    Black, S.J.4
  • 61
    • 33748784077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimerisation strategies for shark IgNAR single domain antibody fragments
    • Simmons DP, Abregu FA, Krishnan UV et al.: Dimerisation strategies for shark IgNAR single domain antibody fragments. J. Immunol. Methods 315, 171-184 (2006).
    • (2006) J. Immunol. Methods , vol.315 , pp. 171-184
    • Simmons, D.P.1    Abregu, F.A.2    Krishnan, U.V.3
  • 62
    • 68349117269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single domain antibodies: Promising experimental and therapeutic tools in infection and immunity
    • Wesolowski J, Alzogaray V, Reyelt J et al.: Single domain antibodies: promising experimental and therapeutic tools in infection and immunity. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 198(3), 157-174 (2009).
    • (2009) Med. Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.198 , Issue.3 , pp. 157-174
    • Wesolowski, J.1    Alzogaray, V.2    Reyelt, J.3
  • 63
    • 0344447084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potent enzyme inhibitors derived from dromedary heavy-chain antibodies
    • DOI 10.1093/emboj/17.13.3512
    • Lauwereys M, Arbabi Ghahroudi M, Desmyter A et al.: Potent enzyme inhibitors derived from dromedary heavy-chain antibodies. EMBO J. 17, 3512-3520 (1998). ■ Demonstrates some of the unique epitope recognition features of Nbs as compared with antibodies. (Pubitemid 28327370)
    • (1998) EMBO Journal , vol.17 , Issue.13 , pp. 3512-3520
    • Lauwereys, M.1    Ghahroudi, M.A.2    Desmyter, A.3    Kinne, J.4    Holzer, W.5    De Genst, E.6    Wyns, L.7    Muyldermans, S.8
  • 64
    • 53349171633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved tumor targeting of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor Nanobodies through albumin binding: Taking advantage of modular Nanobody technology
    • Tijink BM, Laeremans T, Budde M et al.: Improved tumor targeting of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor Nanobodies through albumin binding: taking advantage of modular Nanobody technology. Mol. Cancer Ther. 7, 2288-2297 (2008).
    • (2008) Mol. Cancer Ther. , vol.7 , pp. 2288-2297
    • Tijink, B.M.1    Laeremans, T.2    Budde, M.3
  • 65
    • 59149104037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General strategy to humanize a camelid single-domain antibody and identification of a universal humanized Nanobody scaffold
    • Vincke C, Loris R, Saerens D, Martinez-Rodriguez S, Muyldermans S, Conrath K: General strategy to humanize a camelid single-domain antibody and identification of a universal humanized Nanobody scaffold. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 3273-3284 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.284 , pp. 3273-3284
    • Vincke, C.1    Loris, R.2    Saerens, D.3    Martinez-Rodriguez, S.4    Muyldermans, S.5    Conrath, K.6
  • 66
    • 9144220168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient targeting of conserved cryptic epitopes of infectious agents by single domain antibodies. African trypanosomes as paradigm
    • Demonstrates how Nbs can be used to target toxic compounds towards the surface of an extracellular pathogen in a specific manner
    • Stijlemans B, Conrath K, Cortez-Retamozo V et al.: Efficient targeting of conserved cryptic epitopes of infectious agents by single domain antibodies. African trypanosomes as paradigm. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 1256-1261 (2004). ■ Demonstrates how Nbs can be used to target toxic compounds towards the surface of an extracellular pathogen in a specific manner.
    • (2004) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.279 , pp. 1256-1261
    • Stijlemans, B.1    Conrath, K.2    Cortez-Retamozo, V.3
  • 67
    • 33646545070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental therapy of African trypanosomiasis with a Nanobody-conjugated human trypanolytic factor
    • Baral TN, Magez S, Stijlemans B et al.: Experimental therapy of African trypanosomiasis with a Nanobody-conjugated human trypanolytic factor. Nat. Med. 12, 580-584 (2006).
    • (2006) Nat. Med. , vol.12 , pp. 580-584
    • Baral, T.N.1    Magez, S.2    Stijlemans, B.3
  • 68
    • 0032423741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A VSG expression site-associated gene confers resistance to human serum in Trypanosoma rhodesiense
    • The fundamental discovery of the basis of human infectivity of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense as compared with other African trypanosomes. It allowed for the development of new ideas with respect to antitrypanosome drug development
    • Xong HV, Vanhamme L, Chamekh M et al.: A VSG expression site-associated gene confers resistance to human serum in Trypanosoma rhodesiense. Cell 95, 839-846 (1998). ■■ The fundamental discovery of the basis of human infectivity of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense as compared with other African trypanosomes. It allowed for the development of new ideas with respect to antitrypanosome drug development.
    • (1998) Cell , vol.95 , pp. 839-846
    • Xong, H.V.1    Vanhamme, L.2    Chamekh, M.3
  • 70
    • 53449101873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutual self-defence: The trypanolytic factor story
    • Pays E, Vanhollebeke B: Mutual self-defence: the trypanolytic factor story. Microbes Infect. 10, 985-989 (2008).
    • (2008) Microbes Infect. , vol.10 , pp. 985-989
    • Pays, E.1    Vanhollebeke, B.2
  • 71
    • 49249111859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct roles of apolipoprotein components within the trypanosome lytic factor complex revealed in a novel transgenic mouse model
    • Uses a transgenic mouse model to further elaborates on the SRA-ApoL1 interaction, and raises some questions regarding the initial interpretations of previous results
    • Molina-Portela MP, Samanovic M, Raper J: Distinct roles of apolipoprotein components within the trypanosome lytic factor complex revealed in a novel transgenic mouse model. J. Exp. Med. 205, 1721-1728 (2008). ■■ Uses a transgenic mouse model to further elaborates on the SRA-ApoL1 interaction, and raises some questions regarding the initial interpretations of previous results.
    • (2008) J. Exp. Med. , vol.205 , pp. 1721-1728
    • Molina-Portela, M.P.1    Samanovic, M.2    Raper, J.3
  • 72
    • 36849056018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel selection of multiple anti-infectome Nanobodies without access to purified antigens
    • Demonstrates how the experimental infection of a camelid, followed by curative drug treatment, can be used to generate a high-quality, broad-spectrum Nb library against a given pathogen
    • Saerens D, Stijlemans B, Baral TN et al.: Parallel selection of multiple anti-infectome Nanobodies without access to purified antigens. J. Immunol. Methods 329, 138-150 (2008). ■■ Demonstrates how the experimental infection of a camelid, followed by curative drug treatment, can be used to generate a high-quality, broad-spectrum Nb library against a given pathogen.
    • (2008) J. Immunol. Methods , vol.329 , pp. 138-150
    • Saerens, D.1    Stijlemans, B.2    Baral, T.N.3
  • 73
    • 0018160859 scopus 로고
    • A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T. b. gambiense trypanosomiasis
    • Magnus E, Vervoort T, Van Meirvenne N: A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T. b. gambiense trypanosomiasis. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 58, 169-176 (1978).
    • (1978) Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. , vol.58 , pp. 169-176
    • Magnus, E.1    Vervoort, T.2    Van Meirvenne, N.3
  • 74
    • 1642410384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human African trypanosomiasis of the CNS: Current issues and challenges
    • Kennedy PG: Human African trypanosomiasis of the CNS: current issues and challenges. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 496-504 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.113 , pp. 496-504
    • Kennedy, P.G.1
  • 75
    • 0031395065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of symptoms and case fatality of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Tororo, Uganda
    • Odiit M, Kansiime F, Enyaru JC: Duration of symptoms and case fatality of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Tororo, Uganda. East Afr. Med. J. 74, 792-795 (1997). (Pubitemid 127387151)
    • (1997) East African Medical Journal , vol.74 , Issue.12 , pp. 792-795
    • Odiit, M.1    Kansiime, F.2    Enyaru, J.C.K.3
  • 76
    • 0037625351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current chemotherapy of human African trypanosomiasis
    • Docampo R, Moreno SN: Current chemotherapy of human African trypanosomiasis. Parasitol. Res. 90(Suppl. 1), S10-S13 (2003).
    • (2003) Parasitol. Res. , vol.90 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Docampo, R.1    Moreno, S.N.2
  • 77
    • 66749136560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pentamidine movement across the murine blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: Effect of trypanosome infection, combination therapy, P-glycoprotein, and multidrug resistance-associated protein
    • Sanderson L, Dogruel M, Rodgers J, De Koning HP, Thomas SA: Pentamidine movement across the murine blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: effect of trypanosome infection, combination therapy, P-glycoprotein, and multidrug resistance-associated protein. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 329, 967-977 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.329 , pp. 967-977
    • Sanderson, L.1    Dogruel, M.2    Rodgers, J.3    De Koning, H.P.4    Thomas, S.A.5
  • 78
    • 34547654456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting the polyamine biosynthetic enzymes: A promising approach to therapy of African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and leishmaniasis
    • Heby O, Persson L, Rentala M: Targeting the polyamine biosynthetic enzymes: a promising approach to therapy of African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, and leishmaniasis. Amino Acids 33, 359-366 (2007).
    • (2007) Amino Acids , vol.33 , pp. 359-366
    • Heby, O.1    Persson, L.2    Rentala, M.3
  • 79
    • 60749084392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of melarsoprol and eflornithine as first-line regimens for gambiense sleeping sickness in nine Medecins Sans Frontieres programmes
    • Balasegaram M, Young H, Chappuis F, Priotto G, Raguenaud ME, Checchi F: Effectiveness of melarsoprol and eflornithine as first-line regimens for gambiense sleeping sickness in nine Medecins Sans Frontieres programmes. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 103, 280-290 (2009).
    • (2009) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.103 , pp. 280-290
    • Balasegaram, M.1    Young, H.2    Chappuis, F.3    Priotto, G.4    Raguenaud, M.E.5    Checchi, F.6
  • 80
    • 0028366196 scopus 로고
    • The treatment of human African trypanosomiasis
    • Pepin J, Milord F: The treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Adv. Parasitol. 33, 1-47 (1994).
    • (1994) Adv. Parasitol. , vol.33 , pp. 1-47
    • Pepin, J.1    Milord, F.2
  • 81
    • 0038217014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal immune response pattern for improved diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in trypanosomiasis
    • Lejon V, Reiber H, Legros D et al.: Intrathecal immune response pattern for improved diagnosis of central nervous system involvement in trypanosomiasis. J. Infect. Dis. 187, 1475-1483 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.187 , pp. 1475-1483
    • Lejon, V.1    Reiber, H.2    Legros, D.3
  • 82
    • 0034531864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Follow-up of card agglutination trypanosomiasis test (CATT) positive but apparently aparasitaemic individuals in Cote d'Ivoire: Evidence for a complex and heterogeneous population
    • Garcia A, Jamonneau V, Magnus E et al.: Follow-up of card agglutination trypanosomiasis test (CATT) positive but apparently aparasitaemic individuals in Cote d'Ivoire: evidence for a complex and heterogeneous population. Trop. Med. Int. Health 5, 786-793 (2000).
    • (2000) Trop. Med. Int. Health , vol.5 , pp. 786-793
    • Garcia, A.1    Jamonneau, V.2    Magnus, E.3
  • 83
    • 0033452410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attitude towards CATT-positive individuals without parasitological confirmation in the African trypanosomiasis (T.b. gambiense) focus of Quicama (Angola)
    • Simarro PP, Ruiz JA, Franco JR, Josenando T: Attitude towards CATT-positive individuals without parasitological confirmation in the African trypanosomiasis (T.b. gambiense) focus of Quicama (Angola). Trop. Med. Int. Health 4, 858-861 (1999).
    • (1999) Trop. Med. Int. Health , vol.4 , pp. 858-861
    • Simarro, P.P.1    Ruiz, J.A.2    Franco, J.R.3    Josenando, T.4
  • 84
    • 0026632908 scopus 로고
    • Absence of the LiTat 1.3 (CATT antigen) gene in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense stocks from Cameroon
    • Dukes P, Gibson WC, Gashumba JK et al.: Absence of the LiTat 1.3 (CATT antigen) gene in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense stocks from Cameroon. Acta Trop. 51, 123-134 (1992).
    • (1992) Acta Trop. , vol.51 , pp. 123-134
    • Dukes, P.1    Gibson, W.C.2    Gashumba, J.K.3
  • 85
    • 0032323326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasitological detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in serologically negative sleeping-sickness suspects from north-western Uganda
    • Enyaru JC, Matovu E, Akol M et al.: Parasitological detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in serologically negative sleeping-sickness suspects from north-western Uganda. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 92, 845-850 (1998).
    • (1998) Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. , vol.92 , pp. 845-850
    • Enyaru, J.C.1    Matovu, E.2    Akol, M.3
  • 86
    • 0028403030 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the reactivity of the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) reagent in the Fontem sleeping sickness focus, Cameroon
    • Asonganyi T, Bedifeh BA, Ade SS, Ngu JL: An evaluation of the reactivity of the card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (CATT) reagent in the Fontem sleeping sickness focus, Cameroon. Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci. 23, 39-46 (1994).
    • (1994) Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci. , vol.23 , pp. 39-46
    • Asonganyi, T.1    Bedifeh, B.A.2    Ade, S.S.3    Ngu, J.L.4
  • 88
    • 0032759223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in sleeping sickness suspects by PCR amplification of expression-site-associated genes 6 and 7
    • Kabiri M, Franco JR, Simarro PP, Ruiz JA, Sarsa M, Steverding D: Detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in sleeping sickness suspects by PCR amplification of expression-site-associated genes 6 and 7. Trop. Med. Int. Health 4, 658-661 (1999).
    • (1999) Trop. Med. Int. Health , vol.4 , pp. 658-661
    • Kabiri, M.1    Franco, J.R.2    Simarro, P.P.3    Ruiz, J.A.4    Sarsa, M.5    Steverding, D.6
  • 89
    • 0036912987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The serum resistance-associated gene as a diagnostic tool for the detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
    • Introduced the use of the SRA for the diffrential diagnosis of T. b. rhodesiense in human blood samples
    • Radwanska M, Chamekh M, Vanhamme L et al.: The serum resistance- associated gene as a diagnostic tool for the detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 684-690 (2002). ■ Introduced the use of the SRA for the diffrential diagnosis of T. b. rhodesiense in human blood samples.
    • (2002) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.67 , pp. 684-690
    • Radwanska, M.1    Chamekh, M.2    Vanhamme, L.3
  • 90
    • 0036749435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel primer sequences for polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
    • Radwanska M, Claes F, Magez S et al.: Novel primer sequences for polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 289-295 (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.67 , pp. 289-295
    • Radwanska, M.1    Claes, F.2    Magez, S.3
  • 91
    • 66549105734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reagents and its amplification efficiency on crude trypanosome DNA templates
    • Introduces the loop-mediated isothermal amplification technology to the field of trypanosomiasis diagnosis, but only uses well-characterized laboratory infection models
    • Thekisoe OM, Bazie RS, Coronel-Servian AM, Sugimoto C, Kawazu S, Inoue N: Stability of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reagents and its amplification efficiency on crude trypanosome DNA templates. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 71, 471-475 (2009). ■ Introduces the loop-mediated isothermal amplification technology to the field of trypanosomiasis diagnosis, but only uses well-characterized laboratory infection models.
    • (2009) J. Vet. Med. Sci. , vol.71 , pp. 471-475
    • Thekisoe, O.M.1    Bazie, R.S.2    Coronel-Servian, A.M.3    Sugimoto, C.4    Kawazu, S.5    Inoue, N.6
  • 92
    • 0014901658 scopus 로고
    • The haematocrit centrifuge technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis
    • Woo PT: The haematocrit centrifuge technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis. Acta Trop. 27, 384-386 (1970).
    • (1970) Acta Trop. , vol.27 , pp. 384-386
    • Woo, P.T.1
  • 93
    • 0024546835 scopus 로고
    • Detection of haematoparasites using quantitative buffy coat analysis tubes
    • Levine RA, Wardlaw SC, Patton CL: Detection of haematoparasites using quantitative buffy coat analysis tubes. Parasitol. Today 5, 132-134 (1989).
    • (1989) Parasitol. Today , vol.5 , pp. 132-134
    • Levine, R.A.1    Wardlaw, S.C.2    Patton, C.L.3
  • 94
    • 10444275867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of the miniature anion exchange centrifugation technique to isolate Trypanosoma evansi from goats
    • Gutierrez C, Corbera JA, Doreste F, Buscher P: Use of the miniature anion exchange centrifugation technique to isolate Trypanosoma evansi from goats. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1026, 149-151 (2004).
    • (2004) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , vol.1026 , pp. 149-151
    • Gutierrez, C.1    Corbera, J.A.2    Doreste, F.3    Buscher, P.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.