Chapter 13 Endogenous Cannabinoids and Neutrophil Chemotaxis

Vitamins and Hormones

Volumn 81, Issue C, 2009, Pages 337-365

  McHugh, Douglas ^a   Ross, Ruth A ^b  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR; ENDOCANNABINOID;

ANIMAL; CELL MOTION; CHEMISTRY; CYTOSKELETON; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETICS; HUMAN; NEUTROPHIL; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ACTINS; ANIMALS; CELL MOVEMENT; CHEMOTAXIS, LEUKOCYTE; CYTOSKELETON; ENDOCANNABINOIDS; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; NEUTROPHILS; RECEPTOR CROSS-TALK; RECEPTORS, CANNABINOID; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 67651183650     PISSN: 00836729     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0083-6729(09)81013-3     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Ainsworth T.M., Lynam E.B., and Sklar L.A. Neutrophil function in inflammation and infection. In: Sirica A.E. (Ed). Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis (1996), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 37-55
2. Akinshola B.E., Chakrabarti A., and Onaivi E.S. In-vitro and in-vivo action of cannabinoids. Neurochem. Res. 24 10 (1999) 233-240
3. Akinshola B.E., Taylor R.E., Ogunseitan A.B., and Onaivi E.S. Anandamide inhibition of recombinant AMPA receptor subunits in Xenopus oocytes is increased by forskolin and 8-bromo-cyclic AMP. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 360 3 (1999) 242-248
4. Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., and Walter P. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edn. (2002), Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, New York 908 pp. 908, 931, 973-975
5. Ali H., Tomhave E.D., Richardson R.M., Haribabu B., and Snyderman R. Thrombin primes responsiveness of selective chemoattractant receptors at a site distal to G protein activation. J. Biol. Chem. 271 6 (1996) 3200-3206
6. Antony V.B., Sahn S.A., Antony A.C., and Repine J.E. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-stimulated neutrophils release chemotaxis for monocytes in rabbit pleural spaces and in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 76 4 (1985) 1514-1521
7. Arai H., Tsou C.-L., and Charo I.F. Chemotaxis in a lymphocyte cell line transfected with C-C chemokine receptor 2B: Evidence that directed migration is mediated by betagamma dimers released by activation of G(alphai)-coupled receptors. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 94 26 (1997) 14495-14499
8. Armstrong R.A. Investigation of the inhibitory effects of PGE2 and selective EP agonists on chemotaxis of human neutrophils. Br. J. Pharmacol. 116 7 (1995) 2903-2908
9. Baker D., Pryce G., Davies W.L., and Hiley R. In silico patent searching reveals a new cannabinoid receptor. Trends Pharamacol. Sci. 27 (2006) 1-4
10. Barann M., Molderings G., Bruss M., Bonisch H., Urban B.W., and Gothert M. Direct inhibition by cannabinoids of human 5-HT3A receptors: Probable involvement of an allosteric modulatory site. Br. J. Pharmacol. 137 5 (2002) 589-596
11. Begg M., Pacher P., Batkai S., Osei-Hyiaman D., Offertaler L., Fong M.M., Liu J., and Kunos G. Evidence for novel cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacol. Ther. 106 2 (2005) 133-145
12. Bennett G., al-Rashed S., Hoult J.R.S., and Brain S.D. Nerve growth factor induced hyperalgesia in the rat hind paw is dependent on circulating neutrophils. Pain 77 3 (1998) 315-322
13. Bisogno T., Hanus L., De Petrocellis L., Tchilibon S., Ponde D.E., Brandi I., Moriello A.S., Davis J.B., Mechoulam R., and Di Marzo V. Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: Effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide. Br. J. Pharmacol. 134 4 (2001) 845-852
14. Bokoch G.M. Regulation of innate immunity by Rho GTPases. Trends Cell Biol. 15 (2005) 163-171
15. Bouaboula M., Rinaldi M., Carayon P., Carillon C., Delpech B., Shire D., Le Fur G., and Casellas P. Cannabinoid-receptor expression in human leukocytes. Eur. J. Biochem. 214 1 (1993) 173-180
16. Bouaboula M., Dussossoy D., and Casellas P. Regulation of peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2 phosphorylation by the inverse agonist SR144528. Implications for receptor biological responses. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 20397-20405
17. Breivogel C.S., Sim L.J., and Childers S.R. Regional differences in cannabinoid receptor/G-protein coupling in rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282 3 (1997) 1632-1642
18. Brown A.J., and Wise A. Glaxosmithkline, Identification of modulators of GPR55 activity (2001) International Patent #: WO0186305
19. Brown A.J., Ueno S., Suen K., Dowell S.J., and Wise A. Molecular idenfication of GPR55 as a third G protein-coupled receptor responsive to cannabinoid ligands. Symp. Cannabinoids, Int. Cannabinoid Res. Soc., Burlington, VermontAbstract (2005) 16
20. Buhl A.M., Johnson N.L., Dhanasekaran N., and Johnson G.L. Galpha12 and Galpha13 stimulate Rho-dependent stress fiber formation and focal adhesion assembly. J. Biol. Chem. 270 42 (1995) 24631-24634
21. 2+-induced relaxation in CB1 receptor-deficient mice. Hypertension 39 2 (2002) 251-257
22. Campbell J.J., Foxman E.F., and Butcher E.C. Chemoattractant receptor cross talk as a regulatory mechanism in leukocyte adhesion and migration. Eur. J. Immunol. 27 10 (1997) 2571-2578
23. Christopoulos A., and Kenakin T. G protein-coupled receptor allosterism and complexing. Pharmacol. Rev. 54 2 (2002) 323-374
24. Christopoulos A., and Wilson K. Interaction of anandamide with the M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Brain Res. 915 1 (2001) 70-78
25. Cross A., Bakstad D., Allen J.C., Thomas L., Moots R.J., and Edwards S.W. Neutrophil gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis. Pathophysiology 12 3 (2005) 191-202
26. De la Fuente M., Carrasco M., Del Rio M., and Hernanz A. Modulation of murine lymphocyte functions by sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide. Neuropeptides 32 3 (1998) 225-233
27. Derocq J.-M., Jbilo O., Bouaboula M., Segui M., Clere C., and Casellas P. Genomic and functional changes induced by the activation of the peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2 in the promyelocytic cells HL-60. Possible involvement of the CB2 receptor in cell differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 275 21 (2000) 15621-15628
28. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Neuroimmunol. 141 1-2 (2003) 99-103
29. Devane W.A. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 252 (1992) 1946-1949
30. Didsbury J.R., Uhing R.J., Tomhave E., Gerard C., Gerard N., and Snyderman R. Receptor class desensitization of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 24 (1991) 11564-11568
31. Di Marzo V., Bisogono T., and De Petrocellis L. Endocannabinoids: New targets for drug development. Curr. Pharm. Des. 6 (2000) 1361-1380
32. Dong X., Mo Z., Bokoch G., Guo C., Li Z., and Wu D. P-Rex1 is a primary Rac2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor in mouse neutrophils. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 1874-1879
33. Drmota T., et al. AstraZenica, "Screening assays for cannabinoid-ligand type modulators of GPR55 (2004) International Patent #: WO2004074844
34. Ellerbroek S.M., Wennerberg K., and Burridge K. Serine phosphorylation negatively regulates RhoA in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 278 21 (2003) 19023-19031
35. Entschladen F., Drell IV T.L., Palm D., Bastian P., Potthoff S., Zanker K.S., and Lang K. A comparative review on leukocyte and tumor cell migration with regard to the regulation by serpentine receptor ligands. Signal Transduct. 5 1-2 (2005) 9-18
36. Fezza F., Bisogno T., Minassi A., Appendino G., Mechoulam R., and Di Marzo V. Noladin ether, a putative novel endocannabinoid: Inactivation mechanisms and a sensitive method for its quantification in rat tissues. FEBS Lett. 513 2-3 (2002) 294-298
37. Franklin A., and Stella N. Arachidonylcyclopropylamide increases microglial cell migration through cannabinoid CB2 and abnormal-cannabidiol-sensitive receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 474 2-3 (2003) 195-198
38. Franklin A., Parmentier-Batteur S., Walter L., Greenberg D.A., and Stella N. Palmitoylethanolamide increases after focal cerebral ischemia and potentiates microglial cell motility. J. Neurosci. 23 21 (2003) 7767-7775
39. Galiégue S., Mary S., Marchand J., Dussossoy D., Carriere D., Carayon P., Bouaboula M., Shire D., Le Fur G., and Casellas P. Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations. Eur. J. Biochem. 232 1 (1995) 54-61
40. Gallagher R., Collins S., Trujillo J., McCredie K., Ahearn M., Tsai S., Metzgar R., Aulakh G., Ting R., Ruscetti F., and Gallo R. Characterization of the continuous, differentiating myeloid cell line (HL-60) from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 54 3 (1979) 713-733
41. Garrido E., Delgado M., Martinez C., Gomariz R.P., and De la Fuente M. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP38) modulates lymphocyte and macrophage functions: Stimulation of adherence and opposite effect on mobility. Neuropeptides 30 6 (1996) 583-595
42. Gillitzer R., and Goebeler M. Chemokines in cutaneous wound healing. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69 4 (2001) 513-521
43. Gomes I., Gupta J.A., Trapaidze N., Nagy V., and Devi L.A. Heterodimerization of μ and δ opioid receptors: A role in opiate synergy. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) RC110
44. Grimm M.C., Ben-Baruch A., Taub D.D., Howard O.M.Z., Resau J.H., Wang J.M., Ali H., Richardson R., Snyderman R., and Oppenheim J.J. Opiates transdeactivate chemokine receptors: Delta and mu opiate receptor-mediated heterologous desensitization. J. Exp. Med. 188 2 (1998) 317-325
45. Grimsey N.L., Goodfellow C.E., Scotter E.L., Dowie M.J., Glass M., and Graham E.S. Specific detection of CB1 receptors: Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antibodies are not all created equal. J. Neurosci. Methods 171 (2008) 78-86
46. Hanus L., Gopher A., Almog S., and Mechoulam R. 2-Arachidonoyl glyceryl ether, an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (1993) 3032-3034
47. Harvath L., Robbins J.D., Russell A.A., and Seamon K.B. cAMP and human neutrophil chemotaxis. Elevation of cAMP differentially affects chemotactic responsiveness. J. Immunol. 146 1 (1991) 224-232
48. Heiner I., Eisfeld J., and Luckhoff A. Role and regulation of TRP channels in neutrophil granulocytes. Cell Calcium 33 (2003) 533
49. 2+ signaling. 18th Ann. Symp. ICRS (2008) 14 Abstract
50. Hiley C.R., and Kaup S.S. GPR55 and the vascular receptors for cannabinoids. Br. J. Pharmacol. 152 (2007) 559-561
51. Ho W.-S.V., and Hiley C.R. Vasodilator actions of abnormal-cannabidiol in rat isolated small mesenteric artery. Br. J. Pharmacol. 138 7 (2003) 1320-1332
52. Howlett A.C., Barth F., Bonner T.I., Cabral G., Casellas P., Devane W.A., Felder C.C., Herkenham M., Mackie K., Martin B.R., Mechoulam R., and Pertwee R.G. International union of pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 54 2 (2002) 161-202
53. Hurley J.V. Acute Inflammation. 2nd ed (1983), Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh
54. Hwang J.-I., Fraser I.D.C., Choi S., Qin X.-F., and Simon M.I. Analysis of C5a-mediated chemotaxis by lentiviral delivery of small interfering RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 2 (2004) 488-493
55. Imhof B.A., and Dunon D. Basic mechanism of leukocyte migration. Hormone Metab. Res. 29 12 (1997) 614-621
56. Jarái Z., Wagner J.A., Varga K., Lake K.D., Compton D.R., Martin B.R., Zimmer A.M., Bonner T.I., Buckley N.E., Mezey E., Razdan R.K., Zimmer A., et al. Cannabinoid-induced mesenteric vasodilation through an endothelial site distinct from CB1 or CB2 receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 24 (1999) 14136-14141
57. Jockusch B.M., Bubeck P., Giehl K., Kroemker M., Moschner J., Rothkegel M., Rudiger M., Schluter K., Stanke G., and Winkler J. The molecular architecture of focal adhesions. Ann. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 11 (1995) 379-416
58. Johns D.G., Behm D.J., Walker D.A., Ao Z., Shapland E.M., Daniels D.A., Riddick M., Dowell S., Staton P.C., and Green P. The novel endocannabinoid receptor GPR55 is activated by atypical cannabinoids but does not mediate their vasodilator effects. Br. J. Pharmacol. 152 (2007) 825-831
59. Joseph J., Niggemann B., Zaenker K.S., and Entschladen F. The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid is an inhibitory regulator for the migration of SW 480 colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 62 22 (2002) 6467-6469
60. Joseph J., Niggemann B., Zaenker K.S., and Entschladen F. Anandamide is an endogenous inhibitor for the migration of tumor cells and T lymphocytes. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 53 8 (2004) 723-728
61. Kaminski N.E., Abood M.E., Kessler F.K., Martin B.R., and Schatz A.R. Identification of a functionally relevant cannabinoid receptor on mouse spleen cells that is involved in cannabinoid-mediated immune modulation. Mol. Pharmacol. 42 5 (1992) 736-742
62. Kane S. Caring for women with inflammatory bowel disease. JGSM 4 1 (2001) 54-59
63. Kayali A.G., Van Gunst K., Campbell I.L., Stotland A., Kritzik M., Liu G., Flodstrom-Tullberg M., Zhang Y.-Q., and Sarvetnick N. The stromal cell-derived factor-1a/CXCR4 ligand-receptor axis is critical for progenitor survival and migration in the pancreas. J. Cell Biol. 163 4 (2003) 859-869
64. Kishimoto S., Gokoh M., Oka S., Muramatsu M., Kajiwara T., Waku K., and Sugiura T. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol induces the migration of HL-60 cells differentiated into macrophage-like cells and human peripheral blood monocytes through the cannabinoid CB2 receptor-dependent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 278 27 (2003) 24469-24475
65. Kishimoto S., Muramatsu M., Gokoh M., Oka S., Waku K., and Sugiura T. Endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand induces the migration of human natural killer cells. J. Biochem. 137 2 (2005) 217-223
66. Kozasa T., Jiang X., Hart M.J., Sternweis P.M., Singer W.D., Gilman A.G., Bollag G., and Sternweis P.C. p115 RhoGEF, a GTPase activating protein for Galpha12 and Galpha13. Science 280 5372 (1998) 2109-2111
67. Kucharzik T., and Williams I.R. Neutrophil migration across the intestinal epithelial barrier-Summary of in vitro data and description of a new transgenic mouse model with doxycycline-inducible interleukin-8 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Pathobiology 70 3 (2003) 143-149
68. Kunos G., Jarai Z., Batkai S., Goparaju S.K., Ishac E.J.N., Liu J., Wang L., and Wagner J.A. Endocannabinoids as cardiovascular modulators. Chem. Phys. Lipids 108 1-2 (2000) 159-168
69. Kurihara R., Tohyama Y., Matsusaka S., Naruse H., Kinoshita E., Tsujioka T., Katsumata Y., and Hirohei Y. Effects of peripheral cannabinoid receptor ligands on motility and polarization in neutrophil-like HL60 cells and human neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 12908-12918
70. Kwiatkowski A.V., Gertler F.B., and Loureiro J.J. Function and regulation of Ena/VASP proteins. Trends Cell Biol. 13 7 (2003) 386-392
71. Lee N.H., and El-Fakahany E.E. Allosteric antagonists of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Biochem. Pharmacol. 42 2 (1991) 199-205
72. Levine J., and Taiwo Y. Inflammatory pain. In: Wall P.D., and Melzack R. (Eds). Textbook of Pain. 3rd ed (1994), Churchill Livingston, London
73. Levine J.D., Lau W., Kwiat G., and Goetzl E.J. Leukotriene B4 produces hyperalgesia that is dependent on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Science 225 4663 (1984) 743-745
74. Levine J.D., Gooding J., and Donatoni P. The role of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte in hyperalgesia. J. Neurosci. 5 11 (1985) 3025-3029
75. Levine J.D., Lam D., and Taiwo Y.O. Hyperalgesic properties of 15-lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 14 (1986) 5331-5334
76. Lodish H., Berk A., Baltimore D., and Darnell J. Molecular Cell Biology (2000) W. H. Freeman & Co Ltd., New York
77. Lu Q., Straiker A., Lu Q., and Maguire G. Expression of CB2 cannabinoid receptor mRNA in adult rat retina. Visual Neurosci. 17 1 (2000) 91-95
78. Lunn C.A., Fine J.S., Rojas-Triana A., Jackson J.V., Fan X.D., Kung T.T., Gonsiorek W., Schwarz M.A., Lavey B., and Kozlowski J.A. A novel cannabinoid peripheral cannabinoid receptor-selective inverse agonist blocks leukocyte recruitment in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 316 (2006) 780-788
79. Luo B., Prescott S.M., and Topham M.K. Protein kinase Ca phosphorylates and negatively regulates diacylglycerol kinase zeta. J. Biol. Chem. 278 41 (2003) 39542-39547
80. Luttrel L.M., Ferguson S.S.G., Daaka Y., Miller W.E., Maudsley S., Della Rocca G.J., Lin F.-T., Kawakatsu H., Owada K., Luttrell D.K., Caron M.G., and Lefkowitz R.J. Beta-arrestin-dependent formation of Beta2 adrenergic receptor-Src protein kinase complexes. Science 283 5402 (1999) 655-661
81. Mackie K., and Stella N. Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids: Evidence for new players. AAPS J. 8 (2006) E298-E306
82. Mackie K., Devane W.A., and Hille B. Anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid, inhibits calcium currents as a partial agonist in N18 neuroblastoma cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 44 3 (1993) 498-503
83. MacLennan S.J., Reynen P.H., Kwan J., and Bonhaus D.W. Evidence for inverse agonism of SR141716A at human recombinant cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 124 4 (1998) 619-622
84. Massi P., Patrini G., Rubino T., Fuzio D., and Parolaro D. Changes in rat spleen cannabinoid receptors after chronic CP-55,940: An autoradiographic study. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 58 1 (1997) 73-78
85. Masur K., Niggemann B., Zanker K.S., and Entschladen F. Norepinephrine-induced migration of SW 480 colon carcinoma cells is inhibited by beta-blockers. Cancer Res. 61 7 (2001) 2866-2869
86. Matsuda L.A., Lolait S.J., Brownstein M.J., Young A.C., and Bonner T.I. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature 346 6284 (1990) 561-564
87. 2. Mol. Pharmacol. 73 2 (2008) 441-450
88. Mechoulam R., Ben-Shabata S., Hanua L., Ligumskya M., Kaminskib N.E., Schatzd A.R., Gopherc A., Almogc S., Martind B.R., Comptond D.R., Pertwee R.G., Griffine G., et al. Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 50 (1995) 83-90
89. 2 receptor-mediated migration of immune cells: It can go either way. Br. J. Pharmacol. 153 (2008) 299-308
90. Milman G., Maor Y., Abu-Lafi S., Horowitz M., Gallily R., Batkai S., Mo F.-M., Offertaler L., Pacher P., and Kunos G. N-arachidonoyl-L-serine, an endogenous endocannabinoid-like brain constituent with vasodilatory properties. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 2428-2433
91. Mitsui H., Takuwa N., Kurokawa K., Exton J.H., and Takuwa Y. Dependence of activated Galpha12-induced G1 to S phase cell cyclin progression on both Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase and Ras/Rac1/Jun N-terminal kinase cascades in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 272 8 (1997) 4904-4910
92. Mo F.M., Offertaler L., and Kunos G. Atypical cannabinoid stimulates endothelial cell migration via a G i/Go-coupled receptor distinct from CB1, CB2 or EDG-1. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 489 1-2 (2004) 21-27
93. Moser B., and Ebert L. Lymphocyte traffic control by chemokines: Follicular B helper T cells. Immunol. Lett. 85 2 (2003) 105-112
94. Movat H.Z. The Inflammatory Reaction. (1985), Elsevier, Amsterdam
95. Munro S., Thomas K.L., and Abu-Shaar M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365 6441 (1993) 61-65
96. Narumiya S. The small GTPase Rho: Cellular functions and signal transduction. J. Biochem. 120 2 (1996) 215-228
97. Nathan C. Neutrophils and immunity: Challenges and opportunities. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6 (2006) 173-182
98. Neer E.J. Heterotrimeric G proteins: Organizers of transmembrane signals. Cell 80 2 (1995) 249-257
99. Neptune E.R., and Bourne H.R. Receptors induce chemotaxis by releasing the betagamma subunit of G(i), not by activating G(q) or G(s). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 26 (1997) 14489-14494
100. Nilsson O., Fowler C.J., and Jacobsson S.O. The cannabinoid agonist WIN 55, 212-2 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced neutrophil transmigration across ECV304 cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 547 (2006) 165-173
101. Offertáler L., Mo F.-M., Batkai S., Liu J., Begg M., Razdan R.K., Martin B.R., Bukoski R.D., and Kunos G. Selective ligands and cellular effectors of a G protein-coupled endothelial cannabinoid receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 63 3 (2003) 699-705
102. Oka S., Ikeda S., Kishimoto S., Gokoh M., Yanagimoto S., Waku K., and Sugiura T. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand, induces the migration of EoL-1 human eosinophilic leukemia cells and human peripheral blood eosinophils. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76 5 (2004) 1002-1009
103. Oka S., Nakajima K., Yamashita A., Kishimoto S., and Sugiura T. Identification of GPR55 as a lysophosphatidylinositol receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 362 (2007) 928-934
104. Okamoto H., Takuwa N., Yokomizo T., Sugimoto N., Sakurada S., Shigematsu H., and Takuwa Y. Inhibitory regulation of Rac activation, membrane ruffling, and cell migration by the G protein-coupled sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor EDG5 but not EDG1 or EDG3. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 24 (2000) 9247-9261
105. O'Sullivan S.E., Kendall D.A., and Randall M.D. Characterisation of the vasorelaxant properties of the novel endocannabinoid N-arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA). Br. J. Pharmacol. 141 (2006) 803-812
106. Pereira H.A., Shafer W.M., Pohl J., Martin L.E., and Spitznagel J.K. CAP37, a human neutrophil-derived chemotactic factor with monocyte specific activity. J. Clin. Invest. 85 5 (1990) 1468-1476
107. Pertwee R.G. Pharmacology of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Pharmacol. Ther. 74 2 (1997) 129-180
108. Pertwee R.G. Cannabinoid receptors and pain. Prog. Neurobiol. 63 5 (2001) 569-611
109. Pertwee R.G. Novel pharmacological targets for cannabinoids. Curr. Neuropharmacol 2 1 (2004) 9-29
110. Pertwee G.R. The therapeutic potential of drugs that target cannabinoid receptors or modulate the tissue levels or actions of endocannabinoids. AAPS J. 7 3 (2005) E625-E654
111. Pertwee R.G. GPR55: A new member of the cannabinoid clan?. Br. J. Pharmacol. 152 (2007) 984-986
112. Pertwee R.G., and Ross R.A. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 66 2-3 (2002) 101-121
113. Petitet F., Jeantaud B., Reibaud M., Imperato A., and Dubroeucq M. Complex pharmacology of natural cannabinoids: Evidence for partial agonist activity of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and antagonist activity of cannabidiol on rat brain cannabinoid receptors. Life Sci. 63 1 (1998) P1-P6
114. Pierce K.L., Premont R.T., and Lefkowitz R.J. Seven-transmembrane receptors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3 9 (2002) 639-650
115. Porter A.C., Sauer J.-M., Knierman M.D., Becker G.W., Berna M.J., Bao J., Nomikos G.G., Carter P., Bymaster F.P., Leese A.B., and Felder C.C. Characterization of a novel endocannabinoid, virodhamine, with antagonist activity at the CB1 receptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 301 3 (2002) 1020-1024
116. Rahaman M., Costello R.W., Belmonte K.E., Gendy S., and Walsh M. Neutrophil sphingosine-1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid receptors in pneumonia. AJRCMB 34 (2006) 233-241
117. Riento K., and Ridley A.J. Rocks: Multifunctional kinases in cell behaviour. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4 6 (2003) 446-456
118. Rinaldi-Carmona M., Barth F., Millan J., Derocq J.-M., Casellas P., Congy C., Oustric D., Sarran M., Bouaboula M., Calandra B., Portier M., Shire D., et al. SR 144528, the first potent and selective antagonist of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 284 2 (1998) 644-650
119. Ross R.A., Brockie H.C., Stevenson L.A., Murphy V.L., Templeton F., Makriyannis A., and Pertwee R.G. Agonist-inverse agonist characterization at CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors of L759633, L759656 and AM630. Br. J. Pharmacol. 126 3 (1999) 665-672
120. Ross R.A., Gibson T.M., Brockie H.C., Leslie M., Pashmi G., Craib S.J., Di Marzo V., and Pertwee R.G. Structure-activity relationship for the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, and certain of its analogues at vanilloid receptors in transfected cells and vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol. 132 3 (2001) 631-640
121. Ryberg E., Larsson N., Sjorgen S., Hjorth S., Hermansson N.-O., Leonova J., Elebring T., Nilsson K., Drmota T., and Greasley P. The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 152 (2007) 1092-1101
122. Sacerdote P., Massi P., Panerai A.E., and Parolaro D. In vivo and in vitro treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid CP55,940 decreases the in vitro migration of macrophages in the rat: Involvement of both CB1 and CB2 receptors. J. Neuroimmunol 109 2 (2000) 155-163
123. Sagi S.A., Seasholtz T.M., Kobiashvili M., Wilson B.A., Toksoz D., and Brown J.H. Physical and functional interactions of Gaq with Rho and its exchange factors. J. Biol. Chem. 276 18 (2001) 15445-15452
124. Sallusto F., Schaerli P., Loetscher P., Schaniel C., Lenig D., Mackay C.R., Qin S., and Lanzavecchia A. Rapid and coordinated switch in chemokine receptor expression during dendritic cell maturation. Eur. J. Immunol. 28 9 (1998) 2760-2769
125. Sánchez-Madrid F., and Del Pozo M.A. Leukocyte polarization in cell migration and immune interactions. EMBO J. 18 (1999) 501-511
126. Sawzdargo M., Nguyen T., Lee D.K., Lynch K.R., Cheng R., Heng H.H.Q., George S.R., and O'Dowd B.F. Identification and cloning of three novel human G protein-coupled receptor genes GPR52, PsiGPR53 and GPR55: GPR55 is extensively expressed in human brain. Mol. Brain Res. 64 2 (1999) 193-198
127. Schuligoi R. Effect of colchicine on nerve growth factor-Induced leukocyte accumulation and thermal hyperalgesia in the rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 358 2 (1998) 264-269
128. Senior R.M., Griffin G.L., and Huang J.S. Chemotactic activity of platelet alpha granule proteins for fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol. 96 2 (1983) 382-385
129. Showalter V.M., Compton D.R., Martin B.R., and Abood M.E. Evaluation of binding in a transfected cell line expressing a peripheral cannabinoid receptor (CB2): Identification of cannabinoid receptor subtype selective ligands. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 278 3 (1996) 989-999
130. Smart D., Gunthorpe M.J., Jerman J.C., Nasir S., Gray J., Muir A.I., Chambers J.K., Randall A.D., and Davis J.B. The endogenous lipid anandamide is a full agonist at the human vanilloid receptor (hVR1). Br. J. Pharmacol. 129 2 (2000) 227-230
131. Snyderman R., and Uhing R.J. Chemoattractant stimulus-response coupling. In: Gallin J.I., Goldstein I.M., and Snyderman R. (Eds). Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. 2nd ed. (1992), Raven Press Ltd., New York 421-439
132. 2+ sensitivity of smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin II: Modulated by G proteins, kinases, and myosin phosphatase. Physiol. Rev. 83 4 (2003) 1325-1358
133. Song Z.-H., and Zhong M. CB1 cannabinoid receptor-mediated cell migration. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 294 1 (2000) 204-209
134. Stevens A., and Lowe J.S. Human Histology. 2nd ed. (1996), Mosby, London
135. Sugiura T., Kondo S., Sukagawa A., Nakane S., Shinoda A., Itoh K., Yamashita A., and Waku K. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: A possible endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand in brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 215 1 (1995) 89-97
136. Sugiura T., Kondo S., Kishimoto S., Miyashita T., Nakane S., Kodaka T., Suhara Y., Takayama H., and Waku K. Evidence that 2-arachidonoylglycerol but not N-palmitoylethanolamine or anandamide is the physiological ligand for the cannabinoid CB2 receptor. Comparison of the agonistic activities of various cannabinoid receptor ligands in HL-60 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275 1 (2000) 605-612
137. Territo M.C., Ganz T., Selsted M.E., and Lehrer R. Monocyte-chemotactic activity of defensins from human neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 84 6 (1989) 2017-2020
138. Thiele J., Varus E., Wickenhauser C., Kvasnicka H.M., Metz K.A., and Beelen D.W. Regeneration of heart muscle tissue: Quantification of chimeric cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells following transplantation. Histol. Histopathol. 19 1 (2004) 201-209
139. Vaccani A., Massi P., Colombo A., Rubino T., and Parolaro D. Cannabidiol inhibits human glioma cell migration through a cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanism. Br. J. Pharmacol. 144 8 (2005) 1032-1036
140. Van Haastert P.J.M., and Devreotes P.N. Chemotaxis: Signalling the way forward. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5 (2004) 626-634
141. Wagner J.A., Varga K., Jarai Z., and Kunos G. Mesenteric vasodilation mediated by endothelial anandamide receptors. Hypertension 33 Part II (1999) 429-434
142. Walker J.M., Krey J.F., Chu C.J., and Huang S.M. Endocannabinoids and related fatty acid derivatives in pain modulation. Chem. Phys. Lipids 121 1-2 (2002) 159-172
143. Walter L., Franklin A., Witting A., Wade C., Xie Y., Kunos G., Mackie K., and Stella N. Nonpsychotropic cannabinoid receptors regulate microglial cell migration. J. Neurosci. 23 4 (2003) 1398-1405
144. Ward P.A. Neutrophils and adjuvant arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 107 2 (1997) 225-226
145. Wenzel-Seifert K., Hurt C.M., and Seifert R. High constitutive activity of the human formyl peptide receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 273 37 (1998) 24181-24189
146. Whyte L., Ryberg E., Ridge S., Mackie K., Greasley P., Rogers M.J., and Ross R. GPR55 is involved in the regulation of Osteoclast activity in vitro and bone mass in vivo. 18th Ann. Symp. ICRSAbstract (2008) 50
147. Wiley J.L., and Martin B.R. Cannabinoid pharmacology: Implications for additional cannabinoid receptor subtypes. Chem. Phys. Lipids 121 1-2 (2002) 57-63
148. Wright C.D., Kuipers P.J., Kobylarz-Singer D., Devall L.J., Klinkefus B.A., and Weishaar R.E. Differential inhibition of human neutrophil functions: Role of cyclic AMP-specific, cyclic GMP-insensitive phosphodiesterases. Biochem. Pharmacol. 40 4 (1990) 699-707
149. Wysocka J., Turowski D., Lipska A., and Milkolajczyk-Kwapisz M. Participation of neutrophils in pathophysiology of unstable angina pectoris. Pol. Merkur. Lekarski. 3 15 (1997) 145-148
150. Xu J., Wang F., Van Keymeulen A., Herzmark P., Straight A., Kelly K., Takuwa Y., Sugimoto N., Mitchison T., and Bourne H.R. Divergent signals and cytoskeletal assemblies regulate self-organizing polarity in neutrophils. Cell 114 (2003) 201-214
151. Yokomizo T., Masuda K., Kato K., Toda A., Izumi T., and Shimizu T. Leukotriene B4 receptor: Cloning and intracellular signaling. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161 2 II (2000) S51-S55
152. Zhang X.F., Wang J.F., Maor Y., Kunos G., and Groopman J.E. Endogenous cannabinoid-like arachidonoyl serine induces angiogensis through novel pathways (Abstract). Blood 106 (2005) 3690
153. Ziegler W.H., Tigges U., Zieseniss A., and Jockusch B.M. A lipid-regulated docking site on vinculin for protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 277 9 (2002) 7396-7404
154. Zygmunt P.M., Petersson J., Andersson D.A., Chuang H., Sorgard M., Di Marzo V., Julius D., and Hogestatt E.D. Vanilloid receptors on sensory nerves mediate the vasodilator action of anandamide. Nature 400 6743 (1999) 452-457
155. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol activate capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves via a CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanism. J. Neurosci. 22 11 (2002) 4720-4727