메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 177-183

Effects of pharmaconutrients on cellular dysfunction and the microcirculation in critical illness

Author keywords

3 fatty acids; Antioxidants; Arginine; Glutamine; Vitamin C

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ARGININE; ASCORBIC ACID; CD59 ANTIGEN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FISH OIL; GLUTAMINE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OROTATE MAGNESIUM; PLACEBO; SELENIUM; THIOCTIC ACID; UBIDECARENONE; ZINC;

EID: 68049104251     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e328328d32f     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (27)

References (94)
  • 1
    • 0022196860 scopus 로고
    • Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes: Its biochemical, physiological and clinical importance
    • Newsholme EA, Crabtree B, Ardawi MS. Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes: its biochemical, physiological and clinical importance. Q J Exp Physiol 1985; 70:473-489.
    • (1985) Q J Exp Physiol , vol.70 , pp. 473-489
    • Newsholme, E.A.1    Crabtree, B.2    Ardawi, M.S.3
  • 2
    • 0034842396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of glutamine supplementation in patients following elective surgery and accidental injury
    • discussion 2550S-2541S
    • Wilmore DW. The effect of glutamine supplementation in patients following elective surgery and accidental injury. J Nutr 2001; 131 (9 Suppl):2543S-2549S; discussion 2550S-2541S.
    • (2001) J Nutr , vol.131 , Issue.9 SUPPL.
    • Wilmore, D.W.1
  • 3
    • 0036194103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine and heat shock protein expression
    • Wischmeyer PE. Glutamine and heat shock protein expression. Nutrition 2002; 18:225-228.
    • (2002) Nutrition , vol.18 , pp. 225-228
    • Wischmeyer, P.E.1
  • 4
    • 33744822167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine's protection against cellular injury is dependent on heat shock factor-1
    • Morrison AL, Dinges M, Singleton KD, et al. Glutamine's protection against cellular injury is dependent on heat shock factor-1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 290:C1625-C1632.
    • (2006) Am J Physiol Cell Physiol , vol.290
    • Morrison, A.L.1    Dinges, M.2    Singleton, K.D.3
  • 5
    • 33746209054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine: The first clinically relevant pharmacological regulator of heat shock protein expression?
    • Wischmeyer PE. Glutamine: the first clinically relevant pharmacological regulator of heat shock protein expression? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006; 9:201-206.
    • (2006) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care , vol.9 , pp. 201-206
    • Wischmeyer, P.E.1
  • 6
    • 0022969885 scopus 로고
    • Speculations on the functions of the major heat shock and glucose-regulated proteins
    • Pelham HR. Speculations on the functions of the major heat shock and glucose-regulated proteins. Cell 1986; 46:959-961.
    • (1986) Cell , vol.46 , pp. 959-961
    • Pelham, H.R.1
  • 7
    • 0028932259 scopus 로고
    • Overexpression of the rat inducible 70-kD heat stress protein in a transgenic mouse increases the resistance of the heart to ischemic injury
    • Marber MS, Mestril R, Chi SH, et al. Overexpression of the rat inducible 70-kD heat stress protein in a transgenic mouse increases the resistance of the heart to ischemic injury. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:1446-1456.
    • (1995) J Clin Invest , vol.95 , pp. 1446-1456
    • Marber, M.S.1    Mestril, R.2    Chi, S.H.3
  • 8
    • 0027529742 scopus 로고
    • Induction of heat stress proteins is associated with decreased mortality in an animal model of acute lung injury
    • Villar J, Edelson JD, Post M, et al. Induction of heat stress proteins is associated with decreased mortality in an animal model of acute lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147:177-181.
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.147 , pp. 177-181
    • Villar, J.1    Edelson, J.D.2    Post, M.3
  • 9
    • 0028477896 scopus 로고
    • Effect of ethanol and sodium arsenite on HSP-72 formation and on survival in a murine endotoxin model
    • discussion 40
    • Lappas GD, Karl IE, Hotchkiss RS. Effect of ethanol and sodium arsenite on HSP-72 formation and on survival in a murine endotoxin model. Shock 1994; 2:34-39; discussion 40.
    • (1994) Shock , vol.2 , pp. 34-39
    • Lappas, G.D.1    Karl, I.E.2    Hotchkiss, R.S.3
  • 10
    • 0028357297 scopus 로고
    • Induction of the heat shock response reduces mortality rate and organ damage in a sepsis-induced acute lung injury model
    • Villar J, Ribeiro SP, Mullen JB, et al. Induction of the heat shock response reduces mortality rate and organ damage in a sepsis-induced acute lung injury model. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:914-921.
    • (1994) Crit Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 914-921
    • Villar, J.1    Ribeiro, S.P.2    Mullen, J.B.3
  • 11
    • 0030962244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine protects intestinal epithelial cells: Role of inducible HSP70
    • Wischmeyer PE, Musch MW, Madonna MB, et al. Glutamine protects intestinal epithelial cells: role of inducible HSP70. Am J Physiol 1997; 272 (4 Pt 1):G879-G884.
    • (1997) Am J Physiol , vol.272 , Issue.4 PART 1
    • Wischmeyer, P.E.1    Musch, M.W.2    Madonna, M.B.3
  • 12
    • 23744513067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parenteral glutamine increases serum heat shock protein 70 in critically ill patients
    • Ziegler TR, Ogden LG, Singleton KD, et al. Parenteral glutamine increases serum heat shock protein 70 in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31:1079-1086.
    • (2005) Intensive Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 1079-1086
    • Ziegler, T.R.1    Ogden, L.G.2    Singleton, K.D.3
  • 13
    • 13844266470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine attenuates endotoxin-induced lung metabolic dysfunction: Potential role of enhanced heat shock protein 70
    • Singleton KD, Serkova N, Banerjee A, et al. Glutamine attenuates endotoxin-induced lung metabolic dysfunction: potential role of enhanced heat shock protein 70. Nutrition 2005; 21:214-223.
    • (2005) Nutrition , vol.21 , pp. 214-223
    • Singleton, K.D.1    Serkova, N.2    Banerjee, A.3
  • 14
    • 33646084611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral glutamine enhances heat shock protein expression and improves survival following hyperthermia
    • Singleton KD, Wischmeyer PE. Oral glutamine enhances heat shock protein expression and improves survival following hyperthermia. Shock 2006; 25:295-299.
    • (2006) Shock , vol.25 , pp. 295-299
    • Singleton, K.D.1    Wischmeyer, P.E.2
  • 15
    • 0035000171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine induces heat shock protein and protects against endotoxin shock in the rat
    • Wischmeyer PE, Kahana M, Wolfson R, et al. Glutamine induces heat shock protein and protects against endotoxin shock in the rat. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90:2403-2410.
    • (2001) J Appl Physiol , vol.90 , pp. 2403-2410
    • Wischmeyer, P.E.1    Kahana, M.2    Wolfson, R.3
  • 16
    • 0035513751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine reduces cytokine release, organ damage, and mortality in a rat model of endotoxemia
    • Wischmeyer PE, Kahana M, Wolfson R, et al. Glutamine reduces cytokine release, organ damage, and mortality in a rat model of endotoxemia. Shock 2001; 16:398-402.
    • (2001) Shock , vol.16 , pp. 398-402
    • Wischmeyer, P.E.1    Kahana, M.2    Wolfson, R.3
  • 17
    • 0037221363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine attenuates tumor necrosis factor-alpha release and enhances heat shock protein 72 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    • Wischmeyer PE, Riehm J, Singleton KD, et al. Glutamine attenuates tumor necrosis factor-alpha release and enhances heat shock protein 72 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Nutrition 2003; 19:1-6.
    • (2003) Nutrition , vol.19 , pp. 1-6
    • Wischmeyer, P.E.1    Riehm, J.2    Singleton, K.D.3
  • 18
    • 0037371735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine preserves cardiomyocyte viability and enhances recovery of contractile function after ischemia-reperfusion injury
    • Wischmeyer PE, Vanden Hoek TL, Li C, et al. Glutamine preserves cardiomyocyte viability and enhances recovery of contractile function after ischemia-reperfusion injury. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003; 27:116-122.
    • (2003) JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr , vol.27 , pp. 116-122
    • Wischmeyer, P.E.1    Vanden Hoek, T.L.2    Li, C.3
  • 19
    • 20444463157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine attenuates lung injury and improves survival after sepsis: Role of enhanced heat shock protein expression
    • Singleton KD, Serkova N, Beckey VE, Wischmeyer PE. Glutamine attenuates lung injury and improves survival after sepsis: role of enhanced heat shock protein expression. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:1206-1213.
    • (2005) Crit Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 1206-1213
    • Singleton, K.D.1    Serkova, N.2    Beckey, V.E.3    Wischmeyer, P.E.4
  • 20
    • 1642554463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single dose of glutamine preserves myocardial tissue metabolism, glutathione content, and enhances myocardial function following ischemia-reperfusion injury
    • Wischmeyer PE, Jayakar D, Williams U, et al. Single dose of glutamine preserves myocardial tissue metabolism, glutathione content, and enhances myocardial function following ischemia-reperfusion injury. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003; 27:396-403.
    • (2003) JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr , vol.27 , pp. 396-403
    • Wischmeyer, P.E.1    Jayakar, D.2    Williams, U.3
  • 21
    • 34248228729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemorrhagic shock induces NAD(P)H oxidase activation in neutrophils: Role of HMGB1-TLR4 signaling
    • Fan J, Li Y, Levy RM, et al. Hemorrhagic shock induces NAD(P)H oxidase activation in neutrophils: role of HMGB1-TLR4 signaling. J Immunol 2007; 178:6573-6580.
    • (2007) J Immunol , vol.178 , pp. 6573-6580
    • Fan, J.1    Li, Y.2    Levy, R.M.3
  • 22
    • 35448987283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term alanyl-glutamine dipeptide pretreatment in liver ischemia-reperfusion model: Effects on microcirculation and antioxidant status in rats
    • This study showed that GLN treatment can support the microcirculation and protect against liver necrosis and I/R injury in the rat model
    • Szijarto A, Hahn O, Batmunkh E, et al. Short-term alanyl-glutamine dipeptide pretreatment in liver ischemia-reperfusion model: effects on microcirculation and antioxidant status in rats. Clin Nutr 2007; 26:640-648. This study showed that GLN treatment can support the microcirculation and protect against liver necrosis and I/R injury in the rat model.
    • (2007) Clin Nutr , vol.26 , pp. 640-648
    • Szijarto, A.1    Hahn, O.2    Batmunkh, E.3
  • 23
    • 0038166375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arginine availability, arginase, and the immune response
    • Bansal V, Ochoa JB. Arginine availability, arginase, and the immune response. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2003; 6:223-228.
    • (2003) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care , vol.6 , pp. 223-228
    • Bansal, V.1    Ochoa, J.B.2
  • 25
    • 68049104868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This review highlights recent data on the effects of arginine on the immune system, including the specifics of T cells, cytokines, and myeloid-suppressing cells
    • This review highlights recent data on the effects of arginine on the immune system, including the specifics of T cells, cytokines, and myeloid-suppressing cells.
  • 26
    • 34548170288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Luiking YC, Deutz NE. Exogenous arginine in sepsis. Crit Care Med 2007; 35 (9 Suppl):S557-S563. This is an up-to-date and well written review on the possible role of arginine supplementation in septic humans.
    • Luiking YC, Deutz NE. Exogenous arginine in sepsis. Crit Care Med 2007; 35 (9 Suppl):S557-S563. This is an up-to-date and well written review on the possible role of arginine supplementation in septic humans.
  • 27
    • 33846933459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-arginine availability regulates T-lymphocyte cell-cycle progression
    • Rodriguez PC, Quiceno DG, Ochoa AC. L-arginine availability regulates T-lymphocyte cell-cycle progression. Blood 2007; 109:1568-1573.
    • (2007) Blood , vol.109 , pp. 1568-1573
    • Rodriguez, P.C.1    Quiceno, D.G.2    Ochoa, A.C.3
  • 28
    • 32044439372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CD11b+/Gr-1+ myeloid suppressor cells cause T cell dysfunction after traumatic stress
    • Makarenkova VP, Bansal V, Matta BM, et al. CD11b+/Gr-1+ myeloid suppressor cells cause T cell dysfunction after traumatic stress. J Immunol 2006; 176:2085-2094.
    • (2006) J Immunol , vol.176 , pp. 2085-2094
    • Makarenkova, V.P.1    Bansal, V.2    Matta, B.M.3
  • 29
    • 0041845173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-arginine consumption by macrophages modulates the expression of CD3 zeta chain in T lymphocytes
    • Rodriguez PC, Zea AH, DeSalvo J, et al. L-arginine consumption by macrophages modulates the expression of CD3 zeta chain in T lymphocytes. J Immunol 2003; 171:1232-1239.
    • (2003) J Immunol , vol.171 , pp. 1232-1239
    • Rodriguez, P.C.1    Zea, A.H.2    DeSalvo, J.3
  • 30
    • 0038519365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L-arginine metabolism in myeloid cells controls T-lymphocyte functions
    • Bronte V, Serafini P, Mazzoni A, et al. L-arginine metabolism in myeloid cells controls T-lymphocyte functions. Trends Immunol 2003; 24:302-306.
    • (2003) Trends Immunol , vol.24 , pp. 302-306
    • Bronte, V.1    Serafini, P.2    Mazzoni, A.3
  • 31
    • 0035287423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in arginine metabolic enzymes in trauma
    • Bernard AC, Mistry SK, Morris SM Jr, et al. Alterations in arginine metabolic enzymes in trauma. Shock 2001; 15:215-219.
    • (2001) Shock , vol.15 , pp. 215-219
    • Bernard, A.C.1    Mistry, S.K.2    Morris Jr, S.M.3
  • 32
    • 0035118324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arginase I expression and activity in human mononuclear cells after injury
    • Ochoa JB, Bernard AC, O'Brien WE, et al. Arginase I expression and activity in human mononuclear cells after injury. Ann Surg 2001; 233:393-399.
    • (2001) Ann Surg , vol.233 , pp. 393-399
    • Ochoa, J.B.1    Bernard, A.C.2    O'Brien, W.E.3
  • 33
    • 0034773522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgery induces human mononuclear cell arginase I expression
    • Tsuei BJ, Bernard AC, Shane MD, et al. Surgery induces human mononuclear cell arginase I expression. J Trauma 2001; 51:497-502.
    • (2001) J Trauma , vol.51 , pp. 497-502
    • Tsuei, B.J.1    Bernard, A.C.2    Shane, M.D.3
  • 34
    • 33748861797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postsurgical infections are reduced with specialized nutrition support
    • Waitzberg DL, Saito H, Plank LD, et al. Postsurgical infections are reduced with specialized nutrition support. World J Surg 2006; 30:1592-1604.
    • (2006) World J Surg , vol.30 , pp. 1592-1604
    • Waitzberg, D.L.1    Saito, H.2    Plank, L.D.3
  • 35
    • 33644852813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arginine: Beyond protein
    • Morris SM Jr. Arginine: beyond protein. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:508S-512S.
    • (2006) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.83
    • Morris Jr., S.M.1
  • 36
    • 32944479666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma arginine correlations in trauma and sepsis
    • Chiarla C, Giovannini I, Siegel JH. Plasma arginine correlations in trauma and sepsis. Amino Acids 2006; 30:81-86.
    • (2006) Amino Acids , vol.30 , pp. 81-86
    • Chiarla, C.1    Giovannini, I.2    Siegel, J.H.3
  • 37
    • 0029945460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hypotensive effect of L-arginine is associated with increased expired nitric oxide in humans
    • Mehta S, Stewart DJ, Levy RD. The hypotensive effect of L-arginine is associated with increased expired nitric oxide in humans. Chest 1996; 109:1550-1555.
    • (1996) Chest , vol.109 , pp. 1550-1555
    • Mehta, S.1    Stewart, D.J.2    Levy, R.D.3
  • 38
    • 0036225035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential blood pressure effects of oral glucose and intravenous L-arginine in healthy lean normotensive and obese hypertensive subjects
    • Castejon AM, Hoffmann IS, Jimenez E, et al. Differential blood pressure effects of oral glucose and intravenous L-arginine in healthy lean normotensive and obese hypertensive subjects. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16 (Suppl 1):S133-S136.
    • (2002) J Hum Hypertens , vol.16 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Castejon, A.M.1    Hoffmann, I.S.2    Jimenez, E.3
  • 39
    • 0032868116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulating the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in septic shock: Choosing the proper point of attack
    • Fink MP. Modulating the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in septic shock: choosing the proper point of attack. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:2019-2022.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 2019-2022
    • Fink, M.P.1
  • 40
    • 0028297087 scopus 로고
    • Effects of L-arginine and L-nitroarginine treatment on blood pressure and cardiac output in a rabbit endotoxin shock model
    • Pastor C, Teisseire B, Vicaut E, Payen D. Effects of L-arginine and L-nitroarginine treatment on blood pressure and cardiac output in a rabbit endotoxin shock model. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:465-469.
    • (1994) Crit Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 465-469
    • Pastor, C.1    Teisseire, B.2    Vicaut, E.3    Payen, D.4
  • 41
    • 4444273012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 546C88: Effect on survival in patients with septic shock
    • Lopez A, Lorente JA, Steingrub J, et al. Multiple-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 546C88: effect on survival in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:21-30.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 21-30
    • Lopez, A.1    Lorente, J.A.2    Steingrub, J.3
  • 42
    • 0028722015 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of endothelium-dependent vasodilation by Escherichia coli endotoxemia
    • Parker JL, Myers PR, Zhong Q, et al. Inhibition of endothelium-dependent vasodilation by Escherichia coli endotoxemia. Shock 1994; 2:451-458.
    • (1994) Shock , vol.2 , pp. 451-458
    • Parker, J.L.1    Myers, P.R.2    Zhong, Q.3
  • 43
    • 0028962373 scopus 로고
    • Release of EDRF and NO in ex vivo perfused aorta: Inhibition by in vivo E. coli endotoxemia
    • Myers PR, Zhong Q, Jones JJ, et al. Release of EDRF and NO in ex vivo perfused aorta: inhibition by in vivo E. coli endotoxemia. Am J Physiol 1995; 268 (3 Pt 2):H955-H961.
    • (1995) Am J Physiol , vol.268 , Issue.3 PART 2
    • Myers, P.R.1    Zhong, Q.2    Jones, J.J.3
  • 44
    • 0037010370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitroglycerin in septic shock after intravascular volume resuscitation
    • Spronk PE, Ince C, Gardien MJ, et al. Nitroglycerin in septic shock after intravascular volume resuscitation. Lancet 2002; 360:1395-1396.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 1395-1396
    • Spronk, P.E.1    Ince, C.2    Gardien, M.J.3
  • 45
    • 33750237725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preclinical trial of L-arginine monotherapy alone or with N-acetylcysteine in septic shock
    • Kalil AC, Sevransky JE, Myers DE, et al. Preclinical trial of L-arginine monotherapy alone or with N-acetylcysteine in septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:2719-2728.
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 2719-2728
    • Kalil, A.C.1    Sevransky, J.E.2    Myers, D.E.3
  • 46
    • 46449123205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simopoulos AP. The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:674-688. Comprehensive review of historical and modern importance of ω-6:ω-3 fatty acid ratio in diet. Excellent discussion of role of excessive ω-6 intake and deficient ω-3 fat intake in industrialized world's diet leading to rapid increase in diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
    • Simopoulos AP. The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:674-688. Comprehensive review of historical and modern importance of ω-6:ω-3 fatty acid ratio in diet. Excellent discussion of role of excessive ω-6 intake and deficient ω-3 fat intake in industrialized world's diet leading to rapid increase in diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
  • 47
    • 54249108444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of an inflammation-modulating diet in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis of outcome data
    • This meta-analysis showed that ventilated patients with ALI/ARDS experienced significant reduction in mortality and improvements in oxygenation and clinical outcomes when fed diets enriched with EPA and γ-linolenic acid
    • Pontes-Arruda A, Demichele S, Seth A, Singer P. The use of an inflammation-modulating diet in patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis of outcome data. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008; 32:596-605. This meta-analysis showed that ventilated patients with ALI/ARDS experienced significant reduction in mortality and improvements in oxygenation and clinical outcomes when fed diets enriched with EPA and γ-linolenic acid.
    • (2008) JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr , vol.32 , pp. 596-605
    • Pontes-Arruda, A.1    Demichele, S.2    Seth, A.3    Singer, P.4
  • 48
    • 49749141035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Singer P, Shapiro H, Theilla M, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3 fatty acids in critical illness: novel mechanisms and an integrative perspective. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:1580-1592. This review discusses the specific effects of EPA/DHA (and molecules derived from them) on the immune system, the inflammatory response, and even vagal tone.
    • Singer P, Shapiro H, Theilla M, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3 fatty acids in critical illness: novel mechanisms and an integrative perspective. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:1580-1592. This review discusses the specific effects of EPA/DHA (and molecules derived from them) on the immune system, the inflammatory response, and even vagal tone.
  • 49
    • 34247580308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous fish oil blunts the physiological response to endotoxin in healthy subjects
    • This study showed that fish oil treatment could blunt the usual response to lipopolysaccharide in healthy individuals
    • Pluess TT, Hayoz D, Berger MM, et al. Intravenous fish oil blunts the physiological response to endotoxin in healthy subjects. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:789-797. This study showed that fish oil treatment could blunt the usual response to lipopolysaccharide in healthy individuals.
    • (2007) Intensive Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 789-797
    • Pluess, T.T.1    Hayoz, D.2    Berger, M.M.3
  • 50
    • 33947500462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolvins and protectins in the termination program of acute inflammation
    • This study reviews recent data on the role of resolvins and protectins (derived from EPA and DHA) in controlling the magnitude and duration of inflammation
    • Ariel A, Serhan CN. Resolvins and protectins in the termination program of acute inflammation. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:176-183. This study reviews recent data on the role of resolvins and protectins (derived from EPA and DHA) in controlling the magnitude and duration of inflammation.
    • (2007) Trends Immunol , vol.28 , pp. 176-183
    • Ariel, A.1    Serhan, C.N.2
  • 51
    • 0022833791 scopus 로고
    • The conversion of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid to prostanoids and leukotrienes in man
    • Weber PC, Fischer S, von Schacky C, et al. The conversion of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid to prostanoids and leukotrienes in man. Prog Lipid Res 1986; 25:273-276.
    • (1986) Prog Lipid Res , vol.25 , pp. 273-276
    • Weber, P.C.1    Fischer, S.2    von Schacky, C.3
  • 53
    • 0035139229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E on colonic mucosal leukotriene generation, lipid peroxidation, and microcirculation in rats with experimental colitis
    • Shimizu T, Igarashi J, Ohtuka Y, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E on colonic mucosal leukotriene generation, lipid peroxidation, and microcirculation in rats with experimental colitis. Digestion 2001; 63:49-54.
    • (2001) Digestion , vol.63 , pp. 49-54
    • Shimizu, T.1    Igarashi, J.2    Ohtuka, Y.3
  • 54
    • 0034076250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fish oil-supplemented parenteral diets normalize splanchnic blood flow and improve killing of translocated bacteria in a low-dose endotoxin rat model
    • Pscheidl E, Schywalsky M, Tschaikowsky K, Boke-Prols T. Fish oil-supplemented parenteral diets normalize splanchnic blood flow and improve killing of translocated bacteria in a low-dose endotoxin rat model. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1489-1496.
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 1489-1496
    • Pscheidl, E.1    Schywalsky, M.2    Tschaikowsky, K.3    Boke-Prols, T.4
  • 55
    • 34247363142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of reperfusion injury and microcirculatory failure in macrosteatotic mouse liver by omega-3 fatty acids
    • Mouse model of hepatic I/R injury showing v-3 fatty acid pretreatment can preserve microvascular flow following injury
    • El-Badry AM, Moritz W, Contaldo C, et al. Prevention of reperfusion injury and microcirculatory failure in macrosteatotic mouse liver by omega-3 fatty acids. Hepatology 2007; 45:855-863. Mouse model of hepatic I/R injury showing v-3 fatty acid pretreatment can preserve microvascular flow following injury.
    • (2007) Hepatology , vol.45 , pp. 855-863
    • El-Badry, A.M.1    Moritz, W.2    Contaldo, C.3
  • 56
    • 0030957384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microcirculation, vitamin E and omega 3 fatty acids: An overview
    • Bruckner G. Microcirculation, vitamin E and omega 3 fatty acids: an overview. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 415:195-208.
    • (1997) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.415 , pp. 195-208
    • Bruckner, G.1
  • 57
    • 33847302517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • REducing Deaths due to OXidative Stress (The REDOXS Study): Rationale and study design for a randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidant supplementation in critically-ill patients
    • Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Day AG, et al. REducing Deaths due to OXidative Stress (The REDOXS Study): rationale and study design for a randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidant supplementation in critically-ill patients. Proc Nutr Soc 2006; 65:250-263.
    • (2006) Proc Nutr Soc , vol.65 , pp. 250-263
    • Heyland, D.K.1    Dhaliwal, R.2    Day, A.G.3
  • 58
    • 34548168375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant therapy in critical care - is the microcirculation the primary target?
    • This review highlights the effects of supraphysiologic doses of vitamin C on nitric oxide bioavailability and the endothelium and microcirculation in sepsis
    • Biesalski HK, McGregor GP. Antioxidant therapy in critical care - is the microcirculation the primary target? Crit Care Med 2007; 35 (9 Suppl): S577-S583. This review highlights the effects of supraphysiologic doses of vitamin C on nitric oxide bioavailability and the endothelium and microcirculation in sepsis.
    • (2007) Crit Care Med , vol.35 , Issue.9 SUPPL.
    • Biesalski, H.K.1    McGregor, G.P.2
  • 59
    • 37349048328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microcirculation and oxidative stress
    • This review discusses the role that oxidative stress plays in inflammatory pathways and in the microcirculation in disease
    • Crimi E, Ignarro LJ, Napoli C. Microcirculation and oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:1364-1375. This review discusses the role that oxidative stress plays in inflammatory pathways and in the microcirculation in disease.
    • (2007) Free Radic Res , vol.41 , pp. 1364-1375
    • Crimi, E.1    Ignarro, L.J.2    Napoli, C.3
  • 60
    • 45749144330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of high-dose antioxidants on outcomes in acutely injured patients
    • This was a retrospective cohort study evaluating a 387-day high-dose antioxidant diet in acutely injured patients in over 384 000 patients. The high-dose antioxidant protocol resulted in a 328% relative risk reduction in mortality and decreased hospital and ICU length of stay
    • Collier BR, Giladi A, Dossett LA, et al. Impact of high-dose antioxidants on outcomes in acutely injured patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008; 32:384-388. This was a retrospective cohort study evaluating a 387-day high-dose antioxidant diet in acutely injured patients in over 384 000 patients. The high-dose antioxidant protocol resulted in a 328% relative risk reduction in mortality and decreased hospital and ICU length of stay.
    • (2008) JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr , vol.32 , pp. 384-388
    • Collier, B.R.1    Giladi, A.2    Dossett, L.A.3
  • 61
    • 0037297449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascorbic acid dynamics in the seriously ill and injured
    • Long CL, Maull KI, Krishnan RS, et al. Ascorbic acid dynamics in the seriously ill and injured. J Surg Res 2003; 109:144-148.
    • (2003) J Surg Res , vol.109 , pp. 144-148
    • Long, C.L.1    Maull, K.I.2    Krishnan, R.S.3
  • 62
    • 0032983447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant status in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Metnitz PG, Bartens C, Fischer M, et al. Antioxidant status in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25:180-185.
    • (1999) Intensive Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 180-185
    • Metnitz, P.G.1    Bartens, C.2    Fischer, M.3
  • 63
    • 0036895263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, prospective trial of antioxidant supplementation in critically ill surgical patients
    • Nathens AB, Neff MJ, Jurkovich GJ, et al. Randomized, prospective trial of antioxidant supplementation in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 2002; 236:814-822.
    • (2002) Ann Surg , vol.236 , pp. 814-822
    • Nathens, A.B.1    Neff, M.J.2    Jurkovich, G.J.3
  • 64
    • 9244219627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: Evidence for a recommended dietary allowance
    • Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:3704-3709.
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.93 , pp. 3704-3709
    • Levine, M.1    Conry-Cantilena, C.2    Wang, Y.3
  • 65
    • 0035676529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors
    • del Rincon ID, Williams K, Stern MP, et al. High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:2737-2745.
    • (2001) Arthritis Rheum , vol.44 , pp. 2737-2745
    • del Rincon, I.D.1    Williams, K.2    Stern, M.P.3
  • 66
    • 0030187648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers
    • Heitzer T, Just H, Munzel T. Antioxidant vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. Circulation 1996; 94:6-9.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 6-9
    • Heitzer, T.1    Just, H.2    Munzel, T.3
  • 67
    • 0035975943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin C inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis in congestive heart failure
    • Rossig L, Hoffmann J, Hugel B, et al. Vitamin C inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis in congestive heart failure. Circulation 2001; 104:2182-2187.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 2182-2187
    • Rossig, L.1    Hoffmann, J.2    Hugel, B.3
  • 68
    • 0034190373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does ascorbic acid prevent endothelial dysfunction?
    • May JM. How does ascorbic acid prevent endothelial dysfunction? Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28:1421-1429.
    • (2000) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.28 , pp. 1421-1429
    • May, J.M.1
  • 69
    • 0035120543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of vitamin C on the availability of tetrahydrobiopterin in human endothelial cells
    • Baker TA, Milstien S, Katusic ZS. Effect of vitamin C on the availability of tetrahydrobiopterin in human endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 37:333-338.
    • (2001) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.37 , pp. 333-338
    • Baker, T.A.1    Milstien, S.2    Katusic, Z.S.3
  • 70
    • 0034659168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of natural antioxidants in preserving the biological activity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide
    • Carr A, Frei B. The role of natural antioxidants in preserving the biological activity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28:1806-1814.
    • (2000) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.28 , pp. 1806-1814
    • Carr, A.1    Frei, B.2
  • 71
    • 0035104547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascorbate prevents microvascular dysfunction in the skeletal muscle of the septic rat
    • Armour J, Tyml K, Lidington D, Wilson JX. Ascorbate prevents microvascular dysfunction in the skeletal muscle of the septic rat. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90:795-803.
    • (2001) J Appl Physiol , vol.90 , pp. 795-803
    • Armour, J.1    Tyml, K.2    Lidington, D.3    Wilson, J.X.4
  • 72
    • 0037024337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascorbate inhibits iNOS expression in endotoxin- and IFN gamma-stimulated rat skeletal muscle endothelial cells
    • Wu F, Tyml K, Wilson JX. Ascorbate inhibits iNOS expression in endotoxin- and IFN gamma-stimulated rat skeletal muscle endothelial cells. FEBS Lett 2002; 520:122-126.
    • (2002) FEBS Lett , vol.520 , pp. 122-126
    • Wu, F.1    Tyml, K.2    Wilson, J.X.3
  • 73
    • 0038532323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recycling of vitamin C by a bystander effect
    • Nualart FJ, Rivas CI, Montecinos VP, et al. Recycling of vitamin C by a bystander effect. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:10128-10133.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 10128-10133
    • Nualart, F.J.1    Rivas, C.I.2    Montecinos, V.P.3
  • 74
    • 49949105606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Septic impairment of capillary blood flow requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase but not nitric oxide synthase and is rapidly reversed by ascorbate through an endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism
    • This study showed that ascorbate can reverse capillary blood flow impairment in septic skeletal muscle through an eNOS-dependent mechanism
    • Tyml K, Li F, Wilson JX. Septic impairment of capillary blood flow requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase but not nitric oxide synthase and is rapidly reversed by ascorbate through an endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mechanism. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:2355-2362. This study showed that ascorbate can reverse capillary blood flow impairment in septic skeletal muscle through an eNOS-dependent mechanism.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 2355-2362
    • Tyml, K.1    Li, F.2    Wilson, J.X.3
  • 75
    • 23844460546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed ascorbate bolus protects against maldistribution of microvascular blood flow in septic rat skeletal muscle
    • Tyml K, Li F, Wilson JX. Delayed ascorbate bolus protects against maldistribution of microvascular blood flow in septic rat skeletal muscle. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:1823-1828.
    • (2005) Crit Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 1823-1828
    • Tyml, K.1    Li, F.2    Wilson, J.X.3
  • 76
    • 33751505566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascorbate inhibits NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox expression in microvascular endothelial cells
    • This study used cells to show that ascorbate regulates NADPH oxidases in microvascular endothelial cells in a septic environment, thus blocking the production of reactive oxygen species that cause endothelial dysfunction
    • Wu F, Schuster DP, Tyml K, Wilson JX. Ascorbate inhibits NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox expression in microvascular endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:124-131. This study used cells to show that ascorbate regulates NADPH oxidases in microvascular endothelial cells in a septic environment, thus blocking the production of reactive oxygen species that cause endothelial dysfunction.
    • (2007) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.42 , pp. 124-131
    • Wu, F.1    Schuster, D.P.2    Tyml, K.3    Wilson, J.X.4
  • 77
    • 0034019327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of resuscitation fluid volumes in severely burned patients using ascorbic acid administration: A randomized, prospective study
    • Tanaka H, Matsuda T, Miyagantani Y, et al. Reduction of resuscitation fluid volumes in severely burned patients using ascorbic acid administration: a randomized, prospective study. Arch Surg 2000; 135:326-331.
    • (2000) Arch Surg , vol.135 , pp. 326-331
    • Tanaka, H.1    Matsuda, T.2    Miyagantani, Y.3
  • 78
    • 0034662094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of selenium to human health
    • Rayman MP. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 2000; 356:233-241.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 233-241
    • Rayman, M.P.1
  • 79
    • 49749091664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of selenium substitution on microcirculation and glutathione metabolism after warm liver ischemia/reperfusion in a rat model
    • This study used a rat model to show that selenium substitution could protect the animal from I/R injury by scavenging radicals and by preserving the liver's own antioxidative capacity
    • Zapletal C, Heyne S, Breitkreutz R, et al. The influence of selenium substitution on microcirculation and glutathione metabolism after warm liver ischemia/reperfusion in a rat model. Microvasc Res 2008; 76:104-109. This study used a rat model to show that selenium substitution could protect the animal from I/R injury by scavenging radicals and by preserving the liver's own antioxidative capacity.
    • (2008) Microvasc Res , vol.76 , pp. 104-109
    • Zapletal, C.1    Heyne, S.2    Breitkreutz, R.3
  • 80
    • 15844414176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selenium and endocrine systems
    • Beckett GJ, Arthur JR. Selenium and endocrine systems. J Endocrinol 2005; 184:455-465.
    • (2005) J Endocrinol , vol.184 , pp. 455-465
    • Beckett, G.J.1    Arthur, J.R.2
  • 81
    • 3042578593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dietary selenium on glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase activity and recovery from cardiac ischemia-reperfusion
    • Venardos K, Harrison G, Headrick J, Perkins A. Effects of dietary selenium on glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase activity and recovery from cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2004; 18:81-88.
    • (2004) J Trace Elem Med Biol , vol.18 , pp. 81-88
    • Venardos, K.1    Harrison, G.2    Headrick, J.3    Perkins, A.4
  • 82
    • 35148823272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High selenium diet protects against TNBS-induced acute inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and secondary necrosis in rat colon
    • Rodent model of colitis showing selenium therapy can preserve cellular and mitochondrial function following inflammatory injury
    • Tirosh O, Levy E, Reifen R. High selenium diet protects against TNBS-induced acute inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and secondary necrosis in rat colon. Nutrition 2007; 23:878-886. Rodent model of colitis showing selenium therapy can preserve cellular and mitochondrial function following inflammatory injury
    • (2007) Nutrition , vol.23 , pp. 878-886
    • Tirosh, O.1    Levy, E.2    Reifen, R.3
  • 83
    • 33845954738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selenium in Intensive Care (SIC): Results of a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-center study in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock
    • This randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of 249 patients with severe SIRS, sepsis, and septic shock determined that treating these patients with selenium reduced mortality rate
    • Angstwurm MW, Engelmann L, Zimmermann T, et al. Selenium in Intensive Care (SIC): results of a prospective randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple-center study in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:118-126. This randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of 249 patients with severe SIRS, sepsis, and septic shock determined that treating these patients with selenium reduced mortality rate.
    • (2007) Crit Care Med , vol.35 , pp. 118-126
    • Angstwurm, M.W.1    Engelmann, L.2    Zimmermann, T.3
  • 84
    • 50049099344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heyland DK, Jones N, Cvijanovich NZ, Wong H. Zinc supplementation in critically ill patients: a key pharmaconutrient? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008; 32:509-519. This study discusses the role of zinc supplementation as a therapeutic agent in the critically ill and conducts a systematic review of the current randomized trials related to zinc in critical care. It concludes that zinc supplementation is associated with only a nonsignificant reduction in mortality and length of stay. The study also calls for more trials to determine the correct dose of zinc and to elucidate its efficacy in the critically ill.
    • Heyland DK, Jones N, Cvijanovich NZ, Wong H. Zinc supplementation in critically ill patients: a key pharmaconutrient? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008; 32:509-519. This study discusses the role of zinc supplementation as a therapeutic agent in the critically ill and conducts a systematic review of the current randomized trials related to zinc in critical care. It concludes that zinc supplementation is associated with only a nonsignificant reduction in mortality and length of stay. The study also calls for more trials to determine the correct dose of zinc and to elucidate its efficacy in the critically ill.
  • 85
    • 0038670762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular zinc and redox states converge in the metallothionein/thionein pair
    • Maret W. Cellular zinc and redox states converge in the metallothionein/thionein pair. J Nutr 2003; 133 (5 Suppl 1):1460S-1462S.
    • (2003) J Nutr , vol.133 , Issue.5 SUPPL. 1
    • Maret, W.1
  • 86
    • 0038720319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zinc deficiency induces oxidative DNA damage and increases p53 expression in human lung fibroblasts
    • Ho E, Courtemanche C, Ames BN. Zinc deficiency induces oxidative DNA damage and increases p53 expression in human lung fibroblasts. J Nutr 2003; 133:2543-2548.
    • (2003) J Nutr , vol.133 , pp. 2543-2548
    • Ho, E.1    Courtemanche, C.2    Ames, B.N.3
  • 88
    • 18744376312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-6 regulates the zinc transporter Zip14 in liver and contributes to the hypozincemia of the acute-phase response
    • Liuzzi JP, Lichten LA, Rivera S, et al. Interleukin-6 regulates the zinc transporter Zip14 in liver and contributes to the hypozincemia of the acute-phase response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:6843-6848.
    • (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.102 , pp. 6843-6848
    • Liuzzi, J.P.1    Lichten, L.A.2    Rivera, S.3
  • 89
    • 0031945836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zinc, insulin and diabetes
    • Chausmer AB. Zinc, insulin and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17:109-115.
    • (1998) J Am Coll Nutr , vol.17 , pp. 109-115
    • Chausmer, A.B.1
  • 90
    • 3142705632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reprogramming of the immune system during zinc deficiency
    • Fraker PJ, King LE. Reprogramming of the immune system during zinc deficiency. Annu Rev Nutr 2004; 24:277-298.
    • (2004) Annu Rev Nutr , vol.24 , pp. 277-298
    • Fraker, P.J.1    King, L.E.2
  • 91
    • 0037656519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trace elements and host defense: Recent advances and continuing challenges
    • Failla ML. Trace elements and host defense: recent advances and continuing challenges. J Nutr 2003; 133 (5 Suppl 1):1443S-1447S.
    • (2003) J Nutr , vol.133 , Issue.5 SUPPL. 1
    • Failla, M.L.1
  • 92
    • 34247895448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zinc: Mechanisms of host defense
    • Prasad AS. Zinc: mechanisms of host defense. J Nutr 2007; 137:1345-1349.
    • (2007) J Nutr , vol.137 , pp. 1345-1349
    • Prasad, A.S.1
  • 93
    • 0036250243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis plays a distinct role in the loss of precursor lymphocytes during zinc deficiency in mice
    • King LE, Osati-Ashtiani F, Fraker PJ. Apoptosis plays a distinct role in the loss of precursor lymphocytes during zinc deficiency in mice. J Nutr 2002; 132: 974-979.
    • (2002) J Nutr , vol.132 , pp. 974-979
    • King, L.E.1    Osati-Ashtiani, F.2    Fraker, P.J.3
  • 94
    • 46949096196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting oxidative stress in surgery: Effects of ageing and therapy
    • This study is a review of results pertaining to targeted oxidative therapies and their effect on recovery from cardiac surgery. It also includes physical and mental therapies in cardiac surgery patients
    • Pepe S, Leong JY, Merwe JV, et al. Targeting oxidative stress in surgery: effects of ageing and therapy. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:653-657. This study is a review of results pertaining to targeted oxidative therapies and their effect on recovery from cardiac surgery. It also includes physical and mental therapies in cardiac surgery patients.
    • (2008) Exp Gerontol , vol.43 , pp. 653-657
    • Pepe, S.1    Leong, J.Y.2    Merwe, J.V.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.