Antiproteinuric effect of RAS blockade: New mechanisms

Current Hypertension Reports

Volumn 6, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 383-392

  Lassila, Markus ^a   Cooper, Mark E ^a   Jandeleit Dahm, Karin ^a  

^a BAKER IDI HEART AND DIABETES INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; N(G) NITROARGININE METHYL ESTER; NEPHRIN; OLMESARTAN; PROTEIN KINASE C; RAMIPRIL; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; RUBOXISTAURIN; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THIOCTIC ACID; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULOTROPIN;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME INHIBITION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; PROTEINURIA; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW;

EID: 5444232101     PISSN: 15226417     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-004-0058-9     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Rossing P: Promotion, prediction, and prevention of progression in diabetic nephropathy. Dan Med Bull 1998, 45: 354-369.
2. Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM, et al.: Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Intern Med 1995, 123: 754-762.
3. Keane WF, Brenner BM, de Zeeuw D, et al.: The risk of developing end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the RENAAL study. Kidney Int 2003, 63: 1499-1507.
4. Borch-Johnsen K, Kreiner S: Proteinuria: value as predictor of cardiovascular mortality in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987, 294: 1651-1654.
5. Gall MA, Borch-Johnsen K, Hougaard P, et al.: Albuminuria and poor glycemic control predict mortality in NIDDM. Diabetes 1995, 44: 1303-1309.
6. Apperloo AJ, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE: Short-term anti-proteinuric response to antihypertensive treatment predicts long-term GFR decline in patients with non-diabetic renal disease. Kidney Int Suppl 1994, 45: S174-S178.
7. Shahinfar S, Dickson TZ, Ahmed T, et al.: Losartan in patients with type 2 diabetes and proteinuria: observations from the RENAAL Study. Kidney Int Suppl 2002, 82: 64-67.
8. Parving HH, Andersen S, Jacobsen P, et al.: Angiotensin receptor blockers in diabetic nephropathy: renal and cardiovascular end points. Semin Nephrol 2004, 24: 147-157.
9. De Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, et al.: Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: lessons from RENAAL. Kidney Int 2004, 65: 2309-2320.
10. Gilbert RE, Cooper ME: The tubulointerstitium in progressive diabetic kidney disease: more than an aftermath of glomerular injury? Kidney Int 1999, 56: 1627-1637.
11. Abdi R, Brenner BM: Impact of renin angiotensin system blockade on renal function in health and disease: an end or a beginning? Semin Nephrol 2004, 24: 141-146.
12. Doublier S, Salvidio G, Lupia E, et al.: Nephrin expression is reduced in human diabetic nephropathy: evidence for a distinct role for glycated albumin and angiotensin II. Diabetes 2003, 52: 1023-1030.
13. Ruperez M, Ruiz-Ortega M, Esteban V, et al.: Angiotensin II increases connective tissue growth factor in the kidney. Am J Pathol 2003, 163: 1937-1947.
14. Touyz RM, Schiffrin EL: Increased generation of superoxide by angiotensin II in smooth muscle cells from resistance arteries of hypertensive patients: role of phospholipase D-dependent NAD(P)H oxidase-sensitive pathways. J Hypertens 2001, 19: 1245-1254.
15. Group AIiDNT: Should all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? A meta-analysis of individual patient data. Ann Intern Med 2001, 134: 370-379.
16. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al.: Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001, 345: 851-860.
17. Ravid M, Lang R, Rachmani R, Lishner M: Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a 7-year follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 1996, 156: 286-289.
18. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al.: Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001, 345: 861-869.
19. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, et al.: The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001, 345: 870-878.
20. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD: The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993, 329: 1456-1462.
21. Andersen S, Jacobsen P, Tarnow L, et al.: Time course of the antiproteinuric and antihypertensive effect of losartan in diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003, 18: 293-297.
22. Ruilope LM, Segura J: Losartan and other angiotensin II antagonists for nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of the clinical trial evidence. Clin Ther 2003, 25: 3044-3064.
23. Jerums G, Allen TJ, Campbell DJ, et al.: Long-term comparison between perindopril and nifedipine in normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 37: 890-899.
24. Chan JC, Ko GT, Leung DH, et al.: Long-term effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and metabolic control in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Kidney Int 2000, 57: 590-600.
25. Lacourciere Y, Belanger A, Godin C, et al.: Long-term comparison of losartan and enalapril on kidney function in hypertensive type 2 diabetics with early nephropathy. Kidney Int 2000, 58: 762-769.
26. Ly J, Alexander M, Quaggin SE: A podocentric view of nephrology. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004, 13: 299-305.
27. Rantanen M, Palmen T, Patari A, et al.: Nephrin TRAP mice lack slit diaphragms and show fibrotic glomeruli and cystic tubular lesions. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13: 1586-1594.
28. Shih NY, Li J, Karpitskii V, et al.: Congenital nephrotic syndrome in mice lacking CD2-associated protein. Science 1999, 286: 312-315.
29. Donoviel DB, Freed DD, Vogel H, et al.: Proteinuria and perinatal lethality in mice lacking NEPH1, a novel protein with homology to NEPHRIN. Mol Cell Biol 2001, 21: 4829-4836.
30. Cooper ME, Mundel P, Boner G: Role of nephrin in renal disease including diabetic nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2002, 22: 393-398.
31. Hoshi S, Shu Y, Yoshida F, et al.: Podocyte injury promotes progressive nephropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Lab Invest 2002, 82: 25-35.
32. Gross ML, El-Shakmak A, Szabo A, et al.: ACE-inhibitors but not endothelin receptor blockers prevent podocyte loss in early diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 2003, 46: 856-868.
33. Benigni A, Gagliardini E, Tomasoni S, et al.: Selective impairment of gene expression and assembly of nephrin in human diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2004, 65: 2193-2200.
34. Toyoda M, Suzuki D, Umezono T, et al.: Expression of human nephrin mRNA in diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004, 19: 380-385.
35. Koop K, Eikmans M, Baelde HJ, et al.: Expression of podocyte-associated molecules in acquired human kidney diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14: 2063-2071.
36. Kelly DJ, Aaltonen P, Cox AJ, et al.: Expression of the slit-diaphragm protein, nephrin, in experimental diabetic nephropathy: differing effects of anti-proteinuric therapies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002, 17: 1327-1332.
37. Davis BJ, Cao Z, de Gasparo M, et al.: Disparate effects of angiotensin II antagonists and calcium channel blockers on albuminuria in experimental diabetes and hypertension: potential role of nephrin. J Hypertens 2003, 21: 209-216.
38. Bonnet F, Cooper ME, Kawachi H, et al.: Irbesartan normalises the deficiency in glomerular nephrin expression in a model of diabetes and hypertension. Diabetologia 2001, 44: 874-877.
39. Aaltonen P, Luimula P, Astrom E, et al.: Changes in the expression of nephrin gene and protein in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Lab Invest 2001, 81: 1185-1190.
40. Forbes JM, Bonnet F, Russo LM, et al.: Modulation of nephrin in the diabetic kidney: association with systemic hypertension and increasing albuminuria. J Hypertens 2002, 20: 985-992.
41. Mifsud SA, Allen TJ, Bertram JF, et al.: Podocyte foot process broadening in experimental diabetic nephropathy: amelioration with renin-angiotensin blockade. Diabetologia 2001, 44: 878-882.
42. Langham RG, Kelly DJ, Cox AJ, et al.: Proteinuria and the expression of the podocyte slit diaphragm protein, nephrin, in diabetic nephropathy: effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Diabetologia 2002, 45: 1572-1576.
43. Lee EY, Shim MS, Kim MJ, et al.: Angiotensin II receptor blocker attenuates overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor in diabetic podocytes. Exp Mol Med 2004, 36: 65-70.
44. Langham RG, Kelly DJ, Cox AJ, et al.: Angiotensin II-induced proteinuria and expression of the podocyte slit pore membrane protein, nephrin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004, 19: 262-263.
45. Cao Z, Bonnet F, Candido R, et al.: Angiotensin type 2 receptor antagonism confers renal protection in a rat model of progressive renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13: 1773-1787.
46. Forbes JM, Cooper ME, Oldfield MD, Thomas MC: Role of advanced glycation end products in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14: S254-S258.
47. Vlassara H, Striker LJ, Teichberg S, et al.: Advanced glycation end products induce glomerular sclerosis and albuminuria in normal rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994, 91: 11704-11708.
48. Forbes JM, Thallas V, Thomas MC, et al.: The breakdown of preexisting advanced glycation end products is associated with reduced renal fibrosis in experimental diabetes. FASEB J 2003, 17: 1762-1764.
49. Miyata T, van Ypersele de Strihou C, Ueda Y, et al.: Angiotensin II receptor antagonists and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors lower in vitro the formation of advanced glycation end products: biochemical mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13: 2478-2487.
50. Forbes JM, Cooper ME, Thallas V, et al.: Reduction of the accumulation of advanced glycation end products by ACE inhibition in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2002, 51: 3274-3282.
51. Nangaku M, Miyata T, Sada T, et al.: Anti-hypertensive agents inhibit in vivo the formation of advanced glycation end products and improve renal damage in a type 2 diabetic nephropathy rat model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14: 1212-1222.
52. Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, et al.: Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature 2000, 404: 787-790.
53. Cooper ME, Vranes D, Youssef S, et al.: Increased renal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2 in experimental diabetes. Diabetes 1999, 48: 2229-2239.
54. Eremina V, Sood M, Haigh J, et al.: Glomerular-specific alterations of VEGF-A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases. J Clin Invest 2003, 111: 707-716.
55. de Vriese AS, Tilton RG, Elger M, et al.: Antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor improve early renal dysfunction in experimental diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001, 12: 993-1000.
56. Flyvbjerg A, Dagnaes-Hansen F, De Vriese AS, et al.: Amelioration of long-term renal changes in obese type 2 diabetic mice by a neutralizing vascular endothelial growth factor antibody. Diabetes 2002, 51: 3090-3094.
57. Flyvbjerg A: Putative pathophysiological role of growth factors and cytokines in experimental diabetic kidney disease. Diabetologia 2000, 43: 1205-1223.
58. Cha DR, Kim NH, Yoon JW, et al.: Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 2000, 77: S104-S112.
59. Hovind P, Tarnow L, Oestergaard PB, Parving HH: Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 2000, 75: S56-S61.
60. Zhang X, Lassila M, Cooper ME, Cao Z: Retinal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor is mediated by angiotensin type 1 and type 2 receptors. Hypertension 2004, 43: 276-281.
61. Williams B, Baker AQ, Gallacher B, Lodwick D: Angiotensin II increases vascular permeability factor gene expression by human vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 1995, 25: 913-917.
62. Koga K, Yamagishi S, Takeuchi M, et al.: CS-886, a new angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, ameliorates glomerular anionic site loss and prevents progression of diabetic nephropathy in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats. Mol Med 2002, 8: 591-599.
63. Evans JL, Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Grodsky GM: Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 2002, 23: 599-622.
64. Wendt TM, Tanji N, Guo J, et al.: RACE drives the development of glomerulosclerosis and implicates podocyte activation in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Am J Pathol 2003, 162: 1123-1137.
65. Ziyadeh FN, Hoffman BB, Han DC, et al.: Long-term prevention of renal insufficiency, excess matrix gene expression, and glomerular mesangial matrix expansion by treatment with monoclonal antitransforming growth factor-beta antibody in db/db diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97: 8015-8020.
66. Chen S, Jim B, Ziyadeh FN: Diabetic nephropathy and transforming growth factor-beta: transforming our view of glomerulosclerosis and fibrosis build-up. Semin Nephrol 2003, 23: 532-543.
67. Schiffer M, Bitzer M, Roberts IS, et al.: Apoptosis in podocytes induced by TGF-beta and Smad7. J Clin Invest 2001, 108: 807-816.
68. Durvasula RV, Petermann AT, Hiromura K, et al.: Activation of a local tissue angiotensin system in podocytes by mechanical strain. Kidney Int 2004, 65: 30-39.
69. Mifsud S, Kelly DJ, Qi W, et al.: Intervention with tranilast attenuates renal pathology and albuminuria in advanced experimental diabetic nephropathy. Nephron Physiol 2003, 95: 83-91.
70. Sharma K, Eltayeb BO, McGowan TA, et al.: Captopril-induced reduction of serum levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 correlates with long-term renoprotection in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 34: 818-823.
71. Shin GT, Kim SJ, Ma KA, et al.: ACE inhibitors attenuate expression of renal transforming growth factor-beta1 in humans. Am J Kidney Dis 2000, 36: 894-902.
72. Cao Z, Cooper ME, Wu LL, et al.: Blockade of the renin-angiotensin and endothelin systems on progressive renal injury. Hypertension 2000, 36: 561-568.
73. Chaturvedi N, Schalkwijk CG, Abrahamian H, et al.: Circulating and urinary transforming growth factor beta1, Amadori albumin, and complications of type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB prospective complications study. Diabetes Care 2002, 25: 2320-2327.
74. Riser BL, Denichilo M, Cortes P, et al.: Regulation of connective tissue growth factor activity in cultured rat mesangial cells and its expression in experimental diabetic glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000, 11: 25-38.
75. Roestenberg P, van Nieuwenhoven FA, Wieten L, et al.: Connective tissue growth factor is increased in plasma of type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2004, 27: 1164-1170.
76. Gilbert RE, Akdeniz A, Weitz S, et al.: Urinary connective tissue growth factor excretion in patients with type 1 diabetes and nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2003, 26: 2632-2636.
77. Riser BL, Cortes P, DeNichilo M, et al.: Urinary CCN2 (CTGF) as a possible predictor of diabetic nephropathy: preliminary report. Kidney Int 2003, 64: 451-458.
78. Twigg SM, Cooper ME: The time to target connective tissue growth factor in diabetic complications is nigh. Diabetologia 2004, 47: 965-968.
79. Sakharova OV, Taal MW, Brenner BM: Pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: focus on transforming growth factor-beta and connective tissue growth factor. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2001, 10: 727-738.
80. Murphy M, Godson C, Cannon S, et al.: Suppression subtractive hybridization identifies high glucose levels as a stimulus for expression of connective tissue growth factor and other genes in human mesangial cells. J Biol Chem 1999, 274: 5830-5834.
81. Liu BC, Chen Q, Luo DD, et al.: Mechanisms of irbesartan in prevention of renal lesion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2003, 24: 67-73.
82. Lee HB, Yu MR, Yang Y, et al.: Reactive oxygen species-regulated signaling pathways in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14: S241-S245.
83. Guijarro C, Egido J: Transcription factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and renal disease. Kidney Int 2001, 59: 415-424.
84. Mercurio F, Manning AM: NF-kappaB as a primary regulator of the stress response. Oncogene 1999, 18: 6163-6171.
85. Mezzano S, Droguett A, Burgos ME, et al.: Renin-angiotensin system activation and interstitial inflammation in human diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 2003, S64-S70.
86. Esteban V, Ruperez M, Vita JR, et al.: Effect of simultaneous blockade of AT1 and AT2 receptors on the NFkappaB pathway and renal inflammatory response. Kidney Int Suppl 2003, 86: S33-S38.
87. Tuttle KR, Anderson PW. A novel potential therapy for diabetic nephropathy and vascular complications: protein kinase C beta inhibition. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 42: 456-465.
88. Hempel A, Maasch C, Heintze U, et al.: High glucose concentrations increase endothelial cell permeability via activation of protein kinase C alpha. Circ Res 1997, 81: 363-371.
89. Ishii H, Jirousek MR, Koya D, et al.: Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats by an oral PKC beta inhibitor. Science 1996, 272: 728-731.
90. Kelly DJ, Zhang Y, Hepper C, et al.: Protein kinase C beta inhibition attenuates the progression of experimental diabetic nephropathy in the presence of continued hypertension. Diabetes 2003, 52: 512-518.
91. Koya D, Haneda M, Nakagawa H, et al.: Amelioration of accelerated diabetic mesangial expansion by treatment with a PKC beta inhibitor in diabetic db/db mice, a rodent model for type 2 diabetes. FASEB J 2000, 14: 439-447.
92. Ikehara K, Tada H, Kuboki K, Inokuchi T: Role of protein kinase C-angiotensin II pathway for extracellular matrix production in cultured human mesangial cells exposed to high glucose levels. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003, 59: 25-30.
93. Pfaff IL, Vallon V: Protein kinase C beta isoenzymes in diabetic kidneys and their relation to nephroprotective actions of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril. Kidney Blood Press Res 2002, 25: 329-340.
94. Osicka TM, Yu Y, Panagiotopoulos S, et al.: Prevention of albuminuria by aminoguanidine or ramipril in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats is associated with the normalization of glomerular protein kinase C. Diabetes 2000, 49: 87-93.
95. Melhem MF, Craven PA, Liachenko J, DeRubertis FR: Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates hyperglycemia and prevents glomerular mesangial matrix expansion in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13: 108-116.
96. Brands MW, Bell TD, Gibson B: Nitric oxide may prevent hypertension early in diabetes by counteracting renal actions of superoxide. Hypertension 2004, 43: 57-63.
97. Jaimes EA, Galceran JM, Raij L: Angiotensin II induces superoxide anion production by mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1998, 54: 775-784.
98. de Cavanagh EM, Inserra F, Toblli J, et al.: Enalapril attenuates oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Hypertension 2001, 38: 1130-1136.
99. Sugimoto K, Tsuruoka S, Fujimura A: Effect of enalapril on diabetic nephropathy in OLETF rats: the role of an anti-oxidative action in its protective properties. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2001, 28: 826-830.
100. Russo LM, Bakris GL, Comper WD: Renal handling of albumin: a critical review of basic concepts and perspective. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39: 899-919.
101. Russo LM, Brammar GC, Jerums G, et al.: The effect of ramipril on albumin excretion in diabetes and hypertension: the role of increased lysosomal activity and decreased transforming growth factor-beta expression. J Hypertens 2003, 21: 419-428.
102. Clavant SP, Forbes JM, Thallas V, et al.: Reversible angiotensin II-mediated albuminuria in rat kidneys is dynamically associated with cytoskeletal organization. Nephron Physiol 2003, 93: 51-60.