메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue , 2008, Pages 123-148

Providing expert knowledge in an adversarial context: Social cognitive science in employment discrimination cases

Author keywords

Bias; Organizations; Prejudice; Psychology; Scientific testimony

Indexed keywords


EID: 57649187073     PISSN: 15503585     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.4.110707.172350     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (214)
  • 1
    • 0033629491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habits as knowledge structures: Automaticity in goal-directed behavior
    • Aarts H, Dijksterhuis A. 2000. Habits as knowledge structures: automaticity in goal-directed behavior. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 78:53-63
    • (2000) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.78 , pp. 53-63
    • Aarts, H.1    Dijksterhuis, A.2
  • 3
    • 0037997350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in the activation and control of affective race bias as assessed by startle eyeblink response and self-report
    • Amodio DM, Harmon-Jones E, Devine PG. 2003. Individual differences in the activation and control of affective race bias as assessed by startle eyeblink response and self-report. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 84:738-53
    • (2003) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.84 , pp. 738-753
    • Amodio, D.M.1    Harmon-Jones, E.2    Devine, P.G.3
  • 5
    • 34548788990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foreword: Imagining a new era of neuroimaging, neuroethics, and neurolaw
    • Annas GJ. 2007. Foreword: imagining a new era of neuroimaging, neuroethics, and neurolaw. Am. J. Law Med. 33:163-70
    • (2007) Am. J. Law Med , vol.33 , pp. 163-170
    • Annas, G.J.1
  • 6
    • 38149064301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit bias, "science," and antidiscrimination law
    • Bagenstos SR. 2007. Implicit bias, "science," and antidiscrimination law. Harvard Law Policy Rev. 1:477-93
    • (2007) Harvard Law Policy Rev , vol.1 , pp. 477-493
    • Bagenstos, S.R.1
  • 8
    • 57649221768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bargh JA. 2005. Bypassing the will: toward demystifying the nonconscious control of social behavior. See Hassan et al. 2005, pp. 37-58
    • Bargh JA. 2005. Bypassing the will: toward demystifying the nonconscious control of social behavior. See Hassan et al. 2005, pp. 37-58
  • 9
    • 0030210417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action
    • Bargh JA, Chen M, Burrows L. 1996. Automaticity of social behavior: direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 71:223-44
    • (1996) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.71 , pp. 223-244
    • Bargh, J.A.1    Chen, M.2    Burrows, L.3
  • 10
    • 0029304351 scopus 로고
    • Attractiveness of the underling: An automatic power? Sex association and its consequences for sexual harassment and aggression
    • Bargh JA, Raymond P, Pryor JB, Strack F. 1995. Attractiveness of the underling: an automatic power? Sex association and its consequences for sexual harassment and aggression. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 68:768-81
    • (1995) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.68 , pp. 768-781
    • Bargh, J.A.1    Raymond, P.2    Pryor, J.B.3    Strack, F.4
  • 11
    • 34548778625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is a picture worth a thousand words? Neuroimaging in the courtroom
    • Baskin JH, Edersheim J, Price B. 2007. Is a picture worth a thousand words? Neuroimaging in the courtroom. Am. J. Law Med. 33:239-69
    • (2007) Am. J. Law Med , vol.33 , pp. 239-269
    • Baskin, J.H.1    Edersheim, J.2    Price, B.3
  • 12
    • 57649224211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beck v. Boeing Company, 203 F.R.D. 459 (D.Wash. 2001)
    • Beck v. Boeing Company, 203 F.R.D. 459 (D.Wash. 2001)
  • 13
    • 57649240396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can I get a witness? Challenges of using expert testimony on cognitive bias in employment discrimination
    • Bielby WT. 2003. Can I get a witness? Challenges of using expert testimony on cognitive bias in employment discrimination. Employee Rights Employ. Policy J. 7:377-97
    • (2003) Employee Rights Employ. Policy J , vol.7 , pp. 377-397
    • Bielby, W.T.1
  • 15
    • 0030533879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming
    • Blair IV, Banaji MR. 1996. Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 70:1142-63
    • (1996) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.70 , pp. 1142-1163
    • Blair, I.V.1    Banaji, M.R.2
  • 16
    • 31144463367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arbitrary metrics in psychology
    • Blanton H, Jaccard J. 2006. Arbitrary metrics in psychology. Am. Psychol. 61:242-61
    • (2006) Am. Psychol , vol.61 , pp. 242-261
    • Blanton, H.1    Jaccard, J.2
  • 18
    • 38849150570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blau FD, Kahn LM. 2006. The gender pay gap: going, going . . . but not gone. In The Declining Significance of the Gender Gap? ed. FD Blau, MC Brinton, DB Grusky, pp. 37-66. New York: Russell Sage Found.
    • Blau FD, Kahn LM. 2006. The gender pay gap: going, going . . . but not gone. In The Declining Significance of the Gender Gap? ed. FD Blau, MC Brinton, DB Grusky, pp. 37-66. New York: Russell Sage Found.
  • 19
    • 0034376379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making sense in hypercompetitive environments: A cognitive explanation for the persistence of high velocity competition
    • Bogner WC, Barr PS. 2000. Making sense in hypercompetitive environments: a cognitive explanation for the persistence of high velocity competition. Organ. Sci. 11:212-26
    • (2000) Organ. Sci , vol.11 , pp. 212-226
    • Bogner, W.C.1    Barr, P.S.2
  • 20
    • 84889321153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borgida E, Fiske ST, eds. 2008. Beyond Common Sense: Psychological Science in the Courtroom.Malden, MA: Blackwell
    • Borgida E, Fiske ST, eds. 2008. Beyond Common Sense: Psychological Science in the Courtroom.Malden, MA: Blackwell
  • 21
    • 48749087352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the use of gender stereotyping research in sex discrimination litigation
    • Borgida E, Hunt C, Kim A. 2005. On the use of gender stereotyping research in sex discrimination litigation. J. Law Pol. 2:613-28
    • (2005) J. Law Pol , vol.2 , pp. 613-628
    • Borgida, E.1    Hunt, C.2    Kim, A.3
  • 22
    • 84937296716 scopus 로고
    • On the courtroom use and misuse of gender stereotyping research
    • Borgida E, Rudman LA, Manteufel LL. 1995. On the courtroom use and misuse of gender stereotyping research. J. Soc. Issues 51:181-92
    • (1995) J. Soc. Issues , vol.51 , pp. 181-192
    • Borgida, E.1    Rudman, L.A.2    Manteufel, L.L.3
  • 23
    • 0142019084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate?
    • Brewer MB. 1999. The psychology of prejudice: ingroup love or outgroup hate? J. Soc. Issues 55:429-44
    • (1999) J. Soc. Issues , vol.55 , pp. 429-444
    • Brewer, M.B.1
  • 25
    • 57649173521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Chaiken & Trope 1999, pp. 255-70
    • See Chaiken & Trope 1999, pp. 255-70
  • 26
    • 57649143616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Butler v. Home Depot, Inc., 984 F. Supp. 1257 (N.D. Cal. 1997).
    • Butler v. Home Depot, Inc., 984 F. Supp. 1257 (N.D. Cal. 1997).
  • 29
    • 57649159092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Hassan et al. 2005, pp. 309-33
    • (2005) , pp. 309-333
    • Hassan1
  • 30
    • 20444506093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When do subgroup parts add up to the stereotypic whole? Mixed stereotype content for gay male subgroups explains overall ratings
    • Clausell E, Fiske ST. 2005. When do subgroup parts add up to the stereotypic whole? Mixed stereotype content for gay male subgroups explains overall ratings. Soc. Cogn. 23:161-81
    • (2005) Soc. Cogn , vol.23 , pp. 161-181
    • Clausell, E.1    Fiske, S.T.2
  • 31
    • 22544478742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The perceptual determinants of person construal: Reopening the social-cognitive toolbox
    • Cloutier J, Mason MF, Macrae CN. 2005. The perceptual determinants of person construal: reopening the social-cognitive toolbox. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 88:885-94
    • (2005) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.88 , pp. 885-894
    • Cloutier, J.1    Mason, M.F.2    Macrae, C.N.3
  • 33
    • 0038797860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals
    • Correll J, Park B, Judd CM,Wittenbrink B. 2002. The police officer's dilemma: using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 83:1314-29
    • (2002) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.83 , pp. 1314-1329
    • Correll, J.1    Park, B.2    Judd, C.M.3    Wittenbrink, B.4
  • 35
    • 31644436224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Event-related potentials and the decision to shoot: The role of threat perception and cognitive control
    • Correll J, Urland GR, Ito TA. 2006. Event-related potentials and the decision to shoot: the role of threat perception and cognitive control. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 42:120-28
    • (2006) J. Exp. Soc. Psychol , vol.42 , pp. 120-128
    • Correll, J.1    Urland, G.R.2    Ito, T.A.3
  • 36
    • 0002958491 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture: II. Case study: A computational theory of social exchange
    • Cosmides L, Tooby J. 1989. Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture: II. Case study: A computational theory of social exchange. Ethol. Sociobiol. 10:51-97
    • (1989) Ethol. Sociobiol , vol.10 , pp. 51-97
    • Cosmides, L.1    Tooby, J.2
  • 38
    • 57649155639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination in America and legal strategies for reducing it
    • Crosby FJ, Dovidio JF. 2008. Discrimination in America and legal strategies for reducing it. See Borgida & Fiske 2008, pp. 23-43
    • (2008) See Borgida & Fiske 2008 , pp. 23-43
    • Crosby, F.J.1    Dovidio, J.F.2
  • 41
    • 10944243116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When professionals become mothers, warmth doesn't cut the ice
    • Cuddy AJC, Fiske ST, Glick P. 2004. When professionals become mothers, warmth doesn't cut the ice. J. Soc. Issues 60:701-18
    • (2004) J. Soc. Issues , vol.60 , pp. 701-718
    • Cuddy, A.J.C.1    Fiske, S.T.2    Glick, P.3
  • 42
    • 34249735891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes
    • Cuddy AJC, Fiske ST, Glick P. 2007. The BIAS map: behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 92:631-48
    • (2007) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.92 , pp. 631-648
    • Cuddy, A.J.C.1    Fiske, S.T.2    Glick, P.3
  • 43
    • 21144445256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This old stereotype: The pervasiveness and persistence of the elderly stereotype
    • Cuddy AJC, Norton MI, Fiske ST. 2005. This old stereotype: the pervasiveness and persistence of the elderly stereotype. J. Soc. Issues 61:265-83
    • (2005) J. Soc. Issues , vol.61 , pp. 265-283
    • Cuddy, A.J.C.1    Norton, M.I.2    Fiske, S.T.3
  • 45
    • 57649195390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993)
    • Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993)
  • 46
    • 25144451557 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
    • Devine PG. 1989. Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 56:5-18
    • (1989) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.56 , pp. 5-18
    • Devine, P.G.1
  • 47
    • 57649183808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dijksterhuis A, Aarts H, Smith PK. 2005. The power of the subliminal: on subliminal persuasion and other potential applications. See Hassan et al. 2005, pp. 77-106
    • Dijksterhuis A, Aarts H, Smith PK. 2005. The power of the subliminal: on subliminal persuasion and other potential applications. See Hassan et al. 2005, pp. 77-106
  • 48
    • 0032040312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between perception and behavior, or how to win a game of Trivial Pursuit
    • Dijksterhuis A, van Knippenberg A. 1998. The relation between perception and behavior, or how to win a game of Trivial Pursuit. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 74:865-77
    • (1998) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.74 , pp. 865-877
    • Dijksterhuis, A.1    van Knippenberg, A.2
  • 49
    • 38249042044 scopus 로고
    • Racial stereotypes: The contents of their cognitive representations
    • Dovidio JF, Evans N, Tyler RB. 1986. Racial stereotypes: the contents of their cognitive representations. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 22:22-37
    • (1986) J. Exp. Soc. Psychol , vol.22 , pp. 22-37
    • Dovidio, J.F.1    Evans, N.2    Tyler, R.B.3
  • 50
    • 85047674303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders
    • Eagly AH, Karau SJ. 2002. Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychol. Rev. 109:573-98
    • (2002) Psychol. Rev , vol.109 , pp. 573-598
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Karau, S.J.2
  • 51
    • 57649221904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender prejudice: On the risks of occupying incongruent roles
    • Eagly AH, Koenig AM. 2008. Gender prejudice: on the risks of occupying incongruent roles. See Borgida & Fiske 2008, pp. 63-82
    • (2008) See Borgida & Fiske 2008 , pp. 63-82
    • Eagly, A.H.1    Koenig, A.M.2
  • 52
    • 0037217280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Believing is seeing: The effects of racial labels and implicit beliefs on face perception
    • Eberhardt JL, Dasgupta N, Banaszynski TL. 2003. Believing is seeing: the effects of racial labels and implicit beliefs on face perception. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 29:360-70
    • (2003) Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull , vol.29 , pp. 360-370
    • Eberhardt, J.L.1    Dasgupta, N.2    Banaszynski, T.L.3
  • 53
    • 33646259227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking deathworthy: Perceived stereotypicality of black defendants predicts capital-sentencing outcomes
    • Eberhardt JL, Davies PG, Purdie-Vaughns VJ, Johnson SL. 2006. Looking deathworthy: perceived stereotypicality of black defendants predicts capital-sentencing outcomes. Psychol. Sci. 17:383-86
    • (2006) Psychol. Sci , vol.17 , pp. 383-386
    • Eberhardt, J.L.1    Davies, P.G.2    Purdie-Vaughns, V.J.3    Johnson, S.L.4
  • 55
    • 0036429776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paternalistic and envious gender stereotypes: Testing predictions from the stereotype content model
    • Eckes T. 2002. Paternalistic and envious gender stereotypes: testing predictions from the stereotype content model. Sex Roles 47:99-114
    • (2002) Sex Roles , vol.47 , pp. 99-114
    • Eckes, T.1
  • 56
    • 57649210627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EEOC Enforcement Guidance: Unlawful disparate treatment of workers with care giving responsibilities. Order 915.002. Issued 5/23/07
    • EEOC Enforcement Guidance: Unlawful disparate treatment of workers with care giving responsibilities. Order 915.002. Issued 5/23/07
  • 57
    • 57649156345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EEOC v. Morgan Stanley & Co., 324 F. Supp. 2d 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2004)
    • EEOC v. Morgan Stanley & Co., 324 F. Supp. 2d 451 (S.D.N.Y. 2004)
  • 58
    • 34548397319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit trustworthiness decisions: Automatic coding of face properties in the human amygdala
    • Engell AD,Haxby JV,Todorov A. 2007. Implicit trustworthiness decisions: automatic coding of face properties in the human amygdala. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19:1508-19
    • (2007) J. Cogn. Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 1508-1519
    • Engell, A.D.1    Haxby, J.V.2    Todorov, A.3
  • 59
    • 41549146748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition
    • Evans JS. 2007. Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 59:255-78
    • (2007) Annu. Rev. Psychol , vol.59 , pp. 255-278
    • Evans, J.S.1
  • 60
    • 84889328852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The limits of science in the courtroom
    • Faigman DL. 2008. The limits of science in the courtroom. See Borgida & Fiske 2008, pp. 303-14
    • (2008) See Borgida & Fiske 2008 , pp. 303-314
    • Faigman, D.L.1
  • 61
    • 54249152403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A matter of fit: The law of discrimination and the science of implicit bias
    • In press
    • Faigman DL, Dasgupta N, Ridgeway CL. 2008. A matter of fit: the law of discrimination and the science of implicit bias. Hastings Law Rev. In press
    • (2008) Hastings Law Rev
    • Faigman, D.L.1    Dasgupta, N.2    Ridgeway, C.L.3
  • 62
    • 14544288236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological evidence at the dawn of the law's scientific age
    • Faigman DL, Monahan J. 2005. Psychological evidence at the dawn of the law's scientific age. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 56:631-59
    • (2005) Annu. Rev. Psychol , vol.56 , pp. 631-659
    • Faigman, D.L.1    Monahan, J.2
  • 64
    • 0013107307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use
    • Fazio RH, Olson MA. 2003. Implicit measures in social cognition research: their meaning and use. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 54:297-327
    • (2003) Annu. Rev. Psychol , vol.54 , pp. 297-327
    • Fazio, R.H.1    Olson, M.A.2
  • 65
    • 28944433198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • December 31.Washington, DC: USGPO
    • Federal Rules of Evidence 2004. (December 31).Washington, DC: USGPO
    • (2004) Federal Rules of Evidence
  • 66
    • 0027613697 scopus 로고
    • Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping
    • Fiske ST. 1993. Controlling other people: the impact of power on stereotyping. Am. Psychol. 48:621-28
    • (1993) Am. Psychol , vol.48 , pp. 621-628
    • Fiske, S.T.1
  • 68
    • 57649219912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Gilbert et al. 1998, pp. 357-414
    • (1998) , pp. 357-414
    • Gilbert1
  • 69
    • 0001808947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interdependence and the reduction of prejudice
    • ed. S Oskamp, pp, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Fiske ST. 2000. Interdependence and the reduction of prejudice. In Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination, ed. S Oskamp, pp. 115-35. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
    • (2000) Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination , pp. 115-135
    • Fiske, S.T.1
  • 70
    • 0001502776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fiske ST, Bersoff DN, Borgida E, Deaux K, Heilman ME. 1991. Social science research on trial: the use of sex stereotyping research in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins. Am. Psychol. 46:1049-60
    • Fiske ST, Bersoff DN, Borgida E, Deaux K, Heilman ME. 1991. Social science research on trial: the use of sex stereotyping research in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins. Am. Psychol. 46:1049-60
  • 71
    • 33846691536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Universal dimensions of social perception: Warmth and competence
    • Fiske ST, Cuddy AJC, Glick P. 2007. Universal dimensions of social perception: warmth and competence. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11:77-83
    • (2007) Trends Cogn. Sci , vol.11 , pp. 77-83
    • Fiske, S.T.1    Cuddy, A.J.C.2    Glick, P.3
  • 72
    • 85036165718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition
    • Fiske ST, Cuddy AJ, Glick P, Xu J. 2002. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 82:878-902
    • (2002) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.82 , pp. 878-902
    • Fiske, S.T.1    Cuddy, A.J.2    Glick, P.3    Xu, J.4
  • 73
    • 9444271673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Policy forum: Why ordinary people torture enemy prisoners
    • Fiske ST, Harris LT, Cuddy AJC. 2004. Policy forum: Why ordinary people torture enemy prisoners. Science 306:1482-83
    • (2004) Science , vol.306 , pp. 1482-1483
    • Fiske, S.T.1    Harris, L.T.2    Cuddy, A.J.C.3
  • 74
    • 57649200595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Policy implications of unexamined discrimination: Gender bias in employment as a case study
    • ed. E Shafir. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press/New York: Russell Sage. In press
    • Fiske ST, Krieger LH. 2009. Policy implications of unexamined discrimination: gender bias in employment as a case study. In Behavioral Foundations of Policy, ed. E Shafir. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press/New York: Russell Sage. In press
    • (2009) Behavioral Foundations of Policy
    • Fiske, S.T.1    Krieger, L.H.2
  • 76
    • 0001449018 scopus 로고
    • What's so special about sex? Gender stereotyping and discrimination
    • ed. S Oskamp, M Costanzo, pp, Newbury Park, CA: Sage
    • Fiske ST, Stevens LE. 1993. What's so special about sex? Gender stereotyping and discrimination. In Gender Issues in Contemporary Society: Applied Social Psychology Annual, ed. S Oskamp, M Costanzo, pp. 173-196. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
    • (1993) Gender Issues in Contemporary Society: Applied Social Psychology Annual , pp. 173-196
    • Fiske, S.T.1    Stevens, L.E.2
  • 80
    • 84925981653 scopus 로고
    • Racial stereotypes: Associations and ascriptions of positive and negative characteristics
    • Gaertner SL, McLaughlin JP. 1983. Racial stereotypes: associations and ascriptions of positive and negative characteristics. Soc. Psychol. Q. 46:23-40
    • (1983) Soc. Psychol. Q , vol.46 , pp. 23-40
    • Gaertner, S.L.1    McLaughlin, J.P.2
  • 82
    • 57649176754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gilbert DT, Fiske ST, Lindzey G, eds, New York: McGraw-Hill. 4th ed
    • Gilbert DT, Fiske ST, Lindzey G, eds. 1998. The Handbook of Social Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4th ed.
    • (1998) The Handbook of Social Psychology
  • 85
    • 57649195382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Crosby et al. 2007, pp. 155-88
    • (2007) , pp. 155-188
    • Crosby1
  • 86
    • 0034938307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential responses in the fusiform region to the same-race and other-race faces
    • Golby AJ, Gabrieli JDE, Chiao JY, Eberhardt JL. 2001. Differential responses in the fusiform region to the same-race and other-race faces. Nat. Neurosci. 4:845-50
    • (2001) Nat. Neurosci , vol.4 , pp. 845-850
    • Golby, A.J.1    Gabrieli, J.D.E.2    Chiao, J.Y.3    Eberhardt, J.L.4
  • 88
    • 57649156344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Garland 2004, pp. 114-56
    • See Garland 2004, pp. 114-56
  • 89
    • 34548555340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroscience-based lie detection
    • Greely HT, Illes J. 2007. Neuroscience-based lie detection. Am. J. Law Med. 33:377-432
    • (2007) Am. J. Law Med , vol.33 , pp. 377-432
    • Greely, H.T.1    Illes, J.2
  • 90
    • 0002531071 scopus 로고
    • The effects of an overheard ethnic slur on evaluations of the target: How to spread a social disease
    • Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T. 1985. The effects of an overheard ethnic slur on evaluations of the target: how to spread a social disease. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 21:61-72
    • (1985) J. Exp. Soc. Psychol , vol.21 , pp. 61-72
    • Greenberg, J.1    Pyszczynski, T.2
  • 91
    • 33748787747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit bias: Scientific foundations
    • Greenwald AG, Krieger LH. 2006. Implicit bias: scientific foundations. Calif. Law Rev. 94:945-67
    • (2006) Calif. Law Rev , vol.94 , pp. 945-967
    • Greenwald, A.G.1    Krieger, L.H.2
  • 92
    • 84872989342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity
    • In press
    • Greenwald AG, Poehlman TA, Uhlmann E, Banaji MR. 2008. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. In press
    • (2008) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol
    • Greenwald, A.G.1    Poehlman, T.A.2    Uhlmann, E.3    Banaji, M.R.4
  • 93
    • 0039998782 scopus 로고
    • How rock music videos can change what is seen when boy meets girl: Priming stereotypic appraisal of social interactions
    • Hansen CH, Hansen RD. 1988. How rock music videos can change what is seen when boy meets girl: priming stereotypic appraisal of social interactions. Sex Roles 19:287-316
    • (1988) Sex Roles , vol.19 , pp. 287-316
    • Hansen, C.H.1    Hansen, R.D.2
  • 94
    • 33750801270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuro-imaging responses to extreme outgroups
    • Harris LT, Fiske ST. 2006. Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: neuro-imaging responses to extreme outgroups. Psychol. Sci. 17:847-53
    • (2006) Psychol. Sci , vol.17 , pp. 847-853
    • Harris, L.T.1    Fiske, S.T.2
  • 95
    • 34447637153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social groups that elicit disgust are differentially processed in mPFC
    • Harris LT, Fiske ST. 2007. Social groups that elicit disgust are differentially processed in mPFC. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2:45-51
    • (2007) Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci , vol.2 , pp. 45-51
    • Harris, L.T.1    Fiske, S.T.2
  • 96
    • 67649669793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dehumanized perception: The social neuroscience of thinking (or not thinking) about disgusting people
    • ed. M Hewstone, W Stroebe. London: Wiley. In press
    • Harris LT, Fiske ST. 2008. Dehumanized perception: the social neuroscience of thinking (or not thinking) about disgusting people. In European Review of Social Psychology, ed. M Hewstone, W Stroebe. London: Wiley. In press
    • (2008) European Review of Social Psychology
    • Harris, L.T.1    Fiske, S.T.2
  • 97
    • 33845713508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjective decision making and unconscious discrimination
    • Hart M. 2005. Subjective decision making and unconscious discrimination. Ala. Law Rev. 56:741-91
    • (2005) Ala. Law Rev , vol.56 , pp. 741-791
    • Hart, M.1
  • 98
    • 57649195380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The possibility of avoiding discrimination: Considering compliance and liability
    • Hart M. 2007. The possibility of avoiding discrimination: considering compliance and liability. Conn. Law Rev. 39:1621-46
    • (2007) Conn. Law Rev , vol.39 , pp. 1621-1646
    • Hart, M.1
  • 100
    • 0346817970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hassan RR, Uleman J, Bargh JA, eds, New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    • Hassan RR, Uleman J, Bargh JA, eds. 2005. The New Unconscious. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    • (2005) The New Unconscious
  • 102
    • 57649155629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Borgida & Fiske 2008, pp. 127-56
    • See Borgida & Fiske 2008, pp. 127-56
  • 104
    • 0002175690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience
    • ed, AWKruglanski, pp, New York: Guilford
    • Higgins ET. 1996. Knowledge activation: accessibility, applicability, and salience. In Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, ed. ET Higgins, AWKruglanski, pp. 133-68. New York: Guilford
    • (1996) Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles , pp. 133-168
    • Higgins, E.T.1
  • 105
    • 42149113472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The context of discrimination: Workplace conditions, institutional environments, and sex and race discrimination charges
    • Hirsh CE, Kornrich S. 2008. The context of discrimination: workplace conditions, institutional environments, and sex and race discrimination charges. Am. J. Sociol. 113:1394-432
    • (2008) Am. J. Sociol , vol.113 , pp. 1394-1432
    • Hirsh, C.E.1    Kornrich, S.2
  • 107
    • 84949793805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup behavior and social identity
    • ed. MA Hogg, J Cooper, pp, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Hogg MA, Abrams D. 2003. Intergroup behavior and social identity. In The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. MA Hogg, J Cooper, pp. 407-31. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • (2003) The Sage Handbook of Social Psychology , pp. 407-431
    • Hogg, M.A.1    Abrams, D.2
  • 109
    • 57649221897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Crosby et al. 2007, pp. 59-67
    • (2007) , pp. 59-67
    • Crosby1
  • 110
    • 57649183800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hopkins v. Price Waterhouse, 618 F. Supp. 1109 (D. D.C. 1985);
    • Hopkins v. Price Waterhouse, 618 F. Supp. 1109 (D. D.C. 1985);
  • 111
    • 57649176739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • appeal: Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 825 F.2d 458 (D.C. Cir. 1987);
    • appeal: Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 825 F.2d 458 (D.C. Cir. 1987);
  • 112
    • 57649155630 scopus 로고
    • Supreme Court review: PriceWaterhouse v. Hopkins, 109
    • Supreme Court review: PriceWaterhouse v. Hopkins, 109 S. Ct. 1775 (1989);
    • (1989) S. Ct , vol.1775
  • 113
    • 57649210616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • remand: Hopkins v. Price Waterhouse, No. 84-3040, slip op. (D. D.C. May 14, 1990)
    • remand: Hopkins v. Price Waterhouse, No. 84-3040, slip op. (D. D.C. May 14, 1990)
  • 114
    • 0033650926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personnel selection: Looking toward the future - remembering the past
    • Hough LM, Oswald FL. 2000. Personnel selection: looking toward the future - remembering the past. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 51:631-64
    • (2000) Annu. Rev. Psychol , vol.51 , pp. 631-664
    • Hough, L.M.1    Oswald, F.L.2
  • 116
    • 57649155624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hurst v. F.W. Woolworth Co., No. 95 Civ. 6584, 1997 WL 685341, at ?2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 3, 1997)
    • Hurst v. F.W. Woolworth Co., No. 95 Civ. 6584, 1997 WL 685341, at ?2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 3, 1997)
  • 118
    • 57649217737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Int'l Healthcare Exch., Inc. v. Global Healthcare Exch., LLC, 470 F. Supp. 2d 345 (S.D.N.Y. 2007)
    • Int'l Healthcare Exch., Inc. v. Global Healthcare Exch., LLC, 470 F. Supp. 2d 345 (S.D.N.Y. 2007)
  • 119
    • 0141977288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and gender on the brain: Electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals
    • Ito TA, Urland GR. 2003. Race and gender on the brain: electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 85:616-26
    • (2003) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.85 , pp. 616-626
    • Ito, T.A.1    Urland, G.R.2
  • 120
    • 57649173486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co., 824 F. Supp. 847 (D. Minn. 1993)
    • Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co., 824 F. Supp. 847 (D. Minn. 1993)
  • 121
    • 80052089411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antidiscrimination law's effects on implicit bias
    • ed. M Gulati, M Yelnosky, pp, New York: Kluwer Acad
    • Jolls C. 2007. Antidiscrimination law's effects on implicit bias. In Behavioral Analyses ofWorkplace Discrimination, ed. M Gulati, M Yelnosky, pp. 1-46. New York: Kluwer Acad.
    • (2007) Behavioral Analyses ofWorkplace Discrimination , pp. 1-46
    • Jolls, C.1
  • 122
  • 125
    • 57649195371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture and identity-protective cognition: Explaining the white male effect in risk perception
    • Kahan DM, Braman D, Gastil J, Slovic P, Mertz CK. 2007. Culture and identity-protective cognition: explaining the white male effect in risk perception. J. Emp. Legal Stud. 4:465-505
    • (2007) J. Emp. Legal Stud , vol.4 , pp. 465-505
    • Kahan, D.M.1    Braman, D.2    Gastil, J.3    Slovic, P.4    Mertz, C.K.5
  • 126
    • 57649210607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kahneman D. 2007. Daniel Kahneman. InAHistory of Psychology in Autobiography, ed.LGardner,WMRunyan, pp. 155-97.Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
    • Kahneman D. 2007. Daniel Kahneman. InAHistory of Psychology in Autobiography, ed.LGardner,WMRunyan, pp. 155-97.Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
  • 127
    • 33749168383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies
    • Kalev A, Dobbin F, Kelly E. 2006. Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies. Am. Sociol. Rev. 71:589-617
    • (2006) Am. Sociol. Rev , vol.71 , pp. 589-617
    • Kalev, A.1    Dobbin, F.2    Kelly, E.3
  • 128
    • 33748758772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kang J, Banaji MR. 2006. Fair measures: a behavioral realist revision of affirmative action. Calif. Law Rev. 94:1063-118
    • Kang J, Banaji MR. 2006. Fair measures: a behavioral realist revision of "affirmative action." Calif. Law Rev. 94:1063-118
  • 129
    • 57649221887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expert testimony on the psychology of confessions: A pyramidal framework of the relevant science
    • Kassin SM. 2008. Expert testimony on the psychology of confessions: a pyramidal framework of the relevant science. See Borgida & Fiske 2008, pp. 195-218
    • (2008) See Borgida & Fiske 2008 , pp. 195-218
    • Kassin, S.M.1
  • 130
    • 0000374273 scopus 로고
    • The "general acceptance" of psychological research on eyewitness testimony: A survey of the experts
    • Kassin SM, Ellsworth PC, Smith VL. 1989. The "general acceptance" of psychological research on eyewitness testimony: a survey of the experts. Am. Psychol. 44:1089-98
    • (1989) Am. Psychol , vol.44 , pp. 1089-1098
    • Kassin, S.M.1    Ellsworth, P.C.2    Smith, V.L.3
  • 131
    • 34547146631 scopus 로고
    • Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures
    • Katz I, Haas RG. 1988. Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 55:893-905
    • (1988) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.55 , pp. 893-905
    • Katz, I.1    Haas, R.G.2
  • 132
  • 133
    • 0040811980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Civil rights Perestroika: Intergroup relations after affirmative action
    • Krieger LH. 1998. Civil rights Perestroika: intergroup relations after affirmative action. Calif. Law Rev. 86:1254-333
    • (1998) Calif. Law Rev , vol.86 , pp. 1254-1333
    • Krieger, L.H.1
  • 134
    • 57649173481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral realism in law: Reframing the discussion about social science's place in antidiscrimination law and policy
    • Krieger LH. 2008. Behavioral realism in law: reframing the discussion about social science's place in antidiscrimination law and policy. See Borgida & Fiske 2008, pp. 383-98
    • (2008) See Borgida & Fiske 2008 , pp. 383-398
    • Krieger, L.H.1
  • 135
    • 33748785222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral realism in employment discrimination law: Implicit bias and disparate treatment
    • Krieger LH, Fiske ST. 2006. Behavioral realism in employment discrimination law: implicit bias and disparate treatment. Calif. Law Rev. 94:997-1062
    • (2006) Calif. Law Rev , vol.94 , pp. 997-1062
    • Krieger, L.H.1    Fiske, S.T.2
  • 136
    • 73049115823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes, bias and personnel decisions: Strange and stranger
    • In press
    • Landy FJ. 2008a. Stereotypes, bias and personnel decisions: strange and stranger. Ind. Org. Psychol. Perspect. Sci. Pract. In press
    • (2008) Ind. Org. Psychol. Perspect. Sci. Pract
    • Landy, F.J.1
  • 138
    • 57649156324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Borgida & Fiske 2008, pp. 341-52
    • See Borgida & Fiske 2008, pp. 341-52
  • 139
  • 141
    • 22844449236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An fMRI investigation of race-related amygdala activity in African-American and Caucasian-American individuals
    • Lieberman MD, Hariri A, Jarcho JM, Eisenberger NI, Bookheimer SY. 2005. An fMRI investigation of race-related amygdala activity in African-American and Caucasian-American individuals. Nat. Neurosci. 8:720-22
    • (2005) Nat. Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 720-722
    • Lieberman, M.D.1    Hariri, A.2    Jarcho, J.M.3    Eisenberger, N.I.4    Bookheimer, S.Y.5
  • 142
    • 11144270230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype content model explains prejudice for an envied outgroup: Scale of anti-Asian American stereotypes
    • Lin MH, Kwan VSY, Cheung A, Fiske ST. 2005. Stereotype content model explains prejudice for an envied outgroup: scale of anti-Asian American stereotypes. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 31:34-47
    • (2005) Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull , vol.31 , pp. 34-47
    • Lin, M.H.1    Kwan, V.S.Y.2    Cheung, A.3    Fiske, S.T.4
  • 144
    • 33745316304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reexamination of black-white mean differences in work performance: More data, more moderators
    • McKay PF, McDaniel MA. 2006. A reexamination of black-white mean differences in work performance: more data, more moderators. J. Appl. Psychol. 91:538-54
    • (2006) J. Appl. Psychol , vol.91 , pp. 538-554
    • McKay, P.F.1    McDaniel, M.A.2
  • 145
    • 0001356165 scopus 로고
    • Treating women as sexual objects: Look to the (gender schematic) male who has viewed pornography
    • McKenzie-Mohr D, Zanna MP. 1990. Treating women as sexual objects: look to the (gender schematic) male who has viewed pornography. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 16:296-308
    • (1990) Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull , vol.16 , pp. 296-308
    • McKenzie-Mohr, D.1    Zanna, M.P.2
  • 146
    • 0035409518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do frequency representations eliminate conjunction effects? An exercise in adversarial collaboration
    • Mellers B, Hertwig R, Kahneman D. 2001. Do frequency representations eliminate conjunction effects? An exercise in adversarial collaboration. Psychol. Sci. 12:269-75
    • (2001) Psychol. Sci , vol.12 , pp. 269-275
    • Mellers, B.1    Hertwig, R.2    Kahneman, D.3
  • 148
    • 38149058753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antidiscrimination law and the perils of mindreading
    • Mitchell G, Tetlock PE. 2006. Antidiscrimination law and the perils of mindreading. Ohio State Univ. Law Rev. 67:1023-122
    • (2006) Ohio State Univ. Law Rev , vol.67 , pp. 1023-1122
    • Mitchell, G.1    Tetlock, P.E.2
  • 149
    • 57649149082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monahan J, Walker L. 1998. Social Science in Law: Cases and Materials.Westbury, NY: Found. Press
    • Monahan J, Walker L. 1998. Social Science in Law: Cases and Materials.Westbury, NY: Found. Press
  • 150
    • 57949108365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contextual evidence of gender discrimination: The ascendance of "social frameworks." Va. Law Rev
    • In press
    • Monahan J, Walker L, Mitchell G. 2008. Contextual evidence of gender discrimination: the ascendance of "social frameworks." Va. Law Rev. In press
    • (2008)
    • Monahan, J.1    Walker, L.2    Mitchell, G.3
  • 151
    • 0034348098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sex-aggression link: A perception-behavior dissociation
    • Mussweiler T, Förster J. 2000. The sex-aggression link: a perception-behavior dissociation. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 79:507-20
    • (2000) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.79 , pp. 507-520
    • Mussweiler, T.1    Förster, J.2
  • 152
    • 0343468534 scopus 로고
    • Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes
    • Nisbett RE, Wilson TD. 1977. Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychol. Rev. 84:231-59
    • (1977) Psychol. Rev , vol.84 , pp. 231-259
    • Nisbett, R.E.1    Wilson, T.D.2
  • 153
    • 33847143997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review
    • ed. JA Bargh, pp, Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press
    • Nosek BA, Greenwald AG, Banaji MR. 2007. The Implicit Association Test at age 7: a methodological and conceptual review. In Automatic Processes in Social Thinking and Behavior, ed. JA Bargh, pp. 265-92. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press
    • (2007) Automatic Processes in Social Thinking and Behavior , pp. 265-292
    • Nosek, B.A.1    Greenwald, A.G.2    Banaji, M.R.3
  • 154
    • 14944348949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Page A. 2005. Batson's blind-spot: unconscious stereotyping and the peremptory challenge. Boston Univ. Law Rev. 85:155
    • Page A. 2005. Batson's blind-spot: unconscious stereotyping and the peremptory challenge. Boston Univ. Law Rev. 85:155
  • 155
    • 0242424960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mark of a criminal record
    • Pager D. 2003. The mark of a criminal record. Am. J. Sociol. 108:937-75
    • (2003) Am. J. Sociol , vol.108 , pp. 937-975
    • Pager, D.1
  • 156
    • 23944505303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walking the talk: What employers say versus what they do
    • Pager D, Quillian L. 2005.Walking the talk: what employers say versus what they do. Am. Sociol. Rev. 70:355-80
    • (2005) Am. Sociol. Rev , vol.70 , pp. 355-380
    • Pager, D.1    Quillian, L.2
  • 158
    • 84863776959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon
    • Payne BK. 2001. Prejudice and perception: the role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 81:181-92
    • (2001) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.81 , pp. 181-192
    • Payne, B.K.1
  • 160
    • 57649240361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Hassan et al. 2005, pp. 393-420
    • (2005) , pp. 393-420
    • Hassan1
  • 161
    • 33745196004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory
    • Pettigrew TF, Tropp LR. 2006. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 90:751-83
    • (2006) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.90 , pp. 751-783
    • Pettigrew, T.F.1    Tropp, L.R.2
  • 162
    • 34548810220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • fMRI and BF meet FRE: Brain imaging and the Federal Rules of Evidence
    • Pettit M Jr. 2007. fMRI and BF meet FRE: brain imaging and the Federal Rules of Evidence. Am. J. Law Med. 33:319-40
    • (2007) Am. J. Law Med , vol.33 , pp. 319-340
    • Pettit Jr., M.1
  • 163
    • 0033814346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phelps EA, O'Connor KJ, CunninghamWA, Funayama ES, Gatenby JC, et al. 2000. Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12:729-38
    • Phelps EA, O'Connor KJ, CunninghamWA, Funayama ES, Gatenby JC, et al. 2000. Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12:729-38
  • 164
    • 52949139708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination in sentencing on the basis of Afrocentric features
    • Pizzi WT, Blair IV, Judd CM. 2005. Discrimination in sentencing on the basis of Afrocentric features. Mich. J. Race Law 10:327-55
    • (2005) Mich. J. Race Law , vol.10 , pp. 327-355
    • Pizzi, W.T.1    Blair, I.V.2    Judd, C.M.3
  • 165
    • 15944423290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The consequences of race for police officers' responses to criminal suspects
    • Plant EA, Peruche BM. 2005. The consequences of race for police officers' responses to criminal suspects. Psychol. Sci. 16:180-83
    • (2005) Psychol. Sci , vol.16 , pp. 180-183
    • Plant, E.A.1    Peruche, B.M.2
  • 166
    • 57649156323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989)
    • Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989)
  • 167
    • 57649224038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ray v. Miller Meester Advertising, Inc., 664 N.W. 2d 355 (Minn. Ct. App. 2003)
    • Ray v. Miller Meester Advertising, Inc., 664 N.W. 2d 355 (Minn. Ct. App. 2003)
  • 168
    • 57649178641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reskin BF. 2005. Including mechanisms in our models of ascriptive inequality. In Handbook of Employment Discrimination Research: Research and Realities, ed. LB Nielson,RLNelson, pp. 75-97. Dordrecht: Springer
    • Reskin BF. 2005. Including mechanisms in our models of ascriptive inequality. In Handbook of Employment Discrimination Research: Research and Realities, ed. LB Nielson,RLNelson, pp. 75-97. Dordrecht: Springer
  • 170
    • 57649240359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Crosby et al. 2007, pp. 235-70
    • (2007) , pp. 235-270
    • Crosby1
  • 172
    • 0042278585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When prejudice does not pay: Effects of interracial contact on executive function
    • Richeson JA, Shelton NJ. 2003. When prejudice does not pay: effects of interracial contact on executive function. Psychol. Sci. 14:287-90
    • (2003) Psychol. Sci , vol.14 , pp. 287-290
    • Richeson, J.A.1    Shelton, N.J.2
  • 173
    • 22544459622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do interracial interactions impair executive function? A resourcedepletion account
    • Richeson JA, Trawalter S. 2003. Why do interracial interactions impair executive function? A resourcedepletion account. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 88:934-47
    • (2003) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.88 , pp. 934-947
    • Richeson, J.A.1    Trawalter, S.2
  • 175
    • 57649195361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Crosby et al. 2007, pp. 189-212
    • (2007) , pp. 189-212
    • Crosby1
  • 178
    • 57649178645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc., 760 F. Supp. 1486 (D. Fla. 1991)
    • Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc., 760 F. Supp. 1486 (D. Fla. 1991)
  • 179
    • 34249004330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The brain on the stand
    • March 11, Sect. 6, pp, 70, 77
    • Rosen J. 2007. The brain on the stand. New York Times Mag. March 11, Sect. 6, pp. 48-53, 70, 77, 82-83
    • (2007) New York Times Mag
    • Rosen, J.1
  • 180
    • 0042829154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic group differences in measures of job performance: A new meta-analysis
    • Roth PL, Huffcutt AI, Bobko P. 2003. Ethnic group differences in measures of job performance: a new meta-analysis. J. Appl. Psychol. 88:694-706
    • (2003) J. Appl. Psychol , vol.88 , pp. 694-706
    • Roth, P.L.1    Huffcutt, A.I.2    Bobko, P.3
  • 181
    • 0032014451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management
    • Rudman LA. 1998. Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: the costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 74:629-45
    • (1998) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.74 , pp. 629-645
    • Rudman, L.A.1
  • 182
    • 21844482915 scopus 로고
    • The afterglow of construct accessibility: The behavioral consequences of priming men to view women as sexual objects
    • Rudman LA, Borgida E. 1995. The afterglow of construct accessibility: the behavioral consequences of priming men to view women as sexual objects. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 31:493-517
    • (1995) J. Exp. Soc. Psychol , vol.31 , pp. 493-517
    • Rudman, L.A.1    Borgida, E.2
  • 183
    • 3543004117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactions to counterstereotypic behavior: The role of backlash in cultural stereotype maintenance
    • Rudman LA, Fairchild K. 2004. Reactions to counterstereotypic behavior: the role of backlash in cultural stereotype maintenance. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 87:157-76
    • (2004) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.87 , pp. 157-176
    • Rudman, L.A.1    Fairchild, K.2
  • 184
    • 0033227796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feminized management and backlash toward agentic women: The hidden costs to women of a kinder, gentler image of middle-managers
    • Rudman LA, Glick P. 1999. Feminized management and backlash toward agentic women: the hidden costs to women of a kinder, gentler image of middle-managers. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 77:1004-10
    • (1999) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.77 , pp. 1004-1010
    • Rudman, L.A.1    Glick, P.2
  • 185
    • 0035209960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women
    • Rudman LA, Glick P. 2001. Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. J. Soc. Issues 57:743-62
    • (2001) J. Soc. Issues , vol.57 , pp. 743-762
    • Rudman, L.A.1    Glick, P.2
  • 187
    • 57649176596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Borgida & Fiske 2008, pp. 83-102
    • See Borgida & Fiske 2008, pp. 83-102
  • 190
    • 57649143438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shelley Hnot, et al. v. Willis Group Holdings, Ltd. Opinion and Order on motion to exclude plaintiffs' expert testimony. U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, 01 Civ. 6558(GEL), June 1, 2007
    • Shelley Hnot, et al. v. Willis Group Holdings, Ltd. Opinion and Order on motion to exclude plaintiffs' expert testimony. U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, 01 Civ. 6558(GEL), June 1, 2007
  • 192
    • 57649178648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Gilbert et al. 1998, pp. 391-445
    • (1998) , pp. 391-445
    • Gilbert1
  • 193
    • 34248584781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race-based judgments, race-neutral justifications: Experimental examination of peremptory use and the Batson challenge procedure
    • Sommers SR, Norton MI. 2007. Race-based judgments, race-neutral justifications: experimental examination of peremptory use and the Batson challenge procedure. Law Hum. Behav. 31:261-73
    • (2007) Law Hum. Behav , vol.31 , pp. 261-273
    • Sommers, S.R.1    Norton, M.I.2
  • 194
    • 34548718134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Root emerging neurotechnologies for lie detection and the Fifth Amendment
    • Stoller SE, Wolpe P. 2007. Root emerging neurotechnologies for lie detection and the Fifth Amendment. Am. J. Law Med. 33:359-75
    • (2007) Am. J. Law Med , vol.33 , pp. 359-375
    • Stoller, S.E.1    Wolpe, P.2
  • 195
    • 84937311865 scopus 로고
    • Rules, resources, and legitimacy processes: Some implications for social conflict, order, and change
    • Stryker R. 1994. Rules, resources, and legitimacy processes: some implications for social conflict, order, and change. Am. J. Sociol. 4:847-910
    • (1994) Am. J. Sociol , vol.4 , pp. 847-910
    • Stryker, R.1
  • 196
    • 34548548059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The brain and behavior: Limitations in the legal use of functional magnetic resonance imaging
    • Tancredi LR, Brodie JD. 2007. The brain and behavior: limitations in the legal use of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Am. J. Law Med. 33:271-94
    • (2007) Am. J. Law Med , vol.33 , pp. 271-294
    • Tancredi, L.R.1    Brodie, J.D.2
  • 197
    • 84937383765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When being different is detrimental: Solo status and the performance of women and racial minorities
    • Thompson M, Sekaquaptewa D. 2002. When being different is detrimental: solo status and the performance of women and racial minorities. Anal. Soc. Issues Public Policy 2:183-203
    • (2002) Anal. Soc. Issues Public Policy , vol.2 , pp. 183-203
    • Thompson, M.1    Sekaquaptewa, D.2
  • 198
    • 34548800718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A brave new world of interrogation jurisprudence?
    • Thompson SK. 2007. A brave new world of interrogation jurisprudence? Am. J. Law Med. 33:341-57
    • (2007) Am. J. Law Med , vol.33 , pp. 341-357
    • Thompson, S.K.1
  • 199
    • 41949125986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating faces on trustworthiness: An extension of systems for recognition of emotions signaling approach/avoidance behaviors
    • ed. A Kingstone, M Miller, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. New York: New York. Acad. Sci
    • Todorov A. 2008. Evaluating faces on trustworthiness: an extension of systems for recognition of emotions signaling approach/avoidance behaviors. In The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience 2008, ed. A Kingstone, M Miller, 1124:208-24. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. New York: New York. Acad. Sci.
    • (2008) The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience 2008 , vol.1124 , pp. 208-224
    • Todorov, A.1
  • 201
    • 33751403800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous retrieval of affective person knowledge in face perception
    • Todorov A, Gobbini MI, Evans KK, Haxby JV. 2007. Spontaneous retrieval of affective person knowledge in face perception. Neuropsychology 45:163-73
    • (2007) Neuropsychology , vol.45 , pp. 163-173
    • Todorov, A.1    Gobbini, M.I.2    Evans, K.K.3    Haxby, J.V.4
  • 202
    • 20444390980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes
    • Todorov A, Mandisodza AN, Goren A, Hall CC. 2005. Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes. Science 308:1623-26
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 1623-1626
    • Todorov, A.1    Mandisodza, A.N.2    Goren, A.3    Hall, C.C.4
  • 203
    • 57649210491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uleman JS, Blader SL, Todorov A. 2005. Implicit impressions. See Hassan et al. 2005, pp. 362-92
    • Uleman JS, Blader SL, Todorov A. 2005. Implicit impressions. See Hassan et al. 2005, pp. 362-92
  • 204
    • 0031278539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The modern face of prejudice and structural features that moderate the effect of cooperation on effect
    • Vanman EE, Paul BY, Ito TA, Miller N. 1997. The modern face of prejudice and structural features that moderate the effect of cooperation on effect. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 73:941-59
    • (1997) J. Personal. Soc. Psychol , vol.73 , pp. 941-959
    • Vanman, E.E.1    Paul, B.Y.2    Ito, T.A.3    Miller, N.4
  • 205
    • 26244435752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivating forces of human actions. Neuroimaging reward and social interaction
    • Walter H, Abler B, Ciaramidaro A, Erk S. 2005. Motivating forces of human actions. Neuroimaging reward and social interaction. Brain Res. 15:368-81
    • (2005) Brain Res , vol.15 , pp. 368-381
    • Walter, H.1    Abler, B.2    Ciaramidaro, A.3    Erk, S.4
  • 206
    • 57649195238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wegner DM. 2005. Who is the controller of controlled processes?
    • Wegner DM. 2005. Who is the controller of controlled processes?
  • 207
    • 57649195247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Hassan et al. 2005, pp. 19-36
    • (2005) , pp. 19-36
    • Hassan1
  • 209
    • 57649219745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • See Gilbert et al. 1998, pp. 446-96
    • (1998) , pp. 446-496
    • Gilbert1
  • 210
    • 12944287819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlling racial prejudice and stereotyping: Social cognitive goals affect amygdala and stereotype activation
    • Wheeler ME, Fiske ST. 2005. Controlling racial prejudice and stereotyping: social cognitive goals affect amygdala and stereotype activation. Psychol. Sci. 16:56-63
    • (2005) Psychol. Sci , vol.16 , pp. 56-63
    • Wheeler, M.E.1    Fiske, S.T.2
  • 211
    • 33646109761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social psychology of stereotyping: Using social science to litigate gender discrimination cases and defang the 'cluelessness' defense
    • Williams JC. 2003. The social psychology of stereotyping: using social science to litigate gender discrimination cases and defang the 'cluelessness' defense. Employee Rights Employ. Policy J. 7:401
    • (2003) Employee Rights Employ. Policy J , vol.7 , pp. 401
    • Williams, J.C.1
  • 212
    • 10944238805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond the maternal wall: Relief for family caregivers who are discriminated against on the job
    • Williams JC, Segal N. 2003. Beyond the maternal wall: relief for family caregivers who are discriminated against on the job. Harvard Women's Law J. 26:77-162
    • (2003) Harvard Women's Law J , vol.26 , pp. 77-162
    • Williams, J.C.1    Segal, N.2
  • 213
    • 33745594300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First impressions: Making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face
    • Willis J, Todorov A. 2006. First impressions: making up your mind after a 100-ms exposure to a face. Psychol. Sci. 17:592-98
    • (2006) Psychol. Sci , vol.17 , pp. 592-598
    • Willis, J.1    Todorov, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.