Mechanisms of glucocorticoid signalling

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Gene Structure and Expression

Volumn 1680, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 114-128

  Schoneveld, Onard J L M ^a   Gaemers, Ingrid C ^a   Lamers, Wouter H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Coupling element; Glucocorticoid; Glucocorticoid receptor; Glucocorticoid responsive unit; Signalling cascade; Transcription factor

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; CLOBETASOL; CORTICOSTERONE; CORTISONE; DEXAMETHASONE; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; HYDROCORTISONE; MINERALOCORTICOID; PREDNISOLONE; RU 24858; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CHROMATIN; DNA RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE REPRESSION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; RECEPTOR BINDING; REGULATOR GENE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; WEIGHT GAIN;

GRUS;

EID: 5444239101     PISSN: 01674781     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2004.09.004     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. T. Kimura, V.M. Christoffels, S. Chowdhury, K. Iwase, H. Matsuzaki, M. Mori, W.H. Lamers, G.J. Darlington, and M. Takiguchi Hypoglycemia-associated hyperammonemia caused by impaired expression of ornithine cycle enzyme genes in C/EBPalpha knockout mice J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 27505
2. E. Canalis, R.C. Pereira, and A.M. Delany Effects of glucocorticoids on the skeleton J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 15 Suppl. 5 2002 1341
3. M.G. Belvisi, T.J. Brown, S. Wicks, and M.L. Foster New glucocorticosteroids with an improved therapeutic ratio? Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 14 2001 221
4. R. Renkawitz, C. Kaltschmidt, J. Leers, B. Martin, M. Muller, and M. Eggert Enhancement of nuclear receptor transcriptional signalling J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 56 1996 39
5. R. Dawson Jr., P. Kontur, and A. Monjan High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation and quantitation of endogenous glucocorticoids after solid-phase extraction from plasma Horm. Res. 20 1984 89
6. T.G. Hofmann, S.P. Hehner, S. Bacher, W. Droge, and M.L. Schmitz Various glucocorticoids differ in their ability to induce gene expression, apoptosis and to repress NF-kappaB-dependent transcription FEBS Lett. 441 1998 441
7. M.G. Belvisi, S.L. Wicks, C.H. Battram, S.E. Bottoms, J.E. Redford, P. Woodman, T.J. Brown, S.E. Webber, and M.L. Foster Therapeutic benefit of a dissociated glucocorticoid and the relevance of in vitro separation of transrepression from transactivation activity J. Immunol. 166 2001 1975
8. J.E. Kalinyak, R.I. Dorin, A.R. Hoffman, and A.J. Perlman Tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA by dexamethasone J. Biol. Chem. 262 1987 10441
9. M.R. Yudt, and J.A. Cidlowski The glucocorticoid receptor: coding a diversity of proteins and responses through a single gene Mol. Endocrinol. 16 2002 1719
10. M.R. Yudt, C.M. Jewell, R.J. Bienstock, and J.A. Cidlowski Molecular origins for the dominant negative function of human glucocorticoid receptor beta Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 2003 4319
11. R.H. Oakley, C.M. Jewell, M.R. Yudt, D.M. Bofetiado, and J.A. Cidlowski The dominant negative activity of the human glucocorticoid receptor beta isoform. Specificity and mechanisms of action J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 27857
12. K. Hecht, J. Carlstedt-Duke, P. Stierna, J. Gustafsson, M. Bronnegard, and A.C. Wikstrom Evidence that the beta-isoform of the human glucocorticoid receptor does not act as a physiologically significant repressor J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 26659
13. C. Rivers, A. Levy, J. Hancock, S. Lightman, and M. Norman Insertion of an amino acid in the DNA-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor as a result of alternative splicing J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84 1999 4283
14. B.F. Luisi, W.X. Xu, Z. Otwinowski, L.P. Freedman, K.R. Yamamoto, and P.B. Sigler Crystallographic analysis of the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with DNA Nature 352 1991 497
15. R.K. Bledsoe, V.G. Montana, T.B. Stanley, C.J. Delves, C.J. Apolito, D.D. McKee, T.G. Consler, D.J. Parks, E.L. Stewart, T.M. Willson, M.H. Lambert, J.T. Moore, K.H. Pearce, and H.E. Xu Crystal structure of the glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain reveals a novel mode of receptor dimerization and coactivator recognition Cell 110 2002 93
16. B.M. Necela, and J.A. Cidlowski Crystallization of the human glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain: a step towards selective glucocorticoids Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24 2003 58
17. J.N. Miner Designer glucocorticoids Biochem. Pharmacol. 64 2002 355
18. B.D. Jenkins, C.B. Pullen, and B.D. Darimont Novel glucocorticoid receptor coactivator effector mechanisms Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 12 2001 122
19. J. Ford, I.J. McEwan, A.P. Wright, and J.A. Gustafsson Involvement of the transcription factor IID protein complex in gene activation by the N-terminal transactivation domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in vitro Mol. Endocrinol. 11 1997 1467
20. A. Henriksson, T. Almlof, J. Ford, I.J. McEwan, J.A. Gustafsson, and A.P. Wright Role of the Ada adaptor complex in gene activation by the glucocorticoid receptor Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 1997 3065
21. R. Kumar, and E.B. Thompson The structure of the nuclear hormone receptors Steroids 64 1999 310
22. J. Leers, E. Treuter, and J.A. Gustafsson Mechanistic principles in NR box-dependent interaction between nuclear hormone receptors and the coactivator TIF2 Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 1998 6001
23. D. Chen, S.M. Huang, and M.R. Stallcup Synergistic, p160 coactivator-dependent enhancement of estrogen receptor function by CARM1 and p300 J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 40810
24. I.M. Adcock, and K. Ito Molecular mechanisms of corticosteroid actions Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 55 2000 256
25. Y. Morishima, P.J. Murphy, D.P. Li, E.R. Sanchez, and W.B. Pratt Stepwise assembly of a glucocorticoid receptor•hsp90 heterocomplex resolves two sequential ATP-dependent events involving first hsp70 and then hsp90 in opening of the steroid binding pocket J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 18054
26. Y. Morishima, K.C. Kanelakis, P.J. Murphy, D.S. Shewach, and W.B. Pratt Evidence for iterative ratcheting of receptor-bound hsp70 between its ATP and ADP conformations during assembly of glucocorticoid receptor•hsp90 heterocomplexes Biochemistry 40 2001 1109
27. J.E. Bodwell, J.C. Webster, C.M. Jewell, J.A. Cidlowski, J.M. Hu, and A. Munck Glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation: overview, function and cell cycle-dependence J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 65 1998 91
28. Z. Wang, J. Frederick, and M.J. Garabedian Deciphering the phosphorylation "code" of the glucocorticoid receptor in vivo J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 26573
29. J.C. Webster, C.M. Jewell, J.E. Bodwell, A. Munck, M. Sar, and J.A. Cidlowski Mouse glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation status influences multiple functions of the receptor protein J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 9287
30. T. Gotoh, S. Chowdhury, M. Takiguchi, and M. Mori The glucocorticoid-responsive gene cascade. Activation of the rat arginase gene through induction of C/EBPbeta J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 3694
31. S.K. Nordeen, B.J. Suh, B. Kuhnel, and C.A. Hutchison Structural determinants of a glucocorticoid receptor recognition element Mol. Endocrinol. 4 1990 1866
32. C. Cairns, J.A. Gustafsson, and J. Carlstedt-Duke Identification of protein contact sites within the glucocorticoid/progestin response element Mol. Endocrinol. 5 1991 598
33. M. Truss, G. Chalepakis, and M. Beato Contacts between steroid hormone receptors and thymines in DNA: an interference method Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87 1990 7180
34. J. La Baer, and K.R. Yamamoto Analysis of the DNA-binding affinity, sequence specificity and context dependence of the glucocorticoid receptor zinc finger region J. Mol. Biol. 239 1994 664
35. K. Dahlman-Wright, H. Siltala-Roos, J. Carlstedt-Duke, and J.A. Gustafsson Protein-protein interactions facilitate DNA binding by the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain J. Biol. Chem. 265 1990 14030
36. T. Hard, K. Dahlman, J. Carlstedt-Duke, J.A. Gustafsson, and R. Rigler Cooperativity and specificity in the interactions between DNA and the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain Biochemistry 29 1990 5358
37. S.Y. Tsai, J. Carlstedt-Duke, N.L. Weigel, K. Dahlman, J.A. Gustafsson, M.J. Tsai, and B.W. O'Malley Molecular interactions of steroid hormone receptor with its enhancer element: evidence for receptor dimer formation Cell 55 1988 361
38. K. Dahlman-Wright, A. Wright, J.A. Gustafsson, and J. Carlstedt-Duke Interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain with DNA as a dimer is mediated by a short segment of five amino acids J. Biol. Chem. 266 1991 3107
39. O.A. Itani, K.Z. Liu, K.L. Cornish, J.R. Campbell, and C.P. Thomas Glucocorticoids stimulate human sgk1 gene expression by activation of a GRE in its 5′-flanking region Am. J. Physiol.: Endocrinol. Metab. 283 2002 E971 E979
40. T. Hagerty, W.W. Morgan, N. Elango, and R. Strong Identification of a glucocorticoid-responsive element in the promoter region of the mouse tyrosine hydroxylase gene J. Neurochem. 76 2001 825
41. L.E. Cornett, F.C. Hiller, S.E. Jacobi, W. Cao, and D.W. McGraw Identification of a glucocorticoid response element in the rat beta2-adrenergic receptor gene Mol. Pharmacol. 54 1998 1016
42. D.J. Rozansky, H. Wu, K. Tang, R.J. Parmer, and D.T. O'Connor Glucocorticoid activation of chromogranin A gene expression. Identification and characterization of a novel glucocorticoid response element J. Clin. Invest. 94 1994 2357
43. Y.T. Tseng, J.P. Stabila, T.T. Nguyen, B.G. McGonnigal, J.A. Waschek, and J.F. Padbury A novel glucocorticoid regulatory unit mediates the hormone responsiveness of the beta1-adrenergic receptor gene Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 181 2001 165
44. B. Morin, C. Zhu, G.R. Woodcock, M. Li, R.N. Woodward, L.A. Nichols, and L.J. Holland The binding site for xenopus glucocorticoid receptor accessory factor and a single adjacent half-GRE form an independent glucocorticoid response unit Biochemistry 39 2000 12234
45. M. Lamas, J.R. Campos, and A.G. Silva Identification of a novel glucocorticoid response unit (GRU) in the 5′-flanking region of the mouse IL-2 receptor alpha gene Cytokine 9 1997 973
46. A. Bristeau, A.M. Catherin, M.C. Weiss, and D.M. Faust Hormone response of rodent phenylalanine hydroxylase requires HNF1 and the glucocorticoid receptor Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287 2001 852
47. D.M. Faust, A.M. Catherin, S. Barbaux, L. Belkadi, T. Imaizumi-Scherrer, and M.C. Weiss The activity of the highly inducible mouse phenylalanine hydroxylase gene promoter is dependent upon a tissue-specific, hormone-inducible enhancer Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 1996 3125
48. C. Massaad, M. Paradon, C. Jacques, C. Salvat, G. Bereziat, F. Berenbaum, and J.L. Olivier Induction of secreted type IIA phospholipase A2 gene transcription by interleukin-1beta. Role of C/EBP factors J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 22686
49. W.P. Parks, J.C. Ransom, H.A. Young, and E.M. Scolnick Mammary tumor virus induction by glucocorticoids: characterization of specific transcriptional regulation J. Biol. Chem. 250 1975 3330
50. T. Perlmann, P. Eriksson, and O. Wrange Quantitative analysis of the glucocorticoid receptor-DNA interaction at the mouse mammary tumor virus glucocorticoid response element J. Biol. Chem. 265 1990 17222
51. P.B. Hebbar, and T.K. Archer Nuclear factor 1 is required for both hormone-dependent chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activation of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 2003 887
52. A. Bailly, M.E. Torres-Padilla, A.P. Tinel, and M.C. Weiss An enhancer element 6 kb upstream of the mouse HNF4alpha1 promoter is activated by glucocorticoids and liver-enriched transcription factors Nucleic Acids Res. 29 2001 3495
53. T. Grange, J. Roux, G. Rigaud, and R. Pictet Cell-type specific activity of two glucocorticoid responsive units of rat tyrosine aminotransferase gene is associated with multiple binding sites for C/EBP and a novel liver-specific nuclear factor Nucleic Acids Res. 19 1991 131
54. J. Roux, R. Pictet, and T. Grange Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 determines the amplitude of the glucocorticoid response of the rat tyrosine aminotransferase gene DNA Cell Biol. 14 1995 385
55. P.A. Costeas, and J.M. Chinsky Glucocorticoid regulation of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase E2 subunit gene expression Biochem. J. 347 2000 449
56. T. Sugiyama, D.K. Scott, J.C. Wang, and D.K. Granner Structural requirements of the glucocorticoid and retinoic acid response units in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene promoter Mol. Endocrinol. 12 1998 1487
57. V.M. Christoffels, T. Grange, K.H. Kaestner, T.J. Cole, G.J. Darlington, C.M. Croniger, and W.H. Lamers Glucocorticoid receptor, C/EBP, HNF3, and protein kinase A coordinately activate the glucocorticoid response unit of the carbamoylphosphate synthetase I gene Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 1998 6305
58. O.J. Schoneveld, I.C. Gaemers, A.T. Das, M. Hoogenkamp, J. Renes, J.M. Ruijter, and W.H. Lamers Structural requirements of the glucocorticoid-response unit of the carbamoylphosphate-synthetase gene Biochem. J. Pt. 382 2004 463
59. C.E. Pierreux, B. Urso, P. De Meyts, G.G. Rousseau, and F.P. Lemaigre Inhibition by insulin of glucocorticoid-induced gene transcription: involvement of the ligand-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor and independence from the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways Mol. Endocrinol. 12 1998 1343
60. A.J. Lange, C. Espinet, R. Hall, M.R. el Maghrabi, A.M. Vargas, R.J. Miksicek, D.K. Granner, and S.J. Pilkis Regulation of gene expression of rat skeletal muscle/liver 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase. isolation and characterization of a glucocorticoid response element in the first intron of the gene J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 15673
61. P.L. Zimmermann, C.E. Pierreux, G. Rigaud, G.G. Rousseau, and F.P. Lemaigre In vivo protein-DNA interactions on a glucocorticoid response unit of a liver-specific gene: hormone-induced transcription factor binding to constitutively open chromatin DNA Cell Biol. 16 1997 713
62. G. Savoldi, A. Fenaroli, F. Ferrari, G. Rigaud, A. Albertini, and D. Di Lorenzo The glucocorticoid receptor regulates the binding of C/EPBbeta on the alpha-1-acid glycoprotein promoter in vivo DNA Cell Biol. 16 1997 1467
63. T. Ratajczak, P.M. Williams, D. DiLorenzo, and G.M. Ringold Multiple elements within the glucocorticoid regulatory unit of the rat alpha 1-acid glycoprotein gene are recognition sites for C/EBP J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 11111
64. T.C. Tai, R. Claycomb, S. Her, A.K. Bloom, and D.L. Wong Glucocorticoid responsiveness of the rat phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene Mol. Pharmacol. 61 2002 1385
65. P.I. Hovring, V. Matre, A.K. Fjeldheim, O.P. Loseth, and K.M. Gautvik Transcription of the human thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene-analysis of basal promoter elements and glucocorticoid response elements Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 257 1999 829
66. J.D. Schuetz, E.G. Schuetz, J.V. Thottassery, P.S. Guzelian, S. Strom, and D. Sun Identification of a novel dexamethasone responsive enhancer in the human CYP3A5 gene and its activation in human and rat liver cells Mol. Pharmacol. 49 1996 63
67. S.P. Malkoski, and R.I. Dorin Composite glucocorticoid regulation at a functionally defined negative glucocorticoid response element of the human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene Mol. Endocrinol. 13 1999 1629
68. J. Drouin, Y.L. Sun, M. Chamberland, Y. Gauthier, A. De Lean, M. Nemer, and T.J. Schmidt Novel glucocorticoid receptor complex with DNA element of the hormone-repressed POMC gene EMBO J. 12 1993 145
69. L. Pei Identification of a negative glucocorticoid response element in the rat type 1 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor gene J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 20879
70. T. Meyer, J. Carlstedt-Duke, and D.B. Starr A weak TATA box is a prerequisite for glucocorticoid-dependent repression of the osteocalcin gene J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 30709
71. X.M. Ou, J.M. Storring, N. Kushwaha, and P.R. Albert Heterodimerization of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors at a novel negative response element of the 5-HT1A receptor gene J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 14299
72. H. Nakabayashi, Y. Koyama, M. Sakai, H.M. Li, N.C. Wong, and S. Nishi Glucocorticoid stimulates primate but inhibits rodent alpha-fetoprotein gene promoter Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287 2001 160
73. I.E. Akerblom, E.P. Slater, M. Beato, J.D. Baxter, and P.L. Mellon Negative regulation by glucocorticoids through interference with a cAMP responsive enhancer Science 241 1988 350
74. D.K. Scott, P.E. Stromstedt, J.C. Wang, and D.K. Granner Further characterization of the glucocorticoid response unit in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. The role of the glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites Mol. Endocrinol. 12 1998 482
75. M.M. McGrane, J.S. Yun, A.F. Moorman, W.H. Lamers, G.K. Hendrick, B.M. Arafah, E.A. Park, T.E. Wagner, and R.W. Hanson Metabolic effects of developmental, tissue-, and cell-specific expression of a chimeric phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP)/bovine growth hormone gene in transgenic mice J. Biol. Chem. 265 1990 22371
76. J.M. Stafford, J.C. Wilkinson, J.M. Beechem, and D.K. Granner Accessory factors facilitate the binding of glucocorticoid receptor to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene promoter J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 39885
77. S. Faber, R.M. O'Brien, E. Imai, D.K. Granner, and R. Chalkley Dynamic aspects of DNA/protein interactions in the transcriptional initiation complex and the hormone-responsive domains of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter in vivo J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 24976
78. M.G. Kramer, M. Barajas, N. Razquin, P. Berraondo, M. Rodrigo, C. Wu, C. Qian, P. Fortes, and J. Prieto In vitro and in vivo comparative study of chimeric liver-specific promoters Molec. Ther. 7 2003 375
79. V.M. Christoffels, M.J. van den Hoff, M.C. Lamers, M.A. van Roon, P.A. de Boer, A.F. Moorman, and W.H. Lamers The upstream regulatory region of the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I gene controls its tissue-specific, developmental, and hormonal regulation in vivo J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 31243
80. V.M. Christoffels, P.E. Habets, A.T. Das, D.E. Clout, M.A. van Roon, A.F. Moorman, and W.H. Lamers A single regulatory module of the carbamoylphosphate synthetase I gene executes its hepatic program of expression J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 40020
81. E. Imai, P.E. Stromstedt, P.G. Quinn, J. Carlstedt-Duke, J.A. Gustafsson, and D.K. Granner Characterization of a complex glucocorticoid response unit in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 1990 4712
82. K. Yamada, D.T. Duong, D.K. Scott, J.C. Wang, and D.K. Granner CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta is an accessory factor for the glucocorticoid response from the cAMP response element in the rat phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene promoter J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 5880
83. J.M. Stafford, M. Waltner-Law, and D.K. Granner Role of accessory factors and steroid receptor coactivator 1 in the regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene transcription by glucocorticoids J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 3811
84. S. Mink, B. Haenig, and K.H. Klempnauer Interaction and functional collaboration of p300 and C/EBPbeta Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 1997 6609
85. Y. Kajiyama, J. Tian, and J. Locker Regulation of alpha-fetoprotein expression by Nkx2.8 Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 2002 6122
86. Y. Shang, M. Myers, and M. Brown Formation of the androgen receptor transcription complex Mol. Cell 9 2002 601
87. U. Danesch, B. Gloss, W. Schmid, G. Schutz, R. Schule, and R. Renkawitz Glucocorticoid induction of the rat tryptophan oxygenase gene is mediated by two widely separated glucocorticoid-responsive elements EMBO J. 6 1987 625
88. I. Segard-Maurel, K. Rajkowski, N. Jibard, G. Schweizer-Groyer, E.E. Baulieu, and F. Cadepond Glucocorticosteroid receptor dimerization investigated by analysis of receptor binding to glucocorticosteroid responsive elements using a monomer-dimer equilibrium model Biochemistry 35 1996 1634
89. J.P. Aumais, H.S. Lee, C. DeGannes, J. Horsford, and J.H. White Function of directly repeated half-sites as response elements for steroid hormone receptors J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 12568
90. M. Truss, and M. Beato Steroid hormone receptors: interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid and transcription factors Endocr. Rev. 14 1993 459
91. E. Stocklin, M. Wissler, F. Gouilleux, and B. Groner Functional interactions between stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor Nature 383 1996 726
92. R. Schule, P. Rangarajan, S. Kliewer, L.J. Ransone, J. Bolado, N. Yang, I.M. Verma, and R.M. Evans Functional antagonism between oncoprotein c-jun and the glucocorticoid receptor Cell 62 1990 1217
93. U.R. Chandran, B.S. Warren, C.T. Baumann, G.L. Hager, and D.B. DeFranco The glucocorticoid receptor is tethered to DNA-bound oct-1 at the mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone distal negative glucocorticoid response element J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 2372
94. U.R. Chandran, B. Attardi, R. Friedman, Z. Zheng, J.L. Roberts, and D.B. DeFranco Glucocorticoid repression of the mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene is mediated by promoter elements that are recognized by heteromeric complexes containing glucocorticoid receptor J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 20412
95. N. Cella, B. Groner, and N.E. Hynes Characterization of stat5a and stat5b homodimers and heterodimers and their association with the glucocortiocoid receptor in mammary cells Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 1998 1783
96. J.L. Workman, and R.E. Kingston Alteration of nucleosome structure as a mechanism of transcriptional regulation Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67 1998 545
97. A. Travers The location of the linker histone on the nucleosome Trends Biochem. Sci. 24 1999 4
98. J.A. Knezetic, and D.S. Luse The presence of nucleosomes on a DNA template prevents initiation by RNA polymerase II in vitro Cell 45 1986 95
99. G.L. Hager, T.K. Archer, G. Fragoso, E.H. Bresnick, Y. Tsukagoshi, S. John, and C.L. Smith Influence of chromatin structure on the binding of transcription factors to DNA Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 58 1993 63
100. I. Whitehouse, A. Flaus, K. Havas, and T. Owen-Hughes Mechanisms for ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28 2000 376
101. C. Muchardt, and M. Yaniv ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling: SWI/SNF and co. are on the job J. Mol. Biol. 293 1999 187
102. B.D. Strahl, and C.D. Allis The language of covalent histone modifications Nature 403 2000 41
103. I. Whitehouse, A. Flaus, B.R. Cairns, M.F. White, J.L. Workman, and T. Owen-Hughes Nucleosome mobilization catalysed by the yeast SWI/SNF complex Nature 400 1999 784
104. T. Owen-Hughes, and J.L. Workman Remodeling the chromatin structure of a nucleosome array by transcription factor-targeted trans-displacement of histones EMBO J. 15 1996 4702
105. Y. Lorch, M. Zhang, and R.D. Kornberg Histone octamer transfer by a chromatin-remodeling complex Cell 96 1999 389
106. H. Richard-Foy, and G.L. Hager Sequence-specific positioning of nucleosomes over the steroid-inducible MMTV promoter EMBO J. 6 1987 2321
107. J. Nowock, U. Borgmeyer, A.W. Puschel, R.A. Rupp, and A.E. Sippel The TGGCA protein binds to the MMTV-LTR, the adenovirus origin of replication, and the BK virus enhancer Nucleic Acids Res. 13 1985 2045
108. E. Buetti, and B. Kuhnel Distinct sequence elements involved in the glucocorticoid regulation of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter identified by linker scanning mutagenesis J. Mol. Biol. 190 1986 379
109. B. Pina, M. Truss, H. Ohlenbusch, J. Postma, and M. Beato DNA rotational positioning in a regulatory nucleosome is determined by base sequence. An algorithm to model the preferred superhelix Nucleic Acids Res. 18 1990 6981
110. E. Buetti Stably integrated mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat DNA requires the octamer motifs for basal promoter activity Mol. Cell. Biol. 14 1994 1191
111. M.G. Toohey, J.W. Lee, M. Huang, and D.O. Peterson Functional elements of the steroid hormone-responsive promoter of mouse mammary tumor virus J. Virol. 64 1990 4477
112. U. Bruggemeier, L. Rogge, E.L. Winnacker, and M. Beato Nuclear factor I acts as a transcription factor on the MMTV promoter but competes with steroid hormone receptors for DNA binding EMBO J. 9 1990 2233
113. T.K. Archer, and H.L. Lee Visualization of multicomponent transcription factor complexes on chromatin and nonnucleosomal templates in vivo Methods 11 1997 235
114. P. Blomquist, Q. Li, and O. Wrange The affinity of nuclear factor 1 for its DNA site is drastically reduced by nucleosome organization irrespective of its rotational or translational position J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 153
115. T.K. Archer, P. Lefebvre, R.G. Wolford, and G.L. Hager Transcription factor loading on the MMTV promoter: a bimodal mechanism for promoter activation Science 255 1992 1573
116. B.J. Deroo, and T.K. Archer Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated chromatin remodeling in vivo Oncogene 20 2001 3039
117. T. Grange, J. Roux, G. Rigaud, and R. Pictet Two remote glucocorticoid responsive units interact cooperatively to promote glucocorticoid induction of rat tyrosine aminotransferase gene expression Nucleic Acids Res. 17 1989 8695
118. M.G. Rosenfeld, and C.K. Glass Coregulator codes of transcriptional regulation by nuclear receptors J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 36865
119. C.K. Glass, and M.G. Rosenfeld The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors Genes Dev. 14 2000 121
120. J.J. Voegel, M.J. Heine, C. Zechel, P. Chambon, and H. Gronemeyer TIF2, a 160 kDa transcriptional mediator for the ligand-dependent activation function AF-2 of nuclear receptors EMBO J. 15 1996 3667
121. D.M. Heery, E. Kalkhoven, S. Hoare, and M.G. Parker A signature motif in transcriptional co-activators mediates binding to nuclear receptors Nature 387 1997 733
122. Y. Kamei, L. Xu, T. Heinzel, J. Torchia, R. Kurokawa, B. Gloss, S.C. Lin, R.A. Heyman, D.W. Rose, C.K. Glass, and M.G. Rosenfeld A CBP integrator complex mediates transcriptional activation and AP-1 inhibition by nuclear receptors Cell 85 1996 403
123. X.J. Yang, V.V. Ogryzko, J. Nishikawa, B.H. Howard, and Y. Nakatani A p300/CBP-associated factor that competes with the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A Nature 382 1996 319
124. H. Chen, R.J. Lin, R.L. Schiltz, D. Chakravarti, A. Nash, L. Nagy, M.L. Privalsky, Y. Nakatani, and R.M. Evans Nuclear receptor coactivator ACTR is a novel histone acetyltransferase and forms a multimeric activation complex with P/CAF and CBP/p300 Cell 90 1997 569
125. V.V. Ogryzko, R.L. Schiltz, V. Russanova, B.H. Howard, and Y. Nakatani The transcriptional coactivators p300 and CBP are histone acetyltransferases Cell 87 1996 953
126. N. Vo, and R.H. Goodman CREB-binding protein and p300 in transcriptional regulation J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 13505
127. I.M. Adcock, and G. Caramori Cross-talk between pro-inflammatory transcription factors and glucocorticoids Immunol. Cell Biol. 79 2001 376
128. P.J. Barnes, and M. Karin Nuclear factor-kappaB: a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases N. Engl. J. Med. 336 1997 1066
129. J.N. Miner, and K.R. Yamamoto The basic region of AP-1 specifies glucocorticoid receptor activity at a composite response element Genes Dev. 6 1992 2491
130. H.M. Reichardt, K.H. Kaestner, J. Tuckermann, O. Kretz, O. Wessely, R. Bock, P. Gass, W. Schmid, P. Herrlich, P. Angel, and G. Schutz DNA binding of the glucocorticoid receptor is not essential for survival Cell 93 1998 531
131. S. Heck, M. Kullmann, A. Gast, H. Ponta, H.J. Rahmsdorf, P. Herrlich, and A.C. Cato A distinct modulating domain in glucocorticoid receptor monomers in the repression of activity of the transcription factor AP-1 EMBO J. 13 1994 4087
132. S. Heck, K. Bender, M. Kullmann, M. Gottlicher, P. Herrlich, and A.C. Cato I kappaB alpha-independent down-regulation of NF-kappaB activity by glucocorticoid receptor EMBO J. 16 1997 4698
133. E. Caldenhoven, J. Liden, S. Wissink, S.A. Van de, J. Raaijmakers, L. Koenderman, S. Okret, J.A. Gustafsson, and P.T. Van der Saag Negative cross-talk between RelA and the glucocorticoid receptor: a possible mechanism for the antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids Mol. Endocrinol. 9 1995 401
134. A. Wargnier, C. Lafaurie, S. Legros-Maida, J.F. Bourge, F. Sigaux, M. Sasportes, and P. Paul Down-regulation of human granzyme B expression by glucocorticoids. Dexamethasone inhibits binding to the Ikaros and AP-1 regulatory elements of the granzyme B promoter J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 35326
135. K.A. Sheppard, K.M. Phelps, A.J. Williams, D. Thanos, C.K. Glass, M.G. Rosenfeld, M.E. Gerritsen, and T. Collins Nuclear integration of glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor-kappaB signaling by CREB-binding protein and steroid receptor coactivator-1 J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 29291
136. K. De Bosscher, W. Vanden Berghe, L. Vermeulen, S. Plaisance, E. Boone, and G. Haegeman Glucocorticoids repress NF-kappaB-driven genes by disturbing the interaction of p65 with the basal transcription machinery, irrespective of coactivator levels in the cell Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 2000 3919
137. K. De Bosscher, W. Vanden Berghe, and G. Haegeman Glucocorticoid repression of AP-1 is not mediated by competition for nuclear coactivators Mol. Endocrinol. 15 2001 219
138. L.I. McKay, and J.A. Cidlowski CBP (CREB binding protein) integrates NF-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB) and glucocorticoid receptor physical interactions and antagonism Mol. Endocrinol. 14 2000 1222
139. N. Auphan, J.A. DiDonato, C. Rosette, A. Helmberg, and M. Karin Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis Science 270 1995 286
140. B.J. Deroo, and T.K. Archer Glucocorticoid receptor activation of the I kappa B alpha promoter within chromatin Mol. Biol. Cell 12 2001 3365
141. M. Adams, O.C. Meijer, J. Wang, A. Bhargava, and D. Pearce Homodimerization of the glucocorticoid receptor is not essential for response element binding: activation of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene by dimerization-defective mutants Mol. Endocrinol. 17 2003 2583
142. I. Rogatsky, J.C. Wang, M.K. Derynck, D.F. Nonaka, D.B. Khodabakhsh, C.M. Haqq, B.D. Darimont, M.J. Garabedian, and K.R. Yamamoto Target-specific utilization of transcriptional regulatory surfaces by the glucocorticoid receptor Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 2003 13845
143. W. de Laat, and F. Grosveld Spatial organization of gene expression: the active chromatin hub Chomosom. Res. 11 2003 447
144. E. Splinter, F. Grosveld, and W. de Laat 3C technology: analyzing the spatial organization of genomic loci in vivo Methods Enzymol. 375 2004 493