Breakdown in epithelial barrier function in patients with asthma: Identification of novel therapeutic approaches

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Volumn 124, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 23-34

  Swindle, Emily J ^a   Collins, Jane E ^a   Davies, Donna E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

allergen; Asthma; epithelium; innate immunity; permeability; tight junction; virus

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; AT 1001; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; DEXAMETHASONE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 13 ANTIBODY; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AIR POLLUTANT; ALLERGIC REACTION; ASTHMA; BRONCHUS MUCOSA; BRONCHUS SECRETION; CELIAC DISEASE; CELL INTERACTION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CHEMICAL PHENOMENA; CILIARY MOTILITY; DISEASE EXACERBATION; GENE; HOMEOSTASIS; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; LUNG STRUCTURE; MUCUS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; TIGHT JUNCTION; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; VIRUS INFECTION;

ASTHMA; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; RESPIRATORY MUCOSA; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 67649205370     PISSN: 00916749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.037     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Anderson G.P. Endotyping asthma: new insights into key pathogenic mechanisms in a complex, heterogeneous disease. Lancet 372 (2008) 1107-1119
2. Pearce N., Pekkanen J., and Beasley R. How much asthma is really attributable to atopy?. Thorax 54 (1999) 268-272
3. Turato G., Barbato A., Baraldo S., Zanin M.E., Bazzan E., Lokar-Oliani K., et al. Nonatopic children with multitrigger wheezing have airway pathology comparable to atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178 (2008) 476-482
4. Holgate S.T., Davies D.E., Lackie P.M., Wilson S.J., Puddicombe S.M., and Lordan J.L. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the pathogenesis of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105 (2000) 193-204
5. Davies D.E., Wicks J., Powell R.M., Puddicombe S.M., and Holgate S.T. Airway remodelling in asthma-new insights. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111 (2003) 215-225
6. O'Regan G.M., Sandilands A., McLean W.H., and Irvine A.D. Filaggrin in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 122 (2008) 689-693
7. Heyman M. Gut barrier dysfunction in food allergy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17 (2005) 1279-1285
8. Cookson W. The immunogenetics of asthma and eczema: a new focus on the epithelium. Nat Rev Immunol 4 (2004) 978-988
9. Sly P.D., Boner A.L., Bjorksten B., Bush A., Custovic A., Eigenmann P.A., et al. Early identification of atopy in the prediction of persistent asthma in children. Lancet 372 (2008) 1100-1106
10. Sears M.R. Epidemiology of asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 122 (2008) 662-668
11. Martinez F.D. Development of wheezing disorders and asthma in preschool children. Pediatrics 109 suppl (2002) 362-367
12. van der Schans C.P. Bronchial mucus transport. Respir Care 52 (2007) 1150-1156
13. Nicholas B., Skipp P., Mould R., Rennard S., Davies D.E., O'Connor C.D., et al. Shotgun proteomic analysis of human-induced sputum. Proteomics 6 (2006) 4390-4401
14. Thornton D.J., Rousseau K., and McGuckin M.A. Structure and function of the polymeric mucins in airways mucus. Annu Rev Physiol 70 (2008) 459-486
15. Bingle C.D., and Gorr S.U. Host defense in oral and airway epithelia: chromosome 20 contributes a new protein family. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36 (2004) 2144-2152
16. Herr C., Shaykhiev R., and Bals R. The role of cathelicidin and defensins in pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 7 (2007) 1449-1461
17. Proud D. The role of defensins in virus-induced asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 6 (2006) 81-85
18. Leung T.F., Li C.Y., Liu E.K., Tang N.L., Chan I.H., Yung E., et al. Asthma and atopy are associated with DEFB1 polymorphisms in Chinese children. Genes Immun 7 (2006) 59-64
19. Kelly F.J. Vitamins and respiratory disease: antioxidant micronutrients in pulmonary health and disease. Proc Nutr Soc 64 (2005) 510-526
20. Yang I.A., Fong K.M., Zimmerman P.V., Holgate S.T., and Holloway J.W. Genetic susceptibility to the respiratory effects of air pollution. Thorax 63 (2008) 555-563
21. Sackesen C., Ercan H., Dizdar E., Soyer O., Gumus P., Tosun B.N., et al. A comprehensive evaluation of the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 122 (2008) 78-85
22. Ghosh S., Janocha A.J., Aronica M.A., Swaidani S., Comhair S.A., Xu W., et al. Nitrotyrosine proteome survey in asthma identifies oxidative mechanism of catalase inactivation. J Immunol 176 (2006) 5587-5597
23. Fitzpatrick A.M., Teague W.G., Holguin F., Yeh M., and Brown L.A. Airway glutathione homeostasis is altered in children with severe asthma: evidence for oxidant stress. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123 (2009) 146-152
24. Comhair S.A., Xu W., Ghosh S., Thunnissen F.B., Almasan A., Calhoun W.J., et al. Superoxide dismutase inactivation in pathophysiology of asthmatic airway remodeling and reactivity. Am J Pathol 166 (2005) 663-674
25. Comhair S.A., Bhathena P.R., Farver C., Thunnissen F.B., and Erzurum S.C. Extracellular glutathione peroxidase induction in asthmatic lungs: evidence for redox regulation of expression in human airway epithelial cells. FASEB J 15 (2001) 70-78
26. Kelly F.J., Mudway I., Blomberg A., Frew A., and Sandstrom T. Altered lung antioxidant status in patients with mild asthma. Lancet 354 (1999) 482-483
27. Troisi R.J., Willett W.C., Weiss S.T., Trichopoulos D., Rosner B., and Speizer F.E. A prospective study of diet and adult-onset asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 (1995) 1401-1408
28. Shaheen S.O., Newson R.B., Sherriff A., Henderson A.J., Heron J.E., Burney P.G., et al. Paracetamol use in pregnancy and wheezing in early childhood. Thorax 57 (2002) 958-963
29. Beasley R., Clayton T., Crane J., von M.E., Lai C.K., Montefort S., et al. Association between paracetamol use in infancy and childhood, and risk of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in children aged 6-7 years: analysis from Phase Three of the ISAAC programme. Lancet 372 (2008) 1039-1048
30. Nuttall S.L., Williams J., and Kendall M.J. Does paracetamol cause asthma?. J Clin Pharm Ther 28 (2003) 251-257
31. Allmers H. Frequent acetaminophen use and allergic diseases: is the association clear?. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116 (2005) 859-862
32. Riedl M.A., and Nel A.E. Importance of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and treatment of asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 8 (2008) 49-56
33. Van der S.M., De Koning B.A., De Bruijn A.C., Velcich A., Meijerink J.P., Van Goudoever J.B., et al. Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis, indicating that MUC2 is critical for colonic protection. Gastroenterology 131 (2006) 117-129
34. Ordonez C.L., Khashayar R., Wong H.H., Ferrando R., Wu R., Hyde D.M., et al. Mild and moderate asthma is associated with airway goblet cell hyperplasia and abnormalities in mucin gene expression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001) 517-523
35. Kirkham S., Sheehan J.K., Knight D., Richardson P.S., and Thornton D.J. Heterogeneity of airways mucus: variations in the amounts and glycoforms of the major oligomeric mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B. Biochem J 361 (2002) 537-546
36. Boogaard R., Smit F., Schornagel R., Vaessen-Verberne A.A., Kouwenberg J.M., Hekkelaan M., et al. Recombinant human deoxyribonuclease for the treatment of acute asthma in children. Thorax 63 (2008) 141-146
37. Ikenouchi J., Sasaki H., Tsukita S., Furuse M., and Tsukita S. Loss of occludin affects tricellular localization of tricellulin. Mol Biol Cell 19 (2008) 4687-4693
38. Gonzalez-Mariscal L., Betanzos A., and Vila-Flores A. MAGUK proteins: structure and role in the tight junction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 11 (2000) 315-324
39. van Meer G., and Simons K. The function of tight junctions in maintaining differences in lipid composition between the apical and the basolateral cell surface domains of MDCK cells. EMBO J 5 (1986) 1455-1464
40. Nelson W.J. Regulation of cell-cell adhesion by the cadherin-catenin complex. Biochem Soc Trans 36 suppl (2008) 149-155
41. Garrod D., and Chidgey M. Desmosome structure, composition and function. Biochim Biophys Acta 1778 (2008) 572-587
42. Tsukita S., Yamazaki Y., Katsuno T., Tamura A., and Tsukita S. Tight junction-based epithelial microenvironment and cell proliferation. Oncogene 27 (2008) 6930-6938
43. Krause G., Winkler L., Mueller S.L., Haseloff R.F., Piontek J., and Blasig I.E. Structure and function of claudins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1778 (2008) 631-645
44. Gonzalez-Mariscal L., Tapia R., and Chamorro D. Crosstalk of tight junction components with signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta 1778 (2008) 729-756
45. Samarin S., and Nusrat A. Regulation of epithelial apical junctional complex by Rho family GTPases. Front Biosci 14 (2009) 1129-1142
46. Balda M.S., and Matter K. Tight junctions and the regulation of gene expression. Biochim Biophys Acta 1788 (2009) 761-767
47. Sakakibara A., Furuse M., Saitou M., ndo-Akatsuka Y., and Tsukita S. Possible involvement of phosphorylation of occludin in tight junction formation. J Cell Biol 137 (1997) 1393-1401
48. Staddon J.M., Herrenknecht K., Smales C., and Rubin L.L. Evidence that tyrosine phosphorylation may increase tight junction permeability. J Cell Sci 108 suppl (1995) 609-619
49. Olivera D.S., Boggs S.E., Beenhouwer C., Aden J., and Knall C. Cellular mechanisms of mainstream cigarette smoke-induced lung epithelial tight junction permeability changes in vitro. Inhal Toxicol 19 (2007) 13-22
50. Rao R.K., Basuroy S., Rao V.U., Karnaky Jr. K.J., and Gupta A. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dissociation of occludin-ZO-1 and E-cadherin-beta-catenin complexes from the cytoskeleton by oxidative stress. Biochem J 368 suppl (2002) 471-481
51. Vikstrom E., Bui L., Konradsson P., and Magnusson K.E. The junctional integrity of epithelial cells is modulated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing molecule through phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms. Exp Cell Res 315 (2009) 313-326
52. Jeong S.K., Kim H.J., Youm J.K., Ahn S.K., Choi E.H., Sohn M.H., et al. Mite and cockroach allergens activate protease-activated receptor 2 and delay epidermal permeability barrier recovery. J Invest Dermatol 128 (2008) 1930-1939
53. Montefort S., Roche W.R., and Holgate S.T. Bronchial epithelial shedding in asthmatics and non-asthmatics. Respir Med 87 suppl B (1993) 9-11
54. Puddicombe S.M., Polosa R., Richter A., Krishna M.T., Howarth P.H., Holgate S.T., et al. Involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor in epithelial repair in asthma. FASEB J 14 (2000) 1362-1374
55. de Boer W.I., Sharma H.S., Baelemans S.M., Hoogsteden H.C., Lambrecht B.N., and Braunstahl G.J. Altered expression of epithelial junctional proteins in atopic asthma: possible role in inflammation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 86 (2008) 105-112
56. Holgate S.T. Epithelium dysfunction in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120 (2007) 1233-1244
57. Hamilton L.M., Puddicombe S.M., Dearman R.J., Kimber I., Sandstrom T., Wallin A., et al. Altered protein tyrosine phosphorylation in asthmatic bronchial epithelium. Eur Respir J 25 (2005) 978-985
58. Hamid Q., Song Y., Kotsimbos T.C., Minshall E., Bai T.R., Hegele R.G., et al. Inflammation of small airways in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 100 (1997) 44-51
59. Gray R.D., MacGregor G., Noble D., Imrie M., Dewar M., Boyd A.C., et al. Sputum proteomics in inflammatory and suppurative respiratory diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178 (2008) 444-452
60. Ahdieh M., Vandenbos T., and Youakim A. Lung epithelial barrier function and wound healing are decreased by IL-4 and IL-13 and enhanced by IFN-gamma. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281 (2001) C2029-C2038
61. Evans S.M., Blyth D.I., Wong T., Sanjar S., and West M.R. Decreased distribution of lung epithelial junction proteins after intratracheal antigen or lipopolysaccharide challenge: correlation with neutrophil influx and levels of BALF. sE-cadherin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 27 (2002) 446-454
62. Tillie-Leblond I., Gosset P., Le Berre R., Janin A., Prangere T., Tonnel A.B., et al. Keratinocyte growth factor improves alterations of lung permeability and bronchial epithelium in allergic rats. Eur Respir J 30 (2007) 31-39
63. Wan H., Winton H.L., Soeller C., Tovey E.R., Gruenert D.C., Thompson P.J., et al. Der p 1 facilitates transepithelial allergen delivery by disruption of tight junctions. J Clin Invest 104 (1999) 123-133
64. Tai H.Y., Tam M.F., Chou H., Peng H.J., Su S.N., Perng D.W., et al. Pen ch 13 allergen induces secretion of mediators and degradation of occludin protein of human lung epithelial cells. Allergy 61 (2006) 382-388
65. Sajjan U., Wang Q., Zhao Y., Gruenert D.C., and Hershenson M.B. Rhinovirus disrupts the barrier function of polarized airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178 (2008) 1271-1281
66. Puddicombe S.M., Xiao C., Haynes R., Martin S.A., Holgate S.T., and Davies D.E. Epithelial barrier integrity is impaired in cultured asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) differentiated in vitro. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3 (2006) A424
67. McGrath J.A., and Uitto J. The filaggrin story: novel insights into skin-barrier function and disease. Trends Mol Med 14 (2008) 20-27
68. Bertorelli G., Bocchino V., Zhuo X., Chetta A., Del Donno M., Foresi A., et al. Heat shock protein 70 upregulation is related to HLA-DR expression in bronchial asthma. Effects of inhaled glucocorticoids. Clin Exp Allergy 28 (1998) 551-560
69. Puddicombe S.M., Torres-Lozano C., Richter A., Bucchieri F., Lordan J.L., Howarth P.H., et al. Increased expression of p21(waf) cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor in asthmatic bronchial epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 28 (2003) 61-68
70. Bonfield T.L., Konstan M.W., Burfeind P., Panuska J.R., Hilliard J.B., and Berger M. Normal bronchial epithelial cells constitutively produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, which is downregulated in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 13 (1995) 257-261
71. Willart M.A., and Lambrecht B.N. The danger within: endogenous danger signals, atopy and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 39 (2009) 12-19
72. Ehrchen JM, Sunderkotter C, Foell D, Vogl T, Roth J. The endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 agonist S100A8/S100A9 (calprotectin) as innate amplifier of infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. J Leukoc Biol. In press 2009.
73. Richer S.L., Truong-Tran A.Q., Conley D.B., Carter R., Vermylen D., Grammer L.C., et al. Epithelial genes in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Am J Rhinol 22 (2008) 228-234
74. Trompette A., Divanovic S., Visintin A., Blanchard C., Hegde R.S., Madan R., et al. Allergenicity resulting from functional mimicry of a Toll-like receptor complex protein. Nature 457 (2009) 585-588
75. Sertl K., Takemura T., Tschachler E., Ferrans V.J., Kaliner M.A., and Shevach E.M. Dendritic cells with antigen-presenting capability reside in airway epithelium, lung parenchyma, and visceral pleura. J Exp Med 163 (1986) 436-451
76. Rescigno M., Urbano M., Valzasina B., Francolini M., Rotta G., Bonasio R., et al. Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria. Nat Immunol 2 (2001) 361-367
77. Takano K., Kojima T., Go M., Murata M., Ichimiya S., Himi T., et al. HLA-DR- and CD11c-positive dendritic cells penetrate beyond well-developed epithelial tight junctions in human nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis. J Histochem Cytochem 53 (2005) 611-619
78. Su L., Shen L., Clayburgh D.R., Nalle S.C., Sullivan E.A., Meddings J.B., et al. Targeted epithelial tight junction dysfunction causes immune activation and contributes to development of experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 136 (2009) 551-563
79. Stellato C., Collins P., Ponath P.D., Soler D., Newman W., La Rosa G., et al. Production of the novel C-C chemokine MCP-4 by airway cells and comparison of its biological activity to other C-C chemokines. J Clin Invest 99 (1997) 926-936
80. Sousa A.R., Lane S.J., Nakhosteen J.A., Yoshimura T., Lee T.H., and Poston R.N. Increased expression of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in bronchial tissue from asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 10 (1994) 142-147
81. Rate A., Upham J.W., Bosco A., McKenna K.L., and Holt P.G. Airway epithelial cells regulate the functional phenotype of locally differentiating dendritic cells: implications for the pathogenesis of infectious and allergic airway disease. J Immunol 182 (2009) 72-83
82. Regamey N., Obregon C., Ferrari-Lacraz S., van Leer C., Chanson M., Nicod L.P., et al. Airway epithelial IL-15 transforms monocytes into dendritic cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 37 (2007) 75-84
83. Bleck B., Tse D.B., Jaspers I., Curotto de Lafaille M.A., and Reibman J. Diesel exhaust particle-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells induce dendritic cell maturation. J Immunol 176 (2006) 7431-7437
84. Pichavant M., Taront S., Jeannin P., Breuilh L., Charbonnier A.S., Spriet C., et al. Impact of bronchial epithelium on dendritic cell migration and function: modulation by the bacterial motif KpOmpA. J Immunol 177 (2006) 5912-5919
85. Nathan A.T., Peterson E.A., Chakir J., and Wills-Karp M. Innate immune responses of airway epithelium to house dust mite are mediated through beta-glucan-dependent pathways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123 (2009) 612-618
86. Garofalo R., Mei F., Espejo R., Ye G., Haeberle H., Baron S., et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection of human respiratory epithelial cells up-regulates class I MHC expression through the induction of IFN-beta and IL-1 alpha. J Immunol 157 (1996) 2506-2513
87. Kim J., Myers A.C., Chen L., Pardoll D.M., Truong-Tran Q.A., Lane A.P., et al. Constitutive and inducible expression of b7 family of ligands by human airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 33 (2005) 280-289
88. Papi A., Stanciu L.A., Papadopoulos N.G., Teran L.M., Holgate S.T., and Johnston S.L. Rhinovirus infection induces major histocompatibility complex class I and costimulatory molecule upregulation on respiratory epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 181 (2000) 1780-1784
89. Stanciu L.A., Bellettato C.M., Laza-Stanca V., Coyle A.J., Papi A., and Johnston S.L. Expression of programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L) 1, PD-L2, B7-H3, and inducible costimulator ligand on human respiratory tract epithelial cells and regulation by respiratory syncytial virus and type 1 and 2 cytokines. J Infect Dis 193 (2006) 404-412
90. Heinecke L., Proud D., Sanders S., Schleimer R.P., and Kim J. Induction of B7-H1 and B7-DC expression on airway epithelial cells by the Toll-like receptor 3 agonist double-stranded RNA and human rhinovirus infection: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121 (2008) 1155-1160
91. Hsieh F.H., Sharma P., Gibbons A., Goggans T., Erzurum S.C., and Haque S.J. Human airway epithelial cell determinants of survival and functional phenotype for primary human mast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (2005) 14380-14385
92. Otsuka H., Kusumi T., Kanai S., Koyama M., Kuno Y., and Takizawa R. Stem cell factor mRNA expression and production in human nasal epithelial cells: contribution to the accumulation of mast cells in the nasal epithelium of allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 102 (1998) 757-764
93. Pompen M., Smids B.S., Dingemans K.P., Jansen H.M., Out T.A., and Lutter R. Lung epithelial H292 cells induce differentiation of immature human HMC-1 mast cells by interleukin-6 and stem cell factor. Clin Exp Allergy 30 (2000) 1104-1112
94. Sanmugalingam D., Wardlaw A.J., and Bradding P. Adhesion of human lung mast cells to bronchial epithelium: evidence for a novel carbohydrate-mediated mechanism. J Leukoc Biol 68 (2000) 38-46
95. Yang W., Wardlaw A.J., and Bradding P. Attenuation of human lung mast cell degranulation by bronchial epithelium. Allergy 61 (2006) 569-575
96. Cairns J.A., and Walls A.F. Mast cell tryptase is a mitogen for epithelial cells. Stimulation of IL-8 production and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. J Immunol 156 (1996) 275-283
97. Bradding P., Roberts J.A., Britten K.M., Montefort S., Djukanovic R., Mueller R., et al. Interleukin-4, -5, and -6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and asthmatic airways: evidence for the human mast cell as a source of these cytokines. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 10 (1994) 471-480
98. Abdelaziz M.M., Devalia J.L., Khair O.A., Calderon M., Sapsford R.J., and Davies R.J. The effect of conditioned medium from cultured human bronchial epithelial cells on eosinophil and neutrophil chemotaxis and adherence in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 13 (1995) 728-737
99. Kato Y., Fujisawa T., Shibano M., Saito T., Gatto W., Kamiya H., et al. Airway epithelial cells promote transmigration of eosinophils in a new three-dimensional chemotaxis model. Clin Exp Allergy 32 (2002) 889-897
100. Cox G., Ohtoshi T., Vancheri C., Denburg J.A., Dolovich J., Gauldie J., et al. Promotion of eosinophil survival by human bronchial epithelial cells and its modulation by steroids. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 4 (1991) 525-531
101. Soloperto M., Mattoso V.L., Fasoli A., and Mattoli S. A bronchial epithelial cell-derived factor in asthma that promotes eosinophil activation and survival as GM-CSF. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 260 (1991) L530-L538
102. Takafuji S., Ohtoshi T., Takizawa H., Tadokoro K., and Ito K. Eosinophil degranulation in the presence of bronchial epithelial cells. Effect of cytokines and role of adhesion. J Immunol 156 (1996) 3980-3985
103. Burke-Gaffney A., and Hellewell P.G. A CD18/ICAM-1-dependent pathway mediates eosinophil adhesion to human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 19 (1998) 408-418
104. Uddin M., Seumois G., Lau L.C., Rytila P., Davies D.E., and Djukanovic R. Enhancement of neutrophil function by the bronchial epithelium stimulated by epidermal growth factor. Eur Respir J 31 (2008) 714-724
105. Trautmann A., Schmid-Grendelmeier P., Kruger K., Crameri R., Akdis M., Akkaya A., et al. T cells and eosinophils cooperate in the induction of bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 109 (2002) 329-337
106. Sekiya T., Miyamasu M., Imanishi M., Yamada H., Nakajima T., Yamaguchi M., et al. Inducible expression of a Th2-type CC chemokine thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine by human bronchial epithelial cells. J Immunol 165 (2000) 2205-2213
107. Panina-Bordignon P., Papi A., Mariani M., Di Lucia P., Casoni G., Bellettato C., et al. The C-C chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8 identify airway T cells of allergen-challenged atopic asthmatics. J Clin Invest 107 (2001) 1357-1364
108. Darveau M.E., Jacques E., Rouabhia M., Hamid Q., and Chakir J. Increased T-cell survival by structural bronchial cells derived from asthmatic subjects cultured in an engineered human mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121 (2008) 692-699
109. Burgler S., Ouaked N., Bassin C., Basinski T.M., Mantel P.Y., Siegmund K., et al. Differentiation and functional analysis of human T(H)17 cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123 (2009) 588-595
110. Holgate S.T. Rhinoviruses in the pathogenesis of asthma: the bronchial epithelium as a major disease target. J Allergy Clin Immunol 118 (2006) 587-590
111. Wark P.A., Bucchieri F., Johnston S.L., Gibson P.G., Hamilton L., Mimica J., et al. IFN-gamma-induced protein 10 is a novel biomarker of rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120 (2007) 586-593
112. Wark P.A., Johnston S.L., Bucchieri F., Powell R., Puddicombe S., Laza-Stanca V., et al. Asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells have a deficient innate immune response to infection with rhinovirus. J Exp Med 201 (2005) 937-947
113. Contoli M., Message S.D., Laza-Stanca V., Edwards M.R., Wark P.A., Bartlett N.W., et al. Role of deficient type III interferon-lambda production in asthma exacerbations. Nat Med 12 (2006) 1023-1026
114. Simon H.U., Seelbach H., Ehmann R., and Schmitz M. Clinical and immunological effects of low-dose IFN-alpha treatment in patients with corticosteroid-resistant asthma. Allergy 58 (2003) 1250-1255
115. Allakhverdi Z., Comeau M.R., Jessup H.K., Yoon B.R., Brewer A., Chartier S., et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is released by human epithelial cells in response to microbes, trauma, or inflammation and potently activates mast cells. J Exp Med 204 (2007) 253-258
116. Kato A., Favoreto Jr. S., Avila P.C., and Schleimer R.P. TLR3- and Th2 cytokine-dependent production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in human airway epithelial cells. J Immunol 179 (2007) 1080-1087
117. Soumelis V., Reche P.A., Kanzler H., Yuan W., Edward G., Homey B., et al. Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP. Nat Immunol 3 (2002) 673-680
118. Wang YH, Liu YJ. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, OX40-ligand, and interleukin-25 in allergic responses. Clin Exp Allergy. In press 2009.
119. Holgate S.T. The epithelium takes centre stage in asthma and atopic dermatitis. Trends Immunol 28 (2007) 248-251
120. Ying S., O'Connor B., Ratoff J., Meng Q., Mallett K., Cousins D., et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is increased in asthmatic airways and correlates with expression of Th2-attracting chemokines and disease severity. J Immunol 174 (2005) 8183-8190
121. Hammad H., Chieppa M., Perros F., Willart M.A., Germain R.N., and Lambrecht B.N. House dust mite allergen induces asthma via Toll-like receptor 4 triggering of airway structural cells. Nat Med 15 (2009) 410-416
122. Wadsworth S.J., Nijmeh H.S., and Hall I.P. Glucocorticoids increase repair potential in a novel in vitro human airway epithelial wounding model. J Clin Immunol 26 (2006) 376-387
123. Dorscheid D.R., Wojcik K.R., Sun S., Marroquin B., and White S.R. Apoptosis of airway epithelial cells induced by corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001) 1939-1947
124. Dorscheid D.R., Patchell B.J., Estrada O., Marroquin B., Tse R., and White S.R. Effects of corticosteroid-induced apoptosis on airway epithelial wound closure in vitro. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 291 (2006) L794-L801
125. Boivin M.A., Ye D., Kennedy J.C., Al-Sadi R., Shepela C., and Ma T.Y. Mechanism of glucocorticoid regulation of the intestinal tight junction barrier. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292 (2007) G590-G598
126. Basuroy S., Seth A., Elias B., Naren A.P., and Rao R. MAPK interacts with occludin and mediates EGF-induced prevention of tight junction disruption by hydrogen peroxide. Biochem J 393 (2006) 69-77
127. Bruewer M., Samarin S., and Nusrat A. Inflammatory bowel disease and the apical junctional complex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1072 (2006) 242-252
128. Prasad S., Mingrino R., Kaukinen K., Hayes K.L., Powell R.M., MacDonald T.T., et al. Inflammatory processes have differential effects on claudins 2, 3 and 4 in colonic epithelial cells. Lab Invest 85 (2005) 1139-1162
129. Sinha A., Nightingale J., West K.P., Berlanga-Acosta J., and Playford R.J. Epidermal growth factor enemas with oral mesalamine for mild-to-moderate left-sided ulcerative colitis or proctitis. N Engl J Med 349 (2003) 350-357
130. Farrell R.J. Epidermal growth factor for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 349 (2003) 395-397
131. Hayashi T., and Sakamoto S. Radioimmunoassay of human epidermal growth factor-hEGF levels in human body fluids. J Pharmacobiodynamics 11 (1988) 146-151
132. Sweetenham J.W., Davies D.E., Warnes S., and Alexander P. Urinary epidermal growth factor (hEGF) levels in patients with carcinomas of the breast, colon and rectum. Br J Cancer 62 (1990) 459-461
133. Polosa R., Prosperini G., Leir S.H., Holgate S.T., Lackie P.M., and Davies D.E. Expression of c-erbB receptors and ligands in human bronchial mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 20 (1999) 914-923
134. Oxford G.E., Tayari L., Barfoot M.D., Peck A.B., Tanaka Y., and Humphreys-Beher M.G. Salivary EGF levels reduced in diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications 14 (2000) 140-145
135. Ma L., Wang W.P., Chow J.Y., Yuen S.T., and Cho C.H. Reduction of EGF is associated with the delay of ulcer healing by cigarette smoking. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 278 (2000) G10-G17
136. Shin C.E., Falcone Jr. R.A., Stuart L., Erwin C.R., and Warner B.W. Diminished epidermal growth factor levels in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 35 (2000) 173-176
137. Toback F.G., Walsh-Reitz M.M., Musch M.W., Chang E.B., Del V.J., Ren H., et al. Peptide fragments of AMP-18, a novel secreted gastric antrum mucosal protein, are mitogenic and motogenic. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285 (2003) G344-G353
138. Walsh-Reitz M.M., Huang E.F., Musch M.W., Chang E.B., Martin T.E., Kartha S., et al. AMP-18 protects barrier function of colonic epithelial cells: role of tight junction proteins. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 289 (2005) G163-G171
139. Wang W., Uzzau S., Goldblum S.E., and Fasano A. Human zonulin, a potential modulator of intestinal tight junctions. J Cell Sci 113 suppl (2000) 4435-4440
140. Fasano A., Baudry B., Pumplin D.W., Wasserman S.S., Tall B.D., Ketley J.M., et al. Vibrio cholerae produces a second enterotoxin, which affects intestinal tight junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 (1991) 5242-5246
141. Fasano A. Physiological, pathological, and therapeutic implications of zonulin-mediated intestinal barrier modulation: living life on the edge of the wall. Am J Pathol 173 (2008) 1243-1252
142. Lammers K.M., Lu R., Brownley J., Lu B., Gerard C., Thomas K., et al. Gliadin induces an increase in intestinal permeability and zonulin release by binding to the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Gastroenterology 135 (2008) 194-204
143. Paterson B.M., Lammers K.M., Arrieta M.C., Fasano A., and Meddings J.B. The safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of single doses of AT-1001 in coeliac disease subjects: a proof of concept study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26 (2007) 757-766
144. Brown A., Farmer K., MacDonald L., Kalsheker N., Pritchard D., Haslett C., et al. House dust mite Der p 1 downregulates defenses of the lung by inactivating elastase inhibitors. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 29 (2003) 381-389
145. Vliagoftis H., and Forsythe P. Should we target allergen protease activity to decrease the burden of allergic airway inflammation?. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 7 (2008) 288-295
146. Malerba G., and Pignatti P.F. A review of asthma genetics: gene expression studies and recent candidates. J Appl Genet 46 (2005) 93-104
147. Allen M., Heinzmann A., Noguchi E., Abecasis G., Broxholme J., Ponting C.P., et al. Positional cloning of a novel gene influencing asthma from chromosome 2q14. Nat Genet 35 (2003) 258-263
148. Laitinen T., Polvi A., Rydman P., Vendelin J., Pulkkinen V., Salmikangas P., et al. Characterization of a common susceptibility locus for asthma-related traits. Science 304 (2004) 300-304
149. Ober C., Tan Z., Sun Y., Possick J.D., Pan L., Nicolae R., et al. Effect of variation in CHI3L1 on serum YKL-40 level, risk of asthma, and lung function. N Engl J Med 358 (2008) 1682-1691
150. Schade J., Stephan M., Schmiedl A., Wagner L., Niestroj A.J., Demuth H.U., et al. Regulation of expression and function of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4), DP8/9, and DP10 in allergic responses of the lung in rats. J Histochem Cytochem 56 (2008) 147-155
151. Li H.L., Qu Y.J., Lu Y.C., Bondarenko V.E., Wang S., Skerrett I.M., et al. DPP10 is an inactivation modulatory protein of Kv4.3 and Kv1.4. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291 (2006) C966-C976
152. Chupp G.L., Lee C.G., Jarjour N., Shim Y.M., Holm C.T., He S., et al. A chitinase-like protein in the lung and circulation of patients with severe asthma. N Engl J Med 357 (2007) 2016-2027
153. Mizoguchi E. Chitinase 3-like-1 exacerbates intestinal inflammation by enhancing bacterial adhesion and invasion in colonic epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 130 (2006) 398-411
154. Xu Y.L., Reinscheid R.K., Huitron-Resendiz S., Clark S.D., Wang Z., Lin S.H., et al. Neuropeptide S: a neuropeptide promoting arousal and anxiolytic-like effects. Neuron 43 (2004) 487-497