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Dum R.P., Li C., Strick P.L. Motor and nonmotor domains in the monkey dentate. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 978:2002;289-301.
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Schlag J., Schlag-Rey M. Visuomotor functions of central thalamus in the monkey. II. Unit activity related to visual events, targeting and fixation. J. Neurophysiol. 51:1984;1175-1195.
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Recording primarily in MD thalamus, the authors tested neurons for spatial selectivity using delayed saccade tasks, and feature selectivity using foveal presentation of images (e.g. faces). They found that neurons often were spatially tuned or feature-selective, but rarely both.
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Tanibuchi I., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Dissociation of spatial-, object-, and sound-coding neurons in the mediodorsal nucleus of the primate thalamus. J. Neurophysiol. 89:2003;1067-1077 Recording primarily in MD thalamus, the authors tested neurons for spatial selectivity using delayed saccade tasks, and feature selectivity using foveal presentation of images (e.g. faces). They found that neurons often were spatially tuned or feature-selective, but rarely both.
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The authors of this study exhaustively quantified the activity of thalamic neurons in monkeys during a visually guided delayed saccade task. The tested neurons were from the intralaminar nuclei, lateral MD, VA, and VL; hence, the sample may have included neurons belonging to all three pathways discussed herein (and possibly others).
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Wyder M.T., Massoglia D.P., Stanford T.R. Quantitative assessment of the timing and tuning of visual-related, saccade-related, and delay period activity in primate central thalamus. J. Neurophysiol. 90:2003;2029-2052 The authors of this study exhaustively quantified the activity of thalamic neurons in monkeys during a visually guided delayed saccade task. The tested neurons were from the intralaminar nuclei, lateral MD, VA, and VL; hence, the sample may have included neurons belonging to all three pathways discussed herein (and possibly others).
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Wyder, M.T.1
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Hoover J.E., Strick P.L. The organization of cerebellar and basal ganglia outputs to primary motor cortex as revealed by retrograde transneuronal transport of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;1446-1463.
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Lynch J.C., Hoover J.E., Strick P.L. Input to the primate frontal eye field from the substantia nigra, superior colliculus, and dentate nucleus demonstrated by transneuronal transport. Exp. Brain Res. 100:1994;181-186.
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Macchi G., Jones E.G. Toward an agreement on terminology of nuclear and subnuclear divisions of the motor thalamus. J. Neurosurg. 86:1997;670-685.
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Middleton F.A., Strick P.L. Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 31:2000;236-250.
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Sakai S.T., Inase M., Tanji J. The relationship between MI and SMA afferents and cerebellar and pallidal efferents in the macaque monkey. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 19:2002;139-148.
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Mushiake H., Strick P.L. Preferential activity of dentate neurons during limb movements guided by vision. J. Neurophysiol. 70:1993;2660-2664.
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van Donkelaar P., Stein J.F., Passingham R.E., Miall R.C. Neuronal activity in the primate motor thalamus during visually triggered and internally generated limb movements. J. Neurophysiol. 82:1999;934-945.
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van Donkelaar P., Stein J.F., Passingham R.E., Miall R.C. Temporary inactivation in the primate motor thalamus during visually triggered and internally generated limb movements. J. Neurophysiol. 83:2000;2780-2790.
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Charles P.D., Esper G.J., Davis T.L., Maciunas R.J., Robertson D. Classification of tremor and update on treatment. Am. Fam. Physician. 59:1999;1565-1572.
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Speelman J.D., Schuurman R., de Bie R.M., Esselink R.A., Bosch D.A. Stereotactic neurosurgery for tremor. Mov. Disord. 17:2002;S84-S88.
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Edited by Kultas-Ilinsky K, Ilinsky IA. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
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Ilinsky IA, Kultas-Ilinsky K: Neuroanatomical organization and connections of the motor thalamus in primates. In Basal Ganglia and Thalamus in Health and Movement Disorders. Edited by Kultas-Ilinsky K, Ilinsky IA. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2001:77-91.
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Garonzik I.M., Hua S.E., Ohara S., Lenz F.A. Intraoperative microelectrode and semi-microelectrode recording during the physiological localization of the thalamic nucleus ventral intermediate. Mov. Disord. 17:2002;S135-S144.
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Tremor-related activity of neurons in the 'motor' thalamus: Changes in firing rate and pattern in the MPTP vervet model of parkinsonism
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In this ambitious study, the authors induced Parkinsonian symptoms in monkeys using injections of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6,-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and then recorded from pallidum-, nigra-, and cerebellum-recipient thalamic nuclei as well as the globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) under conditions of tremor versus no tremor. During tremor, the average firing rate increased in about half of the thalamic neurons but not in the GPi, and the pattern changed from irregular to rhythmic in about 10% of the thalamic and GPi neurons.
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Guehl D., Pessiglione M., Francois C., Yelnik J., Hirsch E.C., Feger J., Tremblay L. Tremor-related activity of neurons in the 'motor' thalamus: changes in firing rate and pattern in the MPTP vervet model of parkinsonism. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17:2003;2388-2400 In this ambitious study, the authors induced Parkinsonian symptoms in monkeys using injections of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6,- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and then recorded from pallidum-, nigra-, and cerebellum-recipient thalamic nuclei as well as the globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) under conditions of tremor versus no tremor. During tremor, the average firing rate increased in about half of the thalamic neurons but not in the GPi, and the pattern changed from irregular to rhythmic in about 10% of the thalamic and GPi neurons.
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Guehl, D.1
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This study explores the genesis of tremor in humans. The authors compared thalamic neuronal activity with electromyographic (EMG) signals under conditions of tremor versus no tremor in patients undergoing thalamotomy surgery. Surprisingly low firing rates were found in the thalamic neurons, and while neurons often had rhythmic activity at the EMG frequency during tremor, Vim neurons in particular exhibited phase lags.
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Lenz F.A., Jaeger C.J., Seike M.S., Lin Y.C., Reich S.G. Single-neuron analysis of human thalamus in patients with intention tremor and other clinical signs of cerebellar disease. J. Neurophysiol. 87:2002;2084-2094 This study explores the genesis of tremor in humans. The authors compared thalamic neuronal activity with electromyographic (EMG) signals under conditions of tremor versus no tremor in patients undergoing thalamotomy surgery. Surprisingly low firing rates were found in the thalamic neurons, and while neurons often had rhythmic activity at the EMG frequency during tremor, Vim neurons in particular exhibited phase lags.
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Lenz, F.A.1
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Lenz F.A., Tasker R.R., Kwan H.C., Schnider S., Kwong R., Murayama Y., Dostrovsky J.O., Murphy J.T. Single unit analysis of the human ventral thalamic nuclear group: correlation of thalamic 'tremor cells' with the 3-6. Hz component of parkinsonian tremor J. Neurosci. 8:1988;754-764.
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Using rat thalamic slices, the authors investigated how DBS works by recording neurons intracellularly near the tips of electrodes through which DBS-mimicking stimulation was applied. The stimulation occasionally blocked action potential production, but in most cases it evoked high frequency, repetitive action potentials. Hence it appears that DBS primarily works by masking abnormal activity.
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Kiss Z.H., Mooney D.M., Renaud L., Hu B. Neuronal response to local electrical stimulation in rat thalamus: physiological implications for mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. Neuroscience. 113:2002;137-143 Using rat thalamic slices, the authors investigated how DBS works by recording neurons intracellularly near the tips of electrodes through which DBS-mimicking stimulation was applied. The stimulation occasionally blocked action potential production, but in most cases it evoked high frequency, repetitive action potentials. Hence it appears that DBS primarily works by masking abnormal activity.
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Kiss, Z.H.1
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In this tour de force the authors explored the central origin of around 8 Hz pulsatile movements in humans by comparing magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings with EMGs during sinusoidal finger flexions/extensions. Selective, phase-synchronized relationships were identified between EMGs and MEG signals corresponding to the cerebellum, thalamus, premotor cortex, and M1. Their results suggested that activity coursing around a loop connecting these regions causes movement discontinuities.
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Gross J., Timmermann L., Kujala J., Dirks M., Schmitz F., Salmelin R., Schnitzler A. The neural basis of intermittent motor control in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99:2002;2299-2302 In this tour de force the authors explored the central origin of around 8 Hz pulsatile movements in humans by comparing magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings with EMGs during sinusoidal finger flexions/extensions. Selective, phase-synchronized relationships were identified between EMGs and MEG signals corresponding to the cerebellum, thalamus, premotor cortex, and M1. Their results suggested that activity coursing around a loop connecting these regions causes movement discontinuities.
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Gross, J.1
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Stepniewska I., Sakai S.T., Qi H.X., Kaas J.H. Somatosensory input to the ventrolateral thalamic region in the macaque monkey: potential substrate for Parkinsonian tremor. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:2003;378-395.
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Mushiake H., Strick P.L. Pallidal neuron activity during sequential arm movements. J. Neurophysiol. 74:1995;2754-2758.
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Neuronal activity in substantia nigra pars reticulata during target selection
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Neurons at the nigral output node of the basal ganglia were recorded in this study; some could have been projecting to thalamus, although testing this was not a goal of the experiment. Monkeys were presented with up to eight visual stimuli and then, after a delay, one was dimmed to specify it as a saccade target. Neurons encoded the number of stimuli in their visual activity and the selection of a target in their presaccadic activity. Crucially, error trial analyses showed that the target selection signal was linked to the movement selected by the monkey, not to the dimming of the stimulus.
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Basso M.A., Wurtz R.H. Neuronal activity in substantia nigra pars reticulata during target selection. J. Neurosci. 22:2002;1883-1894 Neurons at the nigral output node of the basal ganglia were recorded in this study; some could have been projecting to thalamus, although testing this was not a goal of the experiment. Monkeys were presented with up to eight visual stimuli and then, after a delay, one was dimmed to specify it as a saccade target. Neurons encoded the number of stimuli in their visual activity and the selection of a target in their presaccadic activity. Crucially, error trial analyses showed that the target selection signal was linked to the movement selected by the monkey, not to the dimming of the stimulus.
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Basso, M.A.1
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Krack P., Dostrovsky J., Ilinsky I., Kultas-Ilinsky K., Lenz F., Lozano A., Vitek J. Surgery of the motor thalamus: problems with the present nomenclatures. Mov. Disord. 17:2002;S2-S8.
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A antagonist bicuculline into monkey thalamus to test whether or not loss of GABAergic inhibition from basal ganglia might contribute to involuntary muscle contractions. Rostral injections induced sustained contractions and elevated thalamic firing rates, while caudal injections induced myoclonic jerks and bursty, elevated firing rates. Movements evoked by thalamic stimulation were facilitated, and involved more widespread muscles, after injections rostrally or caudally. The extent to which these effects were due to blocking basal ganglia inputs versus other GABAergic inputs (from interneurons or the thalamic reticular nucleus) remains unknown.
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