Role of temperature-dependent viscosity and surface plates in spherical shell models of mantle convection

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 105, Issue B5, 2000, Pages 11063-11082

  Zhong, Shijie ^a   Zuber, Maria T ^a   Moresi, Louis ^b   Gurnis, Michael ^c  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

^c CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MANTLE CONVECTION; PLATE MOTION; TEMPERATURE; VISCOSITY;

EID: 0034630688     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900003     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Bathe, K.-J., Finite Element Procedures, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1995.
2. Baumgardner, J. R., Three dimensional treatment of convection flow in the Earth's mantle, J. Stat. Phys., 39, (5/6) 501-511, 1985.
3. Bercovici, D., Generation Of Plate-Tectonics From Lithosphere-Mantle Flow And Void-Volatile Self-Lubrication, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 154, 139-151, 1998.
4. Brooks, A. N., A Petrov-Galerkin Finite Element Formulation for Convection Dominated Flows, Ph. D. thesis, Cali. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, 1981.
5. Bunge, H-P., M. A. Richards, C. Lithgow-Bertelloni, J. R. Baumgardner, and S. P. Grand, Time scales and heterogeneous structure in geodynamic Earth models, Science, 280, 91-95, 1998.
6. Bunge, H-P., M. A. Richards, and J. R. Baumgardner, Effect of depth-dependent viscosity on the planform of mantle convection, Nature, 379, 436-438, 1996.
7. 8 Rayleigh number: effects of depth-dependent viscosity, heating mode, and an endothermic phase-change, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 11991-12007, 1997.
8. Chandrasekhar, S., Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Dover, Publications Inc., N. Y., 1961.
9. Christensen, U., Heat transport by variable viscosity convection and implications for the Earth's thermal evolution, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 35, 264-282, 1984.
10. Christensen, U. R., and H. Harder, 3-D convection with variable viscosity, Geophys. J. Int., 104, 213-226, 1991.
11. Courtney R. C., and C. Beaumont, Thermally-activated creep and flexure of the oceanic lithosphere, Nature, 305, 201-204, 1983.
12. Davies, G. F., Mantle convection model with a dynamic plate: Topography, heat flow and gravity anomalies, Geophys. J. Int., 98, 461-464, 1989.
13. Davies, G. F., Role of the lithosphere in mantle convection, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10451-10466, 1988.
14. Davies, G. F., and M. A. Richards, Mantle convection, J. Geol., 100, 151-206, 1992.
15. Fukao, Y., M. Obayashi, H. Inoue, and M. Nenbai, Subducting slabs stagnant in the mantle transition zone, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 4809-4822, 1992.
16. Forte, A. M. and W. R. Peltier, Plate tectonics and aspherical Earth structure: The importance of poloidal-toroidal coupling, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 3645-3679, 1987.
17. Glatzmaier, G. A., G. Schubert, and D. Bercovici, Chaotic, subduction-like downflows in a spherical models of convection in the Earth's mantle, Nature, 347, 274-277, 1990.
18. Grand, S. P., Mantle shear structure beneath the Americas and surrounding oceans, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11591-11622, 1994.
19. Grand, S. P., R. D. ven der Hilst, and S. Widiyantoro, Global seismic tomography: A snapshot of convection in the Earth, GSA Today, 7, 1-7, 1997.
20. Gurnis, M., A reassessment of the heat transport by variable viscosity convection with plates and lids, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 179-182, 1989.
21. Gurnis, M., and B. H. Hager, Controls on the structure of subducted slabs, Nature, 335, 317-321, 1988.
22. Gurnis, M., S. Zhong, and J. Toth, On the competing roles of fault reactivation and brittle failure in generating plate tectonics from mantle convection, In Geophys. Monograph Ser., in press, AGU, Washington, D. C., 2000.
23. Hager, B. H., and R. J. O'Connell, A simple global model of plate dynamics and mantle convection, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 4843-4878, 1981.
24. Hager, B. H., and M. A. Richards, Long-wavelength variations in Earth's geoid: Physical models and dynamical implications, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London., Ser. A, 328, 309-327, 1989.
25. Hager, B. H., and R. J. O'Connell, Kinematic models of large-scale flow in the Earth's mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 1031-1048, 1979.
26. Hughes, T. J. R., The Finite Element Method, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1987.
27. Jarrard, R. D., Relations among subduction parameters, Rev. Geophys., 24, 217-284, 1986.
28. Karato S, and P. Wu, Rheology of the upper mantle: A synthesis, Science, 260, 771-778, 1993.
29. Katzman, R., L. Zhao, T. H. Jordan, High-resolution, 2-dimensional vertical tomography of the central Pacific mantle using ScS reverberations and frequency-dependent travel-times, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17933-17971, 1998.
30. Kellogg, L. H., B. H. Hager, and R. D. van der Hilst, Compositional stratification in the deep mantle, Science, 283, 1881-1884, 1999.
31. Kincaid C. and P. Olson, An experimental study of subduction and slab migration, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13832-13840, 1987.
32. King, S. D. and B. H. Hager, The Relationship Between Plate Velocity and Trench Viscosity in Newtonian and Power-Law Subduction Calculations, Geophys. R. Lett., 17, 2409-2412, 1990.
33. King, S. D., A. Raefsky, and B. H. Hager, ConMan: Vectorizing a finite element code for incompressible two-dimensional convection in the Earth's mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 59, 195-207, 1990.
34. Larson, T. B. and D. A. Yuen, Fast plumeheads - temperature-dependent versus non-Newtonian rheology, Geophy. R. Lett., 24, 1995-1998, 1997.
35. Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., and M. A. Richards, The dynamics of Cenozoic and Mesozoic plate motions, Rev. Geophys., 36, 27-78, 1998.
36. Masters, G., S. Johnson, G. Laske, and H. Bolton, A shear-velocity model of the mantle, Philol. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 354, 1385-1410, 1996.
37. Mitrovica, J. X, and A. M. Forte, Radial profile of mantle viscosity: Results from the joint inversion of convection and postglacial rebound observables, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 2751-2769, 1997.
38. Moresi, L. and V. S. Solomatov, Mantle convection with a brittle lithosphere: Thoughts on the global tectonic styles of the Earth and Venus, Geophys. J. Int., 133, 669-682, 1998.
39. Moresi, L., and M. Gurnis, Constraints on the lateral strength of slabs from three-dimensional dynamic flow models, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 138, 15-28, 1996.
40. Moresi, L. and V. S. Solomatov, Numerical Investigation of 2d Convection with Extremely Large Viscosity Variations, Phys. Fluids, 7, 2154-2162, 1995.
41. Parmentier, E. M., C. Sotin, and B. J. Travis, Turbulent 3D thermal convection in an infinite Prandtl number, volumetrically heated fluid: implications for mantle dynamics, Geophys. J. Int., 116, 241-251, 1994.
42. nd ed., 963 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1992.
43. Puster, P., B. H. Hager, and T. H. Jordan, Mantle convection experiments with evolving plates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2223-2226, 1995.
44. Ramage, A., and A. J. Wathen, Iterative solution techniques for the Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations, Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 19, 67-83, 1994.
45. Ratcliff, J. T., G. Schubert, and A. Zebib, Steady tetrahedral and cubic patterns of spherical-shell convection with temperature-dependent viscosity, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 25,473-25,484, 1996.
46. Ratcliff, J. T., P. J. Tackley, G. Schubert, and A. Zebib, Transitions in thermal-convection with strongly variable viscosity, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 102, 201-212, 1997.
47. Ricard, Y., M. A. Richards, C. Lithgow-Bertelloni, and Y. L. Stunff, A geodynamic model of mantle density heterogeneity, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 21,895-21,909, 1993.
48. Richards, M. A., B. H. Hager, and N. H. Sleep, Dynamically supported geoid highs over hotspots: Observation and theory, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 7690-7708, 1988.
49. Shen, Y., S. C. Solomon, I. T. Bjarnason, and C. J. Wolfe, Seismic evidence for a lower-mantle origin of the Iceland plume, Nature, 395, 62-65, 1998.
50. Solomatov, V. S., Scaling of temperature- and stress-dependent viscosity convection, Phys. Fluids, 7, 266-274, 1995.
51. Steinberger, B. and R. J. O'Connell, Advection of plumes in mantle flow: Implications for hotspot motion, mantle viscosity and plume distribution, Geophys. J. Int., 132, 412-434, 1998.
52. Su, W. J. and A. M. Dziewonski, On the scale of mantle heterogeneity, Phys. Earth Planet. Int.er., 74, 29-54, 1992.
53. Tackley, P. J., Self-consistent generation of tectonic plates in 3-dimensional mantle convection, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 157, 9-22, 1998.
54. Tackley, P. J., Effects Of strongly variable viscosity on 3-dimensional compressible convection in planetary mantles, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3311-3332, 1996.
55. Tackley, P. J., Effects of Strongly Temperature-Dependent Viscosity on Time-Dependent, 3-Dimensional Models of Mantle Convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2187-2190, 1993.
56. Tackley, P. J., D. J. Stevenson, G. A. Glatzmaier, and G. Schubert, Effects of an endothermic phase-transition at 670 km depth in a spherical model of convection in the Earth's mantle, Nature, 361, 699-704, 1993.
57. Turcotte, D. L. and G. Schubert, Geodynamics, 450 pp., John Wiley, New York, 1982.
58. VanDecar, J. C., D. E. James, M. Assumpcao, Seismic evidence for a fossil mantle plume beneath south-America and implications for plate driving forces, Nature, 378, 25-30, 1995.
59. van der Hilst, R. D., and H. Karason, Compositional heterogeneities in the bottom 1000 kilometers of Earth's mantle: Toward a hybrid convection model, Science, 283, 1885-1888, 1999.
60. van der Hilst, R. D., S. Widiyantoro, and E. R. Engdahl, Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography, Nature, 386, 578-584, 1997.
61. Van der Voo, R., W. Spakman, and H. Bijwaard, Mesozoic subducted slabs under Siberia, Nature, 397, 246-249, 1999.
62. Wolfe, C. J., I. T. Bjarnason, J. C. Vandecar, and S. C. Solomon, Seismic structure of the Iceland mantle plume, Nature, 385, 245-247, 1997.
63. Zhang, S., and D. A. Yuen, The influences of lower mantle viscosity stratification on 3-D spherical-shell mantle convection, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 132, 157-166, 1995.
64. Zhang, Y. S., and T. Tanimoto, Ridges, hotspots and their interaction as observed in seismic velocity maps, Nature, 355, 45-49, 1992.
65. Zhong, S., and G. F. Davies, Effects of plate and slab viscosities on the geoid, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 170, 487-496, 1999.
66. Zhong, S., and M. Gurnis, Interaction of weak faults and non-Newtonian rheology produces plate tectonics in a 3D model of mantle flow, Nature, 383, 245-247, 1996.
67. Zhong, S., and M. Gurnis, Dynamic feedback between an non-subducting raft and thermal convection, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12219-12232, 1993.
68. Zhong, S., and M. Gurnis, The role of plates and temperature-dependent viscosity in phase change dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 15,903-15,917, 1994.
69. Zhong, S., and M. Gurnis, Mantle convection with plates and mobile, faulted plate margins, Science, 267, 838-843, 1995.
70. Zhong, S., M. Gurnis, and L. Moresi, The role of faults, nonlinear rheology, and viscosity structure in generating plates from instantaneous mantle flow models, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 15255-15268, 1998.