Why should we keep the cerebellum in mind when thinking about addiction?

Current Drug Abuse Reviews

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 26-40

  Miquel, Marta ^a,b   Toledo, Rebeca ^b   García, Luis I ^b   Coria Avila, Genaro A ^b   Manzo, Jorge ^b  

^a UNIVERSITAT JAUME I   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Amphetamine; Cerebellar plasticity; Cerebellum; Cocaine; Conditioned emotional memories; Drug addiction; Endocannabinoids; Morphine; Sensitization

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; CANNABIS; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; RECREATIONAL DRUG;

ADDICTION; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN FUNCTION; CEREBELLUM; CEREBELLUM VERMIS; DRUG DEPENDENCE; EMOTIONALITY; FRONTAL LOBE; GABAERGIC TRANSMISSION; HEMISPHERE; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; LONG TERM DEPRESSION; LONG TERM MEMORY; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; MOTIVATION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PURKINJE CELL; REVIEW; SENSITIZATION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYNAPSE; ADAPTATION; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECT; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; CEREBELLUM; HUMANS; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; PHENOTYPE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; SYNAPSES;

EID: 70349784290     PISSN: 18744737     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1874473710902010026     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Ito M. Cerebellar circuitry as a neuronal machine. Prog Neurobiol 2006; 78: 272-303.
2. Ramnani N. The primate cortico-cerebellar system: anatomy and function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7: 511-22.
3. Bower JM, Parson L. Rethinking "the lesser brain". Sci Am 2003; 8: 51-7.
4. Ito M. Mechanism of motor learning in the cerebellum. Brain Res 2000; 886: 237-45.
5. Sacchetti B, Baldi E, Lorenzini CA, Bucherelli C. Cerebellar role in fear-conditioning consolidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 8406-11.
6. Sacchetti B, Scelfo B, Tempia F, Strata P. Long-term synaptic changes induced in the cerebellar cortex by fear conditioning. Neuron 2004; 42: 973-82.
7. Schutter DJLG, van Honk J. An elecrophysiologial link between the cerebellum, cognition and emotion: frontal theta EEG activity to single-pulse cerebellar TMS. Neuroimage 2006; 33: 1227-31.
8. Turner BM, Paradiso S, Marvel CJ, et al. The cerebellum and emotional experience. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45: 1331-41.
9. Baumgartner T, Luzt K, Schidt CF, Jäncke L. The emotional power of the music. How music enhances the feeling of affective pictures. Brain Res 2006; 1075: 151-64.
10. Manzo J, Miquel M, Toledo R, et al. Fos expression at the cerebellum following non-contact arousal and mating behavior in male rats. Physiol Behav 2007; 93: 357-63.
11. Holstege G, Georgiadis JR, Paans AM, Meiners LC, van der Graaf FH, Reinders AA. Brain activation during human male ejaculation. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 9185-93.
12. Xiang H, Lin C, Ma X, et al. Involvement of the cerebellum in semantic discrimination: An fMRI study. Hum Brain Map 2003; 18: 208-14.
13. Bastian AJ. Learning to predict the future: the cerebellum adapts feedforward movement control. Curr Op Neurobiol 2006; 16: 645-9.
14. Petacchi A, Laird AR, Fox PT, Bower JM. Cerebellum and auditory function: an ALE meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2005; 25:118-28.
15. Fiez JA, Petersen SE, Cheney MK, Raichle ME. Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage. A single case study. Brain 1992; 115: 155-78.
16. Herrup K, Kuemerle B. The compartmentalization of the cerebellum. Annu Rev Neurosci 1997; 20: 61-90.
17. Larsell O. The morphogenesis and adult pattern of the lobules and fissures of the cerebellum of the white rat. J Comp Neurol 1952; 97: 281-356.
18. Voogd J, Glickstein M. The anatomy of the cerebellum. Trends Neurosci 1998; 21: 370-5.
19. Eccles JC, Llinas R, Sasaki K. Parallel fibre stimulation and the responses induced thereby in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Exp Brain Res 1966; 1: 17-39.
20. Ramon Y, Cajal S, Swanson N, Swanson L. Histology of the nervous system of man and vertebrates (History of neuroscience 6). New York: Oxford University Press 1995.
21. Ito M. The modifiable neuronal network of the cerebellum. Jpn J Physiol 1984; 34: 781-92.
22. Apps R, Garwicz M. Anatomical and physiological foundations of cerebellar information processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6: 297-11.
23. Sommer MA. The role of the thalamus in motor control. Curr Op Neurobiol 2003; 13: 663-70.
24. Middleton FA, Strick PL. Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Res Rev 2000; 31: 236-50.
25. Anderson CM, Maas LC, Frederick BdB, et al. Cerebellar vermis involvement in cocaine-related behaviors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 1318-26.
26. Snider RS, Maiti A, Snider SR. Cerebellar pathways to ventral midbrain and nigra. Exp Neurol 1976; 53: 714-28.
27. Heath RG, Dempesy CW, Fontana CJ, Myers WA. Cerebellar stimulation: effects on septal region, hippocampus, and amygdala of cats and rats. Biol Psychiatry 1978; 13: 501-29.
28. Schweighofer N, Doya K, Kuroda S. Cerebellar aminergic neuro-modulation: towards a functional understanding. Brain Res Rev 2004; 44: 103-16.
29. Snider RS, Maiti A. Cerebellar contributions to the Papez circuit. J Neurosci Res 1976; 2: 133-46.
30. Ikai Y, Takada M, Shinonaga Y, Mizuno N. Dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat project, respectively, to the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. Neuroscience 1992; 51: 719-28.
31. Ikai Y, Takada M, Mizuno N. Single neurons in the ventral tegmental area that project to both the cerebral and the cerebellar cortical areas by way of axons collaterals. Neuroscience 1994; 61: 925-34.
32. Melchitzky DS, Lewis DA. Tyrosine hydroxylase- and dopamine transporter-immunoreactivity axons in the primate cerebellum. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000; 22: 466-72.
33. Chadderton P, Margrie TW, Hausser M. Integration of quanta in cerebellar granule cells during sensory processing. Nature 2004; 428: 856-60.
34. Llinás R. General discussion: radial connectivity in the cerebellar cortex: a novel view regarding the functional organization of the molecular layer. In The Cerebellum: New Vistas (Exp Brain Res Suppl 6) SL Palay and V Chan-Palay, Eds. Springer Verlag. New York 1982; 189-94.
35. Bower JM. The organization of cerebellar cortical circuitry revisited. Implications for function. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 978: 135-55.
36. Batchelor AM, Garthwaite J. Novel synaptic potentials in cerebellar Purkinje cells: probable mediation by metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology 1993; 32: 11-20.
37. Hirono M, Yoshioka T, Konishi S. GABA(B) receptor activations enhances mGluR-mediated responses at cerebellar excitatory synapses. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4: 1207-16.
38. Oberdick J, Baader SL, Schilling K. From zebra stripes to postal zone: deciphering patterns of gene expression in the cerebellum. Trends Neurosci 1998; 21: 383-90.
39. Ito M, Sakurai M, Tongroach P. Climbing fiber induced depression of both mossy fibers responsiveness and glutamate sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Physiol 1982; 324: 113-34.
40. Sakurai M. Synaptic modifications of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell transmission in in vitro guinea pig cerebellar slices. J Physiol 1987; 394: 463-80.
41. Salin PA, Malenka RC, Nicoll RA. Cyclic AMP mediates a presynaptic form of LTP at cerebellar parallel fiber synapses. Neuron 1996; 16: 797-03.
42. Lev-Ram V, Metha SB, Kleinfeld D, Tsien RY. Reversing cerebellar long-term depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 15989-93.
43. Marcoli M, Maura G, Cervetto C, et al. Nitric oxide-evoked cGMP production in Purkinje cells in rat cerebellum: an immunocyto-chemical and pharmacological study. Neurochem Int 2006; 49: 683-90.
44. Chevaleyre V, Takahashi KA, Castillo PE. Endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity in the CNS. Ann Rev Neurosci 2006; 29: 37-76.
45. Freund TF, Katona I, Piomelli D. Role of endogenous cannabinoids in synaptic signalling. Physiol Rev 2003; 83: 1017-66.
46. Diana MA, Levenes C, Mackie K, Marty A. Short-term retrograde inhibition of GABAergic synaptic currents in rat Purkinje cells is mediated by endogenous cannabinoids. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 200-8.
47. Kreitzer AC, Regehr WG. Retrograde inhibition of presynaptic calcium influx by endogenous cannabinoids at excitatory synapses of Purkinje cells. Neuron 2001; 29: 1717-27.
48. Kreitzer AC, Regehr WG. Cerebellar depolarization-induced depression of inhibition is mediated by endogenous cannabinoids. J Neurosci 2001; 21: RC174.
49. Kawamura Y, Fukaya T, Maejima T, et al. The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is the major cannabinoid receptor at excitatory presynaptic sites in the hippocampus and cerebellum. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 2991-01.
50. Tsou K, Brown S, Sanudo-Pena MC, Mackie K, Walker JM. Immunohistochemical distribution of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the rat central nervous system Neuroscience 1998; 83: 393-11.
51. Skaper SD, Buriani A, Dal Tso R, et al. The ALIamide palmitoylethanolamide and cannabinoids, but not anandamide, are protective in a delayed postglutamate paradigm of excitotoxic death in cerebellar granule cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 3984-9.
52. Galante M, Diana MA. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor inhibit GABA release at interneuron-Purkinje cell synapses through endocannabinoid production. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 4865-74.
53. Hashimotodani Y, Ohno-Shosaku T, Tsubokawa H, et al. Phospholipase C-beta serves as a coincident detector through its Ca2+ dependency for triggering retrograde endocannabinoid signal. Neuron 2005; 45: 257-68.
54. Brown SP, Safo PK, Regehr WG. Endocannabinoid inhibit transmission at granule cell to Purkinje synapses by modulating three types of presynaptic calcium channels. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 5623-31.
55. Safo PK, Regehr WG. Endocannabinoids control the induction of cerebellar LTD. Neuron 2005; 48: 647-59.
56. Hyman SE, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ. Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory. Annu Rev Neurosci 2006; 29: 565-98.
57. Hyman SE. Addiction: a disease of learning and memory. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 1414-22.
58. Wolf ME, Sun X, Mangiavacchi S, Chao SZ. Psychomotor stimulants and neuronal plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47: 61-79.
59. West AR, Floresco SB, Charara A, Rosenkranz JA, Grace AA. Electrophysiological interactions between striatal glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 1003: 53-74.
60. Carlezon WA, Nestler EJ. Elevated levels of GluR1 in the midbrain: a trigger for sensitization to drugs of abuse? TINS 2002; 25: 610-5.
61. Kalivas P. Glutamate systems in cocaine addiction. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2004; 4: 23-9.
62. Kalivas P, Volkow ND, Seamans J. Unmanageable motivation in addiction: A pathology in prefrontal-accumbens glutamate transmission. Neuron 2005; 45: 647-50.
63. Lapish CC, Seamans JK, Chandler J. Glutamate-Dopamine cotransmission and reward processing in addiction. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30: 1451-65.
64. Kenny PJ, Markou A. The ups and downs of addiction: role of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25: 265-72.
65. Wolf ME. The role of excitatory amino acids in behavioural sensitization to psychomotor stimulants. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 54: 679-720.
66. Kim JH, Venzina P. Metabotropic glutamate receptors are necessary for sensitization by amphetamine. NeuroReport 1998; 9: 403-6.
67. Kim JH, Venzina P. The mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 blocks the expression of locomotor sensitization by amphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002; 73: 333-7.
68. Vanderschuren LJMJ, Kalivas P. Alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission in the induction and expression of behavioural sensitization: a critical review of preclinical studies. Psychopharmacology 2000; 151: 99-20.
69. Wang JQ, Fibuch EE, Mao L. Regulation of mitogen-activated proteine kinases by glutamate receptors. J Neurochem 2007; 100: 1-11.
70. Valjent E, Corbillé AG, Bertran-Gonzalez J, Hervé D, Girault JA. Inhibition of ERK pathway or protein synthesis during reexposure to drugs of abuse erases previously learned place preference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 2932-7.
71. Carpenter-Hyland EP, Chandler J. Adaptive plasticity of NMDA receptors and dendritic spines: implications for enhanced vulnerability of the adolescent brain to alcohol addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86: 200-8.
72. Maldonado R, Valverde O, Berrendero F. Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in drug addiction. Trends Neurosci 2006; 29: 225-232.
73. Jung KM, Mangieri R, Stapleton C, et al. Stimulation of endocannabinoid formation in brain slice cultures through activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68: 1196-02.
74. Melis MR, Pistis M, Perra S, Muntoni AL, Pillolla G, Gessa GL. Endocannabinoids mediate presynaptic inhibition of glutamatergic transmission in rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons through activation of CB1 receptors. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 53-62.
75. Cohen C. SR141716, a central cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonist, blocks the motivational and dopamine-realising effects of nicotine in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2002; 13: 451-63.
76. Hungund BL, Szakall I, Adam A, Basavarajappa BS, Vadasz C. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice exhibit markedly reduced voluntary alcohol consumption. J Neurochem 2003; 84: 698-04.
77. Thanos PK, Dimitrakakis ES, Rice O, Gifford A, Volkow ND. Ethanol self-administration and ethanol conditioned place preference are reduced in mice lacking cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Behav Brain Res 2005; 164: 206-13.
78. Ledent C. Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Science 1999; 280: 401-4.
79. Navarro M, Carrera MR, Fratta W, et al. Functional interaction between opioid and cannabinoid receptors in drug self-administration. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 5344-50.
80. Le Foll B, Goldberg SR. Rimonabant, a CB1 antagonist blocks nicotine-conditioned place preference. NeuroReport 2004; 15: 2139-43.
81. Gruol DL, Parsons KL, DiJulio N. Acute ethanol alters calcium signals elicited by glutamate receptors agonist and K+ depolarization in culture cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Brain Res 1997; 773: 82-9.
82. Tabakoff B, Hoffman P. Alcohol addiction: an enigma among us. Neuron 1996; 16: 909-12.
83. Netzeband JG, Trotter C, Caguioa JN, Gruol DL. Chronic ethanol exposure enhances AMPA-elicited Ca2+ signals in the somatic and dendritic regions of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Neurochem Int 1999; 35: 163-74.
84. Botta P, Radcliffe RA, Carta M, et al. Modulation of GABAA receptors in cerebellar granule neurons by ethanol: a review of genetic and electrophysiological studies. Alcohol 2007; 41: 187-99.
85. Carta M, Mameli M, Valenzuela F. Alcohol enhances GABAergic transmission to cerebellar granule cells via an increase in Golgi cell excitability. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 3746-51.
86. Lee RS, Smith SS, Chapin JK, et al. Effects of systemic and local ethanol on responses of rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons to iontophoretically applied γ-aminobutyric acid. Brain Res 1995; 687: 1-11.
87. Ericson M, Haythornthwaite AR, Yeh PWL, Yeh HH. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mitigates chronic ethanol-induced attenuation of γ-aminobutyric acid response in cultured cerebellar granule cells. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73: 722-30.
88. Freund RK, Palmer MR. Ethanol depression of cerebellar Purkinje neurons firing involves nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Exp Neurol 1997; 143: 319-22.
89. Sanna PP, Simpson C, Lutjens R, Koob G. ERK regulation in chronic ethanol and withdrawal. Brain Res 2002; 948: 186-91.
90. Barco A, Bailey CH, Kandel ER. Common molecular mechanism in explicit and implicit memory. J Neurochem 2006; 97: 1520-33.
91. Asher O, Cunningham TD, Yao L, Gordon AS, Diamond I. Ethanol stimulates cAMP-responsive element(CREB)-mediated transcription via CRE-binding protein and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301: 66-70.
92. Offenhäuser N, Castelleti D, Mapelli L, et al. Increased ethanol resistance and consumption in Eps8 knockout mice correlates with altered actin dynamics. Cell 2006; 127: 213-26.
93. Okamoto KI, Nagai T, Miyawaki A, Hayashi Y. Rapid and persistent modulation of actin dynamics regulates postsynaptic reorganization underlying bidirectional plasticity. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7: 1104-9.
94. González S, Fernandez-Ruiz J, Di Marzo V, et al. Behavioral and molecular changes elicited by acute administration of SR141716 to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-tolerant rats: an experimental model of cannabinoid abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 74:159-70.
95. Rubino T, Forlani G, Viganò D, Zippel R, Parolaro D. Modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases cascade by chronic delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25: 355-62.
96. Hutcheson DM, Tzavara ET, Smadja C, et al. Behavioral and biochemical evidence for signs of abstinence in mice chronically treated with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 125: 1567-77.
97. Tzavara ET, Valjent E, Firmo C, et al. Cannabinoid withdrawal is dependent upon PKA activation in the cerebellum. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12: 1038-46.
98. Casu MA, Pisu C, Sanna A, et al. Effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on phosphorylated CREB in rat cerebellum: An immunohistochemical study. Brain Res 2005; 1048: 41-7.
99. Viganò D, Cascio MG, Rubino T. Chronic morphine modulates the contents of endocannabinoid, 2-Arachidonoyl Glycerol in rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28: 1160-7.
100. Vinod KY, Yalamanchili R, Xie S, Cooper TB, Hungund BL. Effect of chronic ethanol exposure and its withdrawal on the endocannabinoid system. Neurochem Int 2006; 49: 619-25.
101. Basavarajappa BS, Hungund BL. Role of the endocannabinoid system in the development of tolerance to alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol 2004; 40: 15-24.
102. Klitenick MA, Tham CS, Fibiger HC. Cocaine and d-amphetamine increase c-fos expression in the rat cerebellum. Synapse 1995; 19: 29-36.
103. Jenkins BG, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Brownell AL, Chen YCI, Isacson O. Mapping dopamine function in primates using pharmacologic magnetic resonance imaging J Neurosci 2004; 24: 9553-60.
104. Jimenez-Rivera CA, Segarra O, Jimenez Z, Waterhouse BD. Effects of intravenous cocaine administration on cerebellar Purkinje cell activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 407: 91-100.
105. Dietrich JB, Arpin-Bott MP, Kao D, Dirrig-Groch S, Aunis D, Zwiller J. Cocaine induces the expression of homer 1b/c, Homer 3a/b and Hsp 27 proteins in rat cerebellum. Synapse 2007; 61: 587-94.
106. Szumlinski KK, Kalivas PW, Worley PF. Homer proteins: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006; 16: 251-7.
107. Kammermeier PJ, Xiao B, Tu JC, Worley PF, Ikeda SR. Homer proteins regulate coupling of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor to N-Type calcium and M-Type potassium channels. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 7238-45.
108. Ravindram CRM, Mehta AK, Ticku MK. Effect of chronic administration of ethanol on the regulation of tyrosine kinase phosporylation on the GABAA receptor subunits in the rat brain. Neurochem Res 2007; 32: 1179-87.
109. Vanderschuren LJ, Everitt BJ. Behavioral and neural mechanisms of compulsive drug seeking. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 526: 77-88.
110. Everitt BJ, Robbins TW. Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8:1481-9.
111. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive-sensitization view. Addiction 2000; 95 (Suppl 2): S91-117.
112. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. Incentive-sensitization and addiction. Addiction 2001; 96:103-14.
113. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. Addiction. Annu Rev Psychol 2003; 54: 25-53.
114. O'Brien CP, Childress AR, Ehrman R, Robbins SJ. Conditioning factors in drug abuse: Can they explain compulsion? J Psychopharmacol 1998; 12: 15-22.
115. Borgland SL, Malenka RC, Bonci A. Acute and chronic cocaine-induced potentiation of synaptic strength in the ventral tegmental area: electrophysiological and behavioral correlates in individual rats. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 7482-90.
116. Beurrier C, Malenka RC. Enhanced inhibition of synaptic transmission by dopamine in the nucleus accumbens during behavioral sensitization to cocaine. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 5817-22.
117. Vezina P. Sensitization of midbrain dopamine neuron reactivity and the self-administration of psychomotor stimulant drugs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2004; 27: 827-39.
118. Rubino T, Viganó D, Massi P, Parolaro D. Celullar mechanism of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol behavioural sensitization. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17: 325-30.
119. Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Gorriti MA, Fernandez Ruiz JJ, Palomo T, Ramos J. Downregulation of rat cannabinoid binding sites alter chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994; 47: 33-40.
120. Cunningham CL, Noble D. Conditioned activation induced by ethanol: Role in sensitization and conditioned place preference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992; 43: 307-13.
121. Phillips TJ, Shen EH. Neurochemical bases of locomotion and ethanol stimulant effects. Int Rev Neurobiol 1996; 39: 243-82.
122. Miquel M, Font L, Sanchis-Segura C, Aragon CMG. Neonatal administration of monosodium glutamate prevents the development of ethanol-but not psychostimulant-induced sensitization: a putative role of the arcuate nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17: 2163-70.
123. Bhargava HN, Kumar S. Sensitization to locomotor stimulant effect of cocaine modifies the binding of [H3] MK-801 to brain regions and spinal cord of the house. Gen Pharmacol 1999; 32: 359-63.
124. Bhargava HN, Kumar S. Sensitization to the locomotor stimulant activity of cocaine is associated with increases in nitric oxide synthase activity in brain regions and spinal cord. Pharmacology 1997; 55: 292-8.
125. Itzhak Y. Modulation of cocaine- and methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization by inhibition of brain nictric oxide synthase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 282: 521-7.
126. Itzhak Y, Ali SF, Martin JL, Black MD, Huang PL. Resistance of neuronal nitric oxide Synthase-deficient mice to cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Psychopharmacology 1998; 140: 378-86.
127. Couceyro P, Pollock KM, Drews K, Douglass J. Cocaine differentially regulates activator protein-1mRNA levels and DNA-binding complexes in the rat striatum and cerebellum. Mol Pharmacol 1994; 46: 667-76.
128. Barik S, Beaurepaire R. Dopamine 3 modulation of locomotor activity and sleep in the nucleus accumbens and in lobules 9 and 10 of the cerebellum. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29: 718-26.
129. Tiffany ST. A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychol Rev 1990; 97:147-68.
130. Di Ciano P, Everitt BJ. Neuropsychopharmacology of drug seeking: Insights from studies with second-order schedules of drug reinforcement. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 526: 186-98.
131. Schultz W. Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses. Annu Rev Neurosci 2007; 30: 259-88.
132. Salamone JD, Correa M, Farrar A, Mingote SM. Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits. Psychopharmacology 2007; 19: 461-82.
133. Grant S, London ED, Newlin DB, et al. Activation of memory circuits during cue-elicited cocaine craving. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 12040-5.
134. Volkow N, Wang G-J, Fowler JS, et al. Association of methylphenidate-induced craving with changes in right striato-orbitofrontal metabolism in cocaine abusers: Implications in addiction. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 19-26.
135. Volkow N, Wang G-J, Ma Y, et al. Expectations enhances the regional brain metabolic and the reinforcing effects of stimulants in cocaine abusers. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 11461-8.
136. Bonson KR, Grant SJ, Contoreggi MD, et al. Neural systems and cue-induced cocaine craving. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 26: 376-86.
137. Schneider F, Habel U, Wagner M, et al. Subcortical correlates of craving in recently abstinent alcoholic patients. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1075-83.
138. Wang GN, Volkow ND, Fowler JS, et al. Regional Brain metabolic activation during craving elicited by recall of previous drug experience. Life Sci 1999; 64: 775-84.
139. Duvauchelle CL, Ikegami A, Asami S, Robens J, Kressin K, Castaneda E. Effects of cocaine context on NAcc dopamine and behavioral activity after repeated intravenous cocaine administration. Brain Res 2000; 862:49-58.
140. Hemby SE, Co C, Koves TR, Smith JE, Dworkin SI. Differences in extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens during response-dependent and response-independent cocaine administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology 1997; 133: 7-16.
141. Hubert V, Beauniex H, Chételat G, et al. The dynamic network subserving the three phases of cognitive procedural learning. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28: 1415-29.
142. Fliessbach K, Trautner P, Quesada CM, Elger C, Weber B. Cerebellar contributions to episodic memory encoding as revealed by fMRI. Neuroimage 2007; 35: 1330-7.
143. Yin HH, Knowlton JK. The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7: 464-76.
144. Jentsch JD, Taylor JR. Impulsivity resulting from fronto-striatal dysfunction in drug abuse: implications for the control of behaviour by reward-related stimuli. Psychopharmacology 1999; 146: 373-90.
145. Bechara A. Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8: 1458-63.
146. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ. The addicted human brain viewed in the light of imaging studies: brain circuits and treatment strategies. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47: 3-13.
147. Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological bases: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:1642-52.
148. Montague PR, Hyman SE, Cohen JD. Computational roles for dopamine in behavioural control. Nature 2004; 431: 760-7.
149. Kelly RM, Strick PL. Cerebellar loops with motor cortex and prefrontal cortex of nonhuman primates. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 8432-44.
150. Ito M. Control of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9: 304-13.
151. Callu D, Puget S, Faure A, Guegan M, El Massioui N. Habit learning dissociation in rats with lesions to the vermis and the interpositus of the cerebellum. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 27: 228-37.
152. Bobée S, Mariette E, Treblay-Leveau H, Caston J. Effects of early midline cerebellar lesion on cognitive and emotional functions in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2000; 112: 107-17.
153. Fuchs RA, Evans A, Parker MP, See RE. Differential involvement of orbitofrontal cortex subregions in conditioned cues-induced and cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 6600-10.
154. Hester R, Garavan H. Executive dysfunction in cocaine addiction: Evidence for discordant frontal, cingulated, and cerebellar activity. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 11017-22.
155. Goldstein RZ, Tomasi D, Alia-Klein N, Zhang L, Telang F, Volkow ND. The effect of practice on a sustained attention task in cocaine abusers. Neuroimage 2007; 35: 194-206.
156. Desmond JE, Chen SH, DeRosa E, Pryor MR, Pferfferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Increase frontocerebellar activation in alcoholics during verbal working memory: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2003; 19: 1510-20.
157. Bolla KI, Eldreth DA, Matochik JA, Cadet JL. Neural substrates of faulty decision-making in abstinent marijuana users. Neuroimage 2005; 26: 480-92.
158. Martin-Sölch C, MagyarS, Künig G, Missimer J, Schultz W, Leendersw KL. Changes in brain activation associated with reward processing in smoker and nonsmokers. A positron emission tomography study. Exp Brain Res 2001; 139: 278-86.