Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the pathogenesis of asthma

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Volumn 105, Issue 2 II, 2000, Pages 193-204

  Holgate, Stephen T ^a   Davies, Donna E ^a   Lackie, Peter M ^a   Wilson, Susan J ^a   Puddicombe, Sarah M ^a   Lordan, James L ^a  

^a SOUTHAMPTON GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Airway remodeling; Allergy; Asthma; Bronchial epithelium; Epidermal growth factor; Morphogenesis; Myofibroblast; Stress; Transforming growth factor ; Trophic unit

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ARTICLE; ASTHMA; CELL INTERACTION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; EPITHELIUM CELL; HELPER CELL; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LUNG DEVELOPMENT; MESENCHYME; MYOFIBROBLAST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TISSUE REPAIR;

ASTHMA; CELL COMMUNICATION; EPITHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; MESODERM;

EID: 0033977013     PISSN: 00916749     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(00)90066-6     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Peat JK, Li J. Reversing the trend: reducing the prevalence of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:1-10.
2. Pearce N, Pekkanen J, Beasley R. How much asthma is really attributable to atopy? Thorax 1999;54:268-72.
3. Warner JA, Jones CA, Williams TJ, Warner JO. Maternal programming in asthma and allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28(5 Suppl):35-8.
4. Martinez FD. Role of respiratory infection in onset of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Exp Allergy 1999;29(2 Suppl):53-8.
5. James AL, Carroll N. The pathology of fatal asthma. In: Holgate ST, Busse WW, editors. Inflammatory mechanisms in asthma. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1998. p 1-26. Series: Lung Biology in Health and Disease, Vol 177.
6. Naylor B. The shedding of the mucosa of the bronchial tree in asthma. Thorax 1962;17:69-72.
7. Weltmann G, Ward RJ, Symon FA, Rew DA, Pavord ID, Wardlaw AJ. Objective quantitative analysis of eosinophils and bronchial epithelial cells in induced sputum by laser scanning cytometry. Thorax 1999;54:124-30.
8. Laitinen LA, Heino M, Laitinen A, Kava T, Haahtela T. Damage of the airway epithelium and bronchial reactivity with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;131:599-606.
9. Montefort S, Roberts JA, Beasley CR, Holgate ST, Roche WR. The site of disruption of the bronchial epithelium in asthmatics and non-asthmatics. Thorax 1992;47:499-503.
10. Jeffrey PK, Wardlaw A, Nelson EC, Collins JE, Kay AB. Bronchial biopsies in asthma: an ultrastructural quantification study and correlation with hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;140:1745-53.
11. Ohashi Y, Motojima S, Fukuda T, Makino S. Airway hyperresponsiveness, increased intracellular spaces of bronchial epithelium and increased infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes in bronchial mucosa in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;140:1469-76.
12. Lozewicz S, Weeks C, Gomez E, Ferguson H, Richman P, Devalia J, et al. Morphological integrity of the bronchial epithelium in mild asthma. Thorax 1990;45:12-5.
13. Lackie PM, Baker JE, Günthert U, Holgate ST. Expression of CD44 iso-forms is increased in the airway epithelium of asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997;16:14-22.
14. Leir S-H, Baker JE, Holgate ST, Lackie PM. Increased CD44 expression in bronchial epithelial repair following mechanical damage or plating at low cell densities. Am J Physiol. In press.
15. Puddicombe SM, Polosa R, Richter A, Krishna MT, Howarth PH, Holgate ST, et al. The involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor in epithelial repair in asthma. FASEB J. In press.
16. Jeffery PK, Wardlaw AJ, Nelson FC, Collins JV, Kay AB. Bronchial biopsies in asthma: an ultrastructural, quantitative study and correlation with hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:1745-53.
17. Erjefält JS, Persson CGA. Airway epithelial repair: breathtakingly quick and multipotentially pathogenic. Thorax 1997;52:1010-2.
18. Montefort S, Baker J, Roche WR, Holgate ST. The distribution of adhesive mechanisms in the normal bronchial epithelium. Eur Respir J 1992;6:1257-63.
19. Williams SL, West M, Lackie PM. Morphometry of airway epithelial cells in asthma. Respir Med 1998;92:A30.
20. Erjefalt JS, Sundler F, Persson CG. Epithelial barrier formation by airway basal cells. Thorax 1997;52:213-7.
21. Bertonelli G, Bocchino V, Zhuo X, Chetta A, Del Donno M, Foresi A, et al. Heat shock protein 70 upregulation is related to HLA-DR expression in bronchial asthma: effects of inhaled corticosteroids. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:551-60.
22. Hart LA, Krishnan VA, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Activation on localisation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kB in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1585-92.
23. Wilson SJ, Leon BA, Anderson D, Manning A, Holgate ST. Immunohis-tochemical analysis of the activation of NF-kB and expression of associated cytokines and adhesion molecules in models of allergic inflammation. J Pathol 1999;189:265-72.
24. Demoly P, Baasset-Seguin N, Chanez P, Campbell AM, Guathier Rouviere P, Godard P, et al. c-fos Protoncogene expression in bronchial biopsies of asthmatics. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992;7:128-33.
25. Sampath D, Castro M, Look DC, Holtzman MJ. Constitutive activation of an epithelial signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in asthma. J Clin Invest 1999;103:1353-61.
26. Saleh D, Ernst P, Lim S, Barnes PJ, Giaid A. Increased formation of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite in the airways of asthmatic patients is associated with induction of nitric oxide synthase: effect of inhaled glucocorticoid. FASEB J 1998;12:929-37.
27. Chung KF, Barnes PF. Cytokines in asthma. Thorax 1999;54:825-57.
28. Knobil K, Jacoby DB. Mediator functions of epithelial cells. In: Holgate ST, Busse WW, editors. Lung biology in health and disease: inflammatory mechanisms in asthma. Vol 117 (Lenfant C, editor). New York: Marcel Dekker; 1998. p 469-95.
29. Salvi S, Semper A, Blomberg A, Holloway J, Jaffar Z, Papi A, et al. Interleukin-5 production by human airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999;20:984-91.
30. Salvi S, Papadopoulos N, Frew AJ, Holgate ST. Rhinovirus upregulates IL-13 mRNA expression in human airway epithelial cells. Immunology 1999. In press.
31. King C, Brennan S, Thompson PJ, Stewart GA. Dust mite allergens induce cytokine release from cultured epithelium. J Immunol 1998;161:1645-51.
32. Cairns JA, Walls AF. Mast cell tryptase is a mitogen for epithelial cells: stimulation of IL-8 production and ICAM-1 expression. J Immunol 1996;156:275-83.
33. Yamaga M, Sekizawa K, Masuda T, Morikawa M, Sawai T, Sasaki H. Oxidants affect permeability and repair of the cultured human trachea. Am J Physiol 1995;268:L284-93.
34. Papi A, Johnston SL. Respiratory epithelial cell expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and its up-regulation by rhinovirus infection via NF-kB and GATA transcription factors. J Biol Chem 1999;274:30041-51.
35. Van-Alphen L. Interaction of bacteria and airway epithelial cells. Eur Respir J 1996;9:1342-3.
36. Shibata Y, Nakamura H, Kato S, Tomiike H. Cellular detachment and deformation induce IL-8 gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. J Immunol 1996;156:727-7.
37. Chalmers GW, Little SA, Patel KR, Thomson NC. Endothelin-1-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:382-8.
38. Mattoli S, Mezzetti M, Riva G, Allegra L, Fasoli A. Specific binding of endothelin on human bronchial smooth muscle cells in culture and secretion of endothelin-like material from bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990;3:145-51.
39. Bromley IMJ, Trifilieff A, Giddings J, Lackie PM. The role of endothelin in airway inflammation and remodelling [abstract], Respir Med 1998;92:A19.
40. Hou L, Kapas S, Cruchley AT, Macey MG, Harriott P, Chinni C, et al. Immunolocalisation of protease-activated receptor-2 in skin: receptor activation stimulates interleukin-8 secretion by heratinocytes in vitro. Immunology 1998;94:356-62.
41. Rhaman I, MacNee W. Role of transcription factors in inflammatory lung diseases. Thorax 1998;53:601-12.
42. Li N, Karin M. Is NF-kB the sensor of oxidative stress? FASEB J 1999;13:1137-43.
43. Devalia JL, Bayram H, Abdelaziz MM, Sapsford RJ, Davies RJ. Differences between cytokine release from bronchial epithelial cells of asthmatic patients and non-asthmatic subjects: effect of exposure to diesel exhaust particles. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999;118:437-9.
44. Bayram H, Devalia JL, Khair OA, Abdelaziz MM, Sapsford RJ, Sagai M, et al. Comparison of ciliary activity and inflammatory mediator release from bronchial epithelial cells of nonatopic nonasthmatic and atopic asthmatic patients and the effect of diesel exhaust particles in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:771-82.
45. Hackel PO, Zwick E, Prenzel N, Ullrich A. Epidermal growth factor receptors: critical mediators of multiple receptor pathways. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1999;11:184-9.
46. Asano K, Nakamura H, Lilly CM, Klagsbrun M, Drazen JM. Interferon gamma induces prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 through an autocrine loop via the epidermal growth factor receptor in human bronchial epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 1997;99:1057-63.
47. Daub H, Weiss FU, Wallasch C, Ullrich A. Role of transactivation of the EGF receptor in signalling by G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature 1996;379:557-60.
48. Huang RP, Wu JX, Fan Y, Adamson ED. UV activates growth factor receptors via reactive oxygen intermediates. J Cell Biol 1996;133:211-20.
49. Richter A, Holgate ST, Davies DE. Involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the response of bronchial epithelial cells to oxidant stress [abstract]. Eur Respir J 1998;12(29 Suppl):29s.
50. Davies DE, Polosa R, Puddicombe SM, Richter A, Holgate ST. The epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligand family: their potential role in repair and remodelling in asthma. Allergy 1999;54:771-83.
51. Barrow RE, Wang CZ, Evans MJ, Herndon DN. Growth factors accelerate epithelial repair in sheep trachea. Lung 1993;171:335-44.
52. Kumar RK, O'Grady R, Di Girolamo N. Epidermal growth factor-like molecular species in normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Lung 1996;174:171-9.
53. Puddicombe SM, Holgate ST, Davies DE. The role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in bronchial epithelial repair [abstract], Eur Respir J 1998;12(29 Suppl 29):29s.
54. Polosa R, Dokic D, Prosperini G, Holgate ST, Davies DE, Howarth PH. Ozone exposure elicits overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands in human nasal epithelium [abstract], Eur Respir J 1998;12(28 Suppl 28):317s.
55. Amishima M, Munakata M, Nasuhara Y, Sato A, Takahashi T, Homma Y, et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in the asthmatic human airway. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1907-12.
56. 125I-epidermal growth factor binding and receptor distribution in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 1986;86:260-5.
57. Rusch V, Baselga J, Cordon-Cardo C, Orazem J, Zaman M, Hoda S, et al. Differential expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands in primary non-small cell lung cancers and adjacent benign lung. Cancer Res 1993;53:2379-85.
58. Demoly P, Simony-Lafontaine J, Chanez P, Pujol J-L, Lequeux N, Michel F-B, et al. Cell proliferation in the bronchial mucosa of asthmatics and chronic bronchitics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:214-7.
59. Ricciardolo FLM, Ruchimann E, Rabe KF, Litvinov S, Sterk PJ, van Krieken JHJM. Epithelial damage and expression of proliferation marker Ki67 and epithelial adhesion molecules E-cadherin and Ep-CAM in bronchial biopsies of atopic mild asthmatics. Eur Respir J 1999; 14(30 Suppl):66-7s.
60. Moses HL, Yang EY, Pietenpol JA. Regulation of epithelial proliferation by TGF-beta. Ciba Found Symp 1991;157:66-74.
61. Kretzschmar M, Massague J. SMADs: mediators and regulators of TGF-beta signaling. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1998;8:103-11.
62. Polosa R, Krishna MT, Frew AJ, Howarth P, Holgate ST, Davies DE. Differential expression of c-erbB receptors and ligands in asthmatic and healthy bronchial epithelium [abstract]. Eur Respir J 1999;14(30 Suppl):67s.
63. Redington AE, Madden J, Frew AJ, Djukanovic R, Roche WR, Holgate ST, et al. Transforming growth factor b1 in asthma: measurement in bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997:156:642-7.
64. Druilhe A, Wallaert B, Tsicopoulos A, Lapa e Silva JR, Tillie-Leblond I, Tonnel AB, et al. Apoptosis, proliferation, and expression of Bcl-2, Fas, and Fas ligand in bronchial biopsies from asthmatics. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998:19:747-57.
65. Warner JA, Marquet C, Rao R, Roche WR, Pohunek P. Inflammatory mechanisms in childhood asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1998:28(5 Suppl):71-5.
66. Richards W, Patrick JR. Death from asthma in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1965:110:6-21.
67. Roche WR, Beasley R, Williams J, Holgate ST. Subepithelial fibrosis in the bronchi of asthmatics. Lancet 1989:1:520-4.
68. 1 mRNA expression and airways fibrosis in asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997:17:326-33.
69. Chetta A, Foresi A, Donno MD, Bertorelli G, Pesci A, Oliveiri D. Airway remodelling is a distinctive feature of asthma and is related to asthma severity. Chest 1997:111:852-7.
70. Boulet L-P, Laviolette M, Turcotte H, Milot J, Cartier A, Dugas M, et al. Bronchial subepithelial fibrosis correlates with airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Chest 1997:112:45-52.
71. Chu HW, Halliday JL, Martin RJ, Leung MYM, Szefler SJ, Wenzel SE. Collagen deposition in large airways does not differentiate severe asthma from milder forms of the disease [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:A502.
72. Saetta M, Maestrelli P, Turato G, Mapp CE, Milani G, Pivirotto F, et al. Airway wall remodelling after cessation of exposure to isocyanates in sensitised subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995:151:489-94.
73. Vaughan JH, Tan EM, Mathison DA, Stevenson PD, Berman SZ, Braude AI. Bronchial asthma: pathophysiology. In: Austen KF, Lichtenstein LM, editors. Asthma: physiology, immunopharmacology and treatment. New York: Academic Press; 1973. p 1-13.
74. Chanez P, Vignola AM, O'Shaughnessy T, Enander I, Li D, Jeffrey PK, et al. Corticosteroid reversibility in COPD is related to features of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1529-34.
75. Jeffrey PK. Differences and similarities between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1999:29(2 Suppl):14-26.
76. Djukanovic R, Lai CWK, Wilson JW, Britten KM, Wilson SJ, Roche WR, et al. Bronchial mucosal manifestations of atopy: a comparison of markers of inflammation between atopic asthmatics, atopic non-asthmatics and healthy controls. Eur Respir J 1992:5:538-44.
77. Wiggs BR, Hrousis CA, Drazen JM, Kamm RD. On the mechanism of mucosal folding in normal and asthmatic airways. J Appl Physiol 1997:83:1814-21.
78. Brewster CED, Howarth PH, Djukanovic R, Wilson J, Holgate ST, Roche WR. Myofibroblasts and subepithelial fibrosis in asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990:3:507-11.
79. Evans MJ, Guha SC, Cox RA, Moller PC. Attenuated fibroblast sheath around the basement membrane zone in the trachea. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993:8:188-97.
80. Alcolado R, Arthur MJ, Iredale JP. Pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Clin Sci (Colch) 1997:92:103-12.
81. Evans MJ, van Winkle LS, Fanucchi MV, Plopper CG. The attenuated fibroblast sheath of the respiratory tract epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. In press.
82. Valentich J, Powell D. Intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts and mucosal immunophysiology. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 1994:10:645-51.
83. Harrison NK, Dawes KE, Kwon OJ, Barnes PJ, Laurent GS, Chung KF. Effects of neuropeptides on human lung fibroblast proliferation and chemotaxis. Am J Physiol 1995;268:L278-83.
84. Joyce NC, Haire MF, Palade GE. Morphologic and biochemical evidence for a contractile cell network within the rat intestinal mucosa. Gastroen-terology 1987:92:68-81.
85. Holmes JA, Howat WJ, Holgate ST, Lackie PM. Infiltrating cell movement across basement membrane: the role of basement membrane pores in bronchial epithelium [abstract]. Mol Biol Cell 1999;98 (1 Suppl):37.
86. Minoo P, King RJ. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in lung development. Ann Rev Physiol 1994:56:13-45.
87. Canniggia I, Tseu I, Han RNN, Smith BT, Tanswell K, Post M. Spatial and temporal differences in fibroblast behaviour in fetal rat lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 1991;261:L424-33.
88. Miettinen PJ, Warburton D, Bu D, Zhao JS, Berger JE, Minoo P, et al. Impaired lung branching morphogenesis in the absence of functional EGF receptor. Dev Biol 1997;186:226-36.
89. Jeffrey PK. The development of large and small airways. In: The role of small airways in asthma: a review and key questions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157(Suppl):S174-80.
90. Ganser GL, Stricklin GP, Matrisian LM. EGF and TGF alpha influence in vitro lung development by the induction of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. Int J Dev Biol 1991;35:453-61.
91. Mautino G, Henriquet C, Jaffuel D, Bousquet J, Capony F Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:324-30.
92. Hoshino M, Takahashi M, Takai Y, Sim J. Inhaled corticosteroids decrease subepithelial collagen deposition by modulation of the balance between matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:356-63.
93. Xu J, Leir S-H, Tomonaga H, Zhang S-L, Roche WR, Benyon RC, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (72 kd type IV collagenase) induces proliferation of human lung myofibroblasts [abstract]. Mol Biol Cell 1998;9:176a.
94. Zhang S, Smartt H, Holgate ST, Roche WR. Growth factors secreted by bronchial epithelial cells control myofibroblasts proliferation: an in vitro co-culture model of airway remodelling in asthma. Lab Invest 1999;79:395-405.
95. Duké J, Chakir J, Laviolette M, St Martin S, Bontef M, Desrochers C, et al. In vitro procollagen synthesis and proliferative phenotype of bronchial fibroblasts of normal and asthmatic airways. Lab Invest 1998;78:297-307.
96. Zhao Y. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) type I and type II receptors are both required for TGF-beta-mediated extracellular matrix production in lung fibroblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999;150:91-7.
97. Zhang S, Howarth PH, Roche WR. Cytokine products by cell cultures from bronchial subepithelial myofibroblasts. J Pathol 1996;180:95-101.
98. Coker RK, Laurent GJ. Pulmonary fibrosis: cytokines in the balance. Eur Respir J 1998;11:1218-21.
99. Elias JA, Zhu Z, Chupp G, Homer RJ. Airway remodeling in asthma. J Clin Invest 1999;104:1001-6.
100. Wills-Karp M. Immunologic basis of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Annu Rev Immunol 1999;17:255-81.
101. Wills-Karp M, Luyimbazi J, Xu X, Schofield B, Neben TY, Karp CL, et al. Interleukin-13: central mediator of allergic asthma. Science 1998;282:2258-61.
102. Grunig G, Warnock M, Wakil AE, Venkayya R, Brombacher F, Rennick DM, et al. Requirement for IL-13 independently of IL-4 in experimental asthma. Science 1998;282:2261-3.
103. Chomarat P, Banchereau J. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13: their similarities and discrepancies. Int Rev Immunol 1998;17:1-52.
104. Nelms K, Keegan AD, Zamorano J, Ryan JJ, Paul WE. The IL-4 receptor: signaling mechanisms and biologic functions. Annu Rev Immunol 1999;17:701-38.
105. Dabbagh K, Takeyama K, Lee HM, Ueki IF, Lausier JA, Nadel JA. IL-4 induces mucin gene expression and goblet cell metaplasia in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 1999;162:6233-7.
106. Zhu Z, Homer RJ, Wang Z, Chen Q, Geba GP, Wang J, et al. Pulmonary expression of interleukin-13 causes inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, subepithelial fibrosis, physiologic abnormalities, and eotaxin production. J Clin Invest 1999;103:779-88.
107. Takeyama KT, Dabbagh K, Lee H-M, Agusti C, Lausier JA, Ueki IF, et al. Epidermal growth factor system regulates mucin production in airways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:3081-6.
108. Akimoto T, Numata F, Tamura M, Higashida N, Takashi T, Takeda K, et al. Abrogation of bronchial eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)6-deficient mice. J Exp Med 1998;187:1537-42.
109. Guo FH, Uetani K, Haque SJ, Williams BR, Dweik RA, Thunnissen FB, et al. Interferon gamma and interleukin-4 stimulate prolonged expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human airway epithelium through synthesis of soluble mediators. J Clin Invest 1997;100:829-38.
110. Berkman N, Robichaud A, Robbins RA, Roesems G, Haddad EB, Barnes PJ, et al. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 in human lung epithelial cells. Immunology 1996;89:363-7.
111. Li L, Xia Y, Nguyen A, Lai YH, Feng L, Mosmann TR, et al. Effects of Th2 cytokines on chemokine expression in the lung: IL-13 potently induces eotaxin expression by airway epithelial cells. J Immunol 1999;162:2477-87.
112. Loman S, Jansen HM, Out TA, Lutter R. Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma synergistically increase secretory component gene expression, but are additive in stimulating secretory immunoglobulin A release by Calu-3 airway epithelial cells. Immunology 1999;96:537-43.
113. Motegi Y, Kita H. Interaction with secretory component stimulates effector functions of human eosinophils but not of neutrophils. J Immunol 1998;161:4340-6.
114. Teran LM, Mochizuki M, Bartels J, Valencia EL, Nakajima T, Hirai K, et al. Th1- and Th2-type cytokines regulate the expression and production of eotaxin and RANTES by human lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999;20:777-86.
115. Mochizuki M, Bartels J, Mallet AI, Christophers E, Schroder JM. IL-4 induces eotaxin: a possible mechanism of selective eosinophil recruitment in helminth infection and atopy. J Immunol 1998;60:60-8.
116. Hogaboam CM, Bone-Larson CL, Lipinski S, Lukacs NW, Chensue SW, Stricter RM, et al. Differential monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and chemokine receptor 2 expression by murine lung fibroblasts derived from Th1- and Th2-type pulmonary granuloma models. J Immunol 1999;163:2193-201.
117. Doucet C, Brouty-Boye D, Pottin-Clemenceau C, Jasmin C, Canonica GW, Azzarone B. IL-4 and IL-13 specifically increase adhesion molecule and inflammatory cytokine expression in human lung fibroblasts. Int Immunol 1998;10:1421-33.
118. Doucet C, Brouty-Boye D, Pottin-Clemenceau C, Canonica GW, Jasmin C, Azzarone B. Interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13 act on human lung fibroblasts: implication in asthma. J Clin Invest 1998;101:2129-39.
119. Mattey DL, Dawes PT, Nixon NB, Slater H. Transforming growth factor beta 1 and interleukin 4 induced alpha smooth muscle actin expression and myofibroblast-like differentiation in human synovial fibroblasts in vitro: modulation by basic fibroblast growth factor. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:426-31.
120. Kruse S, Japha T, Tedner M, Sparholt SH, Forster J, Kuehr J, et al. The polymorphisms S503P and Q576R in the interleukin-4 receptor alpha gene are associated with atopy and influence the signal transduction. Immunology 1999;96:365-71.
121. Mitsuyasu H, Yanagihara Y, Mao XQ, Gao PS, Arinobu Y, Ihara K, et al. Cutting edge: dominant effect of Ile50Val variant of the human IL-4 receptor alpha-chain in IgE synthesis. J Immunol 1999;162:1227-31.
122. Schneebuerger EE, Gong JL. Dendritic cells in the lung. In: Kradin RC, Robinson B WS, editors. Immunopathology of lung disease. Melbourne: Butterworth Heinmann; 1996. p 73-89.
123. Kirman J, Le Gros G. What is the true regulator of Th-2 cell development in allergic immune responses. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:908-10.
124. Trinchieri G. Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions of IL-12. Int Rev Immunol 1998;16:365-96.
125. Kapsenberg ML, Hilkens CMU, Wierenga EA, Kalinski P. The paradigm of type 1 and type 2 antigen-presenting cells: implications for atopic allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 1999;29(2 Suppl):33-6.
126. Cameron LA, Taha RA, Tsicopoulos A, Karimoto M, Oliventein R, Wallsert B, et al. Airway epithelium expresses interleukin-18. Eur Respir J 1999;14:553-9.
127. Fantuzzi G, Reed DA, Dinarello CA. IL-12 induced IFN-γ is dependent on caspase-1 processing of the IL-18 precursor. J Clin Invest 1999;104:761-67.
128. Thompson PJ. Unique role of allergens and the epithelium in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28(5 Suppl):110-6.
129. Laberge S, Ernst P, Ghattor O, Cruikshank WW, Kornfield H, Centre DM, et al. Increased expression of interleukin-16 in bronchial mucosa of subjects with atopic asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997;17:193-202.
130. Moreton NE. Quantitative scores for asthma and atopy. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28(1 Suppl):95-7.
131. Corris PA, Dark JH. Aetiology of asthma: lessons from lung transplantation. Lancet 1993;341:1377-8.
132. Hoshino M, Nakamura Y, Sim JJ. Expression of growth factors and remodelling of the airway wall in bronchial asthma. Thorax 1998;53:21-7.
133. Holgate ST. The epidemic of allergy and asthma. Nature 1999;420(Suppl):B3-5.