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thesis, California Institute of Technology
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A finite difference (FD) modeling approach is desirable to forward model not only travel times but also wave-forms in 3D. Such modeling is computationally heavy and not well suited for a trial and error approach unless the model space is restricted by using independent constraints. On the other hand, travel times can be modeled by using much more expedient ray approaches, which can provide well-constrained starting models for the more refined FD waveform modeling. We have computed synthetic travel time residuals for available tomographic models by using ray theory. The ray tracing was done in the spherically symmetric PREM model (13). We verified that, within the accuracy of the measurements (1 to 2 s), the results obtained for S and SKS were consistent with computations made with an acoustic 2D FD SH algorithm [J. E. Vidale, thesis, California Institute of Technology (1987)].
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Large residuals (7 to 8s) are systematically observed at short distances (80° to 90°) on some profiles, implying very low velocities up to about 1000 km above the CMB. Tradeoffs between strength of anomalies and extent of the anomalous zone do not allow us to uniquely determine how much further above the CMB the anomaly extends. The model shown is, however, consistent with tomographic models, which show a significant drop in rms heterogeneity above that depth.
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We thank Ed Garnero for making his data available to us and for helpful discussions and two anonymous referees for constructive reviews. This work was funded by IGPP/LLNL grant 98-GS014. This is Seismological Laboratory contribution 98-04.
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