Mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson's disease

Experimental Neurology

Volumn 218, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 247-256

  Van Laar, Victor S ^a   Berman, Sarah B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Mitochondria; Mitochondrial dynamics; Mitochondrial fission; Mitochondrial fusion; Mitophagy; Parkin; Parkinson disease; Parkinson's disease; PINK1

Indexed keywords

PARKIN; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; PTEN INDUCED PUTATIVE KINASE 1; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CELL STRUCTURE; CELL TRANSPORT; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; DYNAMICS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPATHY; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; HUMANS; MITOCHONDRIA; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEURONS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PROTEIN KINASES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES;

EID: 67649760168     PISSN: 00144886     EISSN: 10902430     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.019     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Alam M., and Schmidt W.J. Rotenone destroys dopaminergic neurons and induces parkinsonian symptoms in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 136 (2002) 317-324
2. Alexander C., Votruba M., Pesch U.E., Thiselton D.L., Mayer S., Moore A., Rodriguez M., Kellner U., Leo-Kottler B., Auburger G., Bhattacharya S.S., and Wissinger B. OPA1, encoding a dynamin-related GTPase, is mutated in autosomal dominant optic atrophy linked to chromosome 3q28. Nat. Genet. 26 (2000) 211-215
3. Banerjee R., Starkov A.A., Beal M.F., and Thomas B. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the limelight of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Electronic publication ahead of print). (2008)
4. Barbas N.R. Cognitive, affective, and psychiatric features of Parkinson's disease. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 22 (2006) 773-796 v-vi
5. Barroso N., Campos Y., Huertas R., Esteban J., Molina J.A., Alonso A., Gutierrez-Rivas E., and Arenas J. Respiratory chain enzyme activities in lymphocytes from untreated patients with Parkinson disease. Clin. Chem. 39 (1993) 667-669
6. Barsoum M.J., Yuan H., Gerencser A.A., Liot G., Kushnareva Y., Graber S., Kovacs I., Lee W.D., Waggoner J., Cui J., White A.D., Bossy B., Martinou J.C., Youle R.J., Lipton S.A., Ellisman M.H., Perkins G.A., and Bossy-Wetzel E. Nitric oxide-induced mitochondrial fission is regulated by dynamin-related GTPases in neurons. EMBO J 25 (2006) 3900-3911
7. Beal M.F. Mitochondria, oxidative damage, and inflammation in Parkinson's disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 991 (2003) 120-131
8. Beal M.F. Mitochondria and neurodegeneration. Novartis. Found. Symp. 287 (2007) 183-192 discussion 192-186
9. Beilina A., Van Der Brug M., Ahmad R., Kesavapany S., Miller D.W., Petsko G.A., and Cookson M.R. Mutations in PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 associated with recessive parkinsonism have differential effects on protein stability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (2005) 5703-5708
10. Benard G., Bellance N., James D., Parrone P., Fernandez H., Letellier T., and Rossignol R. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and structural network organization. J. Cell Sci. 120 (2007) 838-848
11. Berman S.B., Chen Y., McCaffery J.M., Rucker E.B., Goebbels S., Nave K.-A., Arnold B.A., Jonas E.A., Pineda F.J., and Hardwick J.M. Bcl-xL increases mitochondrial fission, fusion, and biomass in neurons. J. Cell Biol. 184 (2009) 707-719
12. Betarbet R., Sherer T.B., MacKenzie G., Garcia-Osuna M., Panov A.V., and Greenamyre J.T. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease. Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 1301-1306
13. Blandini F., Nappi G., and Greenamyre J.T. Quantitative study of mitochondrial complex I in platelets of parkinsonian patients. Mov. Disord. 13 (1998) 11-15
14. Bogaerts V., Nuytemans K., Reumers J., Pals P., Engelborghs S., Pickut B., Corsmit E., Peeters K., Schymkowitz J., De Deyn P.P., Cras P., Rousseau F., Theuns J., and Van Broeckhoven C. Genetic variability in the mitochondrial serine protease HTRA2 contributes to risk for Parkinson disease. Hum. Mutat. 29 (2008) 832-840
15. Borland M.K., Trimmer P.A., Rubinstein J.D., Keeney P.M., Mohanakumar K.P., Liu L., and Bennett Jr. J.P. Chronic, low-dose rotenone reproduces Lewy neurites found in early stages of Parkinson's disease, reduces mitochondrial movement and slowly kills differentiated SH-SY5Y neural cells. Mol. Neurodegener. 3 (2008) 21
16. Braak H., Del Tredici K., Rub U., de Vos R.A., Jansen Steur E.N., and Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 24 (2003) 197-211
17. Braak H., Ghebremedhin E., Rub U., Bratzke H., and Del Tredici K. Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res. 318 (2004) 121-134
18. Brockmann K., Dreha-Kulaczewski S., Dechent P., Bonnemann C., Helms G., Kyllerman M., Bruck W., Frahm J., Huehne K., Gartner J., and Rautenstrauss B. Cerebral involvement in axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy caused by mitofusin2 mutations. J. Neurol. 255 (2008) 1049-1058
19. Cerveny K.L., Tamura Y., Zhang Z., Jensen R.E., and Sesaki H. Regulation of mitochondrial fusion and division. Trends Cell Biol. 17 (2007) 563-569
20. Chang D.T., Rintoul G.L., Pandipati S., and Reynolds I.J. Mutant huntingtin aggregates impair mitochondrial movement and trafficking in cortical neurons. Neurobiol. Dis. 22 (2006) 388-400
21. Clark I.E., Dodson M.W., Jiang C., Cao J.H., Huh J.R., Seol J.H., Yoo S.J., Hay B.A., and Guo M. Drosophila pink1 is required for mitochondrial function and interacts genetically with parkin. Nature 441 (2006) 1162-1166
22. Corral-Debrinski M., Horton T., Lott M.T., Shoffner J.M., Beal M.F., and Wallace D.C. Mitochondrial DNA deletions in human brain: regional variability and increase with advanced age. Nat. Genet. 2 (1992) 324-329
23. Dagda, R.K., Cherra II, S.J., Kulich, S.M., Tandon, A., Chu, C.T., in press. Loss of PINK1 function promotes mitophagy through effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial fission. J. Biol. Chem.
24. Darios F., Corti O., Lucking C.B., Hampe C., Muriel M.P., Abbas N., Gu W.J., Hirsch E.C., Rooney T., Ruberg M., and Brice A. Parkin prevents mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release in mitochondria-dependent cell death. Hum. Mol. Genet. 12 (2003) 517-526
25. Dauer W., and Przedborski S. Parkinson's disease: mechanisms and models. Neuron 39 (2003) 889-909
26. Delettre C., Lenaers G., Griffoin J.M., Gigarel N., Lorenzo C., Belenguer P., Pelloquin L., Grosgeorge J., Turc-Carel C., Perret E., Astarie-Dequeker C., Lasquellec L., Arnaud B., Ducommun B., Kaplan J., and Hamel C.P. Nuclear gene OPA1, encoding a mitochondrial dynamin-related protein, is mutated in dominant optic atrophy. Nat. Genet. 26 (2000) 207-210
27. Deng H., Dodson M.W., Huang H., and Guo M. The Parkinson's disease genes pink1 and parkin promote mitochondrial fission and/or inhibit fusion in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 (2008) 14503-14508
28. Detmer S.A., and Chan D.C. Functions and dysfunctions of mitochondrial dynamics. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8 (2007) 870-879
29. Exner N., Treske B., Paquet D., Holmstrom K., Schiesling C., Gispert S., Carballo-Carbajal I., Berg D., Hoepken H.H., Gasser T., Kruger R., Winklhofer K.F., Vogel F., Reichert A.S., Auburger G., Kahle P.J., Schmid B., and Haass C. Loss-of-function of human PINK1 results in mitochondrial pathology and can be rescued by parkin. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 12413-12418
30. Finn J.T., Weil M., Archer F., Siman R., Srinivasan A., and Raff M.C. Evidence that Wallerian degeneration and localized axon degeneration induced by local neurotrophin deprivation do not involve caspases. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 1333-1341
31. Fisk H.A., and Yaffe M.P. A role for ubiquitination in mitochondrial inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 145 (1999) 1199-1208
32. Fiskum G., Starkov A., Polster B.M., and Chinopoulos C. Mitochondrial mechanisms of neural cell death and neuroprotective interventions in Parkinson's disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 991 (2003) 111-119
33. Fleming S.M., Zhu C., Fernagut P.O., Mehta A., DiCarlo C.D., Seaman R.L., and Chesselet M.F. Behavioral and immunohistochemical effects of chronic intravenous and subcutaneous infusions of varying doses of rotenone. Exp. Neurol. 187 (2004) 418-429
34. Gandhi S., Muqit M.M., Stanyer L., Healy D.G., Abou-Sleiman P.M., Hargreaves I., Heales S., Ganguly M., Parsons L., Lees A.J., Latchman D.S., Holton J.L., Wood N.W., and Revesz T. PINK1 protein in normal human brain and Parkinson's disease. Brain 129 (2006) 1720-1731
35. Gautier C.A., Kitada T., and Shen J. Loss of PINK1 causes mitochondrial functional defects and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 (2008) 11364-11369
36. Greene J.C., Whitworth A.J., Kuo I., Andrews L.A., Feany M.B., and Pallanck L.J. Mitochondrial pathology and apoptotic muscle degeneration in Drosophila parkin mutants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 (2003) 4078-4083
37. Haas R.H., Nasirian F., Nakano K., Ward D., Pay M., Hill R., and Shults C.W. Low platelet mitochondrial complex I and complex II/III activity in early untreated Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 37 (1995) 714-722
38. Haque M.E., Thomas K.J., D Souza C., Callaghan S., Kitada T., Slack R.S., Fraser P., Cookson M.R., Tandon A., and Park D.S. Cytoplasmic Pink1 activity protects neurons from dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 (2008) 1716-1721
39. Hollenbeck P.J., and Saxton W.M. The axonal transport of mitochondria. J. Cell Sci. 118 (2005) 5411-5419
40. Hoppins S., Lackner L., and Nunnari J. The machines that divide and fuse mitochondria. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 76 (2007) 751-780
41. Jenner P. Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 53 Suppl 3 (2003) S26-S36 discussion S36-S28
42. Jin J., Hulette C., Wang Y., Zhang T., Pan C., Wadhwa R., and Zhang J. Proteomic identification of a stress protein, mortalin/mthsp70/GRP75: relevance to Parkinson disease. Mol. Cell Proteomics 5 (2006) 1193-1204
43. Jones J.M., Datta P., Srinivasula S.M., Ji W., Gupta S., Zhang Z., Davies E., Hajnoczky G., Saunders T.L., Van Keuren M.L., Fernandes-Alnemri T., Meisler M.H., and Alnemri E.S. Loss of Omi mitochondrial protease activity causes the neuromuscular disorder of mnd2 mutant mice. Nature 425 (2003) 721-727
44. Karbowski M., Neutzner A., and Youle R.J. The mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH5 is required for Drp1 dependent mitochondrial division. J. Cell Biol. 178 (2007) 71-84
45. Kim Y., Park J., Kim S., Song S., Kwon S.K., Lee S.H., Kitada T., Kim J.M., and Chung J. PINK1 controls mitochondrial localization of Parkin through direct phosphorylation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 377 (2008) 975-980
46. Kitada T., Asakawa S., Hattori N., Matsumine H., Yamamura Y., Minoshima S., Yokochi M., Mizuno Y., and Shimizu N. Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature 392 (1998) 605-608
47. Krige D., Carroll M.T., Cooper J.M., Marsden C.D., and Schapira A.H. Platelet mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. The Royal Kings and Queens Parkinson Disease Research Group. Ann. Neurol. 32 (1992) 782-788
48. Kuroda Y., Mitsui T., Kunishige M., and Matsumoto T. Parkin affects mitochondrial function and apoptosis in neuronal and myogenic cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 348 (2006) 787-793
49. Kuroda Y., Mitsui T., Kunishige M., Shono M., Akaike M., Azuma H., and Matsumoto T. Parkin enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in proliferating cells. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15 (2006) 883-895
50. Kwong J.Q., Beal M.F., and Manfredi G. The role of mitochondria in inherited neurodegenerative diseases. J. Neurochem. 97 (2006) 1659-1675
51. Langston J.W., Forno L.S., Tetrud J., Reeves A.G., Kaplan J.A., and Karluk D. Evidence of active nerve cell degeneration in the substantia nigra of humans years after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposure. Ann. Neurol. 46 (1999) 598-605
52. LaVoie M.J., Ostaszewski B.L., Weihofen A., Schlossmacher M.G., and Selkoe D.J. Dopamine covalently modifies and functionally inactivates parkin. Nat. Med. 11 (2005) 1214-1221
53. Lee F.J., and Liu F. Genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. Rev. 58 (2008) 354-364
54. Li W., Bengtson M.H., Ulbrich A., Matsuda A., Reddy V.A., Orth A., Chanda S.K., Batalov S., and Joazeiro C.A. Genome-wide and functional annotation of human E3 ubiquitin ligases identifies MULAN, a mitochondrial E3 that regulates the organell'es dynamics and signaling. PLoS ONE 3 (2008) e1487
55. Li Z., Okamoto K., Hayashi Y., and Sheng M. The importance of dendritic mitochondria in the morphogenesis and plasticity of spines and synapses. Cell 119 (2004) 873-887
56. Liang C.L., Wang T.T., Luby-Phelps K., and German D.C. Mitochondria mass is low in mouse substantia nigra dopamine neurons: implications for Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 203 (2007) 370-380
57. Mann V.M., Cooper J.M., Daniel S.E., Srai K., Jenner P., Marsden C.D., and Schapira A.H. Complex I, iron, and ferritin in Parkinson's disease substantia nigra. Ann. Neurol. 36 (1994) 876-881
58. Martins L.M., Morrison A., Klupsch K., Fedele V., Moisoi N., Teismann P., Abuin A., Grau E., Geppert M., Livi G.P., Creasy C.L., Martin A., Hargreaves I., Heales S.J., Okada H., Brandner S., Schulz J.B., Mak T., and Downward J. Neuroprotective role of the reaper-related serine protease HtrA2/Omi revealed by targeted deletion in mice. Mol. Cell Biol. 24 (2004) 9848-9862
59. McQuibban G.A., Lee J.R., Zheng L., Juusola M., and Freeman M. Normal mitochondrial dynamics requires rhomboid-7 and affects Drosophila lifespan and neuronal function. Curr. Biol. 16 (2006) 982-989
60. Miller K.E., and Sheetz M.P. Axonal mitochondrial transport and potential are correlated. J. Cell Sci. 117 (2004) 2791-2804
61. Mizuno Y., Matuda S., Yoshino H., Mori H., Hattori N., and Ikebe S. An immunohistochemical study on alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 35 (1994) 204-210
62. Mortiboys H., Thomas K.J., Koopman W.J., Klaffke S., Abou-Sleiman P., Olpin S., Wood N.W., Willems P.H., Smeitink J.A., Cookson M.R., and Bandmann O. Mitochondrial function and morphology are impaired in parkin-mutant fibroblasts. Ann. Neurol. 64 (2008) 555-565
63. Muftuoglu M., Elibol B., Dalmizrak O., Ercan A., Kulaksiz G., Ogus H., Dalkara T., and Ozer N. Mitochondrial complex I and IV activities in leukocytes from patients with parkin mutations. Mov. Disord. 19 (2004) 544-548
64. Muqit M.M., Abou-Sleiman P.M., Saurin A.T., Harvey K., Gandhi S., Deas E., Eaton S., Payne Smith M.D., Venner K., Matilla A., Healy D.G., Gilks W.P., Lees A.J., Holton J., Revesz T., Parker P.J., Harvey R.J., Wood N.W., and Latchman D.S. Altered cleavage and localization of PINK1 to aggresomes in the presence of proteasomal stress. J. Neurochem. 98 (2006) 156-169
65. Nakada K., Inoue K., Ono T., Isobe K., Ogura A., Goto Y.I., Nonaka I., and Hayashi J.I. Inter-mitochondrial complementation: mitochondria-specific system preventing mice from expression of disease phenotypes by mutant mtDNA. Nat. Med. 7 (2001) 934-940
66. Nakamura N., Kimura Y., Tokuda M., Honda S., and Hirose S. MARCH-V is a novel mitofusin 2- and Drp1-binding protein able to change mitochondrial morphology. EMBO Rep. 7 (2006) 1019-1022
67. Narendra D., Tanaka A., Suen D.F., and Youle R.J. Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy. J. Cell. Biol. 183 (2008) 795-803
68. Neutzner A., Benard G., Youle R.J., and Karbowski M. Role of the ubiquitin conjugation system in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1147 (2008) 242-253
69. Okamoto K., and Shaw J.M. Mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in yeast and multicellular eukaryotes. Annu. Rev. Genet. 39 (2005) 503-536
70. Ono T., Isobe K., Nakada K., and Hayashi J.I. Human cells are protected from mitochondrial dysfunction by complementation of DNA products in fused mitochondria. Nat. Genet. 28 (2001) 272-275
71. Orth M., and Schapira A.H. Mitochondrial involvement in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem. Int. 40 (2002) 533-541
72. Palacino J.J., Sagi D., Goldberg M.S., Krauss S., Motz C., Wacker M., Klose J., and Shen J. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in parkin-deficient mice. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 18614-18622
73. Pallone J.A. Introduction to Parkinson's disease. Dis. Mon. 53 (2007) 195-199
74. Park J., Lee G., and Chung J. The PINK1-parkin pathway is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial remodeling process. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 378 (2009) 518-523
75. Park J., Lee S.B., Lee S., Kim Y., Song S., Kim S., Bae E., Kim J., Shong M., Kim J.M., and Chung J. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Drosophila PINK1 mutants is complemented by parkin. Nature 441 (2006) 1157-1161
76. Parker Jr. W.D., Boyson S.J., and Parks J.K. Abnormalities of the electron transport chain in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 26 (1989) 719-723
77. Parker Jr. W.D., and Parks J.K. Mitochondrial ND5 mutations in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 326 (2005) 667-669
78. Parone P.A., Da Cruz S., Tondera D., Mattenberger Y., James D.I., Maechler P., Barja F., and Martinou J.C. Preventing mitochondrial fission impairs mitochondrial function and leads to loss of mitochondrial DNA. PLoS ONE 3 (2008) e3257
79. Penn A.M., Roberts T., Hodder J., Allen P.S., Zhu G., and Martin W.R. Generalized mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy of muscle. Neurology 45 (1995) 2097-2099
80. Pesah Y., Pham T., Burgess H., Middlebrooks B., Verstreken P., Zhou Y., Harding M., Bellen H., and Mardon G. Drosophila parkin mutants have decreased mass and cell size and increased sensitivity to oxygen radical stress. Development 131 (2004) 2183-2194
81. Pham N.A., Richardson T., Cameron J., Chue B., and Robinson B.H. Altered mitochondrial structure and motion dynamics in living cells with energy metabolism defects revealed by real time microscope imaging. Microsc. Microanal. 10 (2004) 247-260
82. Plun-Favreau H., Gandhi S., Wood-Kaczmar A., Deas E., Yao Z., and Wood N.W. What have PINK1 and HtrA2 genes told us about the role of mitochondria in Parkinson's disease?. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1147 (2008) 30-36
83. Plun-Favreau H., Klupsch K., Moisoi N., Gandhi S., Kjaer S., Frith D., Harvey K., Deas E., Harvey R.J., McDonald N., Wood N.W., Martins L.M., and Downward J. The mitochondrial protease HtrA2 is regulated by Parkinson's disease-associated kinase PINK1. Nat. Cell. Biol. 9 (2007) 1243-1252
84. Poole A.C., Thomas R.E., Andrews L.A., McBride H.M., Whitworth A.J., and Pallanck L.J. The PINK1/Parkin pathway regulates mitochondrial morphology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 (2008) 1638-1643
85. Pridgeon J.W., Olzmann J.A., Chin L.S., and Li L. PINK1 protects against oxidative stress by phosphorylating mitochondrial chaperone TRAP1. PLoS Biol. 5 (2007) e172
86. Raff M.C., Whitmore A.V., and Finn J.T. Axonal self-destruction and neurodegeneration. Science 296 (2002) 868-871
87. Raimondi A., Mangolini A., Rizzardini M., Tartari S., Massari S., Bendotti C., Francolini M., Borgese N., Cantoni L., and Pietrini G. Cell culture models to investigate the selective vulnerability of motoneuronal mitochondria to familial ALS-linked G93ASOD1. Eur. J. Neurosci. 24 (2006) 387-399
88. Rapaport D., Brunner M., Neupert W., and Westermann B. Fzo1p is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein essential for the biogenesis of functional mitochondria in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 20150-20155
89. Rintoul G.L., Filiano A.J., Brocard J.B., Kress G.J., and Reynolds I.J. Glutamate decreases mitochondrial size and movement in primary forebrain neurons. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 7881-7888
90. Riparbelli M.G., and Callaini G. The Drosophila parkin homologue is required for normal mitochondrial dynamics during spermiogenesis. Dev. Biol. 303 (2007) 108-120
91. Ross O.A., Soto A.I., Vilarino-Guell C., Heckman M.G., Diehl N.N., Hulihan M.M., Aasly J.O., Sando S., Gibson J.M., Lynch T., Krygowska-Wajs A., Opala G., Barcikowska M., Czyzewski K., Uitti R.J., Wszolek Z.K., and Farrer M.J. Genetic variation of Omi/HtrA2 and Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism. Relat. Disord. 14 (2008) 539-543
92. Samii A., Nutt J.G., and Ransom B.R. Parkinson's disease. Lancet 363 (2004) 1783-1793
93. Schapira A.H. Mitochondria in the aetiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 7 (2008) 97-109
94. Schapira A.H., Cooper J.M., Dexter D., Jenner P., Clark J.B., and Marsden C.D. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1 (1989) 1269
95. Sheehan J.P., Swerdlow R.H., Parker W.D., Miller S.W., Davis R.E., and Tuttle J.B. Altered calcium homeostasis in cells transformed by mitochondria from individuals with Parkinson's disease. J. Neurochem. 68 (1997) 1221-1233
96. Sherer T.B., Kim J.H., Betarbet R., and Greenamyre J.T. Subcutaneous rotenone exposure causes highly selective dopaminergic degeneration and alpha-synuclein aggregation. Exp. Neurol. 179 (2003) 9-16
97. Shimura H., Hattori N., Kubo S., Mizuno Y., Asakawa S., Minoshima S., Shimizu N., Iwai K., Chiba T., Tanaka K., and Suzuki T. Familial Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, is a ubiquitin-protein ligase. Nat. Genet. 25 (2000) 302-305
98. Shimura H., Hattori N., Kubo S., Yoshikawa M., Kitada T., Matsumine H., Asakawa S., Minoshima S., Yamamura Y., Shimizu N., and Mizuno Y. Immunohistochemical and subcellular localization of parkin protein: absence of protein in autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism patients. Ann. Neurol. 45 (1999) 668-672
99. Silvestri L., Caputo V., Bellacchio E., Atorino L., Dallapiccola B., Valente E.M., and Casari G. Mitochondrial import and enzymatic activity of PINK1 mutants associated to recessive parkinsonism. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) 3477-3492
100. Simon-Sanchez J., and Singleton A.B. Sequencing analysis of OMI/HTRA2 shows previously reported pathogenic mutations in neurologically normal controls. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17 (2008) 1988-1993
101. Stichel C.C., Zhu X.R., Bader V., Linnartz B., Schmidt S., and Lubbert H. Mono- and double-mutant mouse models of Parkinson's disease display severe mitochondrial damage. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16 (2007) 2377-2393
102. Stowers R.S., Megeath L.J., Gorska-Andrzejak J., Meinertzhagen I.A., and Schwarz T.L. Axonal transport of mitochondria to synapses depends on Milton, a novel Drosophila protein. Neuron 36 (2002) 1063-1077
103. Strauss K.M., Martins L.M., Plun-Favreau H., Marx F.P., Kautzmann S., Berg D., Gasser T., Wszolek Z., Muller T., Bornemann A., Wolburg H., Downward J., Riess O., Schulz J.B., and Kruger R. Loss of function mutations in the gene encoding Omi/HtrA2 in Parkinson's disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) 2099-2111
104. Suen D.F., Norris K.L., and Youle R.J. Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis. Genes Dev. 22 (2008) 1577-1590
105. Swerdlow R.H., Parks J.K., Miller S.W., Tuttle J.B., Trimmer P.A., Sheehan J.P., Bennett Jr. J.P., Davis R.E., and Parker Jr. W.D. Origin and functional consequences of the complex I defect in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 40 (1996) 663-671
106. Takatori S., Ito G., and Iwatsubo T. Cytoplasmic localization and proteasomal degradation of N-terminally cleaved form of PINK1. Neurosci. Lett. 430 (2008) 13-17
107. Taylor D.J., Krige D., Barnes P.R., Kemp G.J., Carroll M.T., Mann V.M., Cooper J.M., Marsden C.D., and Schapira A.H. A 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of patients with Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 125 (1994) 77-81
108. Thomas B., and Beal M.F. Parkinson's disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16 Spec No. 2 (2007) R183-R194
109. Trimmer P.A., Borland M.K., Keeney P.M., Bennett Jr. J.P., and Parker Jr. W.D. Parkinson's disease transgenic mitochondrial cybrids generate Lewy inclusion bodies. J. Neurochem. 88 (2004) 800-812
110. Turrens J.F. Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species. J. Physiol. 552 (2003) 335-344
111. Twig G., Elorza A., Molina A.J., Mohamed H., Wikstrom J.D., Walzer G., Stiles L., Haigh S.E., Katz S., Las G., Alroy J., Wu M., Py B.F., Yuan J., Deeney J.T., Corkey B.E., and Shirihai O.S. Fission and selective fusion govern mitochondrial segregation and elimination by autophagy. EMBO J. 27 (2008) 433-446
112. Valente E.M., Abou-Sleiman P.M., Caputo V., Muqit M.M., Harvey K., Gispert S., Ali Z., Del Turco D., Bentivoglio A.R., Healy D.G., Albanese A., Nussbaum R., Gonzalez-Maldonado R., Deller T., Salvi S., Cortelli P., Gilks W.P., Latchman D.S., Harvey R.J., Dallapiccola B., Auburger G., and Wood N.W. Hereditary early-onset Parkinson's disease caused by mutations in PINK1. Science 304 (2004) 1158-1160
113. Verstreken P., Ly C.V., Venken K.J., Koh T.W., Zhou Y., and Bellen H.J. Synaptic mitochondria are critical for mobilization of reserve pool vesicles at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions. Neuron 47 (2005) 365-378
114. Wang C., Lu R., Ouyang X., Ho M.W., Chia W., Yu F., and Lim K.L. Drosophila overexpressing parkin R275W mutant exhibits dopaminergic neuron degeneration and mitochondrial abnormalities. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 8563-8570
115. Wang H., Lim P.J., Karbowski M., and Monteiro M.J. Effects of overexpression of huntingtin proteins on mitochondrial integrity. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18 (2008) 737-752
116. Wang X., Su B., Siedlak S.L., Moreira P.I., Fujioka H., Wang Y., Casadesus G., and Zhu X. Amyloid-beta overproduction causes abnormal mitochondrial dynamics via differential modulation of mitochondrial fission/fusion proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 (2008) 19318-19323
117. Waterham H.R., Koster J., van Roermund C.W., Mooyer P.A., Wanders R.J., and Leonard J.V. A lethal defect of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (2007) 1736-1741
118. Weihofen A., Ostaszewski B., Minami Y., and Selkoe D.J. Pink1 Parkinson mutations, the Cdc37/Hsp90 chaperones and parkin all influence the maturation or subcellular distribution of Pink1. Hum. Mol. Genet. 17 (2008) 602-616
119. Weihofen A., Thomas K.J., Ostaszewski B.L., Cookson M.R., and Selkoe D.J. Pink1 forms a multiprotein complex with Miro and Milton, linking Pink1 function to mitochondrial trafficking (dagger). Biochemistry (Electronic publication ahead of print). (2009)
120. Weintraub D., Comella C.L., and Horn S. Parkinson's disease-part 1: pathophysiology, symptoms, burden, diagnosis, and assessment. Am. J. Manag. Care 14 (2008) S40-S48
121. Weintraub D., and Stern M.B. Psychiatric complications in Parkinson disease. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 13 (2005) 844-851
122. Westermann B. Merging mitochondria matters: cellular role and molecular machinery of mitochondrial fusion. EMBO Rep. 3 (2002) 527-531
123. Whitmore A.V., Lindsten T., Raff M.C., and Thompson C.B. The proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak are not involved in Wallerian degeneration. Cell Death Differ. 10 (2003) 260-261
124. Whitworth A.J., Lee J.R., Ho V.M., Flick R., Chowdhury R., and McQuibban G.A. Rhomboid-7 and HtrA2/Omi act in a common pathway with the Parkinson's disease factors Pink1 and parkin. Dis. Model. Mech. 1 (2008) 168-174
125. Winkler-Stuck K., Kirches E., Mawrin C., Dietzmann K., Lins H., Wallesch C.W., Kunz W.S., and Wiedemann F.R. Re-evaluation of the dysfunction of mitochondrial respiratory chain in skeletal muscle of patients with Parkinson's disease. J. Neural. Transm. 112 (2005) 499-518
126. Wood-Kaczmar A., Gandhi S., Yao Z., Abramov A.S., Miljan E.A., Keen G., Stanyer L., Hargreaves I., Klupsch K., Deas E., Downward J., Mansfield L., Jat P., Taylor J., Heales S., Duchen M.R., Latchman D., Tabrizi S.J., and Wood N.W. PINK1 is necessary for long term survival and mitochondrial function in human dopaminergic neurons. PLoS ONE 3 (2008) e2455
127. Yang F., Jiang Q., Zhao J., Ren Y., Sutton M.D., and Feng J. Parkin stabilizes microtubules through strong binding mediated by three independent domains. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 17154-17162
128. Yang Y., Gehrke S., Imai Y., Huang Z., Ouyang Y., Wang J.W., Yang L., Beal M.F., Vogel H., and Lu B. Mitochondrial pathology and muscle and dopaminergic neuron degeneration caused by inactivation of Drosophila Pink1 is rescued by parkin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006) 10793-10798
129. Yang Y., Ouyang Y., Yang L., Beal M.F., McQuibban A., Vogel H., and Lu B. Pink1 regulates mitochondrial dynamics through interaction with the fission/fusion machinery. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 (2008) 7070-7075
130. Yonashiro R., Ishido S., Kyo S., Fukuda T., Goto E., Matsuki Y., Ohmura-Hoshino M., Sada K., Hotta H., Yamamura H., Inatome R., and Yanagi S. A novel mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase plays a critical role in mitochondrial dynamics. EMBO J. 25 (2006) 3618-3626
131. Yoshino H., Nakagawa-Hattori Y., Kondo T., and Mizuno Y. Mitochondrial complex I and II activities of lymphocytes and platelets in Parkinson's disease. J. Neural. Transm. Park. Dis. Dement. Sect. 4 (1992) 27-34
132. Yun J., Cao J.H., Dodson M.W., Clark I.E., Kapahi P., Chowdhury R.B., and Guo M. Loss-of-function analysis suggests that Omi/HtrA2 is not an essential component of the PINK1/PARKIN pathway in vivo. J. Neurosci. 28 (2008) 14500-14510
133. Zhou C., Huang Y., Shao Y., May J., Prou D., Perier C., Dauer W., Schon E.A., and Przedborski S. The kinase domain of mitochondrial PINK1 faces the cytoplasm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 (2008) 12022-12027
134. Zuchner S., Mersiyanova I.V., Muglia M., Bissar-Tadmouri N., Rochelle J., Dadali E.L., Zappia M., Nelis E., Patitucci A., Senderek J., Parman Y., Evgrafov O., Jonghe P.D., Takahashi Y., Tsuji S., Pericak-Vance M.A., Quattrone A., Battaloglu E., Polyakov A.V., Timmerman V., Schroder J.M., Vance J.M., and Battologlu E. Mutations in the mitochondrial GTPase mitofusin 2 cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A. Nat. Genet. 36 (2004) 449-451