메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2004, Pages

Links between long-lived hot spots, mantle plumes, D″, and plate tectonics

Author keywords

Hot spots; Mantle plumes; Ocean island basalt geochemistry; Thermochemical convection

Indexed keywords

HOT SPOT; MANTLE PLUME; OCEAN ISLAND BASALT; PLATE TECTONICS; TRANSITION ZONE; VOLCANISM;

EID: 7044259795     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003RG000144     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (179)

References (369)
  • 1
    • 0034943520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hotspot activity and plume pulses recorded by geometry of spreading axes
    • Abelson, M., and A. Agnon (2001), Hotspot activity and plume pulses recorded by geometry of spreading axes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 189 31-47.
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.189 , pp. 31-47
    • Abelson, M.1    Agnon, A.2
  • 2
    • 4644311619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 perovskite and implications for melts in the Earth's lowermost mantle
    • doi:10.1029/2004GL020237
    • 3 perovskite and implications for melts in the Earth's lowermost mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L14612, doi:10.1029/2004GL020237.
    • (2004) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.31
    • Akins, J.A.1    Luo, S.-N.2    Asimow, P.D.3    Ahrens, T.J.4
  • 3
    • 0040888063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time-dependent models of U-Th-He and K-Ar evolution and the layering of mantle convection
    • Albarede, F. (1998), Time-dependent models of U-Th-He and K-Ar evolution and the layering of mantle convection, Chem. Geol., 145, 413-429.
    • (1998) Chem. Geol. , vol.145 , pp. 413-429
    • Albarede, F.1
  • 4
    • 0021283228 scopus 로고
    • Statistical-analysis of isotopic-ratios in MORB: The mantle blob cluster model and the convective regime of the mantle
    • Allegre, C. J., B. Hamelin, and B. Dupre (1984), Statistical-analysis of isotopic-ratios in MORB: The mantle blob cluster model and the convective regime of the mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 71, 71-84.
    • (1984) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.71 , pp. 71-84
    • Allegre, C.J.1    Hamelin, B.2    Dupre, B.3
  • 5
    • 17944392509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging the mantle beneath Iceland using integrated seismological techniques
    • doi:10.1029/2001JB000595
    • Allen, R. M., et al. (2002), Imaging the mantle beneath Iceland using integrated seismological techniques, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B12), 2325, doi:10.1029/2001JB000595.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.B12 , pp. 2325
    • Allen, R.M.1
  • 7
    • 0027455196 scopus 로고
    • Helium-3 from the mantle primordial signal or cosmic space dust?
    • Anderson, D. L. (1993), Helium-3 from the mantle primordial signal or cosmic space dust?, Science, 261, 170-176.
    • (1993) Science , vol.261 , pp. 170-176
    • Anderson, D.L.1
  • 8
    • 0001796993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scales of mantle convection
    • Anderson, D. L. (1998), The scales of mantle convection, Tectonophysics, 284, 1-17.
    • (1998) Tectonophysics , vol.284 , pp. 1-17
    • Anderson, D.L.1
  • 9
    • 1342284502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The three-dimensional phase diagram of iron
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by V. Dehant et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Anderson, O. (2003), The three-dimensional phase diagram of iron, in Earths Core: Dynamics, Structure, Rotation, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 31, edited by V. Dehant et al., pp. 83-104, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (2003) Earth's Core: Dynamics, Structure, Rotation , vol.31 , pp. 83-104
    • Anderson, O.1
  • 10
    • 0026478631 scopus 로고
    • The role of lithospheric mantle in continental flood basalt volcanism: Thermal and geochemical constraints
    • Arndt, N. T., and U. Christensen (1992), The role of lithospheric mantle in continental flood basalt volcanism: Thermal and geochemical constraints, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,967-10,981.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97
    • Arndt, N.T.1    Christensen, U.2
  • 11
    • 0030235856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electromagnetic core-mantle coupling and paleomagnetic reversal paths
    • Aurnou, J. M., J. L. Buttles, G. A. Neumann, and P. Olson (1996), Electromagnetic core-mantle coupling and paleomagnetic reversal paths, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2705-2708.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 2705-2708
    • Aurnou, J.M.1    Buttles, J.L.2    Neumann, G.A.3    Olson, P.4
  • 12
    • 0030235934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong scattering of short-period seismic waves by the core-mantle boundary and the P-diffracted wave
    • Bataille, K., and F. Lund (1996), Strong scattering of short-period seismic waves by the core-mantle boundary and the P-diffracted wave, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2413-2416.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 2413-2416
    • Bataille, K.1    Lund, F.2
  • 13
    • 0000567067 scopus 로고
    • Inhomogeneities near the core-mantle boundary region evidenced from scattered waves: A review
    • Bataille, K., R. S. Wu, and S. M. Flatte (1990), Inhomogeneities near the core-mantle boundary region evidenced from scattered waves: A review, Pure Appl. Geophys., 132, 151-174.
    • (1990) Pure Appl. Geophys. , vol.132 , pp. 151-174
    • Bataille, K.1    Wu, R.S.2    Flatte, S.M.3
  • 14
    • 84984426148 scopus 로고
    • Melting relations of iron, and temperatures in Earth's core
    • Birch, F. (1972), Melting relations of iron, and temperatures in Earth's core, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 29, 373-387.
    • (1972) Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. , vol.29 , pp. 373-387
    • Birch, F.1
  • 16
    • 0030455013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melting of mantle and core materials at very high pressures
    • Ser. A
    • Boehler, R. (1996), Melting of mantle and core materials at very high pressures, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 354, 1265-1278.
    • (1996) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London , vol.354 , pp. 1265-1278
    • Boehler, R.1
  • 17
    • 0034463194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-pressure experiments and the phase diagram of lower mantle and core materials
    • Boehler, R. (2000), High-pressure experiments and the phase diagram of lower mantle and core materials, Rev. Geophys., 38, 221-245.
    • (2000) Rev. Geophys. , vol.38 , pp. 221-245
    • Boehler, R.1
  • 18
    • 84958432768 scopus 로고
    • Thermal convection with strongly temperature-dependent viscosity
    • Booker, J. R. (1976), Thermal convection with strongly temperature-dependent viscosity, J. Fluid Mech., 76, 741-754.
    • (1976) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.76 , pp. 741-754
    • Booker, J.R.1
  • 19
    • 10844257186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 187OS systematics of Gorgona komatiites and Iceland picrites
    • abstract
    • 187OS systematics of Gorgona komatiites and Iceland picrites (abstract), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 100.
    • (2002) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.66 , pp. 100
    • Brandon, A.D.1
  • 23
    • 0032561247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional structure at the base of the mantle beneath the central Pacific
    • Breger, L., and B. Romanowicz (1998), Three-dimensional structure at the base of the mantle beneath the central Pacific, Science, 282, 718-720.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 718-720
    • Breger, L.1    Romanowicz, B.2
  • 24
    • 0029481180 scopus 로고
    • Mineral-aqueous fluid partitioning of trace elements at 900°C and 2.0 GPA: Constraints on the trace element chemistry of mantle and deep-crustal fluids
    • Brenan, J. M., H. F. Shaw, F. J. Ryerson, and D. L. Phinney (1995), Mineral-aqueous fluid partitioning of trace elements at 900°C and 2.0 GPA: Constraints on the trace element chemistry of mantle and deep-crustal fluids, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 16, 3331-3350.
    • (1995) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.16 , pp. 3331-3350
    • Brenan, J.M.1    Shaw, H.F.2    Ryerson, F.J.3    Phinney, D.L.4
  • 25
    • 0033574368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can heterogeneous core-mantle electromagnetic coupling control geomagnetic reversals?
    • Brito, D., J. Aurnou, and P. Olson (1999), Can heterogeneous core-mantle electromagnetic coupling control geomagnetic reversals?, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 112, 159-170.
    • (1999) Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. , vol.112 , pp. 159-170
    • Brito, D.1    Aurnou, J.2    Olson, P.3
  • 26
    • 0011264624 scopus 로고
    • 4 from the Hugoniot
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by M. H. Manghnani and Y. Syono, AGU, Washington, D. C
    • 4 from the Hugoniot, in High-Pressure Research in Mineral Physics, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 39, edited by M. H. Manghnani and Y. Syono, pp. 373-384, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1987) High-Pressure Research in Mineral Physics , vol.39 , pp. 373-384
    • Brown, J.M.1    Furnish, M.D.2    McQueen, R.G.3
  • 27
    • 0027044721 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on magnetic energy and mantle conductivity from forced nutations of Earth
    • Buffett, B. A. (1992), Constraints on magnetic energy and mantle conductivity from forced nutations of Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19,581-19,597.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 19581-19597
    • Buffett, B.A.1
  • 28
    • 0027510798 scopus 로고
    • Influence of a toroidal magnetic field on the nutations of Earth
    • Buffett, B. A. (1993), Influence of a toroidal magnetic field on the nutations of Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2105-2117.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 2105-2117
    • Buffett, B.A.1
  • 29
    • 0037098797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of heat flow in the deep mantle based on the power requirements for the geodynamo
    • doi:10.1029/2001GL014649
    • Buffett, B. A. (2002), Estimates of heat flow in the deep mantle based on the power requirements for the geodynamo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 12), 1566, doi:10.1029/2001GL014649.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.12 , pp. 1566
    • Buffett, B.A.1
  • 31
    • 0034680883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sediments at the top of Earth's core
    • Buffett, B. A., F. J. Garnero, and R. Jeanloz (2000), Sediments at the top of Earth's core, Science, 290, 1338-1342.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 1338-1342
    • Buffett, B.A.1    Garnero, F.J.2    Jeanloz, R.3
  • 32
    • 0011061913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of nutation and precession: Effects of electromagnetic coupling
    • doi:10.1029/2000JB000056
    • Buffett, B. A., P. M. Mathews, and T. A. Herring (2002), Modeling of nutation and precession: Effects of electromagnetic coupling, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B4), 2070, doi:10.1029/2000JB000056.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.B4 , pp. 2070
    • Buffett, B.A.1    Mathews, P.M.2    Herring, T.A.3
  • 33
    • 84977253870 scopus 로고
    • Compressibility-pressure hypothesis and the Earth's interior
    • Bullen, K. E. (1949), Compressibility-pressure hypothesis and the Earth's interior, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 5, 355-368.
    • (1949) Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. , vol.5 , pp. 355-368
    • Bullen, K.E.1
  • 34
    • 84977254277 scopus 로고
    • An Earth model based on a compressibility-pressure hypothesis
    • Bullen, K. E. (1950), An Earth model based on a compressibility-pressure hypothesis Geophys, J. R. Astron. Soc., 6, 50-59.
    • (1950) Geophys, J. R. Astron. Soc. , vol.6 , pp. 50-59
    • Bullen, K.E.1
  • 35
    • 0000764869 scopus 로고
    • Relative and latitudinal motion of Atlantic hotspots
    • Burke, K., W. S. F. Kidd, and J. T. Wilson (1973), Relative and latitudinal motion of Atlantic hotspots, Nature, 245, 133-137.
    • (1973) Nature , vol.245 , pp. 133-137
    • Burke, K.1    Kidd, W.S.F.2    Wilson, J.T.3
  • 36
    • 0025660782 scopus 로고
    • Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts
    • Campbell, I. H., and R. W. Griffiths (1990), Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 99, 79-93.
    • (1990) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.99 , pp. 79-93
    • Campbell, I.H.1    Griffiths, R.W.2
  • 37
    • 0000161351 scopus 로고
    • The changing nature of mantle hotspots through time: Implications for the chemical evolution of the mantle
    • Campbell, I. H., and R. W. Griffiths (1992), The changing nature of mantle hotspots through time: Implications for the chemical evolution of the mantle, J. Geol., 92, 497-523.
    • (1992) J. Geol. , vol.92 , pp. 497-523
    • Campbell, I.H.1    Griffiths, R.W.2
  • 38
    • 0027849094 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the mantle's chemical structure
    • Campbell, I. H., and R. W. Griffiths (1993), Evolution of the mantle's chemical structure, Lithos, 30, 389-399.
    • (1993) Lithos , vol.30 , pp. 389-399
    • Campbell, I.H.1    Griffiths, R.W.2
  • 40
    • 0000829792 scopus 로고
    • Oceanic island Pb: Two-stage histories and mantle evolution
    • Chase, C. G. (1981), Oceanic island Pb: Two-stage histories and mantle evolution, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 52, 277-284.
    • (1981) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.52 , pp. 277-284
    • Chase, C.G.1
  • 41
    • 0021569146 scopus 로고
    • Heat transport by variable viscosity convection
    • Christensen, U. R. (1984a), Heat transport by variable viscosity convection, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 35, 264-282.
    • (1984) Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. , vol.35 , pp. 264-282
    • Christensen, U.R.1
  • 42
    • 0021566775 scopus 로고
    • Instability in a hot boundary layer and initiation of thermo-chemical plumes
    • Christensen, U. R. (1984b), Instability in a hot boundary layer and initiation of thermo-chemical plumes, Ann. Geophys., 2, 311-320.
    • (1984) Ann. Geophys. , vol.2 , pp. 311-320
    • Christensen, U.R.1
  • 43
    • 0028564442 scopus 로고
    • Segregation of subducted oceanic crust in the convecting mantle
    • Christensen, U. R., and A. W. Hofmann (1994), Segregation of subducted oceanic crust in the convecting mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 19,867-19,884.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Christensen, U.R.1    Hofmann, A.W.2
  • 44
    • 0025956972 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of transitional VGPs - Evidence for non-zonal equatorial symmetry during the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic reversal
    • Clement, B. M. (1991), Distribution of transitional VGPs-Evidence for non-zonal equatorial symmetry during the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic reversal, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, 48-58.
    • (1991) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.104 , pp. 48-58
    • Clement, B.M.1
  • 45
    • 84879883320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How many Pacific hotspots are fed by deep-mantle plumes?
    • Clouard, V., and A. Bonneville (2001), How many Pacific hotspots are fed by deep-mantle plumes?, Geology, 29, 695-698.
    • (2001) Geology , vol.29 , pp. 695-698
    • Clouard, V.1    Bonneville, A.2
  • 46
    • 0346139325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unradiogenic W in kimberlites: Direct evidence for core-mantle interaction
    • abstract
    • Collerson, K. D., R. Schroenberg, and B. S. I. Kamber (2002), Unradiogenic W in kimberlites: Direct evidence for core-mantle interaction (abstract), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 148.
    • (2002) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.66 , pp. 148
    • Collerson, K.D.1    Schroenberg, R.2    Kamber, B.S.I.3
  • 47
    • 0033490787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geochemical observations and one layer mantle convection
    • Coltice, N., and Y. Ricard (1998), Geochemical observations and one layer mantle convection, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 174, 125-137.
    • (1998) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.174 , pp. 125-137
    • Coltice, N.1    Ricard, Y.2
  • 48
    • 0037111543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the origin of noble gases in mantle plumes
    • Ser. A
    • Coltice, N., and Y. Ricard (2002), On the origin of noble gases in mantle plumes, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 360, 2633-2648.
    • (2002) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London , vol.360 , pp. 2633-2648
    • Coltice, N.1    Ricard, Y.2
  • 49
    • 0034352863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Box modeling the chemical evolution of geophysical systems: Case study of the Earth's mantle
    • Coltice, N., S. Ferrachat, and Y. Ricard (2000), Box modeling the chemical evolution of geophysical systems: Case study of the Earth's mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1579-1582.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 1579-1582
    • Coltice, N.1    Ferrachat, S.2    Ricard, Y.3
  • 50
    • 0027099354 scopus 로고
    • Link between geomagnetic reversal paths and secular variation of the field over the last 4 Myr
    • Constable, C. (1992), Link between geomagnetic reversal paths and secular variation of the field over the last 4 Myr, Nature, 358, 230-233.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.358 , pp. 230-233
    • Constable, C.1
  • 51
    • 10844234562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geomagnetic reversals: Rates, timescales, preferred paths, statistical models, and simulations
    • edited by C. A. Jones, A. M. Soward, and K. Zhang, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, Pa
    • Constable, C. G. (2003), Geomagnetic reversals: Rates, timescales, preferred paths, statistical models, and simulations, in Earth's Core and Lower Mantle, edited by C. A. Jones, A. M. Soward, and K. Zhang, pp. 77-99, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, Pa.
    • (2003) Earth's Core and Lower Mantle , pp. 77-99
    • Constable, C.G.1
  • 52
    • 0031404289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genesis of flood basalts from eclogite-bearing mantle plumes
    • Cordery, M. J., G. F. Davies, and I. H. Campbell (1997), Genesis of flood basalts from eclogite-bearing mantle plumes, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 20,179-20,197.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102
    • Cordery, M.J.1    Davies, G.F.2    Campbell, I.H.3
  • 53
    • 4644344543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferred reversal paths caused by a heterogeneous conducting layer at the base of the mantle
    • doi:10.1029/2003JB002853
    • Costin, S. O., and B. A. Buffett (2004), Preferred reversal paths caused by a heterogeneous conducting layer at the base of the mantle, J. Geophys., 109, B06101, doi:10.1029/2003JB002853.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. , vol.109
    • Costin, S.O.1    Buffett, B.A.2
  • 56
    • 0041730505 scopus 로고
    • Helium isotope distribution in mantle hot spots
    • abstract
    • Craig, H. (1990), Helium isotope distribution in mantle hot spots (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 71(43), 1669.
    • (1990) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.71 , Issue.43 , pp. 1669
    • Craig, H.1
  • 57
    • 0033576642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous generation of hot spots and superswells by convection in a heterogeneous planetary mantle
    • Davaille, A. (1999a), Simultaneous generation of hot spots and superswells by convection in a heterogeneous planetary mantle, Nature, 402, 756-760.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 756-760
    • Davaille, A.1
  • 58
    • 0032654826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-layer thermal convection in miscible viscous fluids
    • Davaille, A. (1999b), Two-layer thermal convection in miscible viscous fluids, J. Fluid Mech., 379, 223-253.
    • (1999) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.379 , pp. 223-253
    • Davaille, A.1
  • 59
    • 0027396740 scopus 로고
    • Transient high Rayleigh number convection with large viscosity variations
    • Davaille, A., and C. Jaupart (1993), Transient high Rayleigh number convection with large viscosity variations, J. Fluid Mech., 253, 141-166.
    • (1993) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.253 , pp. 141-166
    • Davaille, A.1    Jaupart, C.2
  • 60
  • 61
    • 0037220665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermal convection in a heterogeneous mantle
    • Davaille, A., M. Le Bars, and C. Carbonne (2003), Thermal convection in a heterogeneous mantle, C. R. Geosci., 335, 141-156.
    • (2003) C. R. Geosci. , vol.335 , pp. 141-156
    • Davaille, A.1    Le Bars, M.2    Carbonne, C.3
  • 62
    • 19244383544 scopus 로고
    • Ocean bathymetry and mantle convection: 1. Large-scale flow and hotspots
    • Davies, G. F. (1988), Ocean bathymetry and mantle convection: 1. Large-scale flow and hotspots, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,467-10,480.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93
    • Davies, G.F.1
  • 63
    • 0025594985 scopus 로고
    • Mantle plumes, mantle stirring and hotspot chemistry
    • Davies, G. F. (1990), Mantle plumes, mantle stirring and hotspot chemistry, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 99, 94-109.
    • (1990) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.99 , pp. 94-109
    • Davies, G.F.1
  • 64
    • 0027063947 scopus 로고
    • Temporal variations of the Hawaiian plume flux
    • Davies, G. F. (1992), Temporal variations of the Hawaiian plume flux, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 13, 277-286.
    • (1992) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.13 , pp. 277-286
    • Davies, G.F.1
  • 65
    • 0027800587 scopus 로고
    • Cooling of the core and mantle by plume and plate flows
    • Davies, G. F. (1993), Cooling of the core and mantle by plume and plate flows, Geophys. J. Int., 115, 132-146.
    • (1993) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.115 , pp. 132-146
    • Davies, G.F.1
  • 66
    • 0001270048 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of mantle dregs with convection: Lateral heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary
    • Davies, G. F., and M. Gurnis (1986), Interaction of mantle dregs with convection: Lateral heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 1517-1520.
    • (1986) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.13 , pp. 1517-1520
    • Davies, G.F.1    Gurnis, M.2
  • 67
    • 0026448745 scopus 로고
    • Mantle convection
    • Davies, G. F., and M. A. Richards (1992), Mantle convection, J. Geol, 100, 151-206.
    • (1992) J. Geol , vol.100 , pp. 151-206
    • Davies, G.F.1    Richards, M.A.2
  • 68
    • 0038670243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep origin of hotspots - The mantle plume model
    • DePaolo, D. J., and M. Manga (2003), Deep origin of hotspots-The mantle plume model, Science, 300, 920-921.
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 920-921
    • DePaolo, D.J.1    Manga, M.2
  • 69
    • 84944737740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isotopic evolution of Mauna Loa and the chemical structure of the Hawaiian plume
    • Paper number 2000GC000139
    • DePaolo, D. J., J. G. Bryce, A. Dodson, D. Shuster, and B. Kennedy (2001), Isotopic evolution of Mauna Loa and the chemical structure of the Hawaiian plume, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 2, Paper number 2000GC000139.
    • (2001) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. , vol.2
    • DePaolo, D.J.1    Bryce, J.G.2    Dodson, A.3    Shuster, D.4    Kennedy, B.5
  • 70
    • 0033786505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inversion of two-dimensional numerical convection experiments for a fluid with a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity
    • Deschamps, F., and C. Sotin (2000), Inversion of two-dimensional numerical convection experiments for a fluid with a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity, Geophys. J. Int., 143, 204-218.
    • (2000) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.143 , pp. 204-218
    • Deschamps, F.1    Sotin, C.2
  • 71
    • 0005710001 scopus 로고
    • A model for the plate tectonic evolution of mantle layers
    • Dickinson, W. R., and W. C. Luth (1971), A model for the plate tectonic evolution of mantle layers, Science, 174, 400-404.
    • (1971) Science , vol.174 , pp. 400-404
    • Dickinson, W.R.1    Luth, W.C.2
  • 72
    • 84980237555 scopus 로고
    • On seismic wave scattering by a rough core-mantle boundary
    • Doornbos, D. J. (1978), On seismic wave scattering by a rough core-mantle boundary, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 53, 643-662.
    • (1978) Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. , vol.53 , pp. 643-662
    • Doornbos, D.J.1
  • 73
    • 0023807717 scopus 로고
    • Multiple scattering by topographic relief with application to the core-mantle boundary
    • Doornbos, D. J. (1988), Multiple scattering by topographic relief with application to the core-mantle boundary, Geophys. J., 92, 465-478.
    • (1988) Geophys. J. , vol.92 , pp. 465-478
    • Doornbos, D.J.1
  • 75
    • 0025964584 scopus 로고
    • Hotspots, mantle plumes, flood basalts, and true polar wander
    • Duncan, R. A., and M. A. Richards (1991), Hotspots, mantle plumes, flood basalts, and true polar wander, Rev. Geophys., 29, 31-50.
    • (1991) Rev. Geophys. , vol.29 , pp. 31-50
    • Duncan, R.A.1    Richards, M.A.2
  • 76
    • 0021644813 scopus 로고
    • Mapping the lowermost mantle: Determination of lateral heterogeneity in P velocity up to degree and order 6
    • Dziewonski, A. M. (1984), Mapping the lowermost mantle: Determination of lateral heterogeneity in P velocity up to degree and order 6, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5929-5952.
    • (1984) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.89 , pp. 5929-5952
    • Dziewonski, A.M.1
  • 77
    • 0023159705 scopus 로고
    • Global images of Earth's interior
    • Dziewonski, A., and J. H. Woodhouse (1987), Global images of Earth's interior, Science, 236, 37-48.
    • (1987) Science , vol.236 , pp. 37-48
    • Dziewonski, A.1    Woodhouse, J.H.2
  • 78
    • 0030881835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of PKKP precursors used to estimate small-scale topography on the core-mantle boundary
    • Earle, P. S., and P. M. Schearer (1997), Observations of PKKP precursors used to estimate small-scale topography on the core-mantle boundary, Science, 277, 667-670.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 667-670
    • Earle, P.S.1    Schearer, P.M.2
  • 79
    • 0037447931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using platinum-group elements to investigate the origin of the Ontong Java Plateau, SW Pacific
    • Ely, J. C., and C. R. Neal (2003), Using platinum-group elements to investigate the origin of the Ontong Java Plateau, SW Pacific, Chem. Geol., 196, 235-257.
    • (2003) Chem. Geol. , vol.196 , pp. 235-257
    • Ely, J.C.1    Neal, C.R.2
  • 81
    • 0026489972 scopus 로고
    • Binary mixing of enriched and undegassed (primitive-questionable) mantle components (He, Sr, Nd, Pb) in Samoan lavas
    • Farley, K. A., J. H. Natland, and H. Craig (1992), Binary mixing of enriched and undegassed (primitive-questionable) mantle components (He, Sr, Nd, Pb) in Samoan lavas, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 111, 183-199.
    • (1992) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.111 , pp. 183-199
    • Farley, K.A.1    Natland, J.H.2    Craig, H.3
  • 82
    • 0031184571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excess temperature of mantle plumes: The role of chemical stratification across D″
    • Farnetani, C. G. (1997), Excess temperature of mantle plumes: The role of chemical stratification across D″, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1583-1586.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 1583-1586
    • Farnetani, C.G.1
  • 83
    • 0028562242 scopus 로고
    • Numerical investigation of the mantle plume initiation model for flood basalt events
    • Farnetani, C., and M. A. Richards (1994), Numerical investigation of the mantle plume initiation model for flood basalt events, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 13,813-13,883.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Farnetani, C.1    Richards, M.A.2
  • 84
    • 0029528966 scopus 로고
    • Thermal entrainment and melting in mantle plumes
    • Farnetani, C. G., and M. A. Richards (1995), Thermal entrainment and melting in mantle plumes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 136, 251-267.
    • (1995) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.136 , pp. 251-267
    • Farnetani, C.G.1    Richards, M.A.2
  • 85
    • 0030423309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Petrological models of magma evolution and deep crustal structure beneath hotspots and flood basalt provinces
    • Farnetani, C. G., M. A. Richards, and M. S. Ghiorso (1996), Petrological models of magma evolution and deep crustal structure beneath hotspots and flood basalt provinces, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 143, 81-94.
    • (1996) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.143 , pp. 81-94
    • Farnetani, C.G.1    Richards, M.A.2    Ghiorso, M.S.3
  • 87
    • 33845798242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixing properties in the Earth's mantle: Effects of the viscosity stratification and of oceanic crust segregation
    • Paper number 2000GC000092
    • Ferrachat, S., and Y. Ricard (2001), Mixing properties in the Earth's mantle: Effects of the viscosity stratification and of oceanic crust segregation, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 2, Paper number 2000GC000092.
    • (2001) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. , vol.2
    • Ferrachat, S.1    Ricard, Y.2
  • 88
    • 0035953681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep mantle high viscosity flow and thermochemical structure inferred from seismic and geodynamic data
    • Forte, A. M., and J. X. Mitrovica (2001), Deep mantle high viscosity flow and thermochemical structure inferred from seismic and geodynamic data, Nature, 410, 1881-1884.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 1881-1884
    • Forte, A.M.1    Mitrovica, J.X.2
  • 89
    • 0028583558 scopus 로고
    • Joint inversions of seismic and geodynamics data for models of three-dimensional mantle heterogeneity
    • Forte, A. M., R. L. Woodward, and A. M. Dziewonski (1994), Joint inversions of seismic and geodynamics data for models of three-dimensional mantle heterogeneity, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 21,857-21,877.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Forte, A.M.1    Woodward, R.L.2    Dziewonski, A.M.3
  • 90
    • 0037111731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geodynamic and seismic constraints on the thermochemical structure and dynamics of convection in the deep mantle
    • Ser. A
    • Forte, A. M., J. X. Mitrovica, and A. Espesset (2002), Geodynamic and seismic constraints on the thermochemical structure and dynamics of convection in the deep mantle, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 360, 2521-2543.
    • (2002) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London , vol.360 , pp. 2521-2543
    • Forte, A.M.1    Mitrovica, J.X.2    Espesset, A.3
  • 91
    • 0034856969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lowermost mantle anisotropy beneath the Pacific: Imaging the source of the Hawaiian plume
    • Fouch, M. J., K. M. Fisher, and M. E. Wysession (2001), Lowermost mantle anisotropy beneath the Pacific: Imaging the source of the Hawaiian plume, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 190, 167-180.
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.190 , pp. 167-180
    • Fouch, M.J.1    Fisher, K.M.2    Wysession, M.E.3
  • 92
    • 0037656004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is "hotspot" volcanism a consequence of plate tectonics?
    • Foulger, G. R., and J. H. Natland (2003), Is "hotspot" volcanism a consequence of plate tectonics?, Science, 300, 921-922.
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 921-922
    • Foulger, G.R.1    Natland, J.H.2
  • 93
    • 0002177931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Iceland underlain by a plume in the lower mantle? Seismology and helium isotopes
    • Foulger, G. R., and D. G. Pearson (2001), Is Iceland underlain by a plume in the lower mantle? Seismology and helium isotopes, Geophys. J. Int., 145, F1-F5.
    • (2001) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.145
    • Foulger, G.R.1    Pearson, D.G.2
  • 94
    • 0034789175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stagnant slabs in the upper and lower mantle transition region
    • Fukao, Y., S. Widiyantori, and M. Obayashi (2001), Stagnant slabs in the upper and lower mantle transition region, Rev. Geophys., 39, 291-323.
    • (2001) Rev. Geophys. , vol.39 , pp. 291-323
    • Fukao, Y.1    Widiyantori, S.2    Obayashi, M.3
  • 95
    • 0033794111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of the lowermost mantle
    • Garnero, E. J. (2000), Heterogeneity of the lowermost mantle, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 28, 509-537.
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 509-537
    • Garnero, E.J.1
  • 96
    • 0027382489 scopus 로고
    • Travel times of S and SKS: Implications for three-dimensional lower mantle structure beneath the central Pacific
    • Garnero, E. J., and D. V. Helmberger (1993), Travel times of S and SKS: Implications for three-dimensional lower mantle structure beneath the central Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8225-8241.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 8225-8241
    • Garnero, E.J.1    Helmberger, D.V.2
  • 97
    • 0029666565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seismic detection of a thin laterally varying boundary layer at the base of the mantle beneath the central Pacific
    • Garnero, E. J., and D. V. Helmberger (1996), Seismic detection of a thin laterally varying boundary layer at the base of the mantle beneath the central Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 977-980.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 977-980
    • Garnero, E.J.1    Helmberger, D.V.2
  • 98
    • 0034352631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuzzy patches on the Earth's core-mantle boundary
    • Garnero, E. J., and R. Jeanloz (2000), Fuzzy patches on the Earth's core-mantle boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2777-2780.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 2777-2780
    • Garnero, E.J.1    Jeanloz, R.2
  • 99
    • 10844232823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What on Earth is D″?
    • Garnero, E., and M. Wysession (2000), What on Earth is D″?, Eos Trans. AGU, 81(44), 501.
    • (2000) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.81 , Issue.44 , pp. 501
    • Garnero, E.1    Wysession, M.2
  • 100
    • 0000495067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultralow velocity zone at the core-mantle boundary
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by M. Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Garnero, E. J., J. Revenaugh, Q. Williams, T. Lay, and L. H. Kelloggn (1998), Ultralow velocity zone at the core-mantle boundary, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 319-334, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 319-334
    • Garnero, E.J.1    Revenaugh, J.2    Williams, Q.3    Lay, T.4    Kelloggn, L.H.5
  • 101
    • 0027385238 scopus 로고
    • Variable viscosity convection experiments with a stress-free upper boundary and implications for the heat transport in the Earth's mantle
    • Giannandrea, E., and U. Christensen (1993), Variable viscosity convection experiments with a stress-free upper boundary and implications for the heat transport in the Earth's mantle, Phys. Earth. Planet. Inter., 78, 139-147.
    • (1993) Phys. Earth. Planet. Inter. , vol.78 , pp. 139-147
    • Giannandrea, E.1    Christensen, U.2
  • 102
    • 0033930243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convection in the Earth's core driven by lateral variations in the core-mantle boundary heat flux
    • Gibbons, S. J., and D. Gubbins (2000), Convection in the Earth's core driven by lateral variations in the core-mantle boundary heat flux, Geophys. J. Int., 142, 631-642.
    • (2000) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.142 , pp. 631-642
    • Gibbons, S.J.1    Gubbins, D.2
  • 103
    • 0025243251 scopus 로고
    • Th isotope and U-series studies of subduction-related volcanic rocks
    • Gill, J. B., and R. W. Williams (1990), Th isotope and U-series studies of subduction-related volcanic rocks, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 54 1427-1442.
    • (1990) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.54 , pp. 1427-1442
    • Gill, J.B.1    Williams, R.W.2
  • 104
    • 0026472173 scopus 로고
    • High-pressure and high-temperature reactions between silicates and liquid iron alloys, in the diamond anvil cell, studied by analytical electron microscopy
    • Goarant, F., F. Guyot, J. Peyronneau, and J.-P. Poirer (1992), High-pressure and high-temperature reactions between silicates and liquid iron alloys, in the diamond anvil cell, studied by analytical electron microscopy, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 4477-4487.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 4477-4487
    • Goarant, F.1    Guyot, F.2    Peyronneau, J.3    Poirer, J.-P.4
  • 105
    • 0037095936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics and longevity of an initially stratified mantle
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL014851
    • Gonnermann, H. M., M. Manga, and A. M. Jellinek (2002), Dynamics and longevity of an initially stratified mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 10), 1399, doi:10.1029/2002GL014851.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.10 , pp. 1399
    • Gonnermann, H.M.1    Manga, M.2    Jellinek, A.M.3
  • 106
    • 4544328751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of mantle plumes and heat flow at the core-mantle boundary by plate-scale flow: Results from laboratory experiments
    • in press
    • Gonnermann, H. M., A. M. Jellinek, M. A. Richards, and M. Manga (2004), Modulation of mantle plumes and heat flow at the core-mantle boundary by plate-scale flow: Results from laboratory experiments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., in press.
    • (2004) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
    • Gonnermann, H.M.1    Jellinek, A.M.2    Richards, M.A.3    Manga, M.4
  • 107
    • 0019727345 scopus 로고
    • Cenozoic latitudinal shift of the Hawaiian hotspot and its implications for true polar wander
    • Gordon, R. G., and C. D. Cape (1981), Cenozoic latitudinal shift of the Hawaiian hotspot and its implications for true polar wander, Earth Planet. Sci Lett., 55, 37-47.
    • (1981) Earth Planet. Sci Lett. , vol.55 , pp. 37-47
    • Gordon, R.G.1    Cape, C.D.2
  • 108
    • 10844252816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apparent polar wander of the Pacific plate and Pacific hotspots: Implications for true polar wander and hotspot fixity
    • Jt. Assem. Suppl. Abstract U52A-04
    • Gordon, R. G., et al. (2004), Apparent polar wander of the Pacific plate and Pacific hotspots: Implications for true polar wander and hotspot fixity, Eos Trans. AGU, 85(17), Jt. Assem. Suppl. Abstract U52A-04.
    • (2004) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.85 , Issue.17
    • Gordon, R.G.1
  • 109
    • 0028194002 scopus 로고
    • Mantle shear structure beneath the Americas and surrounding oceans
    • Grand, S. P. (1994), Mantle shear structure beneath the Americas and surrounding oceans, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11,591-11,622.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Grand, S.P.1
  • 110
    • 0037111722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mantle shear-wave tomography and the fate of subducted slabs
    • Ser. A
    • Grand, S. P. (2002), Mantle shear-wave tomography and the fate of subducted slabs, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 360, 2475-2491.
    • (2002) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London , vol.360 , pp. 2475-2491
    • Grand, S.P.1
  • 111
    • 0030736852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global seismic tomography: A snapshot of convection in the Earth
    • Grand, S. P., R. D. van der Hilst, and S. Widiyantoro (1997), Global seismic tomography: A snapshot of convection in the Earth, GSA Today, 7, 1-7.
    • (1997) GSA Today , vol.7 , pp. 1-7
    • Grand, S.P.1    van der Hilst, R.D.2    Widiyantoro, S.3
  • 112
    • 0022717943 scopus 로고
    • Thermals in extremely viscous fluids, including the effects of temperature-dependent viscosity
    • Griffiths, R. W. (1986), Thermals in extremely viscous fluids, including the effects of temperature-dependent viscosity, J. Fluid. Mech., 166 115-138.
    • (1986) J. Fluid. Mech. , vol.166 , pp. 115-138
    • Griffiths, R.W.1
  • 113
    • 0025683733 scopus 로고
    • Stirring and structure in mantle starting plumes
    • Griffiths, R. W., and I. H. Campbell (1990), Stirring and structure in mantle starting plumes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 99, 66-78.
    • (1990) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.99 , pp. 66-78
    • Griffiths, R.W.1    Campbell, I.H.2
  • 114
    • 0026003520 scopus 로고
    • On the dynamics of long-lived plume conduits in the convecting mantle
    • Griffiths, R. W., and I. H. Campbell (1991), On the dynamics of long-lived plume conduits in the convecting mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 103, 214-227.
    • (1991) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.103 , pp. 214-227
    • Griffiths, R.W.1    Campbell, I.H.2
  • 115
    • 0000708583 scopus 로고
    • Energetics of Earth's core
    • Gubbins, D. (1977), Energetics of Earth's core, J. Geophys., 43, 453-464.
    • (1977) J. Geophys. , vol.43 , pp. 453-464
    • Gubbins, D.1
  • 116
    • 0007801197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpreting the paleomagnetic field
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by M. Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Gubbins, D. (1998), Interpreting the paleomagnetic field, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 167-183, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 167-183
    • Gubbins, D.1
  • 117
    • 10844265981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermal core-mantle interactions
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by V. Dehant et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Gubbins, D. (2003), Thermal core-mantle interactions, in Earth's Core: Dynamics, Structure, Rotation, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 31, edited by V. Dehant et al., pp. 163-180, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (2003) Earth's Core: Dynamics, Structure, Rotation , vol.31 , pp. 163-180
    • Gubbins, D.1
  • 118
    • 0027470307 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinally-confined geomagnetic reversal paths from non-dipolar transition fields
    • Gubbins, D., and R. S. Coe (1993), Longitudinally-confined geomagnetic reversal paths from non-dipolar transition fields, Nature, 362, 51-53.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.362 , pp. 51-53
    • Gubbins, D.1    Coe, R.S.2
  • 119
    • 0027811567 scopus 로고
    • Persistent patterns in the geomagnetic field over the last 2.5 Myr
    • Gubbins, D., and P. Kelly (1993), Persistent patterns in the geomagnetic field over the last 2.5 Myr, Nature, 365, 829-832.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.365 , pp. 829-832
    • Gubbins, D.1    Kelly, P.2
  • 121
    • 84949236514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraining mantle density structure using geological evidence of surface uplift rates: The case of the African super-plume
    • Paper number 1999GC000035
    • Gurnis, M., J. X. Mitrovica, J. Ritsema, and H.-J. van Heijst (2000), Constraining mantle density structure using geological evidence of surface uplift rates: The case of the African super-plume, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 1, Paper number 1999GC000035.
    • (2000) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. , vol.1
    • Gurnis, M.1    Mitrovica, J.X.2    Ritsema, J.3    van Heijst, H.-J.4
  • 122
    • 1142286700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixing, volatile loss and compositional change during impact-driven accretion of the Earth
    • Halliday, A. N. (2004), Mixing, volatile loss and compositional change during impact-driven accretion of the Earth, Nature, 427, 505-509.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.427 , pp. 505-509
    • Halliday, A.N.1
  • 124
    • 0023743172 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulations of thermo-chemical instabilities at the core-mantle boundary
    • Hansen, U., and D. A. Yuen (1988), Numerical simulations of thermo-chemical instabilities at the core-mantle boundary, Nature, 334, 237-240.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.334 , pp. 237-240
    • Hansen, U.1    Yuen, D.A.2
  • 125
    • 0024897986 scopus 로고
    • Dynamical influences from thermal-chemical instabilities at the core-mantle boundary
    • Hansen, U., and D. A. Yuen (1989), Dynamical influences from thermal-chemical instabilities at the core-mantle boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 629-632.
    • (1989) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.16 , pp. 629-632
    • Hansen, U.1    Yuen, D.A.2
  • 126
    • 0034732039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulations of thermo-chemical convection with moving heat sources and variable viscosity
    • Hansen, U., and D. A. Yuen (2000), Numerical simulations of thermo-chemical convection with moving heat sources and variable viscosity, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 176, 401-411.
    • (2000) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.176 , pp. 401-411
    • Hansen, U.1    Yuen, D.A.2
  • 127
    • 0026437380 scopus 로고
    • Mantle plumes and entrainment - Isotopic evidence
    • Hart, S. R., E. H. Hauri, L. A. Oschmann, and J. A. Whitehead (1992), Mantle plumes and entrainment-Isotopic evidence, Science, 256, 517-520.
    • (1992) Science , vol.256 , pp. 517-520
    • Hart, S.R.1    Hauri, E.H.2    Oschmann, L.A.3    Whitehead, J.A.4
  • 128
    • 1642430693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Earth science - Keeping score on the core
    • Hauri, E. (2004), Earth science-Keeping score on the core, Nature, 427, 207-208.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.427 , pp. 207-208
    • Hauri, E.1
  • 129
    • 0027498547 scopus 로고
    • Re-Os systematics of EMII and HIMU oceanic island basalts from the south Pacific Ocean
    • Hauri, E. H., and S. R. Hart (1993), Re-Os systematics of EMII and HIMU oceanic island basalts from the south Pacific Ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 114, 353-371.
    • (1993) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.114 , pp. 353-371
    • Hauri, E.H.1    Hart, S.R.2
  • 130
    • 0029776974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osmium isotope systematics of drilled lavas from Mauna Loa, Hawaii
    • Hauri, E. H., J. C. Lassiter, and D. J. DePaolo (1996), Osmium isotope systematics of drilled lavas from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 11,793-11,806.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101
    • Hauri, E.H.1    Lassiter, J.C.2    DePaolo, D.J.3
  • 131
    • 0028846353 scopus 로고
    • Experimental constraints on the dynamics of the partially-molten upper mantle: Deformation in the diffusion creep regime
    • Hirth, G., and D. L. Kohlstedt (1995), Experimental constraints on the dynamics of the partially-molten upper mantle: Deformation in the diffusion creep regime, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1981-2001.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 1981-2001
    • Hirth, G.1    Kohlstedt, D.L.2
  • 132
    • 0030998901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mantle chemistry: The message from oceanic volcanism
    • Hofmann, A. W. (1997), Mantle chemistry: The message from oceanic volcanism, Nature, 385, 219-229.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 219-229
    • Hofmann, A.W.1
  • 133
    • 49049137580 scopus 로고
    • Mantle plumes from ancient oceanic crust
    • Hofmann, A. W., and W. M. White (1982), Mantle plumes from ancient oceanic crust, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 57, 421-436.
    • (1982) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.57 , pp. 421-436
    • Hofmann, A.W.1    White, W.M.2
  • 134
    • 0002973335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electromagnetic core coupling II: Probing deep mantle conductance
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by M. Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Holme, R. (1998), Electromagnetic core coupling II: Probing deep mantle conductance, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 139-151, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 139-151
    • Holme, R.1
  • 135
    • 0027880016 scopus 로고
    • Laterally varying reflector at the top of D″ beneath northern Siberia
    • Houard, S., and H.-C. Nataf (1993), Laterally varying reflector at the top of D″ beneath northern Siberia, Geophys. J. Int., 115, 168-182.
    • (1993) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.115 , pp. 168-182
    • Houard, S.1    Nataf, H.-C.2
  • 137
    • 10844263130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geochemical Constraints on Core-Mantle Interaction from Fe/Mn Ratios
    • Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract U41A-03
    • Humayun, M. (2003), Geochemical Constraints on Core-Mantle Interaction from Fe/Mn Ratios, Eos Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract U41A-03.
    • (2003) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.84 , Issue.46
    • Humayun, M.1
  • 138
    • 0029537089 scopus 로고
    • Mantle flow beneath the Pacific plate: Evidence from seamount segments in the Hawaiian-Emperor chain
    • Ihinger, P. D. (1995), Mantle flow beneath the Pacific plate: Evidence from seamount segments in the Hawaiian-Emperor chain, Am. J. Sci., 295, 1035-1057.
    • (1995) Am. J. Sci. , vol.295 , pp. 1035-1057
    • Ihinger, P.D.1
  • 140
    • 0033588350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal-mode and free-air gravity constraints on lateral variations in velocity and density
    • Ishii, M., and J. Tromp, (1999), Normal-mode and free-air gravity constraints on lateral variations in velocity and density, Science, 285, 1231-1236.
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 1231-1236
    • Ishii, M.1    Tromp, J.2
  • 141
    • 1842783449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational and theoretical studies of the dynamics of mantle plume-mid-ocean ridge interaction
    • doi:10.1029/2002RG000117
    • Ito, G., J. Lin, and D. Graham (2003), Observational and theoretical studies of the dynamics of mantle plume-mid-ocean ridge interaction, Rev. Geophys., 41(4), 1017, doi:10.1029/2002RG000117.
    • (2003) Rev. Geophys. , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 1017
    • Ito, G.1    Lin, J.2    Graham, D.3
  • 142
    • 0042006334 scopus 로고
    • Chemical reactions at Earth's core-mantle boundary: Summary of evidence and geomagnetic implications
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by K. Aki and R. Dmowska, AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Jeanloz, R. (1993), Chemical reactions at Earth's core-mantle boundary: Summary of evidence and geomagnetic implications, in Relating Geophysical Structures and Processes: The Jeffreys Volume, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 76, edited by K. Aki and R. Dmowska, pp. 121-127, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1993) Relating Geophysical Structures and Processes: The Jeffreys Volume , vol.76 , pp. 121-127
    • Jeanloz, R.1
  • 143
    • 0037102163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of a chemical boundary layer on the fixity, spacing and lifetime of mantle plumes
    • Jellinek, A. M., and M. Manga (2002), The influence of a chemical boundary layer on the fixity, spacing and lifetime of mantle plumes, Nature, 418, 760-763.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 760-763
    • Jellinek, A.M.1    Manga, M.2
  • 144
    • 0033541439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixing and compositional stratification produced by natural convection: 1. The experiments and their application to Earth's core and mantle
    • Jellinek, A. M., R. C. Kerr, and R. W. Griffiths (1999), Mixing and compositional stratification produced by natural convection: 1. The experiments and their application to Earth's core and mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7183-7202.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 7183-7202
    • Jellinek, A.M.1    Kerr, R.C.2    Griffiths, R.W.3
  • 145
    • 35549013964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of interior mantle temperature on the structure of plumes: Heads for Venus, tails for the Earth
    • 10.1029/2001GL014624
    • Jellinek, A. M., A. Lenardic, and M. Manga (2002), The influence of interior mantle temperature on the structure of plumes: Heads for Venus, tails for the Earth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(11), 1532, 10.1029/2001GL014624.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.11 , pp. 1532
    • Jellinek, A.M.1    Lenardic, A.2    Manga, M.3
  • 146
    • 0037428121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plume capture by divergent plate motions: Implications for the distribution of hotspots, geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalts, and estimates of the heat flux at the core-mantle boundary
    • Jellinek, A. M., H. M. Gonnermann, and M. A. Richards (2003), Plume capture by divergent plate motions: Implications for the distribution of hotspots, geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalts, and estimates of the heat flux at the core-mantle boundary, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 205 361-378.
    • (2003) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.205 , pp. 361-378
    • Jellinek, A.M.1    Gonnermann, H.M.2    Richards, M.A.3
  • 147
    • 0031413972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The time-averaged geomagnetic field: Global and regional biases for 0-5 Ma
    • Johnson, C. L., and C. G. Constable (1997), The time-averaged geomagnetic field: Global and regional biases for 0-5 Ma, Geophys. J. Int., 131, 643-666.
    • (1997) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.131 , pp. 643-666
    • Johnson, C.L.1    Constable, C.G.2
  • 148
    • 0032049499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistently anomalous Pacific geomagnetic fields
    • Johnson, C. L., and C. G. Constable (1998), Persistently anomalous Pacific geomagnetic fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1011-1014.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 1011-1014
    • Johnson, C.L.1    Constable, C.G.2
  • 149
    • 0031278040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growing the Earth's D″ layer - Effect of density variations at the core-mantle boundary
    • Kellogg, L. H. (1997), Growing the Earth's D″ layer-Effect of density variations at the core-mantle boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2749-2752.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 2749-2752
    • Kellogg, L.H.1
  • 150
    • 0027430470 scopus 로고
    • Effect of mantle plumes on the growth of D″ by reaction between the core and mantle
    • Kellogg, L. H., and S. King (1993), Effect of mantle plumes on the growth of D″ by reaction between the core and mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 379-382.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 379-382
    • Kellogg, L.H.1    King, S.2
  • 151
    • 0030843896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of temperature dependent viscosity on the structure of new plumes in the mantle: Results of a finite element model in a spherical, axisymmetric shell
    • Kellogg, L. H., and S. King (1997), The effect of temperature dependent viscosity on the structure of new plumes in the mantle: Results of a finite element model in a spherical, axisymmetric shell, Earth Planet Sci, Lett., 148, 13-26.
    • (1997) Earth Planet Sci. Lett. , vol.148 , pp. 13-26
    • Kellogg, L.H.1    King, S.2
  • 153
    • 0033583061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compositional stratification in the deep mantle
    • Kellogg, L. H., B. H. Hager, and R. van der Hilst (1999), Compositional stratification in the deep mantle, Science, 283, 1881-1884.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 1881-1884
    • Kellogg, L.H.1    Hager, B.H.2    van der Hilst, R.3
  • 154
    • 85040134015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seismic anisotropy in the boundary layers of the mantle
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by S. Karato et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Kendall, J. M. (2000), Seismic anisotropy in the boundary layers of the mantle, in Earth's Deep Interior: Mineral Physics and Tomography From the Atomic to the Global Scale, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 117, edited by S. Karato et al., pp. 133-159, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (2000) Earth's Deep Interior: Mineral Physics and Tomography from the Atomic to the Global Scale , vol.117 , pp. 133-159
    • Kendall, J.M.1
  • 155
    • 0002378170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating causes of D″ anisotropy
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by M. Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Kendall, J. M., and P. Silver (1998), Investigating causes of D″ anisotropy, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 97-118, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 97-118
    • Kendall, J.M.1    Silver, P.2
  • 156
    • 0037414866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plumes from the core lost and found
    • Kerr, R. A. (2003), Plumes from the core lost and found, Science, 299 35-36.
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 35-36
    • Kerr, R.A.1
  • 157
    • 7144223397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mineralogy and dynamics of a pyrolite lower mantle
    • Kesson, S. E., J. D. F. Gerald, and J. M. Shelley (1998), Mineralogy and dynamics of a pyrolite lower mantle, Nature, 393, 252-255.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 252-255
    • Kesson, S.E.1    Gerald, J.D.F.2    Shelley, J.M.3
  • 158
    • 0030485426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative importance of plate-driven and buoyancy-driven flow at mid-ocean ridges
    • Kincaid, C., D. W. Sparks, and R. Detrick (1996), The relative importance of plate-driven and buoyancy-driven flow at mid-ocean ridges, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,177-16,193.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101
    • Kincaid, C.1    Sparks, D.W.2    Detrick, R.3
  • 159
    • 0029478104 scopus 로고
    • An alternative mechanism of flood basalt formation
    • King, S. D., and D. L. Anderson (1995), An alternative mechanism of flood basalt formation, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 136, 269-279.
    • (1995) Earth Planet Sci. Lett. , vol.136 , pp. 269-279
    • King, S.D.1    Anderson, D.L.2
  • 160
    • 0034634404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African hot spot volcanism: Small-scale convection in the upper mantle beneath cratons
    • King, S. D., and J. Ritsema (2000), African hot spot volcanism: Small-scale convection in the upper mantle beneath cratons, Science, 290, 1137-1140.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 1137-1140
    • King, S.D.1    Ritsema, J.2
  • 161
    • 0000209161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The solid/liquid partitioning of major and radiogenic elements at lower mantle pressures: Implications for the core-mantle boundary region
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by M. Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Knittle, E. (1998), The solid/liquid partitioning of major and radiogenic elements at lower mantle pressures: Implications for the core-mantle boundary region, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 97-118, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 97-118
    • Knittle, E.1
  • 162
    • 0024876610 scopus 로고
    • Simulating the core-mantle boundary: An experimental study of high-pressure reactions between silicates and liquid iron
    • Knittle, E., and R. Jeanloz (1989), Simulating the core-mantle boundary: An experimental study of high-pressure reactions between silicates and liquid iron, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 609-612.
    • (1989) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.16 , pp. 609-612
    • Knittle, E.1    Jeanloz, R.2
  • 163
    • 0026064863 scopus 로고
    • The Earth's core-mantle boundary: Results of experiments at high pressures and temperatures
    • Knittle, E., and R. Jeanloz (1991), The Earth's core-mantle boundary: Results of experiments at high pressures and temperatures, Science, 251, 1438-1453.
    • (1991) Science , vol.251 , pp. 1438-1453
    • Knittle, E.1    Jeanloz, R.2
  • 164
    • 0028975393 scopus 로고
    • Numerical and theoretical solution for a drop spreading below a free fluid surface
    • Koch, D. M., and D. L. Koch (1995), Numerical and theoretical solution for a drop spreading below a free fluid surface, J. Fluid Mech., 287 251-278.
    • (1995) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.287 , pp. 251-278
    • Koch, D.M.1    Koch, D.L.2
  • 165
    • 0041883661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetics of mantle convection and the fate of fossil heat
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL016982
    • Korenaga, J. (2003), Energetics of mantle convection and the fate of fossil heat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(8), 1437, doi:10.1029/2003GL016982.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.8 , pp. 1437
    • Korenaga, J.1
  • 166
    • 0142166724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physics of multiscale convection in Earth's mantle: Onset of sublithospheric convection
    • doi:10.1029/2002JB001760
    • Korenaga, J., and T. H. Jordan (2003), Physics of multiscale convection in Earth's mantle: Onset of sublithospheric convection, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B7), 2333, doi:10.1029/2002JB001760.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.B7 , pp. 2333
    • Korenaga, J.1    Jordan, T.H.2
  • 167
    • 84891721874 scopus 로고
    • On the transition to turbulent convection. part 1. The transition from two- to three-dimensional flow
    • Krishnamurti, R. (1970a), On the transition to turbulent convection. part 1. The transition from two- to three-dimensional flow, J. Fluid Mech., 42, 295-307.
    • (1970) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.42 , pp. 295-307
    • Krishnamurti, R.1
  • 168
    • 33646984203 scopus 로고
    • On the transition to turbulent convection. part 2. The transition to time-dependent flow
    • Krishnamurti, R. (1970b), On the transition to turbulent convection. part 2. The transition to time-dependent flow, J. Fluid Mech., 42, 308-320.
    • (1970) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.42 , pp. 308-320
    • Krishnamurti, R.1
  • 169
    • 0036078038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the resolution of density anomalies in the Earth's mantle using spectral fitting of normal-mode data
    • Kuo, C., and B. Romanowicz (2002), On the resolution of density anomalies in the Earth's mantle using spectral fitting of normal-mode data, Geophys. J. Int., 150, 162-179.
    • (2002) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.150 , pp. 162-179
    • Kuo, C.1    Romanowicz, B.2
  • 170
    • 0034474027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tomographic inversion of S-SKS times for shear wave velocity heterogeneity in D″: Degree 12 and hybrid models
    • Kuo, B. Y., E. J. Garnero, and T. Lay (2000), Tomographic inversion of S-SKS times for shear wave velocity heterogeneity in D″: Degree 12 and hybrid models, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28,139-28,157.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105
    • Kuo, B.Y.1    Garnero, E.J.2    Lay, T.3
  • 171
    • 0019998586 scopus 로고
    • Helium isotope systematics of ocean islands and mantle heterogeneity
    • Kurz, M. D., W. J. Jenkins, and S. R. Hart (1982), Helium isotope systematics of ocean islands and mantle heterogeneity, Nature, 297 43-46.
    • (1982) Nature , vol.297 , pp. 43-46
    • Kurz, M.D.1    Jenkins, W.J.2    Hart, S.R.3
  • 172
    • 0021079395 scopus 로고
    • Helium isotopic variations in volcanic rocks from Loihi seamount and the island of Hawaii
    • Kurz, M. D., W. J. Jenkins, S. R. Hart, and D. Clague (1983), Helium isotopic variations in volcanic rocks from Loihi seamount and the island of Hawaii, Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 66, 388-399.
    • (1983) Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.66 , pp. 388-399
    • Kurz, M.D.1    Jenkins, W.J.2    Hart, S.R.3    Clague, D.4
  • 173
    • 0012679572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hotspots, mantle plumes and core heat loss
    • Labrosse, S. (2002), Hotspots, mantle plumes and core heat loss, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 61, 1-10.
    • (2002) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.61 , pp. 1-10
    • Labrosse, S.1
  • 176
    • 0020419037 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of candidate IGRF models
    • Langel, R. A., and R. H. Estes (1982), Comparison of candidate IGRF models, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 34, 365-381.
    • (1982) J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. , vol.34 , pp. 365-381
    • Langel, R.A.1    Estes, R.H.2
  • 177
    • 0000252496 scopus 로고
    • Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: Constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by J. Phipps Morgan, D. K. Blackman, and J. M. Sinton, AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Langmuir, C. H., E. M. Klein, and T. Plank (1992), Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: Constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges, in Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 71, edited by J. Phipps Morgan, D. K. Blackman, and J. M. Sinton, pp. 183-280, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1992) Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges , vol.71 , pp. 183-280
    • Langmuir, C.H.1    Klein, E.M.2    Plank, T.3
  • 178
    • 0032583369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osmium-isotope variations in Hawaiian lavas: Evidence for recycled oceanic lithosphere in the Hawaiian plume
    • Lassiter, J. C., and E. H. Hauri (1998), Osmium-isotope variations in Hawaiian lavas: Evidence for recycled oceanic lithosphere in the Hawaiian plume, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 164, 483-496.
    • (1998) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.164 , pp. 483-496
    • Lassiter, J.C.1    Hauri, E.H.2
  • 179
    • 0030778770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale lengths of shear velocity heterogeneity at the base of the mantle from S wave differential travel times
    • Lay, T., E. J. Garnero, C. J. Young, and J. B. Gaherty (1997), Scale lengths of shear velocity heterogeneity at the base of the mantle from S wave differential travel times, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9887-9909.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 9887-9909
    • Lay, T.1    Garnero, E.J.2    Young, C.J.3    Gaherty, J.B.4
  • 180
    • 0032473957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The core-mantle boundary layer and deep Earth dynamics
    • Lay, T., Q. Williams, and E. J. Garnero (1998a), The core-mantle boundary layer and deep Earth dynamics, Nature, 392, 461-468.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 461-468
    • Lay, T.1    Williams, Q.2    Garnero, E.J.3
  • 181
    • 0000750394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seismic wave anisotropy in the D″ region and its implications
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by M. Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Lay, T., Q. Williams, E. J. Garnero, L. H. Kellogg, and M. E. Wysession (1998b), Seismic wave anisotropy in the D″ region and its implications, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 299-318, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 299-318
    • Lay, T.1    Williams, Q.2    Garnero, E.J.3    Kellogg, L.H.4    Wysession, M.E.5
  • 182
    • 3843145375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partial melting in a thermo-chemical boundary layer at the base of the mantle
    • in press
    • Lay, T., E. J. Garnero, and Q. Williams (2004), Partial melting in a thermo-chemical boundary layer at the base of the mantle, Phys. Earth. Planet. Inter, in press.
    • (2004) Phys. Earth. Planet. Inter
    • Lay, T.1    Garnero, E.J.2    Williams, Q.3
  • 183
    • 0028595163 scopus 로고
    • Tectonic plates, D″ thermal structure, and the nature of mantle plumes
    • Lenardic, A., and W. M. Kaula (1994), Tectonic plates, D″ thermal structure, and the nature of mantle plumes, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 15,697-15,708.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Lenardic, A.1    Kaula, W.M.2
  • 184
    • 0024664591 scopus 로고
    • The effect of geometry on the gravitational instability of a buoyant region of viscous fluid
    • Lister, J. R., and R. C. Kerr (1989), The effect of geometry on the gravitational instability of a buoyant region of viscous fluid, J. Fluid Mech., 202, 577-594.
    • (1989) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.202 , pp. 577-594
    • Lister, J.R.1    Kerr, R.C.2
  • 185
    • 0032541564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic topography, plate driving forces and the African superswell
    • Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., and P. G. Silver (1998), Dynamic topography, plate driving forces and the African superswell, Nature, 395, 269-272.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.395 , pp. 269-272
    • Lithgow-Bertelloni, C.1    Silver, P.G.2
  • 186
    • 0035837277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plume generation in natural thermal convection at high Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers
    • Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., M. A. Richards, R. W. Griffiths, and C. Conrad (2001), Plume generation in natural thermal convection at high Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers, J. Fluid Mech., 434, 1-21.
    • (2001) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.434 , pp. 1-21
    • Lithgow-Bertelloni, C.1    Richards, M.A.2    Griffiths, R.W.3    Conrad, C.4
  • 187
    • 0001831268 scopus 로고
    • Structure of the core and lower mantle
    • Loper, D. E. (1984), Structure of the core and lower mantle, Adv. Geophys., 26, 1-34.
    • (1984) Adv. Geophys. , vol.26 , pp. 1-34
    • Loper, D.E.1
  • 188
    • 84963154813 scopus 로고
    • Dynamo energetics and the structure of the outer core
    • Loper, D. E. (1989), Dynamo energetics and the structure of the outer core, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 49, 212-219.
    • (1989) Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. , vol.49 , pp. 212-219
    • Loper, D.E.1
  • 189
    • 0028830569 scopus 로고
    • The core-mantle boundary region
    • Loper, D. E., and T. Lay (1995), The core-mantle boundary region, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6397-6420.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 6397-6420
    • Loper, D.E.1    Lay, T.2
  • 190
    • 0020926185 scopus 로고
    • The dynamical and thermal structure of deep mantle plumes
    • Loper, D. E., and F. D. Stacey (1983), The dynamical and thermal structure of deep mantle plumes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 33, 304-317.
    • (1983) Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. , vol.33 , pp. 304-317
    • Loper, D.E.1    Stacey, F.D.2
  • 191
    • 0032503474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paleomagnetic volcanic data and geometric regularity of reversals and excursions
    • Love, J. J. (1998), Paleomagnetic volcanic data and geometric regularity of reversals and excursions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 12,435-12,452.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103
    • Love, J.J.1
  • 192
    • 0034113320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical assessment of preferred transitional VGP longitudes based on palaeomagnetic lava data
    • Love, J. J. (2000), Statistical assessment of preferred transitional VGP longitudes based on palaeomagnetic lava data, Geophys. J. Int., 140 211-221.
    • (2000) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.140 , pp. 211-221
    • Love, J.J.1
  • 193
    • 0030292011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of a metal-bearing chemical boundary layer in D″ for mantle dynamics
    • Manga, M., and R. Jeanloz (1996), Implications of a metal-bearing chemical boundary layer in D″ for mantle dynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3091-3094.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 3091-3094
    • Manga, M.1    Jeanloz, R.2
  • 194
    • 0001331517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental study of non-Boussinesq Rayleigh-Benard convection at high Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers
    • Manga, M., and D. Weeraratne (1999), Experimental study of non-Boussinesq Rayleigh-Benard convection at high Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers, Phys. Fluids, 11, 2969-2976.
    • (1999) Phys. Fluids , vol.11 , pp. 2969-2976
    • Manga, M.1    Weeraratne, D.2
  • 195
    • 0035276040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boundary layer thickness and instabilities in Benard convection of a liquid with a temperature-dependent viscosity
    • Manga, M., D. Weeraratne, and S. J. S. Morris (2001), Boundary layer thickness and instabilities in Benard convection of a liquid with a temperature-dependent viscosity, Phys. Fluids, 13, 802-805.
    • (2001) Phys. Fluids , vol.13 , pp. 802-805
    • Manga, M.1    Weeraratne, D.2    Morris, S.J.S.3
  • 196
    • 0029530936 scopus 로고
    • Os isotope systematics of La Palma, Canary Islands: Evidence for recycled crust in the mantle source of HIMU ocean islands
    • Marcantonio, F., A. Zindler, T. Elliott, and H. Staudigel (1995), Os isotope systematics of La Palma, Canary Islands: Evidence for recycled crust in the mantle source of HIMU ocean islands, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 133, 397-410.
    • (1995) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.133 , pp. 397-410
    • Marcantonio, F.1    Zindler, A.2    Elliott, T.3    Staudigel, H.4
  • 197
    • 85012960969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative behavior of shear velocity, bulk sound speed, and compressional velocity in the mantle: Implications for chemical and thermal structure
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by S. Karato et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Masters, G., G. Laske, H. Bolton, and A. M. Dziewonski (2000), The relative behavior of shear velocity, bulk sound speed, and compressional velocity in the mantle: Implications for chemical and thermal structure, in Earth's Deep Interior: Mineral Physics and Tomography From the Atomic to the Global Scale, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 117, edited by S. Karato et al., pp. 63-87, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (2000) Earth's Deep Interior: Mineral Physics and Tomography from the Atomic to the Global Scale , vol.117 , pp. 63-87
    • Masters, G.1    Laske, G.2    Bolton, H.3    Dziewonski, A.M.4
  • 199
    • 0038649769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of nutation and precession: New nutation series for nonrigid Earth and insights into the Earth's interior
    • doi:10.1029/2001JB000390
    • Mathews, P. M., T. A. Herring, and B. A. Buffett (2002), Modeling of nutation and precession: New nutation series for nonrigid Earth and insights into the Earth's interior, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B4), 2068, doi:10.1029/2001JB000390.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.B4 , pp. 2068
    • Mathews, P.M.1    Herring, T.A.2    Buffett, B.A.3
  • 200
    • 0025997855 scopus 로고
    • Geochemical and geodynamical constraints on subduction zone magmatism
    • McCulloch, M. T., and J. A. Gamble (1991), Geochemical and geodynamical constraints on subduction zone magmatism, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 102, 358-374.
    • (1991) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.102 , pp. 358-374
    • McCulloch, M.T.1    Gamble, J.A.2
  • 201
    • 2442693169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of thermochemical convection on the fixity of mantle plumes
    • McNamara, A. K., and S. Zhong (2004a), The influence of thermochemical convection on the fixity of mantle plumes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 222, 485-500.
    • (2004) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.222 , pp. 485-500
    • McNamara, A.K.1    Zhong, S.2
  • 202
    • 4644313038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermochemical structures within a spherical mantle: Superplumes or piles?
    • doi:10.1029/2003JB002847
    • McNamara, A. K., and S. Zhong (2004b), Thermochemical structures within a spherical mantle: Superplumes or piles?, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B07402, doi:10.1029/2003JB002847.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • McNamara, A.K.1    Zhong, S.2
  • 203
    • 0031846433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superswells
    • McNutt, M. K. (1998), Superswells, Rev. Geophys, 36, 211-244.
    • (1998) Rev. Geophys. , vol.36 , pp. 211-244
    • McNutt, M.K.1
  • 204
    • 0034536477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The three-dimensional shear velocity structure of the mantle from the inversion of body, surface and higher-mode waveforms
    • Megnin, C., and B. Romanowicz (2000), The three-dimensional shear velocity structure of the mantle from the inversion of body, surface and higher-mode waveforms, Geophys. J. Int., 143, 709-728.
    • (2000) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.143 , pp. 709-728
    • Megnin, C.1    Romanowicz, B.2
  • 205
    • 0042660868 scopus 로고
    • Few 2-50 km corrugations on the core-mantle boundary
    • Menke, W. (1986), Few 2-50 km corrugations on the core-mantle boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 1501-1504.
    • (1986) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.13 , pp. 1501-1504
    • Menke, W.1
  • 206
    • 36949051116 scopus 로고
    • Relative motion of hotspots in the mantle
    • Molnar, P., and T. Atwater (1973), Relative motion of hotspots in the mantle, Nature, 246, 288-291.
    • (1973) Nature , vol.246 , pp. 288-291
    • Molnar, P.1    Atwater, T.2
  • 207
    • 0023525525 scopus 로고
    • Relative motions of hotspots in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans since late Cretaceous time
    • Molnar, P., and J. Stock (1987), Relative motions of hotspots in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans since late Cretaceous time, Nature, 327, 587-591.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.327 , pp. 587-591
    • Molnar, P.1    Stock, J.2
  • 208
    • 0034630677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical models of a dense layer at the base of the mantle and implications for the geodynamics of D″
    • Montague, N. L., and L. H. Kellogg (2000), Numerical models of a dense layer at the base of the mantle and implications for the geodynamics of D″, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,101-11,114.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105
    • Montague, N.L.1    Kellogg, L.H.2
  • 209
    • 0032125374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High Rayleigh number thermo-chemical models of a dense boundary layer in D″
    • Montague, N. L., L. H. Kellogg, and M. Manga (1998), High Rayleigh number thermo-chemical models of a dense boundary layer in D″, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2345-2348.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 2345-2348
    • Montague, N.L.1    Kellogg, L.H.2    Manga, M.3
  • 210
    • 0347003624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Finite-frequency tomography reveals a variety of plumes in the mantle
    • Montelli, R., G. Nolet, F. A. Dahlen, G. Masters, E. R. Engdahl, and S. Hung (2004), Finite-frequency tomography reveals a variety of plumes in the mantle, Science, 303, 338-343.
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 338-343
    • Montelli, R.1    Nolet, G.2    Dahlen, F.A.3    Masters, G.4    Engdahl, E.R.5    Hung, S.6
  • 211
    • 2542491108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shear wave splitting and waveform complexity for lowermost mantle structures with low-velocity lamellae and transverse isotropy
    • doi:10.1029/2003JB002546
    • Moore, M. M., E. J. Garnero, T. Lay, and Q. Williams (2004), Shear wave splitting and waveform complexity for lowermost mantle structures with low-velocity lamellae and transverse isotropy, J. Geophys. Res., 109 B02319, doi:10.1029/2003JB002546.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Moore, M.M.1    Garnero, E.J.2    Lay, T.3    Williams, Q.4
  • 212
    • 0029527772 scopus 로고
    • Numerical investigation of 2D convection with extremely large viscosity variations
    • Moresi, L.-N., and V. S. Solomatov (1995), Numerical investigation of 2D convection with extremely large viscosity variations, Phys. Fluids, 7 2154-2162.
    • (1995) Phys. Fluids , vol.7 , pp. 2154-2162
    • Moresi, L.-N.1    Solomatov, V.S.2
  • 213
    • 0031696483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mantle convection with a brittle lithosphere: Thoughts on the global tectonic style of the Earth and Venus
    • Moresi, L.-N., and V. S. Solomatov (1998), Mantle convection with a brittle lithosphere: Thoughts on the global tectonic style of the Earth and Venus, Geophys. J., 133, 669-682.
    • (1998) Geophys. J. , vol.133 , pp. 669-682
    • Moresi, L.-N.1    Solomatov, V.S.2
  • 214
    • 3743080052 scopus 로고
    • Convection plumes in the lower mantle
    • Morgan, W. J. (1971), Convection plumes in the lower mantle, Nature, 230, 42-43.
    • (1971) Nature , vol.230 , pp. 42-43
    • Morgan, W.J.1
  • 215
    • 78449298241 scopus 로고
    • Plate motions and deep mantle convection
    • Morgan, W. J. (1972), Plate motions and deep mantle convection, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 132, 7-22.
    • (1972) Mem. Geol. Soc. Am. , vol.132 , pp. 7-22
    • Morgan, W.J.1
  • 216
    • 10844226271 scopus 로고
    • Hotspot tracks and the breakup of Gondwana-Laurasia
    • abstract
    • Morgan, W. J. (1974), Hotspot tracks and the breakup of Gondwana-Laurasia (abstract), Eos, Trans. AGU, 55(12), 1186.
    • (1974) Eos, Trans. AGU , vol.55 , Issue.12 , pp. 1186
    • Morgan, W.J.1
  • 217
    • 0001003126 scopus 로고
    • Hotspot tracks and the opening of the Atlantic and Indian oceans
    • edited by C. Emiliani, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J
    • Morgan, W. J. (1981), Hotspot tracks and the opening of the Atlantic and Indian oceans, in The Seas, vol. 7, The Oceanic Lithosphere, edited by C. Emiliani, pp. 443-489, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.
    • (1981) The Seas, The Oceanic Lithosphere , vol.7 , pp. 443-489
    • Morgan, W.J.1
  • 218
    • 0000538132 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms for the origin of mid-ocean ridge axial topography-Implications for the thermal and mechanical structure of accreting plate boundaries
    • Morgan, J. P., E. M. Parmentier, and J. Lin (1987), Mechanisms for the origin of mid-ocean ridge axial topography-Implications for the thermal and mechanical structure of accreting plate boundaries, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 12,823-12,836.
    • (1987) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.92
    • Morgan, J.P.1    Parmentier, E.M.2    Lin, J.3
  • 219
    • 0028888093 scopus 로고
    • Rhenium-osmium concentration and isotope systematics in group IIAB iron meteorites
    • Morgan, J. W., M. F. Horan, R. J. Walker, and J. N. Grossman (1995), Rhenium-osmium concentration and isotope systematics in group IIAB iron meteorites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 2331-2344.
    • (1995) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.59 , pp. 2331-2344
    • Morgan, J.W.1    Horan, M.F.2    Walker, R.J.3    Grossman, J.N.4
  • 220
    • 0029526418 scopus 로고
    • Localized boundary layer below the mid-Pacific velocity anomaly identified from a PcP precursor
    • Mori, J., and D. V. Helmberger (1995), Localized boundary layer below the mid-Pacific velocity anomaly identified from a PcP precursor, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20,359-20,365.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 20359-20365
    • Mori, J.1    Helmberger, D.V.2
  • 221
    • 0020208737 scopus 로고
    • The effect of a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity on slow flow past a hot sphere
    • Morris, S. (1982), The effect of a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity on slow flow past a hot sphere, J. Fluid Mech., 124, 1-26.
    • (1982) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.124 , pp. 1-26
    • Morris, S.1
  • 222
    • 0005301730 scopus 로고
    • A boundary-layer analysis of Bernard convection in a fluid of strongly temperature-dependent viscosity
    • Morris, S., and D. Canright (1984), A boundary-layer analysis of Bernard convection in a fluid of strongly temperature-dependent viscosity, Phys. Earth. Planet. Inter., 36, 355-373.
    • (1984) Phys. Earth. Planet. Inter. , vol.36 , pp. 355-373
    • Morris, S.1    Canright, D.2
  • 223
    • 84879886160 scopus 로고
    • Revised plate motions relative to the hotspots from combined Atlantic and Indian Ocean hotspot tracks
    • Muller, R. D., J.-Y. Royer, and L. A. Lawyer (1993), Revised plate motions relative to the hotspots from combined Atlantic and Indian Ocean hotspot tracks, Geology, 16, 275-278.
    • (1993) Geology , vol.16 , pp. 275-278
    • Muller, R.D.1    Royer, J.-Y.2    Lawyer, L.A.3
  • 224
    • 1442340172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can the mantle entrain D″?
    • doi:10.1029/2002JB002315
    • Namiki, A. (2003), Can the mantle entrain D″?, J. Geophys. Res., 108 B10), 2487, doi:10.1029/2002JB002315.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.B10 , pp. 2487
    • Namiki, A.1
  • 225
    • 0032710604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of boundary heterogeneity in experimental models of mantle convection
    • Namiki, A., and K. Kurita (1999), The influence of boundary heterogeneity in experimental models of mantle convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1929-1932.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 1929-1932
    • Namiki, A.1    Kurita, K.2
  • 226
    • 0037493695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heat transfer and interfacial temperature of two-layered convection: Implications for D″-mantle coupling
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL015809
    • Namiki, A., and K. Kurita (2003), Heat transfer and interfacial temperature of two-layered convection: Implications for D″-mantle coupling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(1), 1023, doi:10.1029/2002GL015809.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 1023
    • Namiki, A.1    Kurita, K.2
  • 227
    • 0026084559 scopus 로고
    • Mantle convection, plates, and hotspots
    • Nataf, H.-C. (1991), Mantle convection, plates, and hotspots, Tectonophysics, 187, 361-377.
    • (1991) Tectonophysics , vol.187 , pp. 361-377
    • Nataf, H.-C.1
  • 228
    • 0027842991 scopus 로고
    • Seismic discontinuity at the top of D″ - A world-wide feature?
    • Nataf, H.-C., and S. Houard (1993), Seismic discontinuity at the top of D″-A world-wide feature?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2371-2374.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 2371-2374
    • Nataf, H.-C.1    Houard, S.2
  • 229
    • 0034980744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Horizontal transition from fast to slow structures at the core-mantle boundary, South Atlantic
    • Ni, S., and D. Helmberger (2001a), Horizontal transition from fast to slow structures at the core-mantle boundary, South Atlantic, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 187, 301-310.
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.187 , pp. 301-310
    • Ni, S.1    Helmberger, D.2
  • 230
    • 0035875016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probing an ultra-low velocity zone at the core mantle boundary with P and S waves
    • Ni, S., and D. Helmberger (2001b), Probing an ultra-low velocity zone at the core mantle boundary with P and S waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2345-2348.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 2345-2348
    • Ni, S.1    Helmberger, D.2
  • 231
    • 0037036104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sharp sides to the African superplume
    • Ni, S., E. Tan, M. Gurnis, and D. Helmberger (2002), Sharp sides to the African superplume, Science, 296, 1850-1852.
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 1850-1852
    • Ni, S.1    Tan, E.2    Gurnis, M.3    Helmberger, D.4
  • 232
    • 0034690061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turbulent convection at very high Rayleigh numbers
    • Niemela, J. J., L. Skrbek, K. R. Sreenivasan, and R. J. Donnelly (2000), Turbulent convection at very high Rayleigh numbers, Nature, 404, 837-840.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 837-840
    • Niemela, J.J.1    Skrbek, L.2    Sreenivasan, K.R.3    Donnelly, R.J.4
  • 233
    • 0033617507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primitive magmas and source characteristics of the Hawaiian plume petrology and geochemistry of shield picrites
    • Norman, M. D., and M. O. Garcia (1999), Primitive magmas and source characteristics of the Hawaiian plume petrology and geochemistry of shield picrites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 168, 27-44.
    • (1999) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.168 , pp. 27-44
    • Norman, M.D.1    Garcia, M.O.2
  • 234
    • 84977607852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global hotspot reference frames and plate motion
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by M. A. Richards, R. G. Gordon, and R. D. van der Hilst, AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Norton, I. O. (2000), Global hotspot reference frames and plate motion, in The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 121, edited by M. A. Richards, R. G. Gordon, and R. D. van der Hilst, pp. 339-358, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (2000) The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions , vol.121 , pp. 339-358
    • Norton, I.O.1
  • 235
    • 0026392048 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of three-dimensional thermal convection in a fluid with strongly temperature-dependent viscosity
    • Ogawa, M., G. Schubert, and A. Zebib (1991), Numerical simulation of three-dimensional thermal convection in a fluid with strongly temperature-dependent viscosity, J. Fluid Mech., 233, 299-328.
    • (1991) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.233 , pp. 299-328
    • Ogawa, M.1    Schubert, G.2    Zebib, A.3
  • 236
    • 0035655742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density of basaltic melt at high pressure and stability of the melt at the base of the lower mantle
    • Ohtani, E., and M. Maeda (2001), Density of basaltic melt at high pressure and stability of the melt at the base of the lower mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 193, 69-75.
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.193 , pp. 69-75
    • Ohtani, E.1    Maeda, M.2
  • 237
    • 0030454757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetoconvection and thermal coupling of the Earth's core and mantle
    • Ser. A
    • Olson, P., and G. A. Glatzmaier (1996), Magnetoconvection and thermal coupling of the Earth's core and mantle, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 354, 1413-1424.
    • (1996) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London , vol.354 , pp. 1413-1424
    • Olson, P.1    Glatzmaier, G.A.2
  • 238
    • 0026068484 scopus 로고
    • Experiments on the interaction of thermal convection and compositional layering at the base of the mantle
    • Olson, P., and C. Kincaid (1991), Experiments on the interaction of thermal convection and compositional layering at the base of the mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4347-4354.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 4347-4354
    • Olson, P.1    Kincaid, C.2
  • 239
  • 240
    • 0001310758 scopus 로고
    • Structure of axisymmetric mantle plumes
    • Olson, P., G. Schubert, and C. Anderson (1993), Structure of axisymmetric mantle plumes, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6829-6844.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 6829-6844
    • Olson, P.1    Schubert, G.2    Anderson, C.3
  • 241
    • 0029731271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limits on the mass flux between lower and upper mantle and the stability of layering
    • O'Nions, R. K., and L. N. Tolstikhin (1996), Limits on the mass flux between lower and upper mantle and the stability of layering, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 139, 213-222.
    • (1996) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.139 , pp. 213-222
    • O'Nions, R.K.1    Tolstikhin, L.N.2
  • 242
    • 0346373756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferences on flow at the base of Earth's mantle based on seismic anisotropy
    • Panning, M., and B. Romanowicz (2004), Inferences on flow at the base of Earth's mantle based on seismic anisotropy, Science, 303, 351-353.
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 351-353
    • Panning, M.1    Romanowicz, B.2
  • 243
    • 0025661018 scopus 로고
    • Spreading rate dependence of 3-dimensional structure in oceanic spreading centers
    • Parmentier, E. M., and J. P. Morgan (1990), Spreading rate dependence of 3-dimensional structure in oceanic spreading centers, Nature, 348, 325-328.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.348 , pp. 325-328
    • Parmentier, E.M.1    Morgan, J.P.2
  • 244
    • 0026613548 scopus 로고
    • Osmium isotopic compositions from basalts
    • Pegram, W. J., and C. J. Allegre (1992), Osmium isotopic compositions from basalts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 111, 59-68.
    • (1992) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.111 , pp. 59-68
    • Pegram, W.J.1    Allegre, C.J.2
  • 245
    • 0023525114 scopus 로고
    • Ruthenium, rhenium, osmium, platinum, and gold in iron meteorites
    • Pernicka, E., and J. T. Wasson (1987), Ruthenium, rhenium, osmium, platinum, and gold in iron meteorites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 51 1717-1726.
    • (1987) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. , vol.51 , pp. 1717-1726
    • Pernicka, E.1    Wasson, J.T.2
  • 247
    • 0027798929 scopus 로고
    • Core-infiltrated mantle and the nature of the D″ layer
    • Poirer, J.-P. (1993), Core-infiltrated mantle and the nature of the D″ layer, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 45, 1221-1227.
    • (1993) J. Geomagn. Geoelectr. , vol.45 , pp. 1221-1227
    • Poirer, J.-P.1
  • 248
    • 0000061583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a thin electrically conducting layer at the base of the mantle?
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by M. Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Poirer, J.-P., V. Malavergne, and J. L. Le Mouel (1998), Is there a thin electrically conducting layer at the base of the mantle?, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 131-138, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 131-138
    • Poirer, J.-P.1    Malavergne, V.2    Le Mouel, J.L.3
  • 249
    • 0029479429 scopus 로고
    • Mass transfer of helium, neon, argon, and xenon through a steady-state upper mantle
    • Porcelli, D., and G. J. Wasserberg (1993), Mass transfer of helium, neon, argon, and xenon through a steady-state upper mantle, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 59, 4921-4937.
    • (1993) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. , vol.59 , pp. 4921-4937
    • Porcelli, D.1    Wasserberg, G.J.2
  • 250
    • 0034483205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum group elements in Kostomuksha komatiites and basalts: Implications for oceanic crust recycling and core-mantle interactions
    • Puchtel, I. S., and M. Humayun (2000), Platinum group elements in Kostomuksha komatiites and basalts: Implications for oceanic crust recycling and core-mantle interactions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64 4227-4242.
    • (2000) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.64 , pp. 4227-4242
    • Puchtel, I.S.1    Humayun, M.2
  • 251
    • 0344496508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precise Re-Os mineral isochron and Pb-Nd-Os isotope systematics of a mafic-ultramafic sill in the 2.0 Ga Onega plateau (Baltic Shield)
    • Puchtel, I. S., G. E. Brugmann, and A. W. Hofmann (1999), Precise Re-Os mineral isochron and Pb-Nd-Os isotope systematics of a mafic-ultramafic sill in the 2.0 Ga Onega plateau (Baltic Shield), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 170, 447-461.
    • (1999) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.170 , pp. 447-461
    • Puchtel, I.S.1    Brugmann, G.E.2    Hofmann, A.W.3
  • 252
    • 85040181488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fast Paleocene motions of the Pacific hotspots from revised global plate circuit constraints
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by M. A. Richards, R. G. Gordon, and R. van der Hilst
    • Raymond, C. A., J. M. Stock, and S. C. Cande (2000), Fast Paleocene motions of the Pacific hotspots from revised global plate circuit constraints, in The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 121, edited by M. A. Richards, R. G. Gordon, and R. van der Hilst, pp. 359-375.
    • (2000) The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions , vol.121 , pp. 359-375
    • Raymond, C.A.1    Stock, J.M.2    Cande, S.C.3
  • 253
    • 0034957628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-Os systematics of platinum-group element distribution in metalliferous sediments from the Troodos ophiolite
    • Ravizza, G., J. Blusztajn, and H. M. Pritchard (2001), Re-Os systematics of platinum-group element distribution in metalliferous sediments from the Troodos ophiolite, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 188, 369-381.
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.188 , pp. 369-381
    • Ravizza, G.1    Blusztajn, J.2    Pritchard, H.M.3
  • 254
    • 0030822558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seismic evidence of partial melt within a possibly ubiquitous low-velocity layer at the base of the mantle
    • Revenaugh, J., and R. Meyer (1997), Seismic evidence of partial melt within a possibly ubiquitous low-velocity layer at the base of the mantle, Science, 277, 670-673.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 670-673
    • Revenaugh, J.1    Meyer, R.2
  • 255
    • 0033618951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamical origin of Hawaiian volcanism
    • Ribe, N. M., and U. R. Christensen (1999), The dynamical origin of Hawaiian volcanism, Earth Planet. Sci., Lett., 171, 517-531.
    • (1999) Earth Planet. Sci., Lett. , vol.171 , pp. 517-531
    • Ribe, N.M.1    Christensen, U.R.2
  • 256
    • 0026452425 scopus 로고
    • Large-scale mantle convection and the history of subduction
    • Richards, M. A., and D. C. Engebretsen (1992), Large-scale mantle convection and the history of subduction, Nature, 355, 437-440.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.355 , pp. 437-440
    • Richards, M.A.1    Engebretsen, D.C.2
  • 257
    • 0024190768 scopus 로고
    • Deflection of plumes by mantle shear-flow: Experimental results and a simple theory
    • Richards, M. A., and R. W. Griffiths (1988), Deflection of plumes by mantle shear-flow: Experimental results and a simple theory, Geophys. J. Int., 94, 367-376.
    • (1988) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.94 , pp. 367-376
    • Richards, M.A.1    Griffiths, R.W.2
  • 258
    • 0023780896 scopus 로고
    • Dynamically supported geoid highs over hotspots - Observation and theory
    • Richards, M. A., B. H. Hager, and N. H. Sleep (1988), Dynamically supported geoid highs over hotspots-Observation and theory, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 7690-7708.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93 , pp. 7690-7708
    • Richards, M.A.1    Hager, B.H.2    Sleep, N.H.3
  • 259
    • 0024903908 scopus 로고
    • Flood basalts and hot-spot tracks: Plume heads and tails
    • Richards, M. A., R. A. Duncan, and V. E. Courtillot (1989), Flood basalts and hot-spot tracks: Plume heads and tails, Science, 246, 103-107.
    • (1989) Science , vol.246 , pp. 103-107
    • Richards, M.A.1    Duncan, R.A.2    Courtillot, V.E.3
  • 261
    • 84974073974 scopus 로고
    • Heat transfer and horizontally-averaged temperature of convection with large viscosity variations
    • Richter, F. M., H. C. Nataf, and S. F. Daly (1983), Heat transfer and horizontally-averaged temperature of convection with large viscosity variations, J. Fluid Mech., 129, 173-192.
    • (1983) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.129 , pp. 173-192
    • Richter, F.M.1    Nataf, H.C.2    Daly, S.F.3
  • 262
    • 0021561106 scopus 로고
    • Densities of liquid silicates at high pressures
    • Rigden, S. M., T. J. Ahrens, and E. M. Stolper (1984), Densities of liquid silicates at high pressures, Science, 226, 1071-1074.
    • (1984) Science , vol.226 , pp. 1071-1074
    • Rigden, S.M.1    Ahrens, T.J.2    Stolper, E.M.3
  • 263
    • 0024903731 scopus 로고
    • High-pressure equation of state of molten anorthite and diopside
    • Rigden, S. M., T. J. Ahrens, and E. M. Stolper (1989), High-pressure equation of state of molten anorthite and diopside, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9508-9522.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 9508-9522
    • Rigden, S.M.1    Ahrens, T.J.2    Stolper, E.M.3
  • 265
    • 0020466544 scopus 로고
    • Phase transformations and differentiation in subducted lithosphere: Implications for mantle dynamics, basalt petrogenesis, and crustal evolution
    • Ringwood, A. E. (1982), Phase transformations and differentiation in subducted lithosphere: Implications for mantle dynamics, basalt petrogenesis, and crustal evolution, J. Geol., 90, 611-643.
    • (1982) J. Geol. , vol.90 , pp. 611-643
    • Ringwood, A.E.1
  • 267
    • 0345072527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex shear wave velocity structure imaged beneath Africa and Iceland
    • Ritsema, J., J. J. van Heijst, and J. H. Woodhouse (1999), Complex shear wave velocity structure imaged beneath Africa and Iceland, Science, 286, 125-128.
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 125-128
    • Ritsema, J.1    van Heijst, J.J.2    Woodhouse, J.H.3
  • 268
    • 0035866864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can we resolve 3D density heterogeneity in the lower mantle?
    • Romanowicz, B. (2001), Can we resolve 3D density heterogeneity in the lower mantle?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1107-1110.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 1107-1110
    • Romanowicz, B.1
  • 269
    • 0037134064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superplumes from the core-mantle boundary to the lithosphere: Implications for heat flux
    • Romanowicz, B., and Y. Gung (2002), Superplumes from the core-mantle boundary to the lithosphere: Implications for heat flux, Science, 296 513-516.
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 513-516
    • Romanowicz, B.1    Gung, Y.2
  • 270
    • 0035976633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seismic detection of rigid zones at the top of the core
    • Rost, S., and J. Revenaugh (2001), Seismic detection of rigid zones at the top of the core, Science, 294, 1911-1914.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 1911-1914
    • Rost, S.1    Revenaugh, J.2
  • 271
    • 0028837763 scopus 로고
    • 186OS in oceanic island basalts: Tracing oceanic crust recycling in the mantle
    • 186OS in oceanic island basalts: Tracing oceanic crust recycling in the mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 129, 145-161.
    • (1995) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.129 , pp. 145-161
    • Roy-Barman, M.1    Allegre, C.J.2
  • 272
    • 0000030502 scopus 로고
    • Polar path in geomagnetic reversals
    • Runcorn, S. K. (1992), Polar path in geomagnetic reversals, Nature, 356, 654-656.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.356 , pp. 654-656
    • Runcorn, S.K.1
  • 273
    • 0032548010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seismic evidence for small-scale dynamics in the lowermost mantle at the root of the Hawaiian hotspot
    • Russell, S. A., T. Lay, and E. J. Garnero (1998), Seismic evidence for small-scale dynamics in the lowermost mantle at the root of the Hawaiian hotspot, Nature, 369, 255-257.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.369 , pp. 255-257
    • Russell, S.A.1    Lay, T.2    Garnero, E.J.3
  • 275
    • 0037470324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermochemical convection and helium concentrations in mantle plumes
    • Samuel, H., and C. G. Farnetani (2003), Thermochemical convection and helium concentrations in mantle plumes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 207 39-56.
    • (2003) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.207 , pp. 39-56
    • Samuel, H.1    Farnetani, C.G.2
  • 276
    • 2242467564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of recycled Archean oceanic mantle lithosphere in the Azores plume
    • Schaefer, B. F., S. Turner, I. Parkinson, N. Rogers, and C. Hawkesworth (2002), Evidence of recycled Archean oceanic mantle lithosphere in the Azores plume, Nature, 420, 304-307.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , pp. 304-307
    • Schaefer, B.F.1    Turner, S.2    Parkinson, I.3    Rogers, N.4    Hawkesworth, C.5
  • 277
    • 0034744795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between rising and sinking mantle plumes
    • Schaeffer, N., and M. Manga (2001), Interactions between rising and sinking mantle plumes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 455-458.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 455-458
    • Schaeffer, N.1    Manga, M.2
  • 278
    • 1642471779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tungsten isotope evidence that mantle plumes contain no contribution from the Earth's core
    • Schersten, A., T. Elliott, C. Hawkesworth, and M. Norman (2004), Tungsten isotope evidence that mantle plumes contain no contribution from the Earth's core, Nature, 427, 234-237.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.427 , pp. 234-237
    • Schersten, A.1    Elliott, T.2    Hawkesworth, C.3    Norman, M.4
  • 279
    • 36949053200 scopus 로고
    • Iceland mantle plume geochemical study of the Reykjanes ridge
    • Schilling, J.-G. (1973), Iceland mantle plume geochemical study of the Reykjanes ridge, Nature, 242, 565-571.
    • (1973) Nature , vol.242 , pp. 565-571
    • Schilling, J.-G.1
  • 280
    • 0000773931 scopus 로고
    • Geochemical and isotopic variation along the Mid-Atlantic ridge axis from 79°N to 0°N
    • edited by P. R. Vogt and B. E. Tucholke, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo
    • Schilling, J.-G. (1986), Geochemical and isotopic variation along the Mid-Atlantic ridge axis from 79°N to 0°N, in The Geology of North America, vol. M, The Western North Atlantic Region, edited by P. R. Vogt and B. E. Tucholke, pp. 137-156, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo.
    • (1986) The Geology of North America, The Western North Atlantic Region , vol.M , pp. 137-156
    • Schilling, J.-G.1
  • 281
    • 0026311690 scopus 로고
    • Fuxes and excess temperatures of mantle plumes inferred from their interaction with migrating midocean ridges
    • Schilling, J.-G. (1991), Fuxes and excess temperatures of mantle plumes inferred from their interaction with migrating midocean ridges, Nature, 352, 397-403.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.352 , pp. 397-403
    • Schilling, J.-G.1
  • 282
    • 0020766697 scopus 로고
    • Petrologic and geochemical variations along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from 29-degrees-N to 73-degrees-N
    • Schilling, J.-G., M. Zajac, R. Evans, T. Johnston, W. White, J. D. Devine, and R. Kingsley (1983), Petrologic and geochemical variations along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from 29-degrees-N to 73-degrees-N, Am. J. Sci., 28, 510-586.
    • (1983) Am. J. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 510-586
    • Schilling, J.-G.1    Zajac, M.2    Evans, R.3    Johnston, T.4    White, W.5    Devine, J.D.6    Kingsley, R.7
  • 283
    • 0002180246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PKP and PKKP precursor observations: Implications for small-scale structure of the deep mantle and core
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by M. Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Schearer, P. M., M. A. H. Hedlin, and P. S. Earle (1998), PKP and PKKP precursor observations: Implications for small-scale structure of the deep mantle and core, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 37-55, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 37-55
    • Schearer, P.M.1    Hedlin, M.A.H.2    Earle, P.S.3
  • 285
    • 0001089380 scopus 로고
    • A theoretical prediction of salt dome patterns
    • Selig, F. (1965), A theoretical prediction of salt dome patterns, Geophysics, 30, 633-643.
    • (1965) Geophysics , vol.30 , pp. 633-643
    • Selig, F.1
  • 286
    • 0031689991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Re-Os isotope system in cosmochemistry and high temperature geochemistry
    • Shirey, S. B., and R. J. Walker (1998), The Re-Os isotope system in cosmochemistry and high temperature geochemistry, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 26, 423-500.
    • (1998) Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 423-500
    • Shirey, S.B.1    Walker, R.J.2
  • 287
    • 0001673666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geodynamically consistent seismic velocity predictions at the base of the mantle
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by M. Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Sidorin, I., and M. Gurnis (1998), Geodynamically consistent seismic velocity predictions at the base of the mantle, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 209-230, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 209-230
    • Sidorin, I.1    Gurnis, M.2
  • 288
    • 0032472219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupling of South American and African plate motion and plate deformation
    • Silver, P. G., R. M. Russo, and C. Lithgow-Bertelloni (1998), Coupling of South American and African plate motion and plate deformation, Science, 279, 60-63.
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 60-63
    • Silver, P.G.1    Russo, R.M.2    Lithgow-Bertelloni, C.3
  • 289
    • 0036624177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partial melting in the deepest mantle
    • doi:10.1029/2001GL013716
    • Simmons, N. A., and S. P. Grand (2002), Partial melting in the deepest mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(11), 1552, doi:10.1029/2001GL013716.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.11 , pp. 1552
    • Simmons, N.A.1    Grand, S.P.2
  • 290
    • 0005704221 scopus 로고
    • Formation of discrete islands in a linear chain of islands
    • Skilbeck, J. N., and J. A. Whitehead (1978), Formation of discrete islands in a linear chain of islands, Nature, 272, 499-501.
    • (1978) Nature , vol.272 , pp. 499-501
    • Skilbeck, J.N.1    Whitehead, J.A.2
  • 292
    • 0024233371 scopus 로고
    • Gradual entrainment of a chemical layer at the base of the mantle by overlying convection
    • Sleep, N. H. (1988), Gradual entrainment of a chemical layer at the base of the mantle by overlying convection, Geophys. J., 95, 437-447.
    • (1988) Geophys. J. , vol.95 , pp. 437-447
    • Sleep, N.H.1
  • 293
    • 0025224650 scopus 로고
    • Hotspots and mantle plumes: Some phenomenology
    • Sleep, N. H. (1990), Hotspots and mantle plumes: Some phenomenology, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 6715-6736.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95 , pp. 6715-6736
    • Sleep, N.H.1
  • 294
    • 0023732191 scopus 로고
    • Onset of mantle plumes in the presence of preexisting convection
    • Sleep, N. H., M. A. Richards, and B. H. Hager (1988), Onset of mantle plumes in the presence of preexisting convection, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 7672-7689.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93 , pp. 7672-7689
    • Sleep, N.H.1    Richards, M.A.2    Hager, B.H.3
  • 295
    • 0029500510 scopus 로고
    • Observations of ridge-hotspot interactions in the Southern Ocean
    • Small, C. (1995), Observations of ridge-hotspot interactions in the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 17,931-17,946.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100
    • Small, C.1
  • 296
    • 0029730872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-Os ages of Group IIA, IIIA, IVA, and IVB iron meteorites
    • Smoliar, M., R. J. Walker, and J. W. Morgan (1996), Re-Os ages of Group IIA, IIIA, IVA, and IVB iron meteorites, Science, 271, 1099-1102.
    • (1996) Science , vol.271 , pp. 1099-1102
    • Smoliar, M.1    Walker, R.J.2    Morgan, J.W.3
  • 297
    • 0029157876 scopus 로고
    • Scaling of temperature- and stress-dependent viscosity convection
    • Solomatov, V. S. (1995), Scaling of temperature- and stress-dependent viscosity convection, Phys. Fluids, 7, 266-274.
    • (1995) Phys. Fluids , vol.7 , pp. 266-274
    • Solomatov, V.S.1
  • 298
    • 0029774917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stagnant lid convection on Venus
    • Solomatov, V. S., and L.-N. Moresi (1996), Stagnant lid convection on Venus, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4737-4753.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 4737-4753
    • Solomatov, V.S.1    Moresi, L.-N.2
  • 299
    • 0000980423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling of time-dependent stagnant lid convection: Application to small-scale convection on Earth and other terrestrial planets
    • Solomatov, V. S., and L.-N. Moresi (2000), Scaling of time-dependent stagnant lid convection: Application to small-scale convection on Earth and other terrestrial planets, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 21,795-21,817.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105 , pp. 21795-21817
    • Solomatov, V.S.1    Moresi, L.-N.2
  • 300
    • 0036204067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small-scale convection in the D″ layer
    • doi:10.1029/2000JB000063
    • Solomatov, V. S., and L.-N. Moresi (2002), Small-scale convection in the D″ layer, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B1), 2016, doi:10.1029/2000JB000063.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.B1 , pp. 2016
    • Solomatov, V.S.1    Moresi, L.-N.2
  • 301
    • 0028192993 scopus 로고
    • Pressure-temperature range of reactions between liquid iron in the outer core and mantle silicates
    • Song, X., and T. J. Ahrens (1994), Pressure-temperature range of reactions between liquid iron in the outer core and mantle silicates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 153-156.
    • (1994) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.21 , pp. 153-156
    • Song, X.1    Ahrens, T.J.2
  • 302
    • 84958430961 scopus 로고
    • Observations and other characteristics of thermals
    • Sparrow, E. M., R. B. Husar, and R. J. Goldstein (1970), Observations and other characteristics of thermals, J. Fluid Mech., 41, 793-800.
    • (1970) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.41 , pp. 793-800
    • Sparrow, E.M.1    Husar, R.B.2    Goldstein, R.J.3
  • 303
    • 0020869672 scopus 로고
    • The thermal boundary layer interpretation of D″ and its role as a plume source
    • Stacey, F. D., and D. E. Loper (1983), The thermal boundary layer interpretation of D″ and its role as a plume source, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 33, 45-55.
    • (1983) Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. , vol.33 , pp. 45-55
    • Stacey, F.D.1    Loper, D.E.2
  • 304
    • 0021545815 scopus 로고
    • Thermal histories of the core and mantle
    • Stacey, F. D., and D. E. Loper (1984), Thermal histories of the core and mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 36, 99-115.
    • (1984) Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. , vol.36 , pp. 99-115
    • Stacey, F.D.1    Loper, D.E.2
  • 305
    • 0034630670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plumes in a convecting mantle: Models and observations for individual hotspots
    • Steinberger, B. (2000), Plumes in a convecting mantle: Models and observations for individual hotspots, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,127-11,152.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105
    • Steinberger, B.1
  • 306
    • 0031833667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advection of plumes in mantle flow: Implications for hotspot motion, mantle viscosity, and plume distribution
    • Steinberger, B., and R. J. O'Connell (1998), Advection of plumes in mantle flow: Implications for hotspot motion, mantle viscosity, and plume distribution, Geophys. J. Int., 132, 412-434.
    • (1998) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.132 , pp. 412-434
    • Steinberger, B.1    O'Connell, R.J.2
  • 307
    • 84889052175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of mantle flow on hotspot motion
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by M. A. Richards et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Steinberger, B., and R. J. O'Connell (2000), Effects of mantle flow on hotspot motion, in The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 121, edited by M. A. Richards et al., pp. 377-398. AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (2000) The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions , vol.121 , pp. 377-398
    • Steinberger, B.1    O'Connell, R.J.2
  • 308
    • 3142580387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of Emperor-Hawaii seamount locations from a revised model of global plate motion and mantle flow
    • Steinberger, B., R. Sutherland, and R. J. O'Connell (2004), Prediction of Emperor-Hawaii seamount locations from a revised model of global plate motion and mantle flow, Nature, 430, 167-173.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.430 , pp. 167-173
    • Steinberger, B.1    Sutherland, R.2    O'Connell, R.J.3
  • 309
    • 84971996028 scopus 로고
    • Onset of convection in a variable-viscosity fluid
    • Stengel, K. C., D. S. Oliver, and J. R. Booker (1982), Onset of convection in a variable-viscosity fluid, J. Fluid Mech., 120, 411-431.
    • (1982) J. Fluid Mech. , vol.120 , pp. 411-431
    • Stengel, K.C.1    Oliver, D.S.2    Booker, J.R.3
  • 310
    • 0019727010 scopus 로고
    • Models of the Earth's core
    • Stevenson, D. J. (1981), Models of the Earth's core, Science, 214, 611-619.
    • (1981) Science , vol.214 , pp. 611-619
    • Stevenson, D.J.1
  • 312
    • 0000768849 scopus 로고
    • Magnetism and thermal evolution of the terrestrial planets
    • Stevenson, D. J., T. Spohn, and G. Schubert (1983), Magnetism and thermal evolution of the terrestrial planets, Icarus, 54, 466-489.
    • (1983) Icarus , vol.54 , pp. 466-489
    • Stevenson, D.J.1    Spohn, T.2    Schubert, G.3
  • 313
    • 0026000782 scopus 로고
    • Predominance of long-wavelength heterogeneity in the mantle
    • Su, W.-J., and A. M. Dziewonski (1991), Predominance of long-wavelength heterogeneity in the mantle, Nature, 352, 121-126.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.352 , pp. 121-126
    • Su, W.-J.1    Dziewonski, A.M.2
  • 314
    • 0028333405 scopus 로고
    • Degree-12 model of shear velocity heterogeneity in the mantle
    • Su, W.-J., R. L. Woodward, and A. M. Dziewonski (1994), Degree-12 model of shear velocity heterogeneity in the mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 99 6945-6980.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 6945-6980
    • Su, W.-J.1    Woodward, R.L.2    Dziewonski, A.M.3
  • 315
    • 0029730653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping S-velocity heterogeneities in the D″ region, from SmKS differential travel times
    • Sylvander, M., and A. Souriau (1996), Mapping S-velocity heterogeneities in the D″ region, from SmKS differential travel times, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 94, 1-21.
    • (1996) Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. , vol.94 , pp. 1-21
    • Sylvander, M.1    Souriau, A.2
  • 316
    • 0032522133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-consistent generation of tectonic plates in three-dimensional mantle convection
    • Tackley, P. J. (1998a), Self-consistent generation of tectonic plates in three-dimensional mantle convection, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 157 9-22.
    • (1998) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.157 , pp. 9-22
    • Tackley, P.J.1
  • 317
    • 0001104692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional simulations of mantle convection with a thermochemical CMB boundary layer: D″?
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Tackley, P. J. (1998b), Three-dimensional simulations of mantle convection with a thermochemical CMB boundary layer: D″?, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by Gurnis et al., pp. 231-253, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 231-253
    • Tackley, P.J.1
  • 318
    • 0034674590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mantle convection and plate tectonics: Toward an integrated physical and chemical theory
    • Tackley, P. J. (2000), Mantle convection and plate tectonics: Toward an integrated physical and chemical theory, Science, 288, 2002-2007.
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 2002-2007
    • Tackley, P.J.1
  • 319
    • 0002851990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong heterogeneity caused by deep mantle layering
    • doi:10.1029/2001GC000167
    • Tackley, P. J. (2002), Strong heterogeneity caused by deep mantle layering, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3(4), 1024, doi:10.1029/2001GC000167.
    • (2002) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. , vol.3 , Issue.4 , pp. 1024
    • Tackley, P.J.1
  • 320
    • 0141868856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the tracer ratio method for modeling active compositional fields in mantle convection simulations
    • doi:10.1029/2001GC000214
    • Tackley, P. J., and S. D. King (2003), Testing the tracer ratio method for modeling active compositional fields in mantle convection simulations, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(4), 8302, doi:10.1029/2001GC000214.
    • (2003) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 8302
    • Tackley, P.J.1    King, S.D.2
  • 321
    • 0037111766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The thermochemical structure and evolution of Earth's mantle: Constraints and numerical models
    • Ser. A
    • Tackley, P. J., and S. Xie (2002), The thermochemical structure and evolution of Earth's mantle: Constraints and numerical models, Philos. Trans R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 360, 2593-2609.
    • (2002) Philos. Trans R. Soc. London , vol.360 , pp. 2593-2609
    • Tackley, P.J.1    Xie, S.2
  • 322
    • 0038728329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slabs in the lower mantle and their modulation of plume formation
    • doi:10.1029/2001GC000238
    • Tan, E., M. Gurnis, and L. Han (2002), Slabs in the lower mantle and their modulation of plume formation, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3 11), 1067, doi:10.1029/2001GC000238.
    • (2002) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. , vol.3 , Issue.11 , pp. 1067
    • Tan, E.1    Gurnis, M.2    Han, L.3
  • 323
    • 0025211434 scopus 로고
    • Long wavelength S velocity structure throughout the mantle
    • Tanimoto, T. (1990), Long wavelength S velocity structure throughout the mantle, Geophys. J. Int., 100, 327-336.
    • (1990) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.100 , pp. 327-336
    • Tanimoto, T.1
  • 325
    • 0041328411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emperor Seamounts: Southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot plume in the Earth's mantle
    • Tarduno, J. A., et al. (2003), Emperor Seamounts: Southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot plume in the Earth's mantle, Science, 301, 1064-1069.
    • (2003) Science , vol.301 , pp. 1064-1069
    • Tarduno, J.A.1
  • 327
    • 0022923650 scopus 로고
    • Chemical characteristics of fluid phase released from a subducted lithosphere and origin of arc magmas - Evidence from high-pressure experiments and natural rocks
    • Tatsumi, Y., D. L. Hamilton, and R. W. Nesbitt (1986), Chemical characteristics of fluid phase released from a subducted lithosphere and origin of arc magmas-Evidence from high-pressure experiments and natural rocks, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 29, 293-309.
    • (1986) J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. , vol.29 , pp. 293-309
    • Tatsumi, Y.1    Hamilton, D.L.2    Nesbitt, R.W.3
  • 328
    • 0032697426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small scatterers in the lower mantle observed at German broadband arrays
    • Thomas, C., M. Weber, C. W. Wicks, and F. Scherbaum (1999), Small scatterers in the lower mantle observed at German broadband arrays, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15,073-15,088.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104
    • Thomas, C.1    Weber, M.2    Wicks, C.W.3    Scherbaum, F.4
  • 329
    • 0032004359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Rayleigh number dependence of convection with a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity
    • Trompert, R. A., and U. Hansen (1998), On the Rayleigh number dependence of convection with a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity, Phys. Fluids, 10, 351-360.
    • (1998) Phys. Fluids , vol.10 , pp. 351-360
    • Trompert, R.A.1    Hansen, U.2
  • 330
    • 84995055239 scopus 로고
    • Isotopic modeling of the evolution of the mantle and crust
    • Turcotte, D. L., and L. H. Kellogg (1986), Isotopic modeling of the evolution of the mantle and crust, Rev. Geophys., 24, 311-328.
    • (1986) Rev. Geophys. , vol.24 , pp. 311-328
    • Turcotte, D.L.1    Kellogg, L.H.2
  • 332
    • 0033583062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compositional heterogeneity in the bottom 1000 kilometers of Earth's mantle: Toward a hybrid convection model
    • van der Hilst, R. D., and H. Karason (1999), Compositional heterogeneity in the bottom 1000 kilometers of Earth's mantle: Toward a hybrid convection model, Science, 283, 1885-1888.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 1885-1888
    • van der Hilst, R.D.1    Karason, H.2
  • 333
    • 0030620917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography
    • van der Hilst, R. D., S. Widiyantoro, and E. R. Engdahl (1997), Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography, Nature, 386, 578-584.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.386 , pp. 578-584
    • van der Hilst, R.D.1    Widiyantoro, S.2    Engdahl, E.R.3
  • 334
    • 0030801914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of starting mantle plumes - A comparison between numerical and laboratory models
    • van Keken, P. E. (1997), Evolution of starting mantle plumes-A comparison between numerical and laboratory models, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 148, 1-11.
    • (1997) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.148 , pp. 1-11
    • van Keken, P.E.1
  • 335
    • 0033541415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamical models of mantle volatile evolution and the role of phase transitions and temperature-dependent rheology
    • van Keken, P. E., and C. J. Ballentine (1999), Dynamical models of mantle volatile evolution and the role of phase transitions and temperature-dependent rheology, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7137-7151.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 7137-7151
    • van Keken, P.E.1    Ballentine, C.J.2
  • 336
    • 0031417244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of methods for the modeling of thermochemical convection
    • van Keken, P. E., et al. (1997), A comparison of methods for the modeling of thermochemical convection, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 22,477-22,495.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102
    • van Keken, P.E.1
  • 337
    • 0031854341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whole Earth structure estimated from seismic arrival times
    • Vasco, D. W., and L. R. Johnson (1998), Whole Earth structure estimated from seismic arrival times, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2633-2671.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 2633-2671
    • Vasco, D.W.1    Johnson, L.R.2
  • 338
    • 84981751127 scopus 로고
    • Heat balance of the Earth's core
    • Verhoogen, J. (1961), Heat balance of the Earth's core, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 4, 276-281.
    • (1961) Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. , vol.4 , pp. 276-281
    • Verhoogen, J.1
  • 339
    • 2542623105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations of the Hawaiian hot spot activity revealed by variations in the magma production rate
    • doi:10.1029/2003JB002559
    • Vidal, V., and A. Bonneville (2004), Variations of the Hawaiian hot spot activity revealed by variations in the magma production rate, J. Geophys., 109, B03104, doi:10.1029/2003JB002559.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. , vol.109
    • Vidal, V.1    Bonneville, A.2
  • 340
    • 0027511082 scopus 로고
    • Seismological mapping of fine structure near the base of Earth's mantle
    • Vidale, J. E., and M. Benz (1993), Seismological mapping of fine structure near the base of Earth's mantle, Nature, 361, 529-532.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.361 , pp. 529-532
    • Vidale, J.E.1    Benz, M.2
  • 341
    • 0032509989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for partial melt at the core-mantle boundary north of Tonga from the strong scattering of seismic waves
    • Vidale, J. E., and M. A. H. Hedlin (1998), Evidence for partial melt at the core-mantle boundary north of Tonga from the strong scattering of seismic waves, Nature, 391, 682-684.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.391 , pp. 682-684
    • Vidale, J.E.1    Hedlin, M.A.H.2
  • 342
    • 0033826898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Core participation in mantle geochemistry
    • Walker, R. J. (2000), Core participation in mantle geochemistry, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 2897-2911.
    • (2000) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.64 , pp. 2897-2911
    • Walker, R.J.1
  • 343
    • 0029517057 scopus 로고
    • 187OS enrichment in some mantle plume sources: Evidence for core-mantle interaction?
    • 187OS enrichment in some mantle plume sources: Evidence for core-mantle interaction?, Science, 269, 819-822.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 819-822
    • Walker, R.J.1    Morgan, J.W.2    Horan, M.F.3
  • 345
    • 0032448737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transitions in the style of mantle convection at high Rayleigh numbers
    • Weeraratne, D., and M. Manga (1998), Transitions in the style of mantle convection at high Rayleigh numbers, Earth Planet. Sci., Lett., 160 563-568.
    • (1998) Earth Planet. Sci., Lett. , vol.160 , pp. 563-568
    • Weeraratne, D.1    Manga, M.2
  • 346
    • 0026278012 scopus 로고
    • Convection planforms in a fluid with a temperature-dependent viscosity beneath a stress-free upper boundary
    • Weinstein, S. A., and U. Christensen (1991), Convection planforms in a fluid with a temperature-dependent viscosity beneath a stress-free upper boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 2035-2038.
    • (1991) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.18 , pp. 2035-2038
    • Weinstein, S.A.1    Christensen, U.2
  • 347
    • 0024569595 scopus 로고
    • The proximity of hotspots to convergent and divergent plate
    • Weinstein, S. A., and P. Olson (1989), The proximity of hotspots to convergent and divergent plate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 433-436.
    • (1989) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.16 , pp. 433-436
    • Weinstein, S.A.1    Olson, P.2
  • 348
    • 0032513323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultra-low velocity zones near the core-mantle boundary from broadband PKP precursors
    • Wen, L. X., and D. V. Helmberger (1998), Ultra-low velocity zones near the core-mantle boundary from broadband PKP precursors, Science, 279, 1701-1703.
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 1701-1703
    • Wen, L.X.1    Helmberger, D.V.2
  • 349
    • 0034905644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seismic evidence for a thermo-chemicaJ boundary at the base of the Earth's mantle
    • Wen, L. X., P. Silver, D. James, and R. Kuehnel (2001), Seismic evidence for a thermo-chemicaJ boundary at the base of the Earth's mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 189, 141-153.
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.189 , pp. 141-153
    • Wen, L.X.1    Silver, P.2    James, D.3    Kuehnel, R.4
  • 350
    • 2542437758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tharsis as a consequence of Mars' dichotomy and layered mantle
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL019306
    • Wenzel, M. J., M. Manga, and A. M. Jellinek (2004), Tharsis as a consequence of Mars' dichotomy and layered mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L04702, doi:10.1029/2003GL019306.
    • (2004) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.31
    • Wenzel, M.J.1    Manga, M.2    Jellinek, A.M.3
  • 351
    • 0024875682 scopus 로고
    • Magmatism at rift zones: The generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts
    • White, W., and D. McKenzie (1989), Magmatism at rift zones: The generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7685-7729.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 7685-7729
    • White, W.1    McKenzie, D.2
  • 352
    • 0000037534 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of laboratory diapir and plume models
    • Whitehead, J. A., and D. S. Luther (1975), Dynamics of laboratory diapir and plume models, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 705-717.
    • (1975) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.80 , pp. 705-717
    • Whitehead, J.A.1    Luther, D.S.2
  • 353
    • 0030832782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Th-Sr-Nd-Pb isotope and trace element evidence for the origin of the Sao Miguel, Azores, enriched mantle source
    • Widom, E., et al. (1997), Th-Sr-Nd-Pb isotope and trace element evidence for the origin of the Sao Miguel, Azores, enriched mantle source, Chem. Geol., 140, 49-68.
    • (1997) Chem. Geol. , vol.140 , pp. 49-68
    • Widom, E.1
  • 354
    • 0001951379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The temperature contrast across D″
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by M. Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Williams, Q. (1998), The temperature contrast across D″, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 73-82, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 73-82
    • Williams, Q.1
  • 355
    • 0029659883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seismic evidence for partial melt at the base of the mantle
    • Williams, Q., and E. J. Garnero (1996), Seismic evidence for partial melt at the base of the mantle, Science, 273, 1528-1530.
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 1528-1530
    • Williams, Q.1    Garnero, E.J.2
  • 356
    • 0032563135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A correlation between ultra-low basal velocities in the mantle and hot spots
    • Williams, Q., J. Revenaugh, and E. Garnero (1998), A correlation between ultra-low basal velocities in the mantle and hot spots, Science, 281 546-549.
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 546-549
    • Williams, Q.1    Revenaugh, J.2    Garnero, E.3
  • 357
    • 0000513275 scopus 로고
    • Evidence from islands on the spreading of the ocean floor
    • Wilson, J. T. (1963), Evidence from islands on the spreading of the ocean floor, Can. J. Phys., 41, 863-868.
    • (1963) Can. J. Phys. , vol.41 , pp. 863-868
    • Wilson, J.T.1
  • 358
    • 0029663181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale structure at the core-mantle boundary from diffracted waves
    • Wysession, M. E. (1996), Large-scale structure at the core-mantle boundary from diffracted waves, Nature, 382, 244-248.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.382 , pp. 244-248
    • Wysession, M.E.1
  • 359
    • 0000621277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The D″ discontinuity and its implications
    • Geodyn. Ser., edited by M. Gurnis et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Wysession, M. E., T. Lay, J. Revenaugh, Q. Williams, and E. J. Garnero (1998), The D″ discontinuity and its implications, in The Core-Mantle Boundary Region, Geodyn. Ser., vol. 28, edited by M. Gurnis et al., pp. 273-298, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (1998) The Core-Mantle Boundary Region , vol.28 , pp. 273-298
    • Wysession, M.E.1    Lay, T.2    Revenaugh, J.3    Williams, Q.4    Garnero, E.J.5
  • 360
    • 0037194782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites
    • Yin, Q. Z., S. B. Jacobsen, K. Yamashita, J. Blichert-Toft, P. Telouk, and F. Albarede (2002), A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites, Nature, 418, 949-952.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 949-952
    • Yin, Q.Z.1    Jacobsen, S.B.2    Yamashita, K.3    Blichert-Toft, J.4    Telouk, P.5    Albarede, F.6
  • 362
    • 0001524708 scopus 로고
    • Mantle plumes: A boundary layer approach for Newtonian and non-Newtonian temperature-dependent rheologies
    • Yuen, D. A., and G. Schubert (1976), Mantle plumes: A boundary layer approach for Newtonian and non-Newtonian temperature-dependent rheologies, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 2499-2510.
    • (1976) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.81 , pp. 2499-2510
    • Yuen, D.A.1    Schubert, G.2
  • 363
    • 0032504131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solidus of the Earth's deep mantle
    • Zerr, A., A. Diegler, and R. Boehler (1998), Solidus of the Earth's deep mantle, Science, 281, 243-245.
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 243-245
    • Zerr, A.1    Diegler, A.2    Boehler, R.3
  • 364
    • 0035160952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and origin of hotspots and mantle plumes
    • Zhao, D. (2001), Structure and origin of hotspots and mantle plumes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 192, 251-265.
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.192 , pp. 251-265
    • Zhao, D.1
  • 365
    • 0141857562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entrainment of a dense layer by thermal plumes
    • Zhong, S. J., and B. H. Hager (2003), Entrainment of a dense layer by thermal plumes, Geophys. J. Int., 154, 666-676.
    • (2003) Geophys. J. Int. , vol.154 , pp. 666-676
    • Zhong, S.J.1    Hager, B.H.2
  • 366
    • 0037107976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraints on the dynamics of mantle plumes from uplift of the Hawaiian Islands
    • Zhong, S. J., and A. B. Watts (2002), Constraints on the dynamics of mantle plumes from uplift of the Hawaiian Islands, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 203, 105-116.
    • (2002) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.203 , pp. 105-116
    • Zhong, S.J.1    Watts, A.B.2
  • 367
    • 0034630688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of temperature-dependent viscosity and surface plates in spherical shell models of mantle convection
    • Zhong, S. J., M. T. Zuber, and L.-N. Moresi (2000), Role of temperature-dependent viscosity and surface plates in spherical shell models of mantle convection, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,063-11,082.
    • (2000) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.105
    • Zhong, S.J.1    Zuber, M.T.2    Moresi, L.-N.3
  • 369
    • 0019910340 scopus 로고
    • Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic systematics in a three component mantle: A new perspective
    • Zindler, A., E. Jagoutz, and S. Goldstein (1982), Nd, Sr and Pb isotopic systematics in a three component mantle: A new perspective, Nature, 298, 519-523.
    • (1982) Nature , vol.298 , pp. 519-523
    • Zindler, A.1    Jagoutz, E.2    Goldstein, S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.