A review of the role of soluble fiber in health with specific reference to wheat dextrin

Journal of International Medical Research

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 1-17

  Slavin, Joanne L ^a   Savarino, V ^b   Paredes Diaz, A ^c,e   Fotopoulos, G ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b Gastroenterology Unit   (Italy)

^c Novartis Consumer Health   (United States)

^d Department of Toxicology   (Switzerland)

^e NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Health benefits; Physiological effects; Prebiotics; Short chain fatty acids; Soluble fiber; Wheat dextrin

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CARBOHYDRATE; DEXTRIN; FRUCTOSE OLIGOSACCHARIDE; GLUCOSE; GUAR GUM; GUM ARABIC; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN; INULIN; ISPAGULA; LACTIC ACID; LAXATIVE; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MAGNESIUM; PECTIN; PLACEBO; PROPIONIC ACID; SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACID; TRACE ELEMENT; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BLOATING; CALCIUM ABSORPTION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY FIBER; DIETARY INTAKE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; DIVERTICULOSIS; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG SYNTHESIS; FECES INCONTINENCE; FLATULENCE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEMORRHOID; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INSULINEMIA; IRRITABLE COLON; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MEDLINE; METABOLIC REGULATION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; WEIGHT REDUCTION; WHEAT BRAN; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; GENERAL ASPECTS OF DISEASE; HEALTH; METABOLISM; SOLUBILITY; WHEAT;

ANIMALS; DEXTRINS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DISEASE; HEALTH; HUMANS; SOLUBILITY; TRITICUM;

EID: 64149093039     PISSN: 03000605     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700101     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Cummings JH: The effect of dietary fiber on fecal weight and composition. In: CRC Handbook of Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition (Spiller GA, ed), 2nd edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993; pp 263-349.
2. Kleessen B, Sykura B, Zunft HJ, et al: Effects of inulin and lactose on fecal microflora, microbial activity, and bowel habit in elderly constipated persons. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 1397-1402.
3. Vermorel M, Coudray C, Wils D, et al: Energy value of a low-digestible carbohydrate, NUTRIOSE®FB, and its impact on magnesium, calcium, and zinc apparent absorption and retention in healthy young men. Eur J Nutr 2004; 43: 344-352.
4. Bliss DZ, Guenter PA, Settle RG: Defining and reporting diarrhea in tube-fed patients: what a mess! Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 753-759.
5. Nakao M, Ogura Y, Satake S, et al: Usefulness of soluble dietary fiber for the treatment of diarrhea during enteral nutrition in elderly tients. Nutrition 2002; 19: 35-39.
6. Alam NH, Sarker SA, Bardhan PK, et al: Partially hydrolysed guar gum supplemented comminuted chicken diet in persistent diarrhoea: randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90: 195-199.
7. Giaccari S, Grasso G, Tronci S, et al: Partially hydrolyzed guar gum: a fiber as coadjuvant in the irritable colon syndrome. Clin Ter 2001; 152: 21-25.
8. Bijkerk CJ, Muris JW, Knottnerus JA, et al: Systematic review: the role of different types of fibre in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 245-251.
9. Aller R, de Luis DA, Izaola O, et al: Effects of a high-fiber diet on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Nutrition 2004; 20: 735-737.
10. Coudray C, Rambeau M., Feillet-Coudray C, et al: Dietary inulin intake and age can significantly affect intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats: a stable isotope approach. Nutr J 2005; 4: 29.
11. de Cassia Freitas K, Amancio OM, Ferreira Novo M, et al: Partially hydrolyzed quar gum increases intestinal absorption of iron in growing rats with iron deficiency anemia. Nutrition 2003; 19: 549-552.
12. Jackson KG, Taylor GRJ, Clohessy PM, et al: The effect of the daily intake of insulin fasting lipid, insulin and glucose concentrations in middle-aged men and women. Br J Nutr 1999; 82: 23-30.
13. Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, et al: Beneficial effect of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1392-1398.
14. Donazzolo Y, Pelletier X, Cristiani I, et al: Glycaemic and insulinaemic indexes of NUTRIOSE® FB in healthy subjects. Dietary Fiber 16-21 May 2003 [abstract].
15. Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, et al: Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 30-42.
16. Ohkuma K, Wakabayashi S: Fibersol-2: A Soluble, non-digestible, starch derived dietary fibre. In: Advanced Dietary Fibre Technology (McCleary B, Prosky L, eds). Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001; pp 510-523.
17. Stewart ML, Savarino V, Slavin JL: Assessment of dietary fiber fermentation: effect of Lactobacillus reuteri and reproducibility of short-chain fatty acid concentrations. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53: DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700523.
18. Shamliyan TA, Jacobs DR Jr, Roatz SK, et al: Are your patients with risk of CVD getting the viscous soluble fiber they need? J Fam Pract 2006; 55: 761-769.
19. Pereira MA, O'Reilly E, Augustsson K, et al: Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 370-376.
20. Mozaffarian D, Kumanyika SK, Lemaitre RN, et al: Cereal, fruit, and vegetable fiber intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease iii elderly individuals. JAMA 2003; 289: 1659-1666.
21. Wakai K, Date C, Fukui M, et al: Dietary fiber and risk of colorectal cancer in the Japan collaborative cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 668-675.
22. Bingham SA, Day NE, Luben R, et al: Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study. Lancet 2003; 361: 1496-1501.
23. Pelucchi C, Talamini R, Galeone C, et al: Fibre intake and prostate cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2004; 109: 278-280.
24. Institute of Medicine: Dietary, functional, and total fiber. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005; pp 339-421.
25. Shikany JM, White GL: Dietary guidelines for chronic disease prevention. South Med J 2000; 93: 1157-1161.
26. Marlett JA, McBurney MI, Slavin JL: Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. J Am Diet Assoc 2002; 102: 993-1000.
27. US Food and Drug Administration: Health claims: soluble fiber from certain foods and risk of heart diseases. Code of Federal Regulations 2001; 21: 101.81.
28. Cho SS, Dreher ML (eds): Handbook of Dietary Fiber. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001.
29. Cummings JH, Rombeau JL, Sakata T (eds): Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Short-Chain Fatty, Acids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
30. Topping DL, Clifton PM: Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Physiol Rev 2001; 81: 1031-1064.
31. Wong JM, de Souza R, Kendall CW, et al: Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 235-243.
32. Drozdowski LA, Dixon WT, McBurney MI, et al: Cellular proliferation and gene expression. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26: 145-150.
33. Vogt JA, Wolever TM: Fecal acetate is inversely related to acetate absorption from the human rectum and distal colon. Hum Nutr Metab Res Comm 2003; 133: 3145-3148.
34. Khattak MMAK: Physiological effects of dietary complex carbohydrates and its metabolites role in certain diseases. Pak J Nutr 2002; 1: 161-168.
35. Pasman, W, Wils D, Saniez M-H, et al: Long term gastrointestinal tolerance of NUTRIOSE®FB in healthy men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 1024-1034.
36. Tuohy KM, Kolida S, Lustenberger AM, et al: The prebiotic effects of biscuits containing partially hydrolysed quar gum and fructo-oligosaccharides - a human volunteer study. Br J Nutr 2001; 86: 341-348.
37. Okubo T, Ishihara N, Takahashi H, et al: Effects of partially hydrolyzed guam gum intake on human intestinal microflora and its metabolism. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1994; 58: 1364-1369.
38. American Dietetic Association: Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. J Am Diet Assoc 1997; 97: 1157-1159.
39. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB: Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 1995; 125: 1401-1412.
40. Stephen AM, Cummings JH: Mechanism of action of dietary fibre in the human colon. Nature 1980; 284: 283-284.
41. World Health Organization: Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. 2003. Geneva, WHO, WHO Technical Report Series 916.
42. British Nutrition Foundation: Nutrient Requirements and Recommendations, 2004. Available at http://www.nutrition.org.uk/ upload/Nutritient%20Requirements%20and%20recommendations%20pdf(1).pdf [accessed 22 September 2008].
43. Elmadfa I, Weichselbaum F (eds): Energy and nutrient intake in the European Union. European Nutrition and Health Report 2004. Forum Nutr. Basel: Karger, 2005, Vol 58, pp 19-46.
44. Variyam JN: Factors affecting the macronutrient intake of US adults. Washington DC: Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin Number 1901, April 2003.
45. Van den Heuvel EGHM, Wils D, Pasman WJ, et al: Dietary supplementation of different doses of NUTRIOSE® FB, a fermentable dextrin, alters the activity of faecal enzymes in healthy men. Eur J Nutr 2005; 44: 445-451.
46. Giannini EG, Mansi C, Dulbecco P, et al: Role of partially hydrolyzed quar gum in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Nutrition 2006; 22: 334-342.
47. Bouhnik Y, Vahedi K, Achour L, et al: Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide administration dose-dependently increases fecal bifidobacteria in healthy humans. J Nutr 1999; 129: 113-116.
48. Buddington RK, Williams CH, Chen S-C, et al: Dietary supplementation of neosugar alters the fecal flora and decreases activities of some reductive enzymes in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 709-716.
49. Jie Z, Bang-Yao L, Ming-Jie X, et al: Studies on the effects of polydextrose intake on physiologic functions in Chinese people. Am J Clin Nurt 2000; 72: 1503-1509.
50. Takahashi H, Wako N, Okubo T, et al: Influence of partially hydrolyzed quar gum on constipation in women. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1994; 40: 251-259.
51. Van den Heuvel EGHM, Wils D, Pasman WI, et al: Short-term digestive tolerance of different doses of NUTRIOSE®FB, a food dextrin, in adult men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58: 1046-1055.
52. Kurasawa S, Haack VS, Marlett JA: Plant residue and bacteria as bases for increased stool weight accompanying consumption of higher dietary fiber diets. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19: 426-433.
53. Gibson GR, Beatty ER, Wang X, et al: Selective stimulation of bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 975-982.
54. Tomlin J, Read NW: A comparative study of the effects on colon function caused by feeding ispaghula husk and polydextrose. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1988; 2: 513-519.
55. Ashrof W, Park F, Lof J, et al: Effects of psyllium therapy on stool characteristics, colon transit and anorectal function in chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9: 639-647.
56. McRorie JW, Daggy BP, Morel JG, et al: Psyllium is superior to docusate sodium for treatment of chronic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12: 491-497.
57. Burton R, Manninen V: Influence of psyllium-based fibre preparation on faecal and serum parameters. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1982; 668: 91-94.
58. Dettmar PW, Sykes J: A multi-centre, general practice comparison ispaghula husk with lactulose and other laxatives in the treatment of simple constipation. Curr Med Res Opin 1998; 14: 227-233.
59. Prior A, Whorwell PJ: Double blind study of ispaghula in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1987; 28: 1510-1513.
60. Holloway L, Moynihan S, Abrams SA, et al: Effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr 2007; 97: 365-372.
61. Abrams SA, Griffin IJ, Hawthorne KM, et al: A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 471-476.
62. Tahiri M, Tressol JC, Arnaud J: Five-week intake of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides increases intestinal absorption and status of magnesium in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16: 2152-2160.
63. Scholz-Ahrens KE, Schrezenmeir J: Inulin, oligofructose and mineral metabolism - experimental data and mechanism. Br J Nutr 2002; 87(suppl 2): S179-S186.
64. Hara H, Suzuki T, Kasai T, et al: Ingestion of quar gum hydrolysates, a soluble fiber, increases calcium absorption in totally gastrectomized rats. J Nutr 1999; 129: 39-45.
65. Raschka L, Daniel H: Mechanisms underlying the effects of inulin-type fructans on calcium absorption in the large intestine of rats. Bone 2005; 37: 728-735.
66. Katoh K, Tsuda T: Effects of acetylcholine and short-chain fatty adds on acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas in sheep. J Physiol 1984; 356: 479-489.
67. Mineo H, Hashizume Y, Hanaki Y: Chemical specificity of short-chain fatty acids in stimulating insulin and glucagon secretion in sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1994; 267: E234-E241.
68. Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ: Effect of dietary fiber and foods on carbohydrate metabolism. In: CRC Handbook of Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition (Spiller GA, ed), 2nd edn. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993; pp 111-152.
69. Williams JA, Lai C, Corwin H, et al: Inclusion of guar gum and alginate into a crispy bar improves postprandial glycemia in humans. J Nutr 2004; 134: 886-889.
70. Prieto PG, Cancelas J, Villanueva-Penacarrillo ML, et al: Short-term and long-term effects of guar on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentration in healthy rats. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38: 397-404.
71. Asp ML, Hertzler SR, Chow J, et al: Gamma-cyclodextrin lowers postprandial glycemia and insulinemia without carbohydrate malabsorption in healthy adults. J Am Coll Nutr 2006; 25: 49-55.
72. Wakabayashi S, Ueda Y, Matsuoka A: Effects of indigestible dextrin on blood glucose and insulin levels after various sugar loads in rats. J Jpn Soc Nutr Food Sci 1993; 46: 131-137.
73. Wakabayashi S, Kishimoto Y, Matsuoka A: Effects of indigestible dextrin on glucose tolerance in rats. J Endocrinol 1995; 144: 533-538.
74. Anderson JW, Randles KM, Kendall CW, et al: Carbohydrate and fiber recommendations for individuals with diabetes: a quantitative assessment and meta-analysis of the evidence. J Am Coll Nutr 2004; 23: 5-17.
75. Salmerón J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al: Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 1997; 277: 472-477.
76. Tseng CC, Kieffer TJ, Jarboe LA, et al: Postprandial stimulation of insulin releases by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP): effect of a specific glucose-dependent insulinotopic polypeptide receptor antagonist in the rat. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2440-2445.
77. Van Dijk G, Thiele TE: Glucagon-like peptide-I (7-36) amide: a central regulator of satiety and interoceptive stress. Neuropeptides 1999; 33: 406-414.
78. Bourdon I, Olson B, Rackus R, et al: Beans, as a source of dietary fiber, increase cholecystokinin and apolipoprotein B48 response to test meals in men. J Nutr 200l; 131: 1485-1490.
79. Burton-Freeman B, Davis PA, Schneeman BO: Plasma cholecystokinin is associated with subjective measures of satiety in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 659-667.
80. Bourdon I, Yokoyama W, Davis P, et al: Postprandial lipid, glucose, insulin, and cholecystokinin responses in men fed barley pasta enriched with β-glucan. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 55-63.
81. Anderson JW, Gilinsky NH, Deakins DA, et al: Lipid responses of hypercholesterolemic men to oat-bran and wheat-bran intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54: 678-683.
82. Marlett JX: Dietary fiber and cardiovascular disease. In: Handbook of Dietary Fiber (Cho SS, Dreher ML, eds). New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001: pp 17-30.
83. Trautwein EA, Kunath-Rau A, Erbersdobler HF: Increased fecal bile acid excretion and changes in the circulating bile add pool are involved in the hypocholesterolemic and gallstone-preventive actions of psyllium in hamsters. J Nutr 1999; 129: 896-902.
84. Anderson JW, Deakins DA, Bridges SR: Soluble fiber: hypocholesterolemic effects and proposed mechanisms. In: Dietary Fibre - Chemistry, Physiology, and Health Effects (Kritchevsky D, Bonfield C, Anderson JW, eds). New York: Plenum Press, 1990; pp 339-363.
85. Juhel C, Tosini F, Steib M, et al: Cholesterollowering effect of non-viscous soluble dietary fiber Nutriose® FB in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Ann Nutr Metab 2007; 15(suppl 1): 259.
86. Pratt VC, Tappenden KA, McBurney MI, et al. Short-chain fatty acid-supplemented total parenteral nutrition improves nonspecific immunity after intestinal resection in rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1996; 20: 264-271.
87. Sanderson IR: Short chain fatty acid regulation of signaling genes expressed by the intestinal epithelium. J Nutr 2004; 134: 2450S-2454S.
88. Roediger WE: Utiltation of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of rat colon. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 424-429.
89. Koruda MJ, Rolandelli RH, Bliss DZ, et al: Parenteral nutrition supplemented with short-chain fatty acids: effect on the small bowel mucosa in normal rats. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 685-689.
90. Mariadason JM, Barkla DH, Gibson PR: Effect of short-chain fatty acids on paracellular permeability in Caco-2 intestinal epithelium model. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: G705-G712.
91. Blum S, Schiffrin EJ: Intestinal microflora and homeostasis of the mucosal immune response: implications for probiotic bacteria? Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 2003; 4: 53-60.
92. Schiffrin EJ, Rochat F, Link-Amster H, et al: Immunomodulation of human blood cells following the ingestion of lactic acid bacteria. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78: 491-497.
93. Lissner L, Lindroos AK, Sjostrom. L: Swedish obese subjects (SOS): an obesity intervention study with a nutritional perspective. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52: 316-322.
94. Kimm S: The role of dietary fiber in the development and treatment of childhood obesity. Pediatr 1995; 96: 1010-1014.
95. Alfieri M, Pomerleau J, Grace DM, et al: Fiber intake of normal weight, moderately obese and severely obese subjects. Obes Res 1995; 3: 541-547.
96. Nelson LH, Tucker LA: Diet composition related to body fat in a multivariate study of 293 men. J Am Diet Assoc 1996; 96: 771-777.
97. Kromhout D, Bloemberg B, Seidell JC, et al: Physical activity and dietary fiber determine population body fat levels: the Seven Countries Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 301-306.
98. Slavin J, Green H: Dietary fibre and satiety. Nutr Bull 2007; 32: 32-42.
99. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Rao AV, et al: Effect on blood lipids of very high intakes of fiber in diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 21-26.
100. Birketvedt GS, Aaseth J, Florholmen JR, et al: Long-term effect of fibre supplement and reduced energy intake on body weight and blood lipids in overweight subjects. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2000; 43: 129-132.
101. Mueller-Cunningham WM, Quintana R, Kasim-Karakas SE: An ad libitum, very low-fat diet results in weight loss and changes in nutrient intakes in postmenopausal women. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103: 1600-1606.
102. Hays NP, Starling RD, Liu X, et al: Effects of an ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrates diet on body weight, body composition, and fat distribution in order men and women. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 210-217.
103. Howarth NC, Saltman E, Roberts SB: Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev 2001; 59: 129-139.
104. Pasman WJ, Saris WHM, Wauters MAJ, et al: Effect of one week of fibre supplementation on hunger and satiety ratings and energy intake. Appetite 1997; 29: 77-78.
105. Patrick PG, Gohman SM, Marx SC, et al: Effect of supplements of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on the occurrence of constipation and use of laxative agents. J Am Diet Assoc 1998; 98: 912.
106. Schiller LR: Chronic diarrhea. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2005; 8: 259-266.
107. Meier R, Burri E, Steuerwald M: The role of nutrition in diarrhea syndromes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2003; 6: 563-567.
108. Alam NH, Meier R, Schneider H, et al: Partially hydrolyzed guar gum-supplemented oral rehydration solution in the treatment of acute diarrhea in childran. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31: 503-507.
109. Homann HH, Kemen M, Fuessenich C, et al: Reduction in diarrhea incidence by soluble fiber in patients receiving total or supplemental enteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1994; 18: 486-490.
110. Spapen H, Diltoer M, Van Malderen C, et al: Soluble fiber reduces the incidence of diarrhea in septic patients receiving total enteral nutrition: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, and controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2001; 20: 301-305.
111. Nakamura S, Hong R, Moji M, et al: Suppressive effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on transitory diarrhea induced by ingestion of maltitol and lactitol in healthy humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61: 1086-1093.
112. Yang G, Wu X-T, Zhou Y, et al: Application of dietary fiber in clinical enteral nutrition: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 3935-3938.
113. Parisi GC, Zilli M, Miani MP, et al: High-fiber diet supplementation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a multicenter, randomized, open trial comparison between wheat bran diet and partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG). Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47: 1696-1704.
114. Deckmann RC, Cheskin LJ: Diverticular disease in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 986-993.
115. Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Rockett HR, et al: A prospective study of dietary fiber types and symptomatic diverticular disease in men. J Nutr 1999; 128: 714-719.
116. Smits BJ, Whitehead AM, Prescott P: Lactulose in the treatment of symptomatic diverticular disease: a comparative study with high-fibre diet. Br J Clin Pract 1990; 44: 314-318.
117. Brodrib AJ: Treatment of symptomatic diverticular disease with a high-fibre diet. Lancet 1977; i: 664-668.
118. Marlett JA, McBurney MI, Slavin JL: Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber. J Am Diet Assoc 2002; 102: 933-1000.
119. Burkitt DP: Varicose veins, deep vein thrombosis and haemorrhoids: epidemiology and suggested aetiology. Br Med J 1972; 2: 556-561.
120. Alonso-Coello P, Mills E, Heels-Ansdell D, et al: Fiber for the treatment of hemorrhoids complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 181-188.
121. Alonso-Coello P, Guyatt G, Heels-Ansdell D, et al: Laxatives for the treatment of hemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, Issue 4 Art No: CD004649. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004649.pub2.
122. Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E: Dietary fiber and reduced ischemic heart disease mortality rates in men and women: a 12-year prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126: 1093-1102.
123. Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, et al: Vegetable, fruit, and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA 1996; 275: 447-451.
124. Todd S, Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H, et al: Dietary antioxidant vitamins and fiber in the etiology of cardiovascular disease and all-causes mortality: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150: 1073-1080.
125. Wolk A, Manson JE, Stampter MJ, et al: Long-term intake of dietary fiber and decreased risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA 1999; 281: 1998-2004.
126. Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, et al: Dietary fiber intake and redu6d risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1897-1904.
127. Jenkins DJA, Vuksan V, Kendall CWC, et al: Physiological effects of resistant starches on fecal bulk, short chain fatty acids, blood lipids and glycemic index. J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17: 609-616.
128. Elmer PJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM: Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on diet, weight, physical fitness, and blood pressure control: 18-month results of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 485-495.
129. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, et al: A prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among US men. Circulation 1992; 86: 1475-1484.
130. Ascherio A, Hennekens C, Willett WC, et al: Prospective study of nutritional factors, blood pressure, and hypertension among US women. Hypertension 1996; 27: 1065-1072.
131. Keenan JM, Pins JJ, Frazel C, et al: Oat ingestion reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with mild or borderline hypertension: a pilot trial. J Fam Pract 2002; 51: 369.
132. He J, Streiffer RH, Muntner P, et al: Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a randomized, double-blind, plocebo-controlled trial. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 73-80.
133. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernán MA, et al: Intake of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber and risk of stroke among US men. Circulation 1998; 98: 1198-1204.
134. Ford ES, Liu S: Glycemic index and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among US adults. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 572-576.
135. Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al: Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 560-566.
136. Walker AR: Dietary fibre and mineral metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 1987; 9: 69-87.
137. Torre M, Rodriguez AR, Saura-Calixto F: Effects of dietary fiber and phytic acid on mineral availability. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1991; 30: 1-22.
138. Slavin JL, Greenberg NA: Partially hydrolyzed guar gum: clinical nutrition uses. Nutrition 2003; 19: 549-552.