Industrial applications and future prospects of microbial xylanases: A review

BioResources

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 1377-1402

  Dhiman, Saurabh Sudha ^a   Sharma, Jitender ^a   Battan, Bindu ^a  

^a KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Clarification; Desizing; Hemicellulose; Paper; Pulp; Xylanase; Xylitol

Indexed keywords

BIOBLEACHING; COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS; COMMERCIAL SECTOR; DESIZING; ENZYMATIC TREATMENTS; ENZYME PRODUCTION; FUTURE PROSPECTS; INDUSTRIAL PROCESSS; MECHANISM OF ACTION; MICROBIAL ENZYMES; MICROBIAL XYLANASES; NEW TECHNOLOGIES; PAPER PULP; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SYNERGISTIC ACTION; XYLANASES; XYLANOLYTIC ENZYMES;

CELLULOSE; CLARIFICATION; CLARIFIERS; ENZYMES; FABRICS; INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS; KRAFT PROCESS; PAPER; SUGAR SUBSTITUTES; TEXTILE INDUSTRY; TEXTILE PROCESSING;

KRAFT PULP;

CELLULOSE; CLARIFICATION; CLARIFIERS; ENZYMES; FORMING FABRICS; HEMICELLULOSES; KRAFT PULPS; PAPER; POLYSACCHARIDES; PULPS; SUGAR; TEXTILES; XYLANASE; XYLITOL;

EID: 68749102288     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19302126     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. AATCC Technical Manual (1980). 55, 286.
2. th Autex Conference, Roubaix, France. pp. 165-173.
3. Ahlawat, S., Mandhan, R. P., Dhiman, S. S., Kumar, R., and Sharma, J. (2007a). "Potential application of alkaline pectinase from Bacillus subtilis ss in pulp and paper industry,"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. doi:10.1007/s12010-007-8096-9.
4. Ahlawat, S., Battan, B., Dhiman, S. S., Sharma, J., and Mandhan, R. P. (2007b). "Production of thermostable pectinase and xylanase for their potential application in bleaching of kraft pulp," J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 34, 763-770.
5. Archana, A., and Satyanarayana, T. (1997). "Xylanase production by thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis A99 in solid-state fermentation," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 21, 12-17.
6. Avalos, O. P., Noyola, T. P., Plaza, I. M., and Torre, M. (1996). "Induction of xylanase and beta-xylosidase in Cellulomonas flavigena growing on different carbon sources," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 46, 405-409.
7. Ayyachamy, M., and Vatsala, T. M. (2007). "Production and partial characterization of cellulase free xylanase by Bacillus subtilis C 01 using agriresidues and its application in biobleaching of nonwoody plant pulps," Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 45, 467-472.
8. Bachmann, S. L., and McCarthy, A. J. (1991). "Purification and cooperative activity of enzymes constituting the xylan-degrading system of Thermomonospora fusca," Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 15, 147-157.
9. Bajpai, P. (1999). "Application of enzymes in the pulp and paper industry," Biotechnol. Prog. 15, 147-157.
10. Bajpai, P. (2004). "Biological bleaching of pulps," Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 24, 1-58.
11. Balakrishnan, H., Srinivasan, M. C., and Rele, M. V. (1997). "Extracellular protease activities in relation to xylanase secretion in an alkalophilic Bacillus sp.," Biotechnol. Lett. 18, 599-601.
12. Ball, A. S., and McCarthy, A. J. (1988). "Saccharification of straw by actinomycetes enzymes," J. Gen. Microbiol. 134, 2139-2147.
13. Ball, A. S., and McCarthy, A. J. (1989). "Saccharification of straw by actinomycete enzyme," J. Appl. Bacteriol. 66, 439-444.
14. Baraznenok, V. A., Becker, E. G., Ankudimova, N. V., and Okunev, N. N. (1999). "Characterization of neutral xylanase from Chaetomium cellulolyticum and their biobleaching effect on eucalyptus pulp," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 25, 651-659.
15. Bastawde, K. B. (1992). "Xylan structure microbial xylanases, and their mode of action," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 8, 353-368.
16. Bataillon, M., Cardinali, A. P. N., and Duchiron, F. (1998). "Production of xylanase from a newly isolated alkalophilic thermophilic Bacillus sp.," Biotechnol. Lett. 20, 1067-1071.
17. Battan, B., Sharma, J. K., and Kuhad, R. C. (2006). "High - level xylanase production by alkalophilic Bacillus pumilus ASH under solid-state fermentation," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 22, 1281-1287.
18. Battan, B., Sharma, J. K., Dhiman, S. S., and Kuhad, R. C. (2007). "Enhanced production of cellulase-free thermostable xylanase by Bacillus pumilus ASH and its potential application in paper industry," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 41, 733-739.
19. Bedford, M. R., and Classen, H. L. (1992). "The influence of dietary xylanase on intestinal viscosity and molecular weight distribution of carbohydrates in rye-fed broiler chick," In: Visser, J., Beldman, G., VanSomeren, M. A. K., and Voragen, A. G. J. (eds.). Xylans and Xylanases, Elsevier, Amsterdam., pp. 361-370.
20. Beg, Q. K., Bhushan, B., Kapoor, M., and Hoondal, G. S. (2000a). "Production and characterization of thermostable xylanase and pectinase from Streptomyces sp. QG - 11 - 3," J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24, 396-402.
21. Beg, Q. K., Bhushan, B., Kapoor, M., and Hoondal, G. S. (2000b). "Effects of amino acids on the production of xylanase and pectinase from Streptomyces sp. QG-11-3," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 16, 211-213.
22. Beg, Q. K., Bhushan, B., Kapoor, M., and Hoondal, G. S. (2000c). "Enhanced production of thermostable xylanse from Streptomyces sp QG - 11 - 3 and its application in bleaching of kraft pulp," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 27, 459-466.
23. Biely, P. (1985). "Microbial xylanolytic systems," Trends Biotechnol. 3, 286-290.
24. Biely, P., Mackenzie, C. R., Puls, J., and Schneider, H. (1986). "Cooperativity of esterases and xylanases in the enzymatic degradation of acetyl xylan," Nat. Biotech. 4, 731-733.
25. Bolaski, W., Gallatin, A., and Gallatin, J. C. (1959). "Enzymatic conversion of cellulosic fibers," United States Patent 3041246.
26. Borisjuk, N. V., Borisjuk, L. G., Logendra, S., Petersen, F., Gleba, Y., and Raskin, I. (1999). "Production of recombinant proteins in plant root exudates," Nature Biotechnol. 17, 466-469.
27. Buchert, J., Pere, J., Puolakka, A., and Nousiainen, P. (2000). "Scouring cotton with pectinases, proteases and lipases," Textile Chem. Col. Am. Dyestuff Rep. 32, 48-52.
28. Call, H. P. (1993). United Sates patent 5203964.
29. Canel, E., and Moo-Young, M. (1980). "Solid state fermentation systems," Process Biochem. 15, 24-28.
30. Chahal, P. S., Chahal, D. S., and Lee, G. B. B. (1996). "Production of cellulose in solid-state fermentation with Trichoderma reesi MCG 80 on wheat straw," Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 57/58, 433-432.
31. Chanda, S. K., Hirst, E. L., Jones, J. K. N., and Percival, E. G. V. (1950). "The construction of xylan from esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima," J. Chem. Soc. 50, 1287-1289.
32. Christov, L. P., Szakacs, G., and Balakrishnan, H. (1999). "Production, partial characterization and use of fungal cellulose free xylanases in pulp bleaching," Process Biochem. 34, 511-517.
33. Collins, T., Gerday, C., and Feller, G. (2005). "Xylanases, xylanase families and extremophilic xylanases," Microbiol. Rev. 29, 3-23.
34. Comtat, J., Mora, F., and Noé, P. (1984). "Process of treatment of pulps by an enzymatic solution favoring fibrillation and thus treated pulps," French Patent 2557894.
35. Csiszar, E., Losonczi, A., Szakacs, G., Rusznak, I., Bezur, L., and Reicher, J. (2001a). "Enzymes and chelating agents in cotton pretreatment," J. Biotechnol. 89, 271-279.
36. Csiszar, E., Urbanskzi, K., and Szakaes, G. (2001b). "Biotreatment of desized cotton fabric by commercial cellulase and xylanase enzymes," J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzymatic 11, 1065-1072.
37. Damiano, V. B., Bocchini, D. A., Gomes, E., and Da Silva, R. (2003). "Applications of crude xylanase from Bacillus licheniformis 77-2 to the bleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulp," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19, 139-144.
38. Davies, G., and Henrissat, B. (1995). "Structures and mechanism of glycosyl hydrolases. Structutre," 3, 853-859.
39. Derewenda, U., Swenson, L., Green, R., Wei, Y. Y., Morosoli, R., Shareck, F., Kluepfel, D., and Derewenda, Z. S. (1994). "Crystal structure at 2.6 A resolution of the Streptococcus lividans xylanase A, a member of the F family of beta -1,4-D- glycanases," J. Biol. Chem. 269, 20811-20814.
40. Dhillon, A., Gupta, J. K., Jauhari, B. M., and Khanna, S. A. (2000). "Cellulase-poor, thermostable, alkalitolerant xylanase produced by Bacillus circulans AB 16 grown on rice straw and its application in biobleaching of eucalyptus pulp," Biores. Technol. 73, 273-277.
41. Dhiman, S. S., Sharma, J., and Battan, B. (2008). "Pretreatment processing of fabrics by alkalothermophilic xylanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus SDX," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 43, 262-269.
42. Dominguez, J. M. (1998). "Xylitol production by free and immobilized Debaryomyces hansenii," Biotechnol. Lett. 20, 53-56.
43. Duarte, M. C., Silva, E. C. D., Gomes, I. M. D. B., Ponezi, A. N., Portugal, E. P., Vincente, J. R., and Davanzo, E. (2003). "Xylan-hydrolyzing enzyme system from Bacillus pumilus CBMAI 0008 and its effects on Eucalyptus grandis pulp for pulp bleaching improvement," Biores. Technol. 88, 9-15.
44. Eda, S., Ohnishi, A., and Kato, K. (1976). "Xylans isolated from the stalk of Nicotiana tabacum," Agric. Biol. Chem. 40, 359-364.
45. Eom, T. J., and Ow, S. S. K. (1990) German patent GB 3934772.
46. Etters, J. N. (1999). "Cotton preparation with alkaline pectinase: An environmental advance," Textile Chem. Color. Am. Dyestuff Rep. 1, 33-36.
47. Faulds, C. B., Ralet, M. C., Williamson, G., Hazlewood, G. P., and Gilbert, H. J. (1995). "Specificity of an esterase (Xyld) from Pseudomonas flurescens subsp. Cellulose," Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1243, 265-269.
48. Fernandez-Epsinar, M. T., Ramon, D., Pinanga, F., and Valles, S. (1992). "Xylanase production by Aspergillus nidulans," FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 91, 91-96.
49. Fuentes, J. L., and Robert, M. (1988). "Process of treatment of a paper pulp by an enzymic solution," European Patent 262040.
50. Garg, A. P., Roberts, J. C., and McCarthy, A. J. (1998). "Bleach boosting effect of cellulose free xylanase of Streptomyces thermoviolaceus and its comparison with two commercial enzyme preparation on birchwood kraft pulp," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 22, 594-598.
51. Georis, J., Gianotta, F., De Buyl, E., Granier, B., and Frè re, J-M. (2000). "Purification and properties of three endo-beta-1,4-xylanases produces by Streptomyces sp. strain S38 which differ in their ability to enhance the bleaching of kraft pulps," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 26, 178-86.
52. Gessesse, A., and Mamo, G. (1997). "High-level xylanase production by an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. by using solid-state fermentation," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 25, 68-72.
53. Gilbert, H. J., and Hazlewood, G. P. (1999). "Bacterial cellulases and xylanase," J. Gen. Microbiol. 139, 187-194.
54. Gupta, S., Bhushan, B., and Hoondal, G. S. (1999). "Enhanced production of xylanase from Staphylococcus sp. SG-13 using amino acids," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15, 511-512.
55. Gupta, S., Bhushan, B., Hoondal, G. S., and Kuhad, R. C. (2001). "Improved xylanase production from a haloalkalophilic Staphylococcus sp SG-13 using inexpensive agricultural residues," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17, 5-8.
56. Haki, G. D., and Rakshit, S. K., (2003). "Developments in industrially important thermostable enzymes: A review," Biores. Technol. 89, 17-34.
57. Haltrich, D., Preiss, M., and Steiner, W. (1993). "Optimization of a culture medium for increased xylanase production by a wild strain of Schizophyllum commune," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 15, 854-860.
58. Haltrich, D., Nidetzky, B., and Kulbe, K. D. (1996). "Production of fungal xylanases," Biores. Technol. 58, 137-161.
59. Harazono, K., Kondo, R., and Sakai, K. (1996). "Bleaching of hardwood kraft pulp with manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 without addition of MnSO(inf4)," Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 913-917.
60. Harris, G. W., Jenkins, J. A., Connerton, I., Cummings, N., Loleggio, L., Scott, M., Hartzell, M. M., and Hsieh, Y. L. (1998). "Enzymatic scouring to improve cotton fabric wettability," Textile Res. J. 68, 233-241.
61. Hazlewood, G. P., Laurie, J. I., Gilbert, H. J., and Pickersgill, R. W. (1994). "Structure of the catalytic core of the Family F xylanase from Pseudomonas fluorescens and identification of the xylopentose binding sites," Structure 2, 1107-1116.
62. Hong, Q., Shin, N. H., and Chang, H. (1989). "Effect of oxygen extraction on organic chlorine contents in bleach plant effluents," Tappi J. 72, 157-161.
63. Howard, R. L., Abotsi, E., van Jansen, R. E. L., and Howard, S. (2003). "Lignocellulose biotechnology: Issues of bioconversion and enzyme production," African J. Biotechnol. 2, 602-619.
64. Hrmova, M., Biely, P., Vrzanka, M., and Petrakova, E. (1984). "Induction of cellulose and xylan-degrading enzyme complex in yeast Trichoderma cutaneum," Arch. Microbiol. 161, 371-376.
65. Huang, J., Wang, G., and Xiao, Li. (2006). "Cloning, sequencing and expression of the xylanase gene from a Bacillus subtilis strain B10 in Escherichia coli," Biores. Technol. 97, 802-808.
66. Ikura, Y., and Horikoshi, K. (1987). "Stimulatory effects of certain amino acids on xylanase production by alkalophilic Bacillus sp," Agric. Biol. Chem. 51, 3143-3145.
67. Inoue, H., Yano, S., Endo, T., Sakaki, T., and Sawayama, S. (2008). "Combining hot-compressed water and ball milling pretreatments to improve the efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis of eucalyptus," Biotechnol. Biofuel. doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-1-2.
68. Irie, Y., Matsukura, T., and Hata, K. (1989). "De-resinification of mechanical wood pulp using glycerol lipase to decompose triglyceride compounds in pulp and paper manu- facture," European Patent Application EP 374700.
69. Ishihara, M., Tawata, S., and Toyama, S. (1997). "Purification and some properties of a thermostable xylanase from thermophilic fungus strain HG-1," J. Ferment. Bioeng. 83, 478-480.
70. Jecu, L. (2000). "Solid-state fermentation of agricultural wastes for endoglucanase production," Ind. Crop Pro. 11, 1-5.
71. Jeffries, W. T. (1996). "Biochemistry and genetics of microbial xylanases," Curr. Opinion Biotechnol. 7, 337-342.
72. Jenkins, J., Leggio, L. L., Harris, G., and Pickersgill, R. (1995). "Beta-glucosidases, beta-galactosidases, Family A cellulases, Family F xylanases and two barley glycanases from a superfamily of enzymes with 8-fold β/α-architecture and with two conserved glutamates near the carboxy terminal ends of the beta strand 4 and β strand 7," FEBS Lett. 362, 281-285.
73. Joseleau, J. P., Comtat, J., and Ruel, K. (1992). "Chemical structure of xylans and their interactions in the plant cell walls," Visser, J., Beldman, G., van Someren, M. A. K., Voragen, A. G. J. (eds.) Xylans and Xylanases. Elsevier Amsterdam. pp. 1-15.
74. Jurasek, L., and Paice, M. (1986). "Pulp and paper biotechnology," Chem. Tech. 16, 360-365.
75. Kapoor, M., Kapoor, R. K., and Kuhad, R. C. (2007). "Differential and synergistic effects of xylanase and laccase mediator system (LMS) in bleaching of soda and waste pulps," J. Appl. Microbiol. 103, 305-317.
76. Karmakar, S. R. (1999). "Chemical technology in the pretreatment processes of textiles," In: Textile Science and Technology Series, 1st Ed. B.V., Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 12.
77. Kenealy, R. W., and Jeffries, T. W. (2003). "Enzyme processes for pulp and paper: A review of recent development in wood deterioration and preservation," In: Goodell, B., Nicholas, D. D., Schultz, T. P. (eds.), 1953-IV, American Chemical Society Meeting, 221st, San Diego, CA, V. Series, 2001. pp. 210-238.
78. Kesker, S. S. (1992). "High activity xylanase from thermotolerant Streptomyces T7, cultural conditions and enzyme properties," Biotechnol. Lett. 14, 481-486.
79. Khanna, S., and Gauri, P. (1993). "Regulation, purification and properties of xylanase from Cellulomonas fimi," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 15, 990-995.
80. Khasin, A., Alchanati, I., and Shoham, Y. (1993). "Purification and characterization of a thermostable xylanase from Bacillus stearothermophilus T - 6," Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 1725-1730.
81. Klungness, J., and Ahmed, A. (2000). Proceeding of PIRA Technical Advances in Paper Coating, Paper-2.
82. Kuhad, R. C., and Singh, A. (1993). "Lignocellulosic biotechnology: Current and future prospects," Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 13, 151-172.
83. Kuhad, R. C., Singh, A., and Eriksson, K. E. L. (1997). "Microorganisms and enzymes involved in the degradation of plant fibre cell walls. Special issue on 'Biotechnology in pulp and paper industry'," Adv. Biochem. Eng. 57, 45-127.
84. Kuhad, R. C., Manchanda, M., and Singh, A. (1998). "Optimization of xylanase production by a hyper xylanolytic mutant strain of Fusarium oxysporum, Process Biochem. 33, 641-647.
85. Kulkarni, N., and Rao, N. (1996). "Application of xylanases from alkalophilic thermophilic Bacillus sp. NCIM 59 in biobleacing of bagasse pulp," J. Biotechnol. 51, 167-173.
86. Kulkarni, N., Shendye, A., and Rao, M. (1999). "Molecular and biotechnological aspects of xylanases," FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 23, 411-456.
87. Lee, W. C., Yusof, S., Hamid, N. S. A., and Baharin, B. S. (2006). "Optimizing conditions for enzymatic clarification of banana juice using response surface methodology (RSM)," J. Food Eng. 73, 55-63.
88. Lenting, H. B. M., Zwier, E., and Nierstrasz, V. A. (2002). "Identifying important parameters for a continuous bioscouring process," Textile Res. J. 72, 825-831.
89. Lenting, H. B. M., and Warmoeskerken, M. M. C. G. (2004). "A fast, continuous enzyme-based pretreatment process concept for cotton containing textiles," Biocatal. Biotransform. 22, 361-368.
90. Levin, L., and Forschiassin, F. (1998). "Influence of growth conditions on the production of xylanolytic enzymes by Trametes trogii," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 14, 443-446.
91. Li, Y., and Hardin, I. R. (1998). "Enzymatic scouring of cotton-surfactants, agitation, and selection of enzymes," Textile Chem. Color. 30, 23-9.
92. Linden, J. C., Decker, S. R., and Samara, M. (1994). "Role of acetyl esterase in biomass conversion," Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 566, 452-467.
93. Linder, C., Stulke, J., and Hecker, M. (1994). "Regulation of xylanolytic enzymes in Bacillus subtilis," Microbiology 140, 753-757.
94. Liu, W., Zhu, W., Lu, Y., Kong, Y., and Ma, G. (1998). "Production, partial purification and characterization of xylanase form Trichosporon cutaneum SL 409," Process Biochem. 33, 331-336.
95. Liu, W., Lu, Y., and Ma, G. (1999). "Induction and glucose repression of endo-β-xylanase in the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum SL 409," Process Biochem. 34, 67-72.
96. Liu, C. J., Suzuki, T., Hirata, S., and Kawai, K. (2003). "Processing of XynE (110-KDa) of Aeromonas caviae ME-1 to 72 KDa xylanase in Escherichia coli transformant," J. Biosci. Bioeng. 96, 406-408.
97. Lopez, C., Blanco, A., and Pastor, F. I. J. (1998). "Xylanase production by a new alkali- tolerant isolate of Bacillus," Biotechnol. Lett. 20, 243-246.
98. Losonczi, A., Csiszar, E., Szakacs, G., and Bezur, L. (2005). "Role of the EDTA chelating agent in bioscouring of cotton," Textile Res. J. 75, 411-417.
99. Maat, J., Roza, M., Verbakel, J., Stam, H., daSilra, M. J. S., Egmond, M. R., Hagemans, M. L. D., VanGarcom, R. F. M., Hessing, J. G. M., VanDerhondel, C. A. M. J. J., and VanRotterdam, C. (1992). "Xylanases and their application in bakery," In: Visser, J., Beldman, G., van Someren, M. A. K., and Voragen, A. G. J. (eds.), Xylan and Xylanases, Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 349-360.
100. Maheswari, U., and Chandra, T. S. (2000). "Production and potential applications of a xylanase from a new strain of Streptomyces cuspidosporus," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 16, 257-263.
101. Manin, C., Shareek, F., Morosoli, R., and Kluepfel, D. (1994). "Purification and characterization of an α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Streptomyces lividans 66 and DNA sequence of the gene (Abfa)," Biochem. J. 302, 443-449.
102. Maximo, C., Ferriera, M. C., and Duarte, J. (1998). "Some properties of eucalyptus kraft pulp treated with xylanase from Aspergillus niger," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 14, 365-367.
103. Miao, S. C., Ziser, L., Aebersold, R., and Withers, S. G. (1994). "Identification of glutamic acid 78 as the active site nucleophile in Bacillus subtilis xylanase using electrospray tandem mass spectrometery," Biochemistry 33, 7027-7032.
104. Montane, D., Salvado, J., Torras, C., and Farriol, X. (2002). "High-temperature dilute-acid hydrolysis of olive stones for furfural production," Biomass Bioenergy 22, 295-304.
105. Moreau, R. A., Powell, M. J., Whitaker, B. D., Baily, B. A., and Anderson, J. D. (1994). "Xylanase treatment of plant cells induces glycosylation and fatty acylation of phytoserols," Physiol. Plant 91, 575-580.
106. Niehaus, F., Bertoldo, C., Kahler, M., and Antranikian, G. (1999). "Extremophiles as a source of novel enzymes for industrial applications," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 51, 711-729.
107. Nigam, P., and Singh, D. (1995). "Processes for fermentative production of xylitol - a sugar substitute: A review" Process Biochem. 30, 117-124.
108. Oakley, A. J., Heinrich, T., Thompson, C. A., and Wilce, M. C. (2003). "Characterization of family 11 xylanase from Bacillus subtilis B230 used for bleaching," Acta. Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 59, 627-636.
109. Onysko, K. A. (1993). "Biological bleaching of chemical pulps: A review," Biotechnol. Adv. 11, 179-198.
110. Paice, M. G., and Jurasek, L. (1984). "Removing hemicellulose from pulps by specific enzymic hydrolysis," J. Wood Chem. Technol. 4, 187-198.
111. Pandey, A., Selvakumar, P., Soccol, C. R., and Nigam, P. (1999). "Solid state fermentation for the production of industrial enzymes," Curr. Sci. 1, 149-162.
112. Parajo, J. C., Dominquez, H. D., Dominquez, J. M. (1998). "Biotechnological production of Xylitol. Part 1: Interest of Xylitol and fundamentals of its biosynthesis," Biores. Technol. 65, 191-201.
113. Poorna, C. A., and Prema, P. (2007). "Production of cellulase free endoxylanase from novel alkalophilic thermotolerant Bacillus pumilus by solid state fermentation and its application in wastepaper recycling," Bioresour. Technol. 98, 485-490.
114. Priefert, H., Rabenhorst, J., and Steinbuchel, A. (2001). "Biotechnological production of vanillin," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 56, 296-314.
115. Puchart, V., Katapodis, P., Biely, P., Kremnicky, L., Christakopoulos, P., Vrsanska, M., Kekos, D., Marcis, B. J., and Bhat, M. K. (1999). "Production of xylanase, mannase and pectinase by the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 24, 355-361.
116. Puls, J., and Schuseil, J. (1996). "Chemistry of hemicelluloses: Relationship between hemicellulose structure and enzyme required for hydrolysis," In: Coughlan, M. P., and Hazlewood, G. P. (eds.), Hemicellulose and Hemicellulases, Portland Press, London, pp. 1-28.
117. Qureshy, A. F., Khan, L. A., and Khanna, S. (2000). "Expression of Bacillus circulans Teri-42 xylanase gene in Bacillus subtilis," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 27, 227-233.
118. Raimbault, M. (1998). "General and microbiological aspects of solid state fermentation," Elec. J. Biotechnol. 3, 174-188.
119. Roberto, I. C., Mussatto, S. I., and Rodrigues, R. C. L. B. (2003). "Dilute-acid hydrolysis for optimization of xylose recovery from rice straw in a semi-pilot reactor," Indust. Crops. Prod. 17, 171-176.
120. Rouette, H. K. (2001). Encyclopedia of Textile Finishing, ISBN 3-540-65031-8, Springer Berlin Germany. pp. 1-3.
121. Sachslenhner, A., Nidetzky, B., Kulbe, K. D., and Haltrich, D. (1999). "Induction of mannase, xylanase and endoglucanase activities in Sclerotium rolfsii," Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 694-697.
122. Saha, B. C. (2000). "α-L-Arabinofuranosidases: Biochemistry, molecular biology and application in biotechnology," Biotechnol. Adv. 18, 403-423.
123. Sanghi, A., Garg, N., Sharma, J., Kuhar, K., Kuhad, R. C., and Gupta, V. K. (2007). "Optimization of xylanse production using inexpensive agro-residues by alkalophilic Bacillus subtilis ASH in solid state fermentation," World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007; doi 10.1007/s11274-007-9521-5.
124. Segura, B. G. D., Durand, R., and Fevre, M. (1998). "Multiplicity and expression of xylanases in the rumen fungus Neocallimastix frontalis," FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 164, 47-53.
125. Sharma, H. S. S. (1987). "Enzymatic degradation of residual non-cellulosic polysaccharides present on dew-retted flax fibers," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26, 358-362.
126. Siedenberg, D., Gerlach, S. R., Schugerl, K., Giuseppin, M. L. F., and Hunik, J. (1998). "Production of xylanase by Aspergillus awamori on synthetic medium in shake flask cultures," Process Biochem. 33, 429-433.
127. Silva, R. D., Yim, D. K., and Park, Y. K. (1994). "Application of thermostable xylanase from Humicola sp. for pulp improvement," J. Ferment. Bioeng. 77, 109-111.
128. 3) under solid state fermentation," Biores. Technol. 96, 1561-1569.
129. Spanga, G., Ramagnoli, D., Angela, M., Biochi, G., and Pifferi, P. G. (1998). "A simple method for purifying glycosidases: α-L-arabinofuranosidases and β-D-glucopyran-osidase from A. niger to increase aroma of wine," Enzyme Microb. Technol. 22, 298- 304.
130. Srinivasan, M. C., and Rele, M. V. (1999). "Microbial xylanases for paper industry," Curr. Sci. 77, 137-142.
131. Subramaniyan, S., Prema, P., and Ramakrishna, S. V. (1997). "Isolation and screening of alkaline thermostable xylanase," J. Basic Microbiol. 37, 431-437.
132. Subramaniyan, S., and Prema, P. (2002). "Biotechnology of microbial xylanases: Enzymology, molecular biology, and application," Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 22, 33-64.
133. Sun, Y., and Cheng, J. (2002). "Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material for ethanol production: A review," Biores. Technol. 83, 1-11.
134. Sunna, A., and Antranikian, G. (1997). "Xylanolytic enzymes from fungi and bacteria," Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 17, 39-67.
135. Taneja, K., Saurabh, G., and Kuhad, R. C. (2002). "Properties and application of a partially purified alkaline xylanase from an alkalophilic fungus Aspergillus nidulans KK-99," Biores. Technol. 85, 39-42.
136. TAPPI Test Methods. (1996). Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Atlanta, GA, TAPPI Press.
137. Techapun, C., Poosaran, N., Watanabe, M., and Sasaki, K. (2003). "Thermostable and alkaline-tolerant microbial cellulase-free xylanases produced from agricultural wastes and the properties required for use in pulp bleaching bioprocesses: A review," Process Biochem. 38, 1327-1340.
138. Tenkanen, M., Viikari, L., and Buchert, J. (1997). "Use of acid tolerant xylanase for bleaching of kraft pulp," Biotechnol. Tech. 11, 935-938.
139. Traore, M., and Buschle-Diller, G. (1999). "Environmentally friendly scouring processes," In: Book of papers of the Int. Conference and Exhibition of the AATCC, Charlotte, USA. pp.183-189.
140. Uchimoto, I., Endo, K., and Yamagishi, Y. (1988). "Improvement of deciduous tree pulp," Japanese Patent 135597/88.
141. Uffen, R. L. (1997). "Xylan degradation: A glimpse at microbial diversity," J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19, 1-6.
142. Vanparidon, P. A., Booman, J. C. P., Selten, G. C. M., Geerse, C., Barug, D., deBot, P. H. M., and Hemke, G. (1992). "Application of fungal endoxylanase in poultry diets," In: Visser, J., Beldman, G., van Someran, M. A. K., and Voragen, A. G. J. (eds.), Xylans and Xylanases, Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 371-378.
143. Vardakou, M., Katapodis, P., Samiotaki, M., Kekos, D., Panayotou, G., and Christakopoulos, P. (2003). "Mode of action of family 10 and 11 endoxylanases on water-unextractable arabinoxylan," Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 33, 129-134.
144. Verschraege, L. (1989). "Cotton fibre impurities. Neps, motes and seed coat fragments," ICAC Review Articles on Cotton Production Research, No. 1. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
145. Vicuna, R., Escobar, F., Osses, M., and Jara, A. (1997). "Bleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulp with commercial xylanase," Biotechnol. Lett. 6, 575-578.
146. Viikari, L., Kantelinen, A., Sundquist, J., and Linko, M. (1994). "Xylanase in bleaching: From an idea to the industry," FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 13, 335-350.
147. Viikari, L., Ranva, M., Kantelinen, A., Sandquist, J., and Linko, M. (1986). "Bleaching with enzymes," Third International Conference in Biotechnology in Pulp and Paper Industry. 16 - 19 June, Stockholm. pp. 67 - 69.
148. Whistler, R. L., and Richard, E. L. (1980). "Hemicelluloses," In: Pigman, W., and Horton, D. (eds.), The Carbohydrates, Academic Press, New York, pp. 447-469.
149. Withers, S. G., and Aebersold, R. (1995). "Approaches to labeling and identification of active site residues in glycosidases," Protein Sci. 4, 361-372.
150. Wong, K. K. Y., Tan, L. U. L., and Saddler, J. N. (1988). "Multiplicity of β-1,4-xylanase in microorganisms: Functions and applications," Microbiol. Rev. 52, 305-317.
151. Wong, K. K. Y., and Saddler, J. N. (1992). "Trichoderma xylanases, their properties and purification," Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 12, 413-435.
152. Wood, T. M., and Wilson, C. A. (1995). "α-(4-O-methyl)-D-glucuronidase activity produced by the rumen anaerobic fungus Piromonas communis - A study of selected properties," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 43, 893-900.
153. Xu, J., Nogawa, M., Okada, H., and Morikawa, Y. (1998). "Xylanase induction by L - Sorbose in a fungus Trichoderma reesei PC-3-7," Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 62, 1555-1559.
154. Yachmenev, V. G., Bertoniere, N. R., and Blanchard, E. J. (2001) "Effect of sonification on cotton preparation with alkaline pectinase," Textile Res. J. 71, 527-533.
155. Yusof, S., and Ibrahim, N. (1994). "Quality of soursop juice after pectinase enzyme treatment," Food Chem. 51, 83-88.
156. Zeitch, K. J., (2000). The Chemistry and Technology of Furfural and its Many By- Products, Zeitch (eds.) Elsevier. pp. 358.
157. Zhang, J. X., Martin, J., and Flint, H. J. (1994). "Identification of noncatalytic conserved regions in xylanases encoded by the Xynb and Xynd genes of the cellulolytic rumen anaerobe Ruminococcus flavefaciens," Mol. Gen. Genet. 245, 260-264.