Beta-lactams and beta-lactamase-inhibitors in current-or potential-clinical practice: A comprehensive update

Critical Reviews in Microbiology

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 81-108

  Shahid, M ^a   Sobia, F ^a   Singh, A ^a   Malik, A ^a   Khan, H M ^a   Jonas, D ^b   Hawkey, P M ^c,d  

^a ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS BIRMINGHAM NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

lactamase inhibitors; Carbapenems; Cephalosporins; Newer ta; lactams; Penicillins; Resistance

Indexed keywords

3 [5 [4 (1 AMINO 2 CARBAMOYLETHYL)PHENYL] 3 PYRROLIDINYLTHIO] 6 (1 HYDROXYETHYL) 4 METHYL 7 OXO 1 AZABICYCLO[3.2.0]HEPT 2 ENE 2 CARBOXYLIC ACID; 6 (1 HYDROXYETHYL) 4 METHYL 3 [5 (4 METHYLAMINOMETHYLPHENYL) 3 PYRROLIDINYLTHIO] 7 OXO 1 AZABICYCLO[3.2.0]HEPT 2 ENE 2 CARBOXYLIC ACID; 6 (1 METHYL 1,2,3 TRIAZOL 4 YLMETHYLENE)PENEM 3 CARBOXYLIC ACID; 7 [[(2 AMINO 5 CHLORO 4 THIAZOLYL)(HYDROXYIMINO)ACETYL]AMINO] 3 [[3 [[(2 AMINOETHYL)THIO]METHYL] 4 PYRIDINYL]THIO] 8 OXO 5 THIA 1 AZABICYCLO[4.2.0]OCT 2 ENE 2 CARBOXYLIC ACID; 7BETA [2 (5 AMINO 1,2,4 THIADIAZOL 3 YL) 2 ETHOXYIMINOACETAMIDO] 3 [(1 METHYLAMINOPROPYL 1H IMIDAZO[4,5 B]PYRIDINIUM 4 YL)METHYL] 3 CEPHEM 4 CARBOXYLIC ACID; AZTREONAM; BETA LACTAM; BETA LACTAMASE INHIBITOR; BMS 247243; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CEFALOTIN; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTAROLINE FOSAMIL; CEFTOBIPROLE; CEFTRIAXONE; CEPHALOSPORIN C; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CEPHAMYCIN; CLAVULANIC ACID; CLOXACILLIN; DORIPENEM; E 1010; ERTAPENEM; FROPENEM; IMIPENEM; LENAPENEM; ME 1036; MEROPENEM; METICILLIN; NXL 104; OXACILLIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PENICILLIN G; PENICILLIN V; SM 197436; SM 232721; SM 232724; SMP 601; TAZOBACTAM; TEBIPENEM; TOMOPENEM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; BETA LACTAMASE; ENZYME INHIBITOR;

CLINICAL PRACTICE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BINDING; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG HYDROLYSIS; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STABILITY; DRUG SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYDROLYSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ACINETOBACTER; BACTERIAL INFECTION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ENZYMOLOGY;

ACINETOBACTER; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE;

ACINETOBACTER; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BETA-LACTAMASES; BETA-LACTAMS; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HUMANS;

EID: 67651180741     PISSN: 1040841X     EISSN: 15497828     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408410902733979     Document Type: Review

References (187)

1. Abeles, R H, & Maycock, A L 1976, Suicide enzyme inactivators Acct Chem Res 9, pp 313-319
2. Abraham, E P 1962, Te cephalosporins Pharmacol Rev 14, pp 473-500
3. Abraham, E P 1987, Cephalosporins 1945-1986 Drugs 34 Suppl,:2, pp 1-14
4. Arakawa, S, Kamidono, S, & Inamatsu T 1997, Clinical studies of S-4661, new parenteral carbapenem antibiotic, in complicated urinary tract infections 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
5. Baraniak, A, Fiett, J, Hryniewicz, W, Nordman, P, & Gniadkowski, M 2002, Ceftazidime-hydrolyzing CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase ESBL, in Poland J Antimicrob Chemother 50, pp 393-396
6. Batchelor, F R, Doyle, F P, Nayler, J H, & Rolinson, G N 1959, Synthesis of penicillins: 6-aminopenicillanic acid in penicillin fermentations Nature 183, pp 257-258
7. Bayles, K W 2000, Te bactericidal action of penicillin: new clues to an unsolved mystery Trends Microbiol pp 81274-81278
8. Bogdanovich, T L, Ednie, M, Shapiro, S, & Appelbaum, P C 2005, Anti-staphylococcal activity of ceftobiprole, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49, pp 4210-4219
9. Bonnefoy, A, Hamelin, C D, Steier, V, Delachaume, C, Seys, C, Stachyra, T, Fairley, M, Guitton, M, & Lampilas, M 2004, In vitro activity of AVE-1330A, an innovative broad-Spectrum non B-lactam pj-lactamases inhibitor J Antimicrob Chemother 54, pp 410-417
10. Bouchillon, S K, Hackel, M A, Johnson, J L, Poupard, J A, & Pace, J L 2007, Te carbapenem PZ-601 SMP-601, has potent in vitro Gram-positive, Gram-negative and anaerobic bacterial activity 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
11. Bowker, K E, Noel, A R, & Macgowan, A P 2007, In vitro potency of BAL30376 against Gram-Negative Bacilli GNB, 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
12. Bradford, P A, Bratu, S, Urban, C, Visalli, M, Mariano, N, Landman, D, Rahal, J J, Brooks, S, Cebular, S, & Quale, J 2004, Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella species possessing the class A carbapenem-hydrolyzing KPC-2 and inhibitor-resistant TEM-30 beta-lactamases in New York city Clin Infect Dis 34, pp 55-60
13. Bratu, S, Landman, D, Haag, R, Recco, R, Eramo, A, Alam, M, & Quale, J 2005, Rapid spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York city: a new threat to our antibiotic armamentarium Arch Int Med 165, pp 1430-1435
14. Brown, A G, Butterworth, D, Cole, M, Hanscomb, G, Hood, J D, Reading, C, & Rolinson, G N 1976, Naturally occurring B-lactamase inhibitors with antibacterial activity J Antibiot 29, pp 668-669
15. Bush, K 2001, New B-lactamases in gram-negative bacteria: diversity and impact on the selection of antimicrobial therapy Clin Infect Dis 32, pp 1085-1089
16. Bush, K, Jacoby, G A, & Medeiros, A A 1995, A functional classifcation scheme for B-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39, pp 1211-1233
17. Bush, K, Macalintal, C, Rasmussen, B A, Lee, V J, & Yang, Y 1993, Kinetic interactions of tazobactam with beta-lactamases from all major structural classes Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37, pp 851-858
18. Butaye, P, Cloeckaert, A, & Schwartz, S 2003, Mobile genes coding for efux-mediated antimicrobial resistance in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Int J Antimicrob Agents 22, pp 205-210
19. Buynak, J D, Kalp, M, Bethel, C R, Carey, P R, & Bonomo, R A 2007, SA-1-204, a novel 6-alkylidiene penam sulfone B-lactamase inhibitor efective against Escherichia coli expressing SHV pj-lactamases 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
20. Cartwright, S J, & Coulson, A F W 1979, A semisynthetic penicillinase inactivator Nature London, 278, pp 577-609
21. Castanheira, M, Toleman, M A, Jones, R N, Schmidt, F J, & Walsh, TR2004, Molecular characterization of a B-lactamase gene, blaGIM-1, encoding a new subclass of metallo-B-lactamase Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48, pp 4654-4661
22. Chain, E, Florey, H W, Gardner, A D, Heatly, N G, Jennings, M A, & Orr-Ewing, J 1940, Penicillin as chemotherapeutic agent Lancetti 226-228
23. Chamberlandt, B J, Hoang, M, Dinh, C, Cotter, D, Bond, E, Gannon, C, Park, C, Malouin, F, & Dudley, M N 2001, In vitro activities of RWJ-54428 C-02, 479, against multi-resistant Gram-positive bacteria Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, pp 1422-1430
24. Charnas, R L, Fisher, J, & Knowles, R J 1978, Chemical studies on the inactivation of E coli RTEM B-lactamase by clavulanic acid Biochemistry 3, pp 341-382
25. Christensen, B G, Salton M R J, & Shockman, G D ed, 1981, Structure-activity relationship in B-lactam antibiotics/}-lactam Antibiotics: Mode of action, New Developments, and future prospects pp 101-102 Academic press, New York
26. Claridge, C A, Gourevitch, A, & Lein, J 1960, Bacterial penicillin ami-dase Nature 187, pp 237-238
27. Critchley, I A, Karlowsky, J A, Draghi, D C, Jones, M E, Tornsberry, C, Murftt, K, & Sahm, D F 2002, Activities of Faropenem, an oral pj-lactam, against recent US isolate of S pneumoniae, H infuenzae and M catarrhalis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46, pp 550-555
28. Curran, M P, Simpson, D, Perry, C M 2003, Ertapenem, A review of its use in the management of bacterial infections Drugs 63, pp 1855-1878
29. Danel, F, Hall, L M, Duke, B, Gur, D, & Livermore, D M 1999, OXA-17, a further extended-spectrum variant of OXA-10 beta-lactamase, isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43, pp 1362-1366
30. Danel, F, Hall, L M, Gur, D, & Livermore, D M 1998, OXA-16, a further extended-spectrum variant of OXA-10 beta-lactamase, from two Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42, pp 3117-3122
31. Davies, B, & Morris, T 1993, Physiological parameters in laboratory animals and humans Pharm Res 10, pp 1093-1095
32. Davies, T A, Shang, W, & Bush, K 2006, Activities of ceftobiprole and other B-lactams against Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates from the united status with defned substitutions in penicillin-binding proteins PBP1a, PBP2b and PBP2x Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50, pp 2530-2532
33. Decousser, J W, Poirel, L, Nordman, P 2001, Characterization of a chromosomally encoded extended-spectrum class A beta-lactamase from Kluyvera cryocrescens Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, pp 3595-3598
34. Di Conza, J, Ayala, J A, Power, P, Mollerach, M, & Gutkind, G 2002, Novel class 1 integron InS21, carrying blaCTXM2 in Salmonella enterica serovar infantis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46, pp 2257-2261
35. Dias, M B S, Jacobus, N V & Tally, F P 1986, In vitro activity of cef-operazone-sulbactam against Bacteroides species J Antimicrob Chemother 18, pp 467-471
36. Docquier, J D, Riccio, M L, Mugnaioli, C, Luzzaro, F, Endimiani, A, Toniolo, A, Amicosante, G, & Rossolini, G M 2003, IMP-12, a new plasmid encoded metallo-B-lactamase from a Pseudomonas putida clinical isolate Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47, pp 1522-1528
37. Donowitz, G R, & Mandell, G L 1988, Beta-Lactam antibiotics N Engl J Med 318, pp 419-426
38. Du Bois, S K, Marriott, M S, & Amyes, S G B 1995, TEM-and SHV-derived extended spectrum B-lactamases: relationship between selection, structure and function J Antimicrob Chemother 35, pp 7-22
39. Dudley, M N, Malouin, F, Blais, J, Chamberland, S, Hoang, M, Park, C, Chan, C, Mathias, K, Hakem, S, Dupree, K, Liu, E, & Nguyen T 2003, RWJ-54428 MC-02,479, a new cephalosporin with high afnity for penicillin-binding proteins, including PBP 2a, and stability to staphylococcal Beta-lactamases Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47, pp 658-664
40. Durkin, J P, & Viswanatha, T 1978, Clavulanic acid inhibition of B-lactamase I from Bacillus cereus 596/H J Antibiot 31, pp 1162-1169
41. El Kharroubi, A, Jacques, P, Piras, G, Van Beeumen, J, Coyette, J, & Ghuysen, J M 1991, Te Enterococcus hirae R-40 penicillin-binding protein 5 and the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus penicillin binding protein 2' are similar J Biochem 280, pp 463-469
42. Eliopoulos, G M, Klimm, K, Ferraro, M J, Jacoby, G A, & Moellering, R C 1989, Comparative in vitro activity of piperacillin combined with B-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam YTR 830, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 12, pp 482-488
43. Fantin, B, Pangon, B, Potel, G, Caron, F, Vallee, E, Vallois, J M, Mohler, J, Brure, A, Phillipon, A, & Carbon, C 1990, Activity of sulbactam in combination with ceftriaxone in vitro and in vivo experimental endocarditis caused by E coli producing SHV-2 like fj-lactamase Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34, pp 581-586
44. Fisher, J, Charnas, R L, & Knowles, J R 1978, Kinetic studies on the inactivation of E coli RTEM fj-lactamase by clavulanic acid Biochemistry 17, pp 2180-2184 (Pubitemid 8341143)
45. Fleming, A 1929, On the antibacterial action of cultures of Penicillium with special reference to their use in the isolation of B infuenzae British J Exp pathol 10, pp 226-239
46. Flynn, E H 1972, Cephalosporins and penicillins: chemistry and Biology Academic press, Inc, New York
47. Frere, J M 1995, Beta lactamases and bacterial resistance to antibiotics J Mol Microbiol 16, pp 385-395
48. Fuchs, P C, Barry, A L, & Brown, S D 2001, In vitro activities of ertap-enem MK-0826, against clinical bacterial isolates from 11 North American Medical Centres Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, pp 1915-1918
49. Fujimoto, K, & Kanazawa, K 2007, In vitro activity of SMP-601SMP;PZ-601, in combination with other antimicrobial agents against Burkholderia cepacia Bc, and Serratia marc-escens Sm, 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
50. Fujimura, T, Yamano, Y, Yoshida, I, Shimada, J, & Kuwahara, S 2003, In vitro activity of S-3578, a new broad spectrum Cephalosporin active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococci Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47, pp 923-931
51. Fung-Tomc, J C, Clark, J, Minassian, B, Pucci, M, Tsai, Y H, Gradelski, E, Lamb, L, Medina, I, Huczko, E, Kolek, B, Chaniewski, S, Ferraro, C, Washo, T, & Bonner, D P 2002, In vitro and in vivo activities of a novel Cephalosporin, BMS-247243, against Methicillin-resistant and-susceptible Staphylococci Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46, pp 971-976
52. Gaucher, B, Dantier, C, Desarbre, E, & Page, M G P 2007, Novel mono-and bicyclic monobactams as potent inhibitors of class C pj-lactamases 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
53. Geraci, J E, Hofmeister, R T, Nichols, D R, & Needham, G M 1962, Preliminary clinical and laboratory experiences with a new oral penicillin: 5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl penicillin Proceedings of staf Meetings 181, pp 739-744
54. Ghuysen, J M 1991, Serine beta-lactamases and penicillin-binding proteins Annual Rev Microbiol 45, pp 37-67
55. Giakkoupi, P, Xanthaki, A, Kanelopoulou, M, Vlahaki, A, Miriagou, V, Kontou, S, Papafraggas, E, Malamou-Lada, H, Tzouvelekis, L S, Legakis, N J, & Vatopoulos, A C 2003, VIM-1 metallo-fj-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in Greek hospitals J Clin Microbiol 41, pp 3893-3896
56. Hanaki, H, Konodo, N, & Inaba, Y 1996, In vitro activity of S-4661, a new 1 b-methyl carbapenem, against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
57. Hanson, N D 2003, AmpC fj-lactamases: what do we need to know for the future J Antimicrob Chemother 52, pp 2-4
58. Hartman, B J, & Tomasz, A 1984, Low afnity penicillin binding protein associated with beta-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus J Bacteriol 158, pp 513-516
59. Hashizume, T, Nagano, R, Shibata, K, Adachi, Y, Imamura, H, & Morishima, H 2000, In vitro activities of Novel trans-3,5-disub-stituted pyrrolidinylthio-Ifj-methyl Carbapenems with potent activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antimicrob Agents chemother 44, pp 489-495
60. Hawkey, P M 2008, Molecular epidemiology of clinically signif-cant antibiotic resistance genes British J Pharmacol 153, pp 406S-413S
61. Hebeisen, P, Heinze-Krauss, I, Angehrn, P, Hohl, P, Page, M G, & Ten, R L 2001, In vitro and in vivo properties of RO 63-9141, a novel broad-spectrum Cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococci Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, pp 825-836
62. Hecker, S J, Glinka, T W, Cho, A, Zhang, Z J, Price, M E, Chamberland, S, Grifth, D, & Lee, V J 2000, Discovery of RWJ-54428 MC-02,479, A new cephalosporin active against resistant Gram-positive bacteria J Antibiot 53, pp 1272-1281
63. Heritage, J, M' Zali F H, Gascoyne-Binzi, D, & Hawkey, P M 1999, Evolution and spread of SHV extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria J Antimicrob Chemother 44, pp 309-318
64. Hikida, M, Itahashi, K, Igarashi, A, Shiba, T, & Kitamura, M 1999, In vitro antibacterial activity of LJC-11,036, an active metabolite of L-084, a new oral Carbapenem antibiotic with potent anti-pneumococcal activity Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43, pp 2010-2016
65. Hirai, Y, Osaki, Y, Morinaka, A, Yamada, K, Yoshida, T, & Yonezawa, M 2007, Potent antibacterial activity of ME1036 against E faecalis, E coli, and H infuenzae due to its high afnity to PBPs 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
66. Hoellman, D B, Kelly, L M, & Credito, K 2003, In vitro anti-anaerobic activity of ertapenem MK-0826, a long acting carbapenem, tested against selected resistant strains J Antimicrob Chemother 46, pp 220-224
67. Hori, S, Sato, J, & Kawamura, M 1997, S-4661, a new carbapenem, has weak convulsant activity A comparative study on convulsant activity of carbapenems and cephalosporins 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
68. Huang, H T, English, A R, Seto, T A, Shull, G M, & Sobin, B A 1960, Enzymatic hydrolysis of the side chain of penicillins J American chemical society 82, pp 3790-3791
69. Hujer, A M, Desabre, E, Endimiani, A, Paterson, D L, Page, M G P, & Bonomo, R A 2007, Activity of BAL30376 against Multidrug Resistant MDR, Klebsiella and Acinetobacter spp 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
70. Humeniuk, C, Alert, G, Gautier, V, Grimont, P, Labia, R, & Phillipon, A 2002, Beta-lactamases of Kluyvera ascorbata, probable progenitor of some plasmid encoded CTX-M types Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46, pp 3045-3049
71. Iizawa, Y, Nagai, J, Ishikawa, T, Hashiguchi, S, Nakao, M, Miyake, A, & Okonogi, K 2004, In vitro antimicrobial activity of T-91825, a novel anti-MRSA cephalosporin, and in vivo anti-MRSA activity of its prodrug, TAK-599 J Infect Chemother 10, pp 146-156
72. Imtiaz, U, Billings, E M, Knox, J R, & Mobashery, S 1994, A structure-based analysis of the inhibition of class A Tr-lactamases by sulbactam Biochemistry 33, pp 5728-5738
73. Inoue, M, & Mitsuhashi, S 1996, Antibacterial activity of new carbapenem S-4661 and stability to beta-lactamase 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
74. Iyobe, S, Kusadokoro, H, Ozaki, J, Matsumura, N, Minami, S, Haruta, S, Sawai, T, & Hara, K O 2000, Amino acid substitutions in a variant of IMP-1 metallo-fj-lactamase Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44, pp 2023-2027
75. Jacoby, G A, & Medieros, A A 1991, More extended Spectrum -lactamases J Antimicrob Chemother 35, pp 1697-1704
76. Jacqueline, C, Caillon, J, Le Mabecque, V, Miegeville, A F, Hamel, A, Bugnon, D, Ge, J Y, & Potel, G 2007, In vivo efcacy of ceftaroline PPI-0903, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, against methi-cillin-resitant and vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus: comparison with linezolid and vancomycin in a rabbit endocarditis model Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51, pp 3397-3400
77. Jamieson, C E, Lambert, P A, & Simpson, I N 2003, In vitro and in vivo activities of AM-112, a novel oxapenem Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47, pp 1652-1657
78. Jevons, M P 1961, 'Celbenin'-resistant Staphylococci Br Med J 1, pp 124-125
79. Jo, J T H, Brinkman, F S L, & Hancock, R E W 2003, Aminoglycoside efux in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: involvement of novel outer membrane proteins Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47, pp 1101-1111
80. Jones, R N 2001, In vitro evaluation of ertapenem MK-0826, a long acting carbapenem, tested against selected resistant strains J Antimicrob Chemother 13, pp 363-376
81. Jones, R N, Deshpande, L M, Mutnik, A H, & Biedenbach, D J 2002, In vitro evaluation of BAL 9141, a novel parenteral cephalosporin active against oxacillin-resistant Staphylococci J Antimicrob Chemother 50, pp 915-932
82. Kanazawa, K, Takemoto, K, Fujimoto, K, & Eguchi, K 2007, In vitro antimicrobial activity of SMP-601SMP; PZ-601, a novel anti MRSA carbapenem, against resent Gram-Negative GN, clinical isolates in Japan 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
83. Karchmer, A W Mandell, G L, Douglas, R, & Bennett's, J E eds, 2000, Cephalosporins Principles and practice of Infectious diseases pp 274-291 Churchill Livingstone, Inc, Philadelphia
84. Kaufmann, W, & Bauer, K 1960, Enymatische spaltung und resyn-these von Penicillin Naturwissenchaften 47, pp 474-475
85. Kelly, J A, Moews, P C, Knox, J R, Frere, J M, Ghuysen, J M 1982, Penicillin target enzyme and the antibiotic binding site Science 218, pp 479-481
86. Kobayashi, Y, Kizaki, M, & Mutou, A 1997, Synergy with S-4661 and Vancomycin or teicoplanin against imipenem-resistant MRSA identifed by the PCR method 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
87. Koga, T, Abe, T, Inoue, H, Takenouchi, T, Kitayama, A, Yoshida, T, Masuda, N, Sugihara, C, Kakuto, M, Nakagawa, M, Shibaya, T, Matsushita, Y, Hirota, T, Ohya, S, Utsui, Y, Fukuoka, T, & Kuwahara, S 2005, In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of CS-023 RO4908463, a novel parenteral Carbapenem Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49, pp 3239-3250
88. Koh, T H, Sng, L H, Babini, G S, Woodford, N, Livermore, D M, & Hall, L M Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Singapore producing IMP-1 fj-lactamase and lacking an outer membrane protein Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, pp 1939-1940
89. Kohler, J, Dorso, K L, & Young, K 1999, In vitro activities of the potent, broad-spectrum carbapenem MK-0826 L-749,345, against broad-spectrum fj-lactamase-and extended-spectrum pj-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and E coli clinical isolates Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43, pp 1170-1176
90. Kresken, M, Brauers, J, & Prezelj, A 2007, In vitro activity of LK-157, a novel tricyclic carbapenemfj-lactamase inhibitor 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
91. Kuck, N K, Jacobus, N V, Petersen, P J, Weiss, W J, & Testa, R T 1989, Comparative in vitro and in vivo activities of piperacillin combined with the fj-lactamase inhibitors tazobactam, clavulanic acid, and sulbactam Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33, pp 1964-1969
92. Kurazono, M, Ida, T, Yamada, K, Hirai, Y, Maruyama, T, Shitara, E, & Yonezawa, M 2004, In vitro activities of ME1036 CP5609, a novel parenteral Carbapenem, against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48, pp 2831-2837
93. Kurazono, M, Ida, T, Yamada, K, Hirai, Y, Maruyama, T, Shitara, E, & Yonezawa, M 2004, In vitro activities of ME1036 CP5609, a novel parenteral carbapenem, against methicillin-resistant staphylococci Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48, pp 2831-2837
94. Kuwamoto, I, Shimoji, Y, Kanno, O, Kojima, K, Ishkawa, K, Matsuyama, E, Ashida, Y, Shibayama, T, Fukuoka, T, & Ohya, S 2003, Synthesis and structure activity relationships of novel parenteral Carbapenem, CS-023 R-115685, and related compound containing an amidine moiety J Antibiot 56, pp 565-579
95. Kuzin, A P, Nukaga, M, Nukaga, Y, Hujer, A M, Bonomo, R A, & Knox, J R 1999, Structure of the SHV-1 beta-lactamase Biochemistry 38, pp 5720-5727
96. Kuzin, A P, Nukaga, M, Nukaga, Y, Hujer, A, Bonomo, R A, & Knox, J R 2001, Inhibition of the SHV-1 beta-Lactamase by Sulfones: Crystallographic Observation of Two Reaction Intermediates with Tazobactam Biochemistry 40, pp 1861-1866
97. Lambert, P A, Jamieson, C E, & Simpsom, J N 2003, In vitro activities of novel oxapenem, alone and in combination with ceftazidime, against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organism Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47, pp 2615-2618
98. Lauretti, L, Riccio, M L, Mazzariol, A, Cornaglia, G, Amicosante, G, Fontana, R, & Rossolini, G M 1999, Cloning and characterization of blaVIM, a new integron-borne metallo-fj-lactamase gene from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43, pp 1584-1590
99. Lee, K, Yum, J H, Yong, D, Lee, H M, Kim, H D, Docquier, J D, Rossolini, G M, & Chong, Y 2005, Novel acquired metallo-beta-lactamase gene, blaSIM-1, in a class 1 integron from Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from Korea Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49, pp 4485-4491
100. Li, J T, Moosdeen, F, & Marriner, J M 1981, Augmentin Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid, therapy in complicated infections due to pj-lactamase producing bacteria J Antimicrob Chemother 7, pp 229-236
101. Lister, P D, Prevan, A M, & Sanders, C C 1997, Importance of pj-lactamase inhibitor pharmacokinetics and the pharmacody-anamics of inhibitor-drug combinations: studies with piperacil-lin-tazobactam and piperacillin-sulbactam Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41, pp 721-727
102. Livermore, D M 1995, ß-lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance Clin Microbiol Rev 8, pp 557-584
103. Livermore, D M 1998, fj-lactamase-mediated resistance and opportunities for its control J Antimicrob Chemother 41, suppl D, pp 25-41
104. Livermore, D M, & Woodford, N 2006, Te fj-lactamase threat in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter Trends Microbiol 14, pp 413-420
105. Livermore, D M, Sefton A M, & Scott, G M 2003, Properties and potential of ertapenem J Antimicrob Chemother 52, pp 331-344
106. Livermore, D M, Carter, M W, & Bagel, S 2001, In vitro activities of ertapenem MK-0826, against recent clinical bacteria collected in Europe and Australia Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, pp 1860-1867
107. Lovering, A, Danel, F, Page, M G P, & Strynadka, N I 2006, Mechanism of action of ceftobiprole: structural basis for anti-MRSA activity 16th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Nice, France
108. Mahapatra, A, Samal, B, & Pattnaik, D 2003, Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of non-fermentive bacteria Indian J Pathol Microbiol 46 3, pp 526-527
109. Mandell, G L, Petri, W A Hardman, J G, Limbird, L E, Molinof, P B, Ruddon, R W, & Gilman, A G eds, 1996, Antimicrobial agents: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and other fj-lactam antibiotics Te pharmacological basis of therapeutics pp 1073-1101 McGraw Hill
110. Massidda, O, Rossolini, G M, & Satta, G 1991, Te Aeromonas hydrophila cphA gene: molecular heterogeneity among class B metallo-fj-lactamases J Bacteriol 173, pp 4611-4617
111. Mendes, R E, Castanheira, M, Garcia, P, Guzman, M, Toleman, M A, Walsh, T R, & Jones, R N 2004, First isolation of blaVIM-in Latin America: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48, pp 1433-1434
112. Miossec, C, Poirel, L, Livermore, D, Stachyra, T, Nordmann, P, Black, M, & Levasseur, P 2007, In vitro activity of the new pj-lactamase inhibitor NXL104: restoration of ceftazidime CAZ, efcacy against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
113. Miwa, H, Matsuda, H, & Shimada, J 1996, Efect of S-4661, a new Carbapenem antibiotic on endotoxin release from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
114. Miyazaki, S, Hosoyama, T, Furuya, N, Ishii, Y, Matsumoto, T, Ohno, A, Tateda, K, & Yamaguchi, K 2001, In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of L-084, a novel oral Carbapenem, against causative organism of respiratory tract infection Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, pp 203-207
115. Moland, E S, Hong, S G, Tomson, K S, Larone, D H, & Hanson, N D 2007, Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate producing at least eight diferent fj-lactamases, including AmpC and KPC fj-lactamases Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51, pp 800-801
116. Mori, M, Hikida, M, & Nishihara, T 1996, Comparative stability of car-bapenem and penem antibiotics to human recombinant dehy-dropeptidase-1 J Antimicrob Chemother 37, pp 1034-1036
117. Morinaka, A, Osaki, Y, Fukushima, T, Mikuniya, T, Yoshida, T, & Yonezawa, M 2007, CP3242, a novel metallo-fj-lactamase inhibitor: inhibitory mechanism and in vitro activity 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
118. Mushtaq, S, Warner, M, Ge, Y, Kaniga, K, & Livermore, D M 2007, In vitro activity of ceftaroline PPI-0903M, T-91825, against bacteria with defned resistance mechanisms and phenotypes J Antimicrob Chemother 60, pp 300-311
119. Mushtaq, S, Warner, M, Miossec, C, Woodford, N, & Livermore, D 2007, NXL104/cephalosporin combinations vs Enterobacteriaceae with CTX-M ESBLs 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
120. Muto, Y, Matsumoto, K, Morinaka, A, Baba, N, Takayama, Y, Osaki, Y, Kato, Y, Sugano, T, Yamada, K, Shimizu, A, Mikuniya, T, Takata, H, Yoshida, T, & Yonezawa, M 2007, CP3242, a novel metallo-pj-lactamase inhibitor: Pharmacokinetics and in vivo pharmacodynamic activities against metallo-fj-lactamase-producing P aeruginosa in a murine thigh infection model 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
121. Nakagawa, S, Hashizume, T, Matsuda, K, Sanada, M, Okamoto, O, Fukatsu, H, & Tanaka, N 1993, In vitro activity of a new carbapenem antibiotic, BO-2727, with potent anti-pseudomo-nal activity Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37, pp 2756-2759
122. Nakashima, M, Kato, T, & Kimura, Y 1994, S-4661, a new carbapenem: IV pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American society for microbiology, Washington, DC
123. Nishino, T, Otsuki, M, & Izawa, M 1996, In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of S-4661, a new Carbapenem antibiotic 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
124. Nordmann, P, Mariotte, S, Naas, T, Labia, R, & Nicholas, M H 1993, Biochemical properties of a carbapenem-hydrolyzing pj-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae and cloning of the gene into Escherichia coli Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37, pp 939-946
125. Ohba, F, Nakamura-Kamijo, M, Watanabe, N, & Katsu, K 1997, In vitro and in vivo activity of ER-35786, a new anti-pseudomonal carbapenem Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41, pp 298-307
126. Osano, E, Arakawa, Y, Wacharotayankun, R, Ohta, M, Horii, T, & Ito, H 1994, Molecular characterization of an enterobacterial metallo-pj-lactamase found in a clinical isolate of serratia marcescens that shows imipenem resistance Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38, pp 71-78
127. Page, M G P, Desarbre, E, Geier, C, & Hofer, B 2007, fj-lactamase inhibitor combinations against fj-lactam-resistant Gram-negative bacteria 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
128. PanKuch, G A, Davis, T A, & Jacobs, M R 2002, Anti-pneumococcal activity of ertapenem MK-0826, compared to those of other agents Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46, pp 42-46
129. Paterson, D L, & Bonomo, R A 2005, Extended-spectrum fj-lactamases: a clinical update Clin Microbiol Rev 18, pp 657-686
130. Paterson, D L, Adams, J, & Endimiani, A 2007, In vitro activity of PZ-601, a novel carbapenem, against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing organisms 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
131. Petersen, P J, Jones, C H, & Bradford, P A 2007, In vitro activity of piperacillin in combination with the penem fj-lactamase inhibitor BLI-489 against a predictor panel of characterized fj-lactamase producing organisms 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
132. Poirel, L, Kampfer, P, & P Nordman 2002, Chromosome-encoded Ambler class A beta-lactamase of Kluyvera georgiana, a probable progenitor of a subgroup of CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46, pp 4038-4040
133. Poirel, L, Weldhagen, G F, Naas, T, De Champs, C, Dove, M G, & Nordmann, P 2001, GES-2, a class A fj-lactamase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa with increased hydrolysis of imipenem Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, pp 2598-2603
134. Prats, G, Miro, E, Mirelis, B, Poirel, L, Bellais, S, & Nordmann, P 2002, First isolation of a carbapenem-hydrolyzing fj-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Spain Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46, pp 932-933
135. Prezelj, A, Plantan, A, Vilfan, G, Stefanic Anderluh, P, Selic, L, Iglicar, P, Car, V, Andrensek, S, Legen, I, Smrdel, P, Cerne, M, Urleb, U, Locatelli, I, Mrhar, A, & Kovacic, N, 2007, Stability of 10-ethylidene trinems, PK of LK-157 and design of prodrug esters 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
136. Prezelj, A, Plantan, I, Vilfan, G, Stefanic Anderluh, P, Selic, L, Iglicar, P, Iglicar, P, Car, V, Oblak, M, Solmajer, T, Copar, A, Urleb, U, Andrejasic, M, Turk, D, Paukner, S, & Hesse, L, 2007, 10-ethylidene trinems as broad-spectrum fj-lactamase inhibitors 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
137. Queenan, A M, Shang, W, Kania, M, Page, M G P, & Bush, K 2007, Interactions of Ceftobiprole with fj-lactamases from molecular classes A to D Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51, pp 3089-3095
138. Queenan, A M, Torres-Viera, C, Gold, H S, Carmeli, Y, Eliopoulos, G M, Moellering, R C, Quinn, J P, Hindler, J, Medeiros, A A, & Bush, K 2000, SME-type carbapenem-hydrolyzing class A fj-lactamases from geographically diverse Serratia marcescens strains Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44, pp 3035-3039
139. Rasmussen, B A, & Bush, K 1997, Carbapenem-hydrolyzing-fj-lactamases Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41, pp 223-232
140. Rasmussen, B A, Keeney, D, Yang, Y, O' Gara, C, Bush, K, & Medeiros, A A 1994, Cloning, Sequencing and biochemical characterization of a novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing fj-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae 1994 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
141. Reading, C, & Farmer, T 1981, Te inhibition of fj-lactamases from Gram-negative bacteria by clavulanic acid Biochem J 199, pp 779-787
142. Richmond, M H, & Sykes, R B 1973, Te fj-lactamases of Gram-negative bacteria and their possible physiological role Adv Microb Physiol 9, pp 31-88
143. Rolinson, G N, & Stevens, S 1961, Microbiological studies on a new broad spectrum penicillin 'Penbritin' British Med J 191-196
144. Rolinson, G N, & Sutherland, R 1967, Carbenicillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antimicrob Agents Chemother 7, pp 609-613
145. Rolinson, G N, Batchelor, F R, Butterworth, D, Cameronwood, J, Cole, M, & Eustace, G C 1960, Formation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid from pencillin by enzymatic hydrolysis Nature 187, pp 236-237
146. Rolinson, G N, Stevens, S, Batchelor, F R, Cameron-wood, J C, & Chain, E B 1960, Bacteriological studies on a new penicillin BRL-1241 Lancettii, pp 564-567
147. Rolison, G N 1998, Forty years of fj-lactam research 41, pp 589-603
148. Sader, H S, Fritsche, T R, & Jones, R N 2008, Antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline and ME1036 tested against clinical strains of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52, pp 1153-1155
149. Sader, H S, Fritsche, T R, Kaniga, K, Ge, Y, & Jones, R N 2005, Antimicrobial activity and spectrum of PPI-0903M T-91825, a novel cephalosporin, tested against worldwide collection of clinical strains Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49, pp 3501-3512
150. Sader, H, Moet, G J, Fritsche, T R, & Jones, R N 2006, Evaluation of the bactericidal activity of the novel cephalosporin ceftaroline PPI-0903M, compared to ceftriaxone against Streptococcus pneumoniae 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy San Francisco, CA
151. Saito, A, Inamatsu, T, & Shimada, J 1997, Clinical studies of S-4661, new parenteral carbapenem antibiotic, in chronic respiratory tract infections 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
152. Sasaki, S, Murakami, K, & Nishitani, Y 1994, S-4661, a new carbap-enem, In vitro antibacterial activity 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American society for Microbiology Washington, DC
153. Scoulica, E V, Neonakis, I K, Gikas, A I, & Tselentis, Y J 2004, Spread of blaVIM-1-producing E coli in a university hospital in Greece Genetic analysis of the integron carrying the blaVIM-1 metallo-pj-lactamase gene Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 8, pp 167-172
154. Shahid, M 2007a, In vitro efcacy of Ceftriaxone/sulbactam against Escherichia coli isolates producing CTX-M-15 Extended spectrum beta-lactamases J Antimicrob Chemother 60, pp 187-188
155. Shahid, M 2007b, Aminoglycosidic aminocyclitol antibiotics-a wonder, but toxic drugs: developments and clinical implications Anti-infective Agents Med Chem 6, pp 107-117
156. Shentag, J J 1990, Te signifcance of the relationship between tissue:serum ratios, tissue concentrations and location of microorganisms Res Clin Forums 12, pp 23-27
157. Shibayama, T, Matsushita, Y, Kawai, K, Hirota, T, Ikeda, T, & Kuwahara, S 2007, Pharmacokinetics and disposition of CS-023RO4908463, a novel parenteral Carbapenem in animals Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51, pp 257-263
158. Spratt, B G 1980, Biochemical and genetical approaches to the mechanism of action of penicillin Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 289, pp 273-283
159. Stachyra, T, Pechereau, M C, Petrella, S, Ziental-Gelus, N, Sougakof, W, Claudon, M, Black, M, Levasseur, P, Girard, A M, & Miossec, C 2007, Activity of the new fj-lactamase inhibitor NXL104 against KPC fj-lactamases 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
160. Stone, K C, Dagan, R, Arguedas, A, Leibovitz, E, Wang, E, Echols, R M, Janjic, N, & Critchley, I A 2007, Activity of Faropenem against middle ear fuid pathogens from children with acute otitis media in Costa Rica and Israel Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51, pp 2230-2235
161. Sumita, Y, Fukasawa, M, & Okuda, T 1990, Comparison of two car-bapenems, SM-7338 and imipenem: afnities for penicillin-binding proteins and morphological changes J Antibiot Tokyo, 43, pp 314-320
162. Sumita, Y, Nouda, N, Kanazawa, K, & Fukasawa, M 1995, Antimicrobial activity of SM-17466, a novel carbapenem antibiotic with potent activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Antimicrob Agents chemother 39, pp 910-916
163. Sunagawa, M, Matsumura, H, Inoue, T, Fukasawa, M, & Kato, M 1990, A novel carbapenem antibiotic, SM-7338: Structure-activity relationships J Antibiot 43, pp 519-532
164. Tomson, K S, & Moland, E S 2004, CS-023 R-115685, a novel carbapenem with enhanced in vitro activity against oxacillin-resistant Staphylococci and P aeruginosa J Antimicrob Chemother 54, pp 557-562
165. Tomson, K S, Weber, D A, Sanders, C C, & Sanders, W E 1990, Beta-lactamase production in members of family Enterobacteriaceae and resistance to fj-lactam-enzyme inhibitor combinations Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34, pp 622-627
166. Toleman, M A, Bennett, P M, Walsh, T R 2006, ISCR elements: novel gene capturing systems of the 21st century? Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 70, pp 296-316
167. Toleman, M A, Rolston, K, Jones, R N, Walsh, T R 2003, Molecular and biochemical characterization of OXA-45, an extended-spectrum class 2d' beta-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47, pp 2859-2863
168. Toleman, M A, Rolston, K, Jones, R N, & Walsh, T R 2004, blaVIM-7, an evolutionarily distinct metallo-fj-lactamase gene in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate from the United States Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48, pp 329-332
169. Tomasz, A 1986, Penicillin-binding protiens and the antibacterial efectiveness of fj-lactam antibiotics Rev Infect Dis 8, Suppl3, pp 260S-278S
170. Tomasz, A 1994, Multiple-antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria A report on the Rockefeller University workshop N Engl J Med 330, pp 1247-1251
171. Totsuka, K, Shiseki, M, & Vchiyama, T 1996, In vitro postantibiotic efect and in vivo antimicrobial activity of novel carbapenem, S-4661 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology Washington, DC
172. Tsuji, M, Ishii, Y, & Ohno, A 1998, In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of S-4661, a new carbapenem Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42, pp 184-187
173. Tsuji, M, Takema, M, Miwa, H, Shimada, J, & Kuwahara, S 2003, In vivo antibacterial activity of S-3578, a new broad spectrum Cephalosporin: Methicillin-resistant S aureus and P aeruginosa experimental infection models Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47, pp 2507-2512
174. Ueda, Y, & Sunagawa, M 2003, In vitro and in vivo activities of novel 2-thiazol-2-ylthio,-1 fj-methylcarbapenems with potent activities against multi-resistant Gram-positive bacteria Antimicrob Agents chemother 47, pp 2471-2480
175. Walsh, T R 2002, Molecular characterization of SPM-1, a novel met-allo-fj-lactamase isolated in Latin America: report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance programme J Antimicrob Chemother 50, pp 673-679
176. Walsh, T R, Toleman, M A, Poirel, L, & Nordman, P 2005, Metallo-beta-lactamases: the quiet before the storm? Clin Microbiol Rev 18, pp 306-325
177. Wang, X, Minasov, G, & Shoichet, B K 2002, Te structural bases of antibiotic resistance in the clinically derived mutant beta-lactamases TEM-30, TEM-32, and TEM-34 J Biol Chem 77, pp 32149-32156
178. Waxman, D J, Yocum, R R, & Strominger, J L 1980, Penicillins and cephalosporins are active site directed acylating agents: Evidence in support of the substrate analogue hypothesis Philos Trans R-Soc Lond B Biol Sci 289, pp 257-271
179. Wexler, H M, & Finegold, S M 1988, In vitro activity of cefoperazone plus sulbactam compared with that of other antimicrobial agents against anaerobic bacteria Antimicrob Agents Chemother 323, pp 403-406
180. Wiseman, L R, Wagstaf, A J, & Brogden, R N 1995, Meropenem A review of its antibacterial activity, Pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efcacy Drugs 50, pp 73-101
181. Yamano, Y, Nishikawa, T, & Komatsu, Y 1997, Efects of alterations in porins and efux pumps of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the in vitro anti pseudomonal activity of S-4661 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
182. Yan, J J, Hsueh, P R, Ko, W C, Luh, K T, Tsai, S H, Wu, H M, & Wu, J J 2001, Metallo-fj-lactamases in clinical Pseudomonas isolates in Taiwan and identifcation of VIM-3, a novel variant of the VIM-2 enzyme Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, pp 2224-2228
183. Yang, Y J, Wu, P-J, & Livermore, D M 1990, Biochemical characterization of a fj-lactamase that hydrolyzes penems and carbap-enems from two Serratia marcescens isolates Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34, pp 755-758
184. Yigit, H, Queenan, A M, Anderson, G J, Domenech-Sanchez, A, Biddle, J W, Steward, C D, Alberti, S, Bush, K, & Tenover F C 2001, Novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing fj-lactamase, KPC-1, from a carbapenem-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, pp 1151-1161
185. Yoshimura, F, & Nikiado, H 1985, Difusion of fj-lactam antibiotics through the porin channels of E coli K-12 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 27, pp 84-92
186. Yoshizawa, H, Itani, H, Ishikura, K, Irie, T, Yokoo, K, Kubota, T, Minami, K, Iwaki, T, Miwa, H, & Nishitani, Y 2002, S-3578, a new broad spectrum parenteral Cephalosporin exhibiting potent activity against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Synthesis and structure-activity relationships J Antibiot Tokyo, 55, pp 975-992
187. Yum, J H, Yong, D, Lee, K, Kim, H S, & Chong, Y 2002, A new integron carrying VIM-2 metallo-fj-lactamase gene cassette in a Serratia marcescens isolate Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 42, pp 217-219