Inflammatory effects of snake venom myotoxic phospholipases A2

Toxicon

Volumn 42, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 947-962

  Teixeira, C F P ^a   Landucci, E C T ^b   Antunes, E ^b   Chacur, M ^a   Cury, Y ^a  

^a INSTITUTO BUTANTAN   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Asp49 PLA2s; Inflammation; Lys49 PLA 2s; Pain; Snake venom phospholipases A2

Indexed keywords

4 BROMOPHENACYL BROMIDE; AMINO ACID; ARACHIDONIC ACID; ARISTOLOCHIC ACID; AUTACOID; BOTHROPSTOXIN 1; BOTHROPSTOXIN 2; CARRAGEENAN; ENDOTOXIN; HEPARAN SULFATE; HEPARIN; LYSINE; MEPACRINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PHOSPHOLIPID; PIRATOXIN 1; SNAKE VENOM; TETRODOTOXIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALLODYNIA; BOTHROPS JARARACUSSU; BOTHROPS PIRAJAI; CATALYSIS; CATALYST; CELL INTERACTION; CELL MEMBRANE; ENVENOMATION; ENZYME RELEASE; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; INFLAMMATION; LIPID HYDROLYSIS; MAST CELL DEGRANULATION; MUSCLE NECROSIS; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PAW EDEMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SKIN EDEMA; SNAKE; SNAKEBITE; STRUCTURAL HOMOLOGY;

MAMMALIA; SERPENTES; VIPERIDAE;

EID: 1042298831     PISSN: 00410101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.006     Document Type: Article

References (204)

1. Abbott F.V., Guy E.R. Effects of morphine, pentobarbital and amphetamine on formalin-induced behaviours in infant rats: sedation versus specific suppression of pain. Pain. 62:1995;303-312.
2. Abbott F.V., Hong Y., Blier P. Persisting sensitization of the behavioural response to formalin-induced injury in the rat through activation of serotonin 2A receptors. Neuroscience. 77:1997;575-584.
3. Aderem A., Underhill D.M. Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17:1999;523-593.
4. Akopian A.N., Sivilotti L., Wood J.N. A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel expressed by sensory neurons. Nature. 379:1996;257-262.
5. Alam R., Lett-Brown M.A., Forsythe P.A., Anderson-Walters D.J., Kenamore C., Kormos C. Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) is a potent histamine-releasing factor for basophils. J. Clin. Invest. 89:1992;723-728.
6. Allen A.C., Gammon C.M., Ousley A.H., McCarthy K.D., Morell P. Bradykinin stimulates arachidonic acid release through the sequential actions of an sn-1 diacylglycerol lipase and a monoacylglycerol lipase. J. Neurochem. 58:1992;1130-1139.
7. Antunes E., Mariano M., Cirino G., Levi S., de Nucci G. Pharmacological characterization of polycation-induced rat hind-paw oedema. Br. J. Pharmacol. 101:(4):1990;986-990.
8. Appleton I., Tomlinson A., Willoughby D.A. Induction of cyclo-oxygenase and nitric oxide synthase in inflammation. Adv. Pharmacol. 35:1996;27-79.
9. Arroyo O., Rojas G., Gutiérrez J.M. Envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente en Costa Rica en 1996: epidemiología y consideraciones clínicas. Acta Médica Costarricense. 41:1996;23-29.
10. 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:(14):1998;7951-7956.
11. 2 from Crotalus durissus cascavella rattlesnake (Maracamboia) venom. J. Protein Chem. 19:(8):2000;679-684.
12. Besson J.M. The neurobiology of pain. Lancet. 353:1999;1610-1615.
13. 2 induces an inflammatory response in rabbit joints. J. Immunol. 146:1991;3904-3910.
14. Bonta I.L., Vargaftig B.B., Bohm G.M. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Lee C.Y. Snake Venoms. vol. 52:1979;629-683.
15. 2 and arachidonate increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after inhaled antigen challenge in asthmatics. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 155:1997;421-425.
16. 2 on mast cell histamine release and paw oedema in rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 59:1977;. 440 pp.
17. Caffrey J.M., Eng D.L., Black J.A., Waxman S.G., Kocsis J.D. Three types of sodium channels in adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain Res. 592:1992;283-297.
18. 2 from Bothrops asper snake venom. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 358:1998;343-350.
19. Calderón L., Lomonte B. Inhibition of the myotoxic activity of Bothrops asper myotoxin II in mice by immunization with its synthetic 13-mer peptide 115-129. Toxicon. 37:1999;683-687.
20. Cao Y.Q., Mantyh P.W., Carlson E.J., Gillespie A.M., Epstein C.J., Basbaum A.I. Primary afferent tachykinins are required to experience moderate to intense pain. Nature. 392:1998;390-394.
21. 2 into the rat pleural cavity. Toxicon. 38:(12):2000;1773-1785.
22. Chacur M., Picolo G., Gutiérrez J.M., Teixeira C.F.P., Cury Y. Pharmacological modulation of hyperalgesia induced by Bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom. Toxicon. 39:2001;1173-1181.
23. 2 from Bothrops asper snake venom: pharmacological mediation and molecular determinants. Toxicon. 41:2003;667-678.
24. Chandrasekharan N.V., Dai H., Roos K.L.T., Evanson N.K., Tomsik J., Elton T.S., Simmons D.L. COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99:2002;13926-13931.
25. 2 isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper (terciopelo). Toxicon. 36:1998;1861-1869.
26. 2 on lumbar nerve root structure and function. Spine. 22:1997;1057-1064.
27. 2-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. J. Pharmacobiodyn. 12:(9):1989;517-522.
28. Cintra A.C.O., Marangoni S., Oliveira B., Giglio J.R. Bothropstoxin-I: amino acid sequence and function. J. Protein Chem. 12:1993;57-64.
29. 2-induced oedema in rat paw. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 166:1989;505-510.
30. 2 induces a synovitis-like inflammation in the rat air pouch. J. Rheumatol. 21:(5):1994;824-829.
31. Coderre T.J., Melzack R. The contribution of excitatory amino acids to central sensitization and persistent nociception after formalin-induced tissue injury. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;3665-3670.
32. Colburn R.W., Rickman A.J., DeLeo J.A. The effect of site and type of nerve injury on spinal glial activation and neuropathic pain behaviour. Exp. Neurol. 157:1999;289-304.
33. Coleman J.W., Holgate S.T., Church M.K., Godfrey R.C. Immunoglobulin E decapeptide-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Biochem. J. 198:1981;615-619.
34. Cunha F.Q., Lorenzetti B.B., Poole S., Ferreira S.H. Interleukin-8 as a mediator of sympathetic pain. Br. J. Pharmacol. 104:1991;765-767.
35. Cunha F.Q., Poole S., Lorenzetti B., Ferreira S.H. The pivotal role of tumour necrosis factor α in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107:1992;660-664.
36. 2) isolated from Bothrops asper venom. IASP (International Association for the Study on Pain), 10th World Congress on Pain, Abstracts. 2002;. p. 150.
37. Dahinden C.A., Geiser T., Brunner T., von Tscharner V., Caput D., Ferrara P. Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 is a most effective basophil- and eosinophil-activating chemokine. J. Exp. Med. 79:1994;751-756.
38. Damerau B., Lege L., Oldigs H.D., Vogt W. Histamine release, formation of prostaglandin-like activity (SRS-C) and mast cell degranulation by the direct lytic factor (DLF) and phospholipase A of cobra venom. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 287:1975;141-156.
39. 2 isoform isolated from Bothrops neuwiedii (Yarara chica) venom with novel kinetic and chromatographic properties. Toxicon. 35:(8):1997;1205-1215.
40. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 269:(18):1994;13057-13060.
41. Devillier P., Renoux M., Giroud J.P., Regoli D. Peptides and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 117:1985;89-96.
42. Devor M. The pathophysiology of damaged peripheral nerves. Wall P.D., Melzack R. Textbook of Pain. 1994;79-100 Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
43. 2, affects its pharmacological activities. Toxicon. 31:(9):1993;1202-1206.
44. 2 isolated from Bothrops asper and Bothrops godmani snake venoms: effects on enzymatic and pharmacological properties. Toxicon. 35:(2):1997;241-252.
45. Dickenson A.H., Sullivan A.F. Evidence for a role of the NMDA receptor in the frequency dependent potentiation of deep rat dorsal horn nociceptive neurones following C fibre stimulation. Neuropharmacology. 26:1987;1235-1238.
46. Dinarello C.A. Cytokines as mediators in the pathogenesis of septic shock. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 216:1996;133-165.
47. Douglas W.W. Polypeptides-angiotensin, plasma kinins, and others vasoactive agents; prostaglandins. Goodman L.S., Gilman A. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. fourth ed. 1970;663-676 Coller Macmillan, London.
48. Dray A. Inflammatory mediators of pain. Br. J. Anaesth. 75:1995;125-131.
49. Dray A. The pharmacology of pain. Dickenson A., Besson J.-M. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 1997;21-41 Springer, Berlin.
50. Dray A., Perkins M. Bradykinin and inflammatory pain. Trends Neurosci. 16:1993;99-104.
51. Dray A., Urban L., Dickenson A. Pharmacology of chronic pain. TIPS. 15:1994;190-197.
52. 2 by heparin. Eur. J. Biochem. 221:1994;481-490.
53. 2 modulates the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current in neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion neurones via the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A cascade. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 495:1996;429-440.
54. Ennis M., Pearce F.L., Weston P.M. Some studies on the release of histamine from mast cells stimulated with polylysine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 70:(2):1980;329-334.
55. Erspamer V. Half a century of comparative research on biogenic amines and active peptides in amphibian skin and molluscan tissues. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 79C:1984;1-7.
56. Farmer S.G., Burch R.M. Biochemical and molecular pharmacology of kinin receptors. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32:1992;511-536.
57. Ferreira S.H., Lorenzetti B.B. Glutamate spinal retrograde sensitization of primary sensory neurons associated with nociception. Neuropharmacology. 33:1995;1479.
58. 2+dependent process. Prostaglandins. 18:1979;179-190.
59. Ferreira S.H., Lorenzetti B.B., Poole S. Bradykinin initiates cytokine-mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110:1993;1227-1231.
60. Fitzgerald E.M., Okuse K., Wood J.N., Dolphin A.C., Moss S.J. cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of the tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-dependent sodium channel SNS. J. Physiol. 516:(Pt 2):1999;433-446.
61. Fock S., Mense S. Excitatory effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine and potassium ions on muscular group IV afferent units: a comparison with bradykinin. Brain Res. 105:1976;459-469.
62. Foley K.M., Inturrisi C.E. Analgesic drug therapy in cancer pain: principles and practice. Med. Clin. North. Am. 71:1987;207-232.
63. 4 in inflammation. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 10:1990;1-12.
64. 2. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 284:(2):1991;352-359.
65. 2 is inflammatory. Spine. 17:1992;S129-S132.
66. Fu Y., Light A.R., Matsushima G.K., Maixner W. Microglial reactions after subcutaneous formalin injection into the rat hind paw. Brain Res. 825:1999;59-67.
67. 2: a role for cell surface glycosaminoglycans. Biochem. Pharmacol. 63:(1):2002;65-72.
68. Gammon C.M., Allen A.C., Morell P. Bradykinin stimulates phosphoinositide hydrolysis and mobilization of arachidonic acid in dorsal root ganglion neurons. J. Neurochem. 53:1989;95-101.
69. Garcia-Leme J., Hammamura L., Leite M.P., Rocha e Silva M. Pharmacological analysis of the acute inflammatory process induced in the rat's paw by local injection of carrageenin and by heating. Br. J. Pharmacol. 48:1973;88-96.
70. Garrison C.J., Dougherty P.M., Kajander K.C., Carlton S.M. Staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in lumbar spinal cord increases following a sciatic nerve constriction injury. Brain Res. 565:1991;1-7.
71. 2-homologue myotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops neuwiedii (yarara chica) from Argentina. Toxicon. 37:(12):1999;1735-1746.
72. Gillies G.W., Kenny G.N., Bullingham R.E., McArdle C.S. The morphine sparing effect of ketorolac tromethamine. A study of a new parenteral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent after abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia. 42:1987;727-731.
73. +currents in adult rat sensory neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 75:1996;2629-2646.
74. Granger D.N., Kubes P. The microcirculation and inflammation: modulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. J. Leukoc. Biol. 55:1994;662-675.
75. Greenberg S. Modular components of phagocytosis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66:1999;712-717.
76. Grisham M.B., Granger D.N., Lefer D.J. Modulation of leukocyte- endothelial interactions by reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen: relevance to ischemic heart disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 25:1998;404-433.
77. 2 and inflammatory cells in macroscopically normal, degenerated, and herniated human lumbar disc tissues. Spine. 21:1996;2531-2538.
78. 2 myotoxins from Bothrops snake venoms. Toxicon. 33:(11):1995;1405-1424.
79. Gutiérrez J.M., Rojas G., Lomonte B., Gené J.A., Cerdas L. Comparative study of the edema-forming activity of Costa Rican snake venoms and its neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 85C:1986;171-175.
80. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 274:(17):1999;11881-11881.
81. Harris J.B., Cullen M.J. Muscle necrosis caused by snake venoms and toxins. Electron Microsci. Rev. 3:1990;183-211.
82. 2 in the human astrocytoma cell line 1321N1. J. Biol. Chem. 273:(1):1998;606-612.
83. Holguin A., O'Connor K.A., Hansen M.K., Milligan E.D., Cheepsunthorn P., Bravmann C., Cochran K., Biedenkapp J., Martin D., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Nitric oxide mediates HIV-1 gp120-induced spinal proinflammatory cytokine production and low threshold mechanical allodynia. J. Pain. Suppl 2:2002;279.13.
84. Homsi-Brandeburgo M.I., Queiroz L.S., Santo-Neto H., Rodrigues-Simioni L., Giglio J.R. Fractionation of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom: partial chemical characterization and biological activity of bothropstoxin. Toxicon. 26:1988;615-627.
85. 2 in rat renal mesangial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1348:(3):1997;257-272.
86. James M.J., Penglis P.S., Caughey G.E., Demasi M., Cleland L.G. Eicosanoid production by human manocytes: does COX-2 contribute to a self-lomoting inflammatory response? Inflamm. Res. 50:2001;249-253.
87. 4: endothelial contraction. Am. J. Pathol. 126:1987;19-24.
88. 2 from Bothrops atrox snake venom. Biochem. Pharmacol. 64:(7):2002;1179-1186.
89. Khasar S.G., Miao F.J., Levine J.D. Inflammation modulates the contribution of receptor-subtypes to bradykinin-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Neuroscience. 69:1995;685-690.
90. Kidd B.L., Urban L.A. Mechanisms of inflammatory pain. Br. J. Anaesth. 87:2001;3-11.
91. 2 internalization and degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 276:(14):2001;11126-11134.
92. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 277:(39):2002;36479-36488.
93. King A.E., Thompson S.W., Urban L., Woolf C.J. An intracellular analysis of amino acid induced excitations of deep dorsal horn neurones in the rat spinal cord slice. Neurosci. Lett. 89:1988;286-292.
94. 2. Toxicon. 27:(6):1989;613-635.
95. Kyger E.M., Franson R.C. Nonspecific inhibition of enzymes by p-bromophenacyl bromide. Inhibition of human platelet phospholipase C and modification of sulfhydryl groups. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 794:(1):1984;96-103.
96. 4 export from human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 265:(23):1990;13438-13441.
97. 2 homologues: dissociation between enzymatic and biological activities. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 343:(2/3):1998;257-263.
98. 2. Toxicon. 38:(2):2000;199-208.
99. 2 homologue piratoxin-I in the rat and rabbit. Effect of polyanions and p-bromophenacyl bromide. Biochem. Pharmacol. 59:(10):2000;1289-1294.
100. Lane D.A., Lindahl U. Heparin: Chemical and Biological Properties, Clinical Application. 1989;Edward Arnold, London.
101. Levine J.D., Field H.L., Basbaum A.I. Peptides and the primary afferent nociceptor. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;2273-2286.
102. 2 depends on heparin chain length and amino acid specificity. FEBS Lett. 453:(3):1999;395-399.
103. 2 purified from porcine pancreas and snake venoms. Toxicon. 31:1993;949-956.
104. 2+influx, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, and histamine release induced by lysophosphatidylserine in mast cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 165:(1):1995;89-95.
105. Lomonte B., Gutiérrez J.M. A new muscle damaging toxin, myotoxin II, from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper (terciopelo). Toxicon. 27:1989;725-733.
106. Lomonte B., Tarkowski A., Hanson L.A. Host response to Bothrops asper snake venom. Analysis of edema formation, inflammatory cells, and cytokine release in a mouse model. Inflammation. 17:(2):1993;93-105.
107. 2 from Bothrops asper snake venom by glycosaminoglycans of heparin/heparan sulfate family. Biochem. Pharmacol. 47:1994;1509-1518.
108. 2 from Bothrops asper snake venom. Identification of a heparin-binding and cytolytic toxin region by the use of synthetic peptides and molecular modeling. J. Biol. Chem. 269:(47):1994;29867-29873.
109. Luster A.D. Chemokines: chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 338:1998;436-445.
110. Malmstrom K., Daniels S., Kotey P., Seidenberg B.C., Desjardins P.J. Comparison of rofecoxib and celecoxib, two cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, in postoperative dental pain: a randomized, placebo- and active-comparator- controlled clinical trial. Clin. Ther. 21:1999;1653-1663.
111. Mancuso L.C., Correa M.M., Vieira C.A., Cunha O.A.B., Lachat J.J., Selistre H.S.A., Ownby C.L., Giglio J.R. Fractionation of Bothrops pirajai snake venom: isolation and characterization of piratoxin-I, a new myotoxic protein. Toxicon. 33:1995;615-626.
112. 2 enzymes in human monocyte eicosanoid formation. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 469:1999;215-219.
113. 2 in arachidonic acid release from human neutrophils. J. Immunol. 164:(4):2000;2084-2091.
114. Matzner O., Devor M. Hyperexcitability at sites of nerve injury depends on voltage-sensitive Na+channels. J. Neurophysiol. 72:1994;349-359.
115. McLean P.G., Ahluwalia A., Perretti M. Association between kinin B1 receptor expression and leukocyte trafficking across mouse mesenteric post-capillary venules. J. Exp. Med. 192:2000;367-380.
116. McMahon S.B., Lewin G.R., Wall P.D. Central hyperexcitability triggered by noxious inputs. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 3:1993;602-610.
117. Meller S.T. Thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. A distinct role for different excitatory amino acid receptors and signal transduction pathways? APS J. 3:1994;215-231.
118. 2 myotoxins. Toxicon. 37:(1):1999;199-215.
119. Melo P.A., Homsi-Brandenburgo M.I., Giglio J.R., Suarez-Kurtz G. Antagonism of the myotoxic effects of Bothrops jararacussu venom and bothropstoxin by polyanions. Toxicon. 31:1993;285-291.
120. Mezey E., Toth Z.E., Cortright D.N., Arzubi M.K., Krause J.E., Elde R., Guo A., Blumberg P.M., Szallasi A. Distribution of mRNA for vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1), and VR1-like immunoreactivity, in the central nervous system of the rat and human. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;3655-3660.
121. Millan M.J. The induction of pain: an integrative review. Prog. Neurobiol. 57:1999;1-164.
122. Mizumura K., Minagawa M., Koda H., Kumazawa T. Influence of histamine on the bradykinin response of canine testicular polymodal receptors in vitro. Inflamm. Res. 44:1995;376-378.
123. Moore P.A., Hersh E.V. Celecoxib and rofecoxib. The role of COX-2 inhibitors in dental practice. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 132:2001;451-456.
124. 2 induced oedema in rat skin and histamine release in rat mast cells. Evidence for involvement of lysophospholipids in the mechanism of action. Agents Actions. 36:1992;258-263.
125. 2 enzymes: regulation and physiological role. Biochem. Pharmacol. 48:1994;1-10.
126. 2 with the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored heparan sulfate proteoglycan in the cyclooxygenase-2-mediated delayed prostanoid-biosynthetic pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;29927-29936.
127. 2 and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 96:(4):1991;311-316.
128. 2-induced inflammation. Inflammation. 17:(2):1993;205-215.
129. 2, cytokines and eicosanoids in patients with burns. Burns. 21:1995;422-426.
130. Nakamura M., Ferreira S.H. A peripheral sympathetic component in inflammatory hyperalgesia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 135:1987;145-153.
131. Needham L., Hellewell P.G., Williams T.J., Gordon J.L. Endothelial functional responses and increased vascular permeability induced by polycations. Lab. Invest. 59:(4):1988;538-548.
132. 2 in inflammatory diseases and trauma. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1488:2000;83-90.
133. 2 from Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus snake venom: synthetic C-terminal peptides from Lys49, but not from Asp49 myotoxins, exert membrane-damaging activities. Toxicon. 39:2001;1587-1594.
134. Ohsaka A. Hemorrhagic, necrotizing and edema-forming effects of snake venoms. Lee C.Y. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Snake Venoms. vol. 52:1979;480-546 Springer, Berlin.
135. Oshima-Franco Y., Leite G.B., Silva G.H., Cardoso D.F., Hyslop S., Giglio J.R., da Cruz-Hofling M.A., Rodrigues-Simioni L. Neutralization of the pharmacological effects of bothropstoxin-I from Bothrops jararacussu (jararacucu) venom by crotoxin antiserum and heparin. Toxicon. 39:(10):2001;1477-1485.
136. 2 proteins. Toxicon. 37:1999;411-445.
137. 2 sensitivity of the dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion. Spine. 23:1998;1297-1306.
138. Padawer J. Cytological studies on normal and surviving mast cells in vitro. Am. J. Anat. 127:(2):1970;159-179.
139. Page I.H. The discovery of serotonin. Perspect. Biol. Med. 20:1976;1-8.
140. Parada C.A., Vivancos G.G., Tambeli C.H., de Queiroz Cunha F., Ferreira S.H. Activation of presynaptic NMDA receptors coupled to NaV1.8-resistant sodium channel C-fibers causes retrograde mechanical nociceptor sensitization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100:2003;2923-2928.
141. 2 from Bothrops asper snake venom - synthetic Lys49 myotoxin II-(115-129)-peptide identifies its bactericidal region. Eur. J. Biochem. 253:1998;452-461.
142. 2 activity. J Protein Chem. 17:1998;381-386.
143. Pinheiro R.M., Campos M.M., Calixto J.B. Analysis of the mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response induced by des-Arg9-bradykinin in the rat pleural cavity. Inflamm. Res. 50:2001;570-576.
144. 2 activity in herniated lumbar discs. Clinical correlation and inhibition by piroxicam. Spine. 22:1997;2061-2065.
145. Poole S., Lorenzetti B.B., Cunha J.M., Cunha F.Q., Ferreira S.H. Bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors, tumour necrosis factor alpha and inflammatory hyperalgesia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 126:1999;649-656.
146. Proud D., Kaplan A.P. Kinin formation: mechanisms and role in inflammatory disorders. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 6:1988;49-83.
147. Proud D., Togias A., Naclerio R.M., Crush S.A., Norman P.S., Lichtenstein L.M. Kinins are generated in vivo following nasal airway challenge of allergic individuals with allergen. J. Clin. Invest. 72:1983;1678-1685.
148. 2 activities on phagocytic functions of human polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes. Inflammation. 15:1991;127-135.
149. Rabinovitch M., De Stefano M.J. Macrophage spreading in vitro. I. Inducers of spreading. Exp. Cell. Res. 77:1973;323-334.
150. Reasbeck P.G., Rice M.L., Reasbeck J.C. Double-blind controlled trial of indomethacin as an adjunct to narcotic analgesia after major abdominal surgery. Lancet. 2:1982;115-118.
151. Regoli D.C., Marceau F., Lavigne J. Induction of B1 receptors for kinins in the rabbit by a bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 71:1981;105-115.
152. Ren K., Dubner R. NMDA receptor antagonists attenuate mechanical hyperalgesia in rats with unilateral inflammation of the hindpaw. Neurosci. Lett. 163:1993;22-26.
153. Richardson B.P., Engel G. The pharmacology and function of 5-HT3 receptors. Trends Neurosci. 9:1986;424-427.
154. Riedel W., Neeck G. Nociception, pain, and antinociception: current concepts. J. Rheumatol. 60:2001;404-415.
155. 2 induces vascular endothelial cell migration. Blood. 96:2000;3809-3815.
156. Rojas G., Gutiérrez J.M., Gené J.A., Gómez M., Cerdas L. Neutralización de las actividades tóxicas y enzimáticas de cuatro venenos de serpientes de Guatemala y Honduras por el antiveneno polivalente producido en Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 35:1987;59-67.
157. 2 from snake venoms. Lee C.Y. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Snake Venoms. vol. 52:1979;403 Springer, Berlin.
158. Roy M.L., Narahashi T. Differential properties of tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;2104-2111.
159. Ryan G.B., Majno G. Antiinflammation. A review. Am. J. Pathol. 86:1977;183-276.
160. Saal J.A., Saal J.S., Herzog R.J. The natural history of lumbar intervertebral disc extrusions treated nonoperatively. Spine. 15:1990;683-686.
161. 2+channels on pain transmission. Neurosci. Res. 43:2002;1-7.
162. Samuelsson B., Dahlen S.E., Lindgren J.A., Rouzer C.A., Serhan C.N. Leukotrienes and lipoxins: structures, biosynthesis, and biological effects. Science. 237:1987;1171-1176.
163. Sann H., Jancso G., Rossler W., Pierau F.K. Reduction of sub stance P binding sites in the spinal dorsal horn after perineural capsaicin treatment in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 190:1995;151-154.
164. Santana A., Hyslop S., Antunes E., Mariano M., Bakhle Y.S., de Nucci G. Inflammatory responses induced by poly-L-arginine in rat lungs in vivo. Agents Actions. 39:(3/4):1993;104-110.
165. 2 in human acute pancreatitis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 15:1980;633-636.
166. Schwartz L.B. Mast cells: function and contents. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6:(1):1994;91-97.
167. Scott K.F., Bryant K.J., Bidgood M.J. Functional coupling and differential regulation of the phospholipase A2-cyclooxygenase pathways in inflammation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66:1999;535-541.
168. 2 present in rheumatoid arthritic synovial fluid. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;5335-5338.
169. 4 by human leucocytes in vitro. Pancreas. 9:(1):1994;37-41.
170. 2 enzymes: classification and characterization. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1488:2000;1-19.
171. Smith W.L. Prostanoid biosynthesis and mechanisms of action. Am. J. Physiol. 263:1992;181-191.
172. Smith W.L., Deitt D.L., Garavito R.M. Cyclooxygenases: structural, cellular, and molecular biology. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69:2000;145-182.
173. Soares A.M., Rodrigues V.M., Homsi-Brandeburgo M.I., Toyama M.H., Lombardi F.R., Arni R.K., Giglio J.R. A rapid procedure for the isolation of the Lys-49 myotoxin II from Bothrops moojeni (caissaca) venom: biochemical characterization, crystallization, myotoxic and edematogenic activity. Toxicon. 36:(3):1998;503-514.
174. 2 homologue from Bothrops neuwiedi pauloensis venom. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 378:(2):2000;201-209.
175. 2 from Bothrops pirajai snake venom. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 387:(2):2001;188-196.
176. 2 homologue from the venom of Cerrophidion (Bothrops) godmani. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1384:1998;204-208.
177. Springer T.A. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell. 28:1994;301-314.
178. 2 from human nasal lavage. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 11:1994;108-113.
179. 2 from synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Biochem (Tokyo). 100:1986;1297-1303.
180. Steinbusch H.W.M., Mulder A.H. Localization and projections of histamine-immunorreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the rat. Ganellin C.R., Schwartz J.C. Frontiers in Histamine Research. 1985;119-130 Pergamon Press, Oxford.
181. Sweitzer S.M., Colburn R.W., Rutkowski M., DeLeo J.A. Acute peripheral inflammation induces moderate glial activation and spinal IL-1beta expression that correlates with pain behaviour in the rat. Brain Res. 829:1999;209-221.
182. Thompson S.W., Dray A., Urban L. Injury-induced plasticity of spinal reflex activity: NK1 neurokinin receptor activation and enhanced A- and C-fiber mediated responses in the rat spinal cord in vitro. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;3672-3687.
183. Tiffany C.W., Burch R.M. Bradykinin stimulates tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 release from macrophages. FEBS Lett. 247:1989;189-192.
184. Toyama M.H., Mancuso L.C., Giglio J.R., Novello J.C., Oliveira B., Marangoni S. A quick procedure for the isolation of dimeric piratoxins-I and II, two myotoxins from Bothrops pirajai snake venom. N-terminal sequencing. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 37:1995;1047-1055.
185. Treede R.D., Cole J.D. Dissociated secondary hyperalgesia in a subject with a large-fibre sensory neuropathy. Pain. 53:1993;169-174.
186. 2 from Callosellasma rhodostoma venom gland cloning and sequencing of 10 of the cDNAs, three-dimensional modelling and chemical modification of the major isozyme. Eur. J. Biochem. 267:(22):2000;6684-6691.
187. Urban M.O., Gebhart G.F. Supraspinal contributions to hyperalgesia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;7687-7692.
188. Uvnas B. Release process in mast cells and their activation by injury. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 116:1964;880-890.
189. 2 levels: correlation with the hemodynamic and pulmonary changes in Gram-negative septic shock. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 104:1984;873-881.
190. 2 in the pathobiology of disease. Lab. Invest. 55:1986;391-404.
191. 2. Am. J. Pathol. 134:1989;807-811.
192. Vanegas H., Schaible H. Effects of antagonists to high-threshold calcium channels upon spinal mechanisms of pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia. Pain. 85:2000;9-18.
193. 2 enzymes from habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) venom and their interaction with the alkaloid aristolochic acid. Toxicon. 25:(5):1987;501-515.
194. 2 enzymes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 190:1990;347-354.
195. 2 enzymes from Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 44:1992;300-305.
196. Watkins L.R., Martin D., Ulrich P., Tracey K.J., Maier S.F. Evidence for the involvement of spinal cord glia in subcutaneous formalin induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Pain. 71:1997;225-235.
197. Waxman S.G., Kocsis J.D., Black J.A. Type III sodium channel mRNA is expressed in embryonic but not adult spinal sensory neurons, and is reexpressed following axotomy. J. Neurophysiol. 72:1994;466-470.
198. Willoughby D.A., Moore A.R., Colville-Nash P.R. COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3 and the future treatment of chronic inflammatory disease. Lancet. 355:2000;646-648.
199. Winkelstein B.A., Rutkowski M.D., Sweitzer S.M., Pahl J.L., DeLeo J.A. Nerve injury proximal or distal to the DRG induces similar spinal glial activation and selective cytokine expression but differential behavioural responses to pharmacologic treatment. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:2001;127-139.
200. Woolf C.J. Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity. Nature. 306:1983;686-688.
201. Woolf C.J., Costigan M. Transcriptional and posttranslational plasticity and the generation of inflammatory pain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:1999;7723-7730.
202. Woolf C.J., Thompson S.W. The induction and maintenance of central sensitization is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation; implications for the treatment of post-injury pain hypersensitivity states. Pain. 44:1991;293-299.
203. Woolf C.J., Wall P.D. Relative effectiveness of C primary afferent fibers of different origins in evoking a prolonged facilitation of the flexor reflex in the rat. J. Neurosci. 6:1986;1433-1442.
204. Yoshimura M., Jessell T. Amino acid-mediated EPSPs at primary afferent synapses with substantial gelatinosa neurones in the rat spinal cord. J. Physiol. 430:1990;315-335.