메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 65, Issue 18, 2008, Pages 2897-2912

Cellular pathology induced by snake venom phospholipase A2 myotoxins and neurotoxins: Common aspects of their mechanisms of action

Author keywords

Ca2+; Myotoxins; Neurotoxins; PLA2; Snake venoms

Indexed keywords

ACL MYOTOXIN; AMMODYTIN L; AMMODYTOXIN A; APPK 49; BETA BUNGAROTOXIN; BOTHROPSTOXIN I; BOTHROPSTOXIN II; CALCIUM ION; CELL ENZYME; CELL PROTEIN; CREATINE KINASE; CROTOXIN; MEMBRANE RECEPTOR; MYOTOXIN; MYOTOXIN II; MYOTOXIN III; NEUROTOXIN; NOTEXIN; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; SNAKE VENOM; TAIPOXIN; TEXTILOTOXIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 52549092961     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: 15691632     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8113-3     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (217)

References (168)
  • 1
    • 0004129553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
    • 2 Enzymes. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
    • (1997) 2 Enzymes
    • Kini, R.M.1
  • 2
    • 52549083085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harris, J,B, (1997) Toxic phospholipases in snake venom: an introductory review. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 70, 235-250.
    • Harris, J,B, (1997) Toxic phospholipases in snake venom: an introductory review. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 70, 235-250.
  • 4
    • 28544433408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Envenoming bites by kraits: The biological basis of treatment-resistant neuromuscular paralysis
    • Prasarnpun, S., Walsh, J., Awad, S. S. and Harris, J. B. (2005) Envenoming bites by kraits: the biological basis of treatment-resistant neuromuscular paralysis. Brain 128, 2987-2996.
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , pp. 2987-2996
    • Prasarnpun, S.1    Walsh, J.2    Awad, S.S.3    Harris, J.B.4
  • 5
    • 52549131639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 Enzymes. Structure, Function and Mechanism. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, p. 129-154.
    • 2 Enzymes. Structure, Function and Mechanism. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, p. 129-154.
  • 6
    • 85063461646 scopus 로고
    • Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Africa and the Middle East/Arabian Peninsula
    • Meier, J. and White, J, Eds, CRC Press, Florida, p
    • Warrell, D. A. (1995) Clinical toxicology of snakebite in Africa and the Middle East/Arabian Peninsula. In: Meier, J. and White, J. (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons. CRC Press, Florida, p. 433-492.
    • (1995) Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons , pp. 433-492
    • Warrell, D.A.1
  • 11
    • 34548094580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased infectivity of Staphylococcus aureus in an experimental model of snake venom-induced tissue damage
    • Saravia-Otten, P., Gutiérrez, J. M., Arvidson, S., Thelestam, M. and Flock, J-I. (2007) Increased infectivity of Staphylococcus aureus in an experimental model of snake venom-induced tissue damage. J. Infect. Dis. 196, 748-754.
    • (2007) J. Infect. Dis , vol.196 , pp. 748-754
    • Saravia-Otten, P.1    Gutiérrez, J.M.2    Arvidson, S.3    Thelestam, M.4    Flock, J.-I.5
  • 12
    • 33745617121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gutiérrez, J. M., Theakston, R. D. G. and Warrell, D. A. (2006) Confronting the neglected problem of snake bite envenoming: the need for a global partnership. PLoS Medicine 3, e 150.
    • Gutiérrez, J. M., Theakston, R. D. G. and Warrell, D. A. (2006) Confronting the neglected problem of snake bite envenoming: the need for a global partnership. PLoS Medicine 3, e 150.
  • 13
    • 0003584720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rappuoli, R. and Montecucco, C, Editors, Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Rappuoli, R. and Montecucco, C. (Editors) (1997) Protein Toxins and their Use in Cell Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1997) Protein Toxins and their Use in Cell Biology
  • 14
    • 52549102058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gutiérrez, J. M., Editor (2003) Special Issue: Myotoxic phospholipases. Toxicon 42, 825-986.
    • Gutiérrez, J. M., Editor (2003) Special Issue: Myotoxic phospholipases. Toxicon 42, 825-986.
  • 16
    • 39349112321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presynaptic neurotoxins with enzymatic activities
    • Rossetto, O. and Montecucco, C. (2007) Presynaptic neurotoxins with enzymatic activities. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 184, 129-170.
    • (2007) Handb. Exp. Pharmacol , vol.184 , pp. 129-170
    • Rossetto, O.1    Montecucco, C.2
  • 18
    • 1042264060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 myotoxins from crotalid snake venoms and their structural determinants of myotoxic action
    • 2 myotoxins from crotalid snake venoms and their structural determinants of myotoxic action. Toxicon 42, 885-901.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.42 , pp. 885-901
    • Lomonte, B.1    Angulo, Y.2    Caldern, L.3
  • 19
    • 1042287120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 by sequence analysis and site directed mutagenesis
    • 2 by sequence analysis and site directed mutagenesis. Toxicon 42, 869-883.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.42 , pp. 869-883
    • Chioato, L.1    Ward, R.J.2
  • 20
    • 0028982743 scopus 로고
    • Structure of beta 2-bungarotoxin: Potassium channel binding by Kunitz modules and targeted phospholipase action
    • Kwong, P. D., McDonald, N. Q., Sigler, P. B. and Hendrickson, W. A. (1995) Structure of beta 2-bungarotoxin: potassium channel binding by Kunitz modules and targeted phospholipase action. Structure 3, 1109-1119.
    • (1995) Structure , vol.3 , pp. 1109-1119
    • Kwong, P.D.1    McDonald, N.Q.2    Sigler, P.B.3    Hendrickson, W.A.4
  • 21
    • 52549098447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 enzymes: structure, function and mechanism. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, p 269-285.
    • 2 enzymes: structure, function and mechanism. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, p 269-285.
  • 22
    • 44649107619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the quaternary structure of taipoxin and textilotoxin: The advantage of being multiple
    • in press
    • Montecucco, C. and Rossetto, O. (2008) On the quaternary structure of taipoxin and textilotoxin: the advantage of being multiple. Toxicon, in press
    • (2008) Toxicon
    • Montecucco, C.1    Rossetto, O.2
  • 24
    • 3042614116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, clinical features and clinical management
    • Campbell, J. A, Lamar, W. W, Eds, Ithaca: Comstock, p
    • Warrell, D. A. (2004) Snakebites in Central and South America: Epidemiology, clinical features and clinical management. In: Campbell, J. A., Lamar, W. W. (Eds.), The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere, Vol II. Ithaca: Comstock, p. 709-761.
    • (2004) The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere , vol.2 , pp. 709-761
    • Warrell, D.A.1
  • 25
    • 1042287114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2: Insights into the mechanisms of local and systemic myotoxicity
    • 2: insights into the mechanisms of local and systemic myotoxicity. Toxicon 42, 915-31.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.42 , pp. 915-931
    • Gutiérrez, J.M.1    Ownby, C.L.2
  • 27
    • 0029792786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment of an animal model for myoglobinuria by use of amyotoxin from Pseudechis australis (king brown snake) venom in mice
    • Ponraj, D, and Gopalakrishnakone, P. (1996) Establishment of an animal model for myoglobinuria by use of amyotoxin from Pseudechis australis (king brown snake) venom in mice. Lab. Anim. Sci. 46, 393-398.
    • (1996) Lab. Anim. Sci , vol.46 , pp. 393-398
    • Ponraj, D.1    Gopalakrishnakone, P.2
  • 28
    • 0035239238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What does beta-bungarotoxin do at the neuromuscular junction?
    • Rowan, E. G. (2001) What does beta-bungarotoxin do at the neuromuscular junction? Toxicon 39, 107-118.
    • (2001) Toxicon , vol.39 , pp. 107-118
    • Rowan, E.G.1
  • 31
    • 0020401605 scopus 로고
    • Binding of beta-bungarotoxin to synaptic membrane fractions of chick brain
    • Rehm, H. and Betz, H. (1982) Binding of beta-bungarotoxin to synaptic membrane fractions of chick brain. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 10015-10022.
    • (1982) J. Biol. Chem , vol.257 , pp. 10015-10022
    • Rehm, H.1    Betz, H.2
  • 32
    • 0024340136 scopus 로고
    • Identification and properties of very high affinity brain membrane-binding sites for a neurotoxic phospholipase from the taipan venom
    • Lambeau, G., Barhanin, J., Schweitz, H., Qar, J. and Lazdunski, M. (1989) Identification and properties of very high affinity brain membrane-binding sites for a neurotoxic phospholipase from the taipan venom. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11503-11510.
    • (1989) J. Biol. Chem , vol.264 , pp. 11503-11510
    • Lambeau, G.1    Barhanin, J.2    Schweitz, H.3    Qar, J.4    Lazdunski, M.5
  • 33
    • 0020333416 scopus 로고
    • 3H-beta-bungarotoxin: Demonstration of saturable binding to brain synapses and its inhibition by toxin I
    • 3H-beta-bungarotoxin: demonstration of saturable binding to brain synapses and its inhibition by toxin I. Eur. J. Biochem. 128, 267-276.
    • (1982) Eur. J. Biochem , vol.128 , pp. 267-276
    • Othman, I.B.1    Spokes, J.W.2    Dolly, J.O.3
  • 35
    • 36048974253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 homologue from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper: Evidence of rapid plasma membrane damage and a dual role for extracellular calcium
    • 2 homologue from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper: Evidence of rapid plasma membrane damage and a dual role for extracellular calcium. Toxicol. In Vitro 21, 1382-1389.
    • (2007) Toxicol. In Vitro , vol.21 , pp. 1382-1389
    • Villalobos, J.C.1    Mora, R.2    Lomonte, B.3    Gutiérrez, J.M.4    Angulo, Y.5
  • 36
    • 0016809751 scopus 로고
    • Pathological responses of rat skeletal muscle to a single subcutaneous injection of a toxin isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus
    • Harris, J. B., Johnson, M. A. and Karlsson, E. (1975) Pathological responses of rat skeletal muscle to a single subcutaneous injection of a toxin isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2, 383-404.
    • (1975) Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol , vol.2 , pp. 383-404
    • Harris, J.B.1    Johnson, M.A.2    Karlsson, E.3
  • 37
    • 0029905805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myotoxic activity of the toxic phospholipase, notexin, from the venom of the Australian tiger snake
    • Dixon, R. W. and Harris, J. B. (1996) Myotoxic activity of the toxic phospholipase, notexin, from the venom of the Australian tiger snake. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55, 1230-1237.
    • (1996) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol , vol.55 , pp. 1230-1237
    • Dixon, R.W.1    Harris, J.B.2
  • 41
    • 42449097135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 homologue binds to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 via C-terminal loop region
    • 2 homologue binds to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 via C-terminal loop region. Biochem. J. 411, 515-522.
    • (2008) Biochem. J , vol.411 , pp. 515-522
    • Fujisawa, D.1    Yamazaki, Y.2    Lomonte, B.3    Morita, T.4
  • 44
    • 0034883249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snake alpha-neurotoxin binding site on the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is conserved
    • Takacs, Z., Wilhelmsen, K. C. and Sorota, S. (2001) Snake alpha-neurotoxin binding site on the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is conserved. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 1800-1809.
    • (2001) Mol. Biol. Evol , vol.18 , pp. 1800-1809
    • Takacs, Z.1    Wilhelmsen, K.C.2    Sorota, S.3
  • 45
    • 0031770349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of site directed mutagenesis on the activity of recombinant trimucrotoxin, a neurotoxic phospholipase from Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom
    • Tsai, I. H. and Wang, Y. M. (1998) Effect of site directed mutagenesis on the activity of recombinant trimucrotoxin, a neurotoxic phospholipase from Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom. Toxicon 36, 1591-1597.
    • (1998) Toxicon , vol.36 , pp. 1591-1597
    • Tsai, I.H.1    Wang, Y.M.2
  • 47
    • 35848957282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+-independent membrane-damaging activity and increases its toxicity
    • 2+-independent membrane-damaging activity and increases its toxicity. Biochemistry 46, 12795-12809.
    • (2007) Biochemistry , vol.46 , pp. 12795-12809
    • Petan, T.1    Križaj, I.2    Pungerčar, J.3
  • 48
    • 5444253918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic amino acid residues in the beta-structure region contribute, but not critically, to presynaptic neurotoxicity of ammodytoxin A
    • Ivanovski, G., Petan, T., Križaj, I., Gelb, M. H., Gubenšek, F. and Pungerčar J. (2004) Basic amino acid residues in the beta-structure region contribute, but not critically, to presynaptic neurotoxicity of ammodytoxin A. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1702, 217-225.
    • (2004) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1702 , pp. 217-225
    • Ivanovski, G.1    Petan, T.2    Križaj, I.3    Gelb, M.H.4    Gubenšek, F.5    Pungerčar, J.6
  • 50
    • 33751020820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversible skeletal neuromuscular paralysis induced by different lysophospholipids
    • Caccin, P., Rigoni, M., Bisceglie, A., Rossetto, O. and Montecucco, C. (2006) Reversible skeletal neuromuscular paralysis induced by different lysophospholipids. FEBS Lett. 580, 6317-6321.
    • (2006) FEBS Lett , vol.580 , pp. 6317-6321
    • Caccin, P.1    Rigoni, M.2    Bisceglie, A.3    Rossetto, O.4    Montecucco, C.5
  • 51
    • 33947266069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A lysolecithin/fatty acid mixture promotes and then blocks neurotransmitter release at the Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction
    • Megighian, A., Rigoni, M., Caccin, P., Zordan, M. A. and Montecucco, C. (2007) A lysolecithin/fatty acid mixture promotes and then blocks neurotransmitter release at the Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction. Neurosci. Lett. 416, 6-11.
    • (2007) Neurosci. Lett , vol.416 , pp. 6-11
    • Megighian, A.1    Rigoni, M.2    Caccin, P.3    Zordan, M.A.4    Montecucco, C.5
  • 52
    • 1042275605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 enzymes
    • 2 enzymes. Toxicon 42, 827-840.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.42 , pp. 827-840
    • Kini, R.M.1
  • 54
    • 3042511715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-bungarotoxin- induced depletion of synaptic vesicles at the mammalian neuromuscular junction
    • Prasarnpun, S., Walsh, J. and Harris, J. B. (2004) Beta-bungarotoxin- induced depletion of synaptic vesicles at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. Neuropharmacology 47, 304-314.
    • (2004) Neuropharmacology , vol.47 , pp. 304-314
    • Prasarnpun, S.1    Walsh, J.2    Harris, J.B.3
  • 55
    • 0031012628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An early stage of membrane fusion mediated by the low pH conformation of influenza hemagglutinin depends upon membrane lipids
    • Chernomordik, L. V., Leikina, E., Frolov, V., Bronk, P. and Zimmerberg, J. (1997) An early stage of membrane fusion mediated by the low pH conformation of influenza hemagglutinin depends upon membrane lipids. J. Cell Biol. 136, 81-93.
    • (1997) J. Cell Biol , vol.136 , pp. 81-93
    • Chernomordik, L.V.1    Leikina, E.2    Frolov, V.3    Bronk, P.4    Zimmerberg, J.5
  • 56
    • 0038290760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein-lipid interplay in fusion and fission of biological membranes
    • Chernomordik, L. V. and Kozlov, M. M. (2003) Protein-lipid interplay in fusion and fission of biological membranes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72, 175-207.
    • (2003) Annu. Rev. Biochem , vol.72 , pp. 175-207
    • Chernomordik, L.V.1    Kozlov, M.M.2
  • 60
    • 21744457104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taipoxin induces synaptic vesicle exocytosis and disrupts the interaction of synaptophysin Iwith VAMP2
    • Bonanomi, D., Pennuto, M., Rigoni, M., Rossetto, O. and Montecucco, C. (2005) Taipoxin induces synaptic vesicle exocytosis and disrupts the interaction of synaptophysin Iwith VAMP2. Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 1901-1908.
    • (2005) Mol. Pharmacol , vol.67 , pp. 1901-1908
    • Bonanomi, D.1    Pennuto, M.2    Rigoni, M.3    Rossetto, O.4    Montecucco, C.5
  • 63
    • 0025764601 scopus 로고
    • Lysophosphatidylcholine increases cytosolic calcium in ventricular myocytes by direct action on the sarcolemma
    • Woodley, S. L., Ikenouchi, H. and Barry, W. H. (1991) Lysophosphatidylcholine increases cytosolic calcium in ventricular myocytes by direct action on the sarcolemma. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 23, 671-680.
    • (1991) J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol , vol.23 , pp. 671-680
    • Woodley, S.L.1    Ikenouchi, H.2    Barry, W.H.3
  • 64
    • 0032493750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perturbation by lysophosphatidylcholine of membrane permeability in cultured vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells
    • Leung, Y. M., Xion, Y., Ou, Y. J. and Kwan, C. Y. (1998) Perturbation by lysophosphatidylcholine of membrane permeability in cultured vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Life Sci. 63, 965-973.
    • (1998) Life Sci , vol.63 , pp. 965-973
    • Leung, Y.M.1    Xion, Y.2    Ou, Y.J.3    Kwan, C.Y.4
  • 66
    • 34548023945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+ mobilization in N2a mouse and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells
    • 2+ mobilization in N2a mouse and SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci. Lett. 424, 22-26.
    • (2007) Neurosci. Lett , vol.424 , pp. 22-26
    • Li, X.H.1    Long, D.X.2    Li, W.3    Wu, Y.J.4
  • 67
    • 0022630108 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of action of beta-bungarotoxin at the presynaptic plasma membrane
    • Rugolo, M., Dolly, J. O. and Nicholls, D. G. (1986) The mechanism of action of beta-bungarotoxin at the presynaptic plasma membrane. Biochem. J. 233, 519-523.
    • (1986) Biochem. J , vol.233 , pp. 519-523
    • Rugolo, M.1    Dolly, J.O.2    Nicholls, D.G.3
  • 68
    • 34249727109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium influx and mitochondrial alterations at synapses exposed to snake neurotoxins or their phospholipid hydrolysis products
    • Rigoni, M., Pizzo, P., Schiavo, G., Weston, A. E., Zatti, G. Caccin, P., Rossetto, O., Pozzan, T. and Montecucco, C. (2007) Calcium influx and mitochondrial alterations at synapses exposed to snake neurotoxins or their phospholipid hydrolysis products. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 11238-11245.
    • (2007) J. Biol. Chem , vol.282 , pp. 11238-11245
    • Rigoni, M.1    Pizzo, P.2    Schiavo, G.3    Weston, A.E.4    Zatti, G.5    Caccin, P.6    Rossetto, O.7    Pozzan, T.8    Montecucco, C.9
  • 69
    • 0019069857 scopus 로고
    • 2+-dependent recycling of synaptic vesicles at the frog neuromuscular junction
    • 2+-dependent recycling of synaptic vesicles at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Cell Biol. 87, 297-303.
    • (1980) J. Cell Biol , vol.87 , pp. 297-303
    • Ceccarelli, B.1    Hurlbut, W.P.2
  • 70
    • 1942438974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multiple actions of black widow spider toxins and their selective use in neurosecretion studies
    • Ushkaryov, Y. A., Volynski, K. E. and Ashton, A. C. (2004) The multiple actions of black widow spider toxins and their selective use in neurosecretion studies. Toxicon 43, 527-542.
    • (2004) Toxicon , vol.43 , pp. 527-542
    • Ushkaryov, Y.A.1    Volynski, K.E.2    Ashton, A.C.3
  • 71
    • 32544435752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on membrane capacitance and exocytosis in rat pheochromocytoma-12 cells
    • Ong, W. L., Jiang, B., Tang, N., Ling, S. F., Yeo, J. F., Wei, S., Farooqui, A. A. and Ong W. Y. (2006) Differential effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on membrane capacitance and exocytosis in rat pheochromocytoma-12 cells. Neurochem. Res. 31, 41-48.
    • (2006) Neurochem. Res , vol.31 , pp. 41-48
    • Ong, W.L.1    Jiang, B.2    Tang, N.3    Ling, S.F.4    Yeo, J.F.5    Wei, S.6    Farooqui, A.A.7    Ong, W.Y.8
  • 72
    • 19544382047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arachidonic acid allows SNARE complex formation in the presence of Munc18
    • Rickman C, Davletov B (2005) Arachidonic acid allows SNARE complex formation in the presence of Munc18. Chem. Biol. 12, 545-553.
    • (2005) Chem. Biol , vol.12 , pp. 545-553
    • Rickman, C.1    Davletov, B.2
  • 73
    • 33847721513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arachidonic acid potentiates exocytosis and allows neuronal SNARE complex to interact with Munc18a
    • Latham CF, Osborne SL, Cryle MJ, Meunier FA. (2007) Arachidonic acid potentiates exocytosis and allows neuronal SNARE complex to interact with Munc18a. J Neurochem. 100, 1543-1554.
    • (2007) J Neurochem , vol.100 , pp. 1543-1554
    • Latham, C.F.1    Osborne, S.L.2    Cryle, M.J.3    Meunier, F.A.4
  • 74
    • 33645746320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids stimulate cell membrane expansion by acting on syntaxin 3
    • Darios F, Davletov B (2006) Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids stimulate cell membrane expansion by acting on syntaxin 3. Nature 440, 813-817.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.440 , pp. 813-817
    • Darios, F.1    Davletov, B.2
  • 75
    • 0036044373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial energy dissipation by fatty acids. Mechanisms and implications for cell death
    • Bernardi, P., Penzo, D. and Wojtczak, L. (2002) Mitochondrial energy dissipation by fatty acids. Mechanisms and implications for cell death. Vitam. Horm. 65, 97-126.
    • (2002) Vitam. Horm , vol.65 , pp. 97-126
    • Bernardi, P.1    Penzo, D.2    Wojtczak, L.3
  • 76
    • 0016725108 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of action of beta-bungarotoxin
    • Wernicke, J. F., Vanker, A. D. and Howard, B. D. (1975) The mechanism of action of beta-bungarotoxin. J. Neurochem. 25, 483-496.
    • (1975) J. Neurochem , vol.25 , pp. 483-496
    • Wernicke, J.F.1    Vanker, A.D.2    Howard, B.D.3
  • 77
    • 0030294854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similarities and differences in mechanisms of cardiotoxins, melittin and other myotoxins
    • Fletcher, J. E., Hubert, M., Wieland, S. J., Gong, Q. H. and Jiang, M. S. (1996) Similarities and differences in mechanisms of cardiotoxins, melittin and other myotoxins. Toxicon 34, 1301-1311.
    • (1996) Toxicon , vol.34 , pp. 1301-1311
    • Fletcher, J.E.1    Hubert, M.2    Wieland, S.J.3    Gong, Q.H.4    Jiang, M.S.5
  • 79
    • 0021360384 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of a myotoxin from Bothrops asper venom: Partial characterization and action on skeletal muscle
    • Gutiérrez, J. M., Ownby, C. L. and Odell, G. V. (1984) Isolation of a myotoxin from Bothrops asper venom: partial characterization and action on skeletal muscle. Toxicon 22, 115-128.
    • (1984) Toxicon , vol.22 , pp. 115-128
    • Gutiérrez, J.M.1    Ownby, C.L.2    Odell, G.V.3
  • 80
    • 0020050391 scopus 로고
    • Membrane myopathy: Morphological similarities to Duchenne muscular dystrophy
    • Pestronk, A., Parhad, I. M., Drachman, D. B. and Price, D. L. (1982) Membrane myopathy: morphological similarities to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 5, 209-214.
    • (1982) Muscle Nerve , vol.5 , pp. 209-214
    • Pestronk, A.1    Parhad, I.M.2    Drachman, D.B.3    Price, D.L.4
  • 82
    • 0034013715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Membrane-perturbing activity of Viperidae myotoxins: An electrostatic surface potential approach to a puzzling problem
    • Falconi, M., Desideri, A. and Rufini, S. (2000) Membrane-perturbing activity of Viperidae myotoxins: an electrostatic surface potential approach to a puzzling problem. J. Molec. Recogn. 13, 14-19.
    • (2000) J. Molec. Recogn , vol.13 , pp. 14-19
    • Falconi, M.1    Desideri, A.2    Rufini, S.3
  • 87
    • 0028034445 scopus 로고
    • 2 from Bothrops asper snake venom. Identification of a heparin-binding and cytolytic toxin region by the use of synthetic peptides and molecular modeling
    • 2 from Bothrops asper snake venom. Identification of a heparin-binding and cytolytic toxin region by the use of synthetic peptides and molecular modeling. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 29867-29873.
    • (1994) J. Biol. Chem , vol.269 , pp. 29867-29873
    • Lomonte, B.1    Moreno, E.2    Tarkowski, A.3    Hanson, L.A.4    Maccarana, M.5
  • 90
    • 0034899916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 from Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus snake venom: Synthetic C-terminal peptides from Lys49, but not from Asp49 myotoxins, exert membrane-damaging activities
    • 2 from Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus snake venom: synthetic C-terminal peptides from Lys49, but not from Asp49 myotoxins, exert membrane-damaging activities. Toxicon 39, 1587-1594.
    • (2001) Toxicon , vol.39 , pp. 1587-1594
    • Núñez, C.E.1    Angulo, Y.2    Lomonte, B.3
  • 99
    • 0027976994 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom and myotoxin II on the mouse cremaster muscle: An intravital and electron microscopic study
    • Lomonte, B., Lundgren, J., Johansson, B. and Bagge, U. (1994) The dynamics of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper snake venom and myotoxin II on the mouse cremaster muscle: an intravital and electron microscopic study. Toxicon 32, 41-55.
    • (1994) Toxicon , vol.32 , pp. 41-55
    • Lomonte, B.1    Lundgren, J.2    Johansson, B.3    Bagge, U.4
  • 100
    • 0031081513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 isolated from Bothrops asper and Bothrops godmani snake venoms: Effects on enzymatic and pharmacological properties
    • 2 isolated from Bothrops asper and Bothrops godmani snake venoms: effects on enzymatic and pharmacological properties. Toxicon 35, 241-252.
    • (1997) Toxicon , vol.35 , pp. 241-252
    • Díaz-Oreiro, C.1    Gutiérrez, J.M.2
  • 103
    • 0020039406 scopus 로고
    • Myotoxic activity of the crude venom and the principal neurotoxin, taipoxin, of the Australian taipan, Oxyuranus scutellatus
    • Harris, J. B. and Maltin, C. A. (1982) Myotoxic activity of the crude venom and the principal neurotoxin, taipoxin, of the Australian taipan, Oxyuranus scutellatus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 76, 61-75.
    • (1982) Br. J. Pharmacol , vol.76 , pp. 61-75
    • Harris, J.B.1    Maltin, C.A.2
  • 104
    • 0021253366 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of myonecrosis induced by crude venom and a myotoxin of Bothrops asper
    • Gutiérrez, J. M., Ownby, C. L. and Odell, G. V. (1984) Pathogenesis of myonecrosis induced by crude venom and a myotoxin of Bothrops asper. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 40, 367-379.
    • (1984) Exp. Mol. Pathol , vol.40 , pp. 367-379
    • Gutiérrez, J.M.1    Ownby, C.L.2    Odell, G.V.3
  • 105
    • 0026793510 scopus 로고
    • Effects induced by bothropstoxin, a component from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, on mouse and chick muscle preparations
    • Heluany, N. F., Homsi-Brandeburgo, M. I., Giglio, J. R., Prado-Franceschi, J. and Rodrigues-Simioni, L. (1992) Effects induced by bothropstoxin, a component from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, on mouse and chick muscle preparations. Toxicon 30, 1203-1210.
    • (1992) Toxicon , vol.30 , pp. 1203-1210
    • Heluany, N.F.1    Homsi-Brandeburgo, M.I.2    Giglio, J.R.3    Prado-Franceschi, J.4    Rodrigues-Simioni, L.5
  • 106
    • 1442359944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Membrane depolarization is the initial action of crotoxin on isolated murine skeletal muscle
    • Melo, P. A., Burns, C. F., Blankemeyer, J. T. and Ownby, C. L. (2004) Membrane depolarization is the initial action of crotoxin on isolated murine skeletal muscle. Toxicon 43, 111-119.
    • (2004) Toxicon , vol.43 , pp. 111-119
    • Melo, P.A.1    Burns, C.F.2    Blankemeyer, J.T.3    Ownby, C.L.4
  • 107
    • 34548009359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysferlin and muscle membrane repair
    • Han, R. and Campbell, K. P. (2007) Dysferlin and muscle membrane repair. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 19, 409-416.
    • (2007) Curr. Opin. Cell Biol , vol.19 , pp. 409-416
    • Han, R.1    Campbell, K.P.2
  • 108
    • 33644847375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2+: Molecular determinants and functional consequences
    • 2+: molecular determinants and functional consequences. Physiol Rev. 86, 369-408.
    • (2006) Physiol Rev , vol.86 , pp. 369-408
    • Rizzuto, R.1    Pozzan, T.2
  • 109
    • 37149029370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium signalling
    • Clapham, D. E. (2007) Calcium signalling. Cell 131, 1047-1058
    • (2007) Cell , vol.131 , pp. 1047-1058
    • Clapham, D.E.1
  • 110
    • 0025583295 scopus 로고
    • Muscle necrosis caused by snake venoms and toxins
    • Harris, J. B. and Cullen, M. J. (1990) Muscle necrosis caused by snake venoms and toxins. Electron Microsc. Rev. 3, 183-211.
    • (1990) Electron Microsc. Rev , vol.3 , pp. 183-211
    • Harris, J.B.1    Cullen, M.J.2
  • 111
    • 0014897979 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural changes in the motor nerve terminals caused by beta-bungarotoxin
    • Chen, I. L. and Lee, C. Y. (1970) Ultrastructural changes in the motor nerve terminals caused by beta-bungarotoxin. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. 6, 318-325.
    • (1970) Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol , vol.6 , pp. 318-325
    • Chen, I.L.1    Lee, C.Y.2
  • 112
    • 0017147830 scopus 로고
    • The effect of taipoxin and notexin on the function and fine structure of the murine neuromuscolar junction
    • Cull-Candy, S. G., Fohlman, J., Gustavsson, D., Lullmann-Rauch, R. and Thesleff, S. (1976) The effect of taipoxin and notexin on the function and fine structure of the murine neuromuscolar junction. Neuroscience 1, 175-180.
    • (1976) Neuroscience , vol.1 , pp. 175-180
    • Cull-Candy, S.G.1    Fohlman, J.2    Gustavsson, D.3    Lullmann-Rauch, R.4    Thesleff, S.5
  • 113
    • 0032912951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nerve terminal damage by β-Bungarotoxin: Its clinical significance
    • Dixon, R. W and Harris, J. B. (1999) Nerve terminal damage by β-Bungarotoxin: its clinical significance. Am. J. Pathol 154, 447-455.
    • (1999) Am. J. Pathol , vol.154 , pp. 447-455
    • Dixon, R.W.1    Harris, J.B.2
  • 114
    • 38849119213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium and cell death: The mitochondrial connection
    • Bernardi, P. and Rasola, A. (2007) Calcium and cell death: the mitochondrial connection. Subcell Biochem. 45, 481-506.
    • (2007) Subcell Biochem , vol.45 , pp. 481-506
    • Bernardi, P.1    Rasola, A.2
  • 116
    • 0025209888 scopus 로고
    • Changes in myofibrillar components after skeletal muscle necrosis induced by a myotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper
    • Gutiérrez, JM, Arce, V., Brenes, F. and Chaves, F. (1990) Changes in myofibrillar components after skeletal muscle necrosis induced by a myotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 52, 25 -36.
    • (1990) Exp. Mol. Pathol , vol.52 , pp. 25-36
    • Gutiérrez, J.M.1    Arce, V.2    Brenes, F.3    Chaves, F.4
  • 117
    • 0026779160 scopus 로고
    • The fate of desmin and titin during the degeneration and regeneration of the soleus muscle of the rat
    • Vater, R., Cullen, M. J. and Harris, J. B. (1992) The fate of desmin and titin during the degeneration and regeneration of the soleus muscle of the rat. Acta Neuropathol. 84, 278-288.
    • (1992) Acta Neuropathol , vol.84 , pp. 278-288
    • Vater, R.1    Cullen, M.J.2    Harris, J.B.3
  • 118
    • 0141592399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutrophils do not contribute to local tissue damage, but play a key role in skeletal muscle regeneration, in mice injected with Bothrops asper snake venom
    • Teixeira, C. F. P., Zamunér, S. R., Zuliani, J. P., Fernandes, C. M., Cruz-Hofling, M. A., Fernandes, I., Chaves, F. and Gutiérrez, J. M. (2003) Neutrophils do not contribute to local tissue damage, but play a key role in skeletal muscle regeneration, in mice injected with Bothrops asper snake venom. Muscle & Nerve 28, 449-459.
    • (2003) Muscle & Nerve , vol.28 , pp. 449-459
    • Teixeira, C.F.P.1    Zamunér, S.R.2    Zuliani, J.P.3    Fernandes, C.M.4    Cruz-Hofling, M.A.5    Fernandes, I.6    Chaves, F.7    Gutiérrez, J.M.8
  • 119
    • 0036417225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-bungarotoxin is a potent inducer of apoptosis in cultured rat neurons by receptor-mediated internalization
    • Herkert, M., Shakhman, O., Schweins, E. and Becker, C. M. (2001) Beta-bungarotoxin is a potent inducer of apoptosis in cultured rat neurons by receptor-mediated internalization. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 821-828.
    • (2001) Eur. J. Neurosci , vol.14 , pp. 821-828
    • Herkert, M.1    Shakhman, O.2    Schweins, E.3    Becker, C.M.4
  • 120
    • 0344406175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taipoxin induces F-actin fragmentation and enhances release of catecholamines in bovine chromaffin cells
    • Neco, P., Rossetto, O., Gil, A., Montecucco, C. and Gutiérrez, L. M. (2003) Taipoxin induces F-actin fragmentation and enhances release of catecholamines in bovine chromaffin cells. J Neurochem. 85, 329-337.
    • (2003) J Neurochem , vol.85 , pp. 329-337
    • Neco, P.1    Rossetto, O.2    Gil, A.3    Montecucco, C.4    Gutiérrez, L.M.5
  • 122
    • 0016186391 scopus 로고
    • Beta-bungarotoxin inhibition of calcium accumulation by rat brain mitochondria
    • Wagner, G. M., Mart, P. E. and Kelly, R. B. (1974) Beta-bungarotoxin inhibition of calcium accumulation by rat brain mitochondria. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 58, 475-481.
    • (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun , vol.58 , pp. 475-481
    • Wagner, G.M.1    Mart, P.E.2    Kelly, R.B.3
  • 125
    • 0019732140 scopus 로고
    • The neuromuscular junction of the mouse after black widow spider venom
    • Duchen, L. W., Gomez, S. and Queiroz, L. S. (1981) The neuromuscular junction of the mouse after black widow spider venom J. Physiol. 316, 279-291.
    • (1981) J. Physiol , vol.316 , pp. 279-291
    • Duchen, L.W.1    Gomez, S.2    Queiroz, L.S.3
  • 130
    • 0027409655 scopus 로고
    • Antagonism of the myotoxic effects of Bothrops jararacussu venom and bothropstoxin by polyanions
    • Melo, P. A., Homsi-Brandeburgo, M. I., Giglio, J. R. and Suarez-Kurtz, G. (1993) Antagonism of the myotoxic effects of Bothrops jararacussu venom and bothropstoxin by polyanions. Toxicon 31, 285-291.
    • (1993) Toxicon , vol.31 , pp. 285-291
    • Melo, P.A.1    Homsi-Brandeburgo, M.I.2    Giglio, J.R.3    Suarez-Kurtz, G.4
  • 131
    • 0028277990 scopus 로고
    • 2 from Bothrops asper snake venom by glycosaminoglycans of the heparin/heparan sulfate family
    • 2 from Bothrops asper snake venom by glycosaminoglycans of the heparin/heparan sulfate family. Biochem. Pharmacol. 47, 1509-1518.
    • (1994) Biochem. Pharmacol , vol.47 , pp. 1509-1518
    • Lomonte, B.1    Tarkowski, A.2    Bagge, U.3    Hanson, L.A.4
  • 133
    • 1042287027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 myotoxin inhibitor proteins from snakes, mammals and plants
    • 2 myotoxin inhibitor proteins from snakes, mammals and plants. Toxicon 42, 963-977.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.42 , pp. 963-977
    • Lizano, S.1    Domont, G.2    Perales, J.3
  • 134
    • 1042264058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 and the regeneration of skeletal muscles
    • 2 and the regeneration of skeletal muscles. Toxicon 42, 933-945.
    • (2003) Toxicon , vol.42 , pp. 933-945
    • Harris, J.B.1
  • 135
    • 0343930751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schwann cells induce and guide sprouting and reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions
    • Son, Y. J., Trachtenberg, J. T., Thompson, W. J. (1996) Schwann cells induce and guide sprouting and reinnervation of neuromuscular junctions. Trends Neurosci. 19, 280-285.
    • (1996) Trends Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 280-285
    • Son, Y.J.1    Trachtenberg, J.T.2    Thompson, W.J.3
  • 136
    • 0021134680 scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle regeneration after myonecrosis induced by crude venom and a myotoxin from the snake Bothrops asper (Fer-de-Lance)
    • Gutiérrez, J. M., Ownby, C. L. and Odell, G. V. (1984) Skeletal muscle regeneration after myonecrosis induced by crude venom and a myotoxin from the snake Bothrops asper (Fer-de-Lance). Toxicon 22, 719-731.
    • (1984) Toxicon , vol.22 , pp. 719-731
    • Gutiérrez, J.M.1    Ownby, C.L.2    Odell, G.V.3
  • 137
    • 0028848625 scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle necrosis and regeneration after injection of BaH1, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper (terciopelo)
    • Gutiérrez, J. M., Romero, M., Núñez, J., Chaves, F., Borkow, G. and Ovadia, M. (1995) Skeletal muscle necrosis and regeneration after injection of BaH1, a hemorrhagic metalloproteinase isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper (terciopelo). Exp. Mol. Pathol. 62, 28-41.
    • (1995) Exp. Mol. Pathol , vol.62 , pp. 28-41
    • Gutiérrez, J.M.1    Romero, M.2    Núñez, J.3    Chaves, F.4    Borkow, G.5    Ovadia, M.6
  • 139
    • 0033863759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic organization of A chain and B chain of beta-bungarotoxin from Taiwan banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus). A chain genes and B chain genes do not share a common origin
    • Wu, P. F. and Chang, L. S. (2000) Genetic organization of A chain and B chain of beta-bungarotoxin from Taiwan banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus). A chain genes and B chain genes do not share a common origin. Eur. J. Biochem. 267, 4668-4675.
    • (2000) Eur. J. Biochem , vol.267 , pp. 4668-4675
    • Wu, P.F.1    Chang, L.S.2
  • 140
    • 0019935629 scopus 로고
    • Amino acid sequence of beta 2-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus venom. The amino acid substitutions in the B chains
    • Kondo, K., Toda, H., Narita, K. and Lee, C. Y. (1982) Amino acid sequence of beta 2-bungarotoxin from Bungarus multicinctus venom. The amino acid substitutions in the B chains. J. Biochem. 91, 1519-1530.
    • (1982) J. Biochem , vol.91 , pp. 1519-1530
    • Kondo, K.1    Toda, H.2    Narita, K.3    Lee, C.Y.4
  • 141
    • 0026538668 scopus 로고
    • Solution structure of neuronal bungarotoxin determined by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy: Calculation of tertiary structure using systematic homologous model building, dynamical simulated annealing, and restrained molecular dynamics
    • Sutcliffe, M. J., Dobson, C. M. and Oswald, R. E. (1992) Solution structure of neuronal bungarotoxin determined by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy: calculation of tertiary structure using systematic homologous model building, dynamical simulated annealing, and restrained molecular dynamics. Biochemistry 31, 2962-2970.
    • (1992) Biochemistry , vol.31 , pp. 2962-2970
    • Sutcliffe, M.J.1    Dobson, C.M.2    Oswald, R.E.3
  • 142
    • 0019958652 scopus 로고
    • Amino-acid sequence of the alpha-subunit of taipoxin, an extremely potent presynaptic neurotoxin from the Australian snake taipan (Oxyuranus s. scutellatus)
    • Lind, P. and Eaker, D. (1982) Amino-acid sequence of the alpha-subunit of taipoxin, an extremely potent presynaptic neurotoxin from the Australian snake taipan (Oxyuranus s. scutellatus). Eur. J. Biochem. 124, 441-447.
    • (1982) Eur. J. Biochem , vol.124 , pp. 441-447
    • Lind, P.1    Eaker, D.2
  • 143
    • 0027461620 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the subunit structure of textilotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the Australian common brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis). 3. The complete amino-acid sequences of all the subunits
    • Pearson, J. A., Tyler, M. I., Retson, K. V. and Howden, M. E. (1993) Studies on the subunit structure of textilotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the Australian common brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis). 3. The complete amino-acid sequences of all the subunits. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1161, 223-229.
    • (1993) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1161 , pp. 223-229
    • Pearson, J.A.1    Tyler, M.I.2    Retson, K.V.3    Howden, M.E.4
  • 144
    • 0016723964 scopus 로고
    • Amino acid sequence of a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of Notechis scutatus scutatus (Australian tiger snake)
    • Halpert, J. and Eaker, D. (1975) Amino acid sequence of a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of Notechis scutatus scutatus (Australian tiger snake). J. Biol. Chem. 250, 6990-6997.
    • (1975) J. Biol. Chem , vol.250 , pp. 6990-6997
    • Halpert, J.1    Eaker, D.2
  • 146
    • 0022338083 scopus 로고
    • Rattlesnake presynaptic neurotoxins: Primary structure and evolutionary origin of the acidic subunit
    • Aird, S. D., Kaiser, I. I., Lewis, R. V. and Kruggel, W. G. (1985) Rattlesnake presynaptic neurotoxins: primary structure and evolutionary origin of the acidic subunit. Biochemistry 24, 7054-7058.
    • (1985) Biochemistry , vol.24 , pp. 7054-7058
    • Aird, S.D.1    Kaiser, I.I.2    Lewis, R.V.3    Kruggel, W.G.4
  • 148
    • 0025218978 scopus 로고
    • The amino acid sequence of a myotoxic phospholipase from the venom of Bothrops asper
    • Kaiser, I. I., Gutiérrez, J. M., Plummer, D., Aird, S. D. and Odell, G. V. (1990) The amino acid sequence of a myotoxic phospholipase from the venom of Bothrops asper. Archs. Biochem. Biophys. 278, 319-325.
    • (1990) Archs. Biochem. Biophys , vol.278 , pp. 319-325
    • Kaiser, I.I.1    Gutiérrez, J.M.2    Plummer, D.3    Aird, S.D.4    Odell, G.V.5
  • 153
    • 0027532042 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of a myotoxin from the venom of Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus (broad-banded copperhead) and pathogenesis of myonecrosis induced by it in mice
    • Johnson, E. K. and Ownby, C. L. (1993) Isolation of a myotoxin from the venom of Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus (broad-banded copperhead) and pathogenesis of myonecrosis induced by it in mice. Toxicon 31, 243-255.
    • (1993) Toxicon , vol.31 , pp. 243-255
    • Johnson, E.K.1    Ownby, C.L.2
  • 158
    • 0024412266 scopus 로고
    • A new muscle damaging toxin, myotoxin II, from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper (terciopelo)
    • Lomonte, B. and Gutiérrez, J. M. (1989) A new muscle damaging toxin, myotoxin II, from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper (terciopelo). Toxicon 27, 725-733.
    • (1989) Toxicon , vol.27 , pp. 725-733
    • Lomonte, B.1    Gutiérrez, J.M.2
  • 160
    • 0029124677 scopus 로고
    • Structure of a calcium-independent phospholipase-like myotoxic protein from Bothrops asper venom
    • Arni, R. K., Ward, R. J., Gutiérrez, J. M. and Tulinsky, A. (1995) Structure of a calcium-independent phospholipase-like myotoxic protein from Bothrops asper venom. Acta Cryst. D 51, 311-317.
    • (1995) Acta Cryst. D , vol.51 , pp. 311-317
    • Arni, R.K.1    Ward, R.J.2    Gutiérrez, J.M.3    Tulinsky, A.4
  • 161
    • 0023878851 scopus 로고
    • Fractionation of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom: Partial chemical characterization and biological activity of bothropstoxin
    • Homsi-Brandeburgo, M. I., Queiroz, L. S., Santo-Neto, H., Rodrigues-Simioni, L. and Giglio, J. R. (1988) Fractionation of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom: partial chemical characterization and biological activity of bothropstoxin. Toxicon 26, 615-627.
    • (1988) Toxicon , vol.26 , pp. 615-627
    • Homsi-Brandeburgo, M.I.1    Queiroz, L.S.2    Santo-Neto, H.3    Rodrigues-Simioni, L.4    Giglio, J.R.5
  • 164
    • 17344384790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A rapid procedure for the isolation of the Lys-49 myotoxin II from Bothrops moojeni (caissaca) venom: Biochemical characterization, crystallization, myotoxic and edematogenic activity
    • Soares, A. M., Rodrigues, V. M., Homsi-Brandeburgo, M. I., Toyama, M. H., Lombardi, F. R., Arni, R. K. and Giglio, J. R. (1998) A rapid procedure for the isolation of the Lys-49 myotoxin II from Bothrops moojeni (caissaca) venom: biochemical characterization, crystallization, myotoxic and edematogenic activity. Toxicon 36, 503-514.
    • (1998) Toxicon , vol.36 , pp. 503-514
    • Soares, A.M.1    Rodrigues, V.M.2    Homsi-Brandeburgo, M.I.3    Toyama, M.H.4    Lombardi, F.R.5    Arni, R.K.6    Giglio, J.R.7


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.