Papillomavirus 3' UTR regulatory elements

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 13, Issue 15, 2008, Pages 5646-5663

  Graham, Sheila V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

BPV1; HPV1; HPV16; HPV31; Late gene expression; mRNA stability 3' Untranslated Region; Papillomavirus; Polyadenylation; Post Transcriptional control; Review; RNA processing; RNA protein interactions; Terminal Exon Definition

Indexed keywords

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 16; MIRIDAE; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE;

VIRUS RNA;

3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; CLASSIFICATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETICS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; PAPILLOMA VIRUS; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1; REGULATORY SEQUENCE; REVIEW; RNA PROCESSING;

3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, VIRAL; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE; PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1, HUMAN; REGULATORY SEQUENCES, NUCLEIC ACID; RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL; RNA, VIRAL; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 52049125935     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/3107     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Munoz, N., Bosch, F.X., de Sanjosé, S., Herrero, R., Castellsague, X., Shah, K.V., Snijders, P.J.F., Meijer, C.J. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 518-527 (2003) (Pubitemid 36159887)
2. Howley, P.M. In Fields, B.N., Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M. (eds), Fields Virology. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, Pa., pp. 2045-2076 (1996)
3. Bosch, F.X., Manos, M.M., Munoz, N. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 87, 796-802 (1995)
4. Stanley, M.A. Human papillomavirus vaccines. Rev. Med. Virol., 16, 139-149 (2006) (Pubitemid 43864963)
5. Giroglou, T., Florin, L., Schäfer, F., Streeck, R. E., Sapp, M. Human papillomavirus infection requires cell surface heparan sulfate. J. Virol. 75, 1565-1570 2001. (Pubitemid 32094716)
6. Evander M., Frazer, I. H., Payne, E., Qi, Y M., Hengst, K., McMillan, N. A. Identification of the alhpa6 integrin as a candidate receptor for papillomaviruses. J. Virol. 71, 2449-2456. (1997) (Pubitemid 27078628)
7. Longworth, M.S., Laimins, L.A. Pathogenesis of human papillomaviruses in differentiating epithelia. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 68, 362-372 (2004) (Pubitemid 38756870)
8. Peh, W.L., Middleton, K., Christensen, N., Nicholls, P., Egawa, K., Sotlar, K., Brandsma, J., Percival, A., Lewis, J., Liu, W.J., Doorbar, J. Life cycle heterogeneity in animal models of human papillomavirus-associated disease. J. Virol., 76, 10411-10416 (2002)
9. Milligan, S. G., Veerapraditsin, T., Ahamat, B., Mole, S., Graham, S. V. Analysis of novel human papillomavirus type 16 late mRNAs in differentiated W12 cervical epithelial cells. Virology 360, 172-181 (2007) (Pubitemid 46335715)
10. Baker, C.C., Howley, P.M. Differential promoter utilization by the bovine papillomavirus in transformed cells and productively infected wart tissues. EMBO J., 6, 1027-1035 (1987)
11. Choe, J., Vaillancourt, P., Stenlund, A., Botchan, M.R. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 encodes two forms of a transcriptional repressor: structural and functional analysis of new viral cDNAs. J. Virol., 63, 1743-1755 1989) (Pubitemid 19085989)
12. Smotkin, D., Wettstein, F.O. Transcription of human papillomavirus type 16 early genes in a cervical cancer and a cancer-derived cell line and identification of the E7 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 4680-4684 (1986) (Pubitemid 16075465)
13. Smotkin, D., Prokoph, H., Wettstein, F.O. Oncogenic and nononcogenic human genital papillomaviruses generate the E7 mRNA by different mechanisms. J. Virol., 63, 1441-1447 (1989) (Pubitemid 19061390)
14. Doorbar, J., Parton, A., Hartley, K., Banks, L., Crook, T., Stanley, M.A., and Crawford, L. Detection of novel splicing patterns in a HPV-16-containing keratinocyte cell line. Virology, 178, 254-262 (1990) (Pubitemid 20276690)
15. Grassman, K., Rapp, B., Maschek, H., Petry, K.U., Iftner, T. Identification of a differentiation-inducible promoter in the E7 open reading frame of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) in raft cultures of a new cell line containing high copy numbers of episomal HPV-16 DNA. J. Virol., 70, 2339-2349 (1996)
16. Ozbun, M.A., Meyers, C. Temporal usage of multiple promoters during the life cycle of human papillomavirus type 31b. J. Virol., 72, 2715-2722 (1998) (Pubitemid 28175506)
17. Steger, G., Corbach, S. Dose-dependent regulation of the early promoter of human papillomavirus type 18 by the viral E2 protein. J. Virol., 71, 50-58 (1997) (Pubitemid 26412264)
18. Hummel, M., Hudson, J.B., Laimins, L.A. Differentiation-induced and constitutive transcription of human papillomavirus type 31b in cell lines containing viral episomes. J. Virol., 66, 6070-6080 (1992)
19. Baker, C.C., Noe, J.S. Transcription termination between bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) early and late polyadenylation sites blocks late transcription in BPV-1-transformed cells. J. Virol., 63, 3529-3534 (1989) (Pubitemid 19181418)
20. Öberg, D., Collier, B., Zhao, X., and Schwartz, S. Mutational inactivation of two distinct negative RNA elements in the human papillomavirus type 16 L2 coding region induces production of high levels of L2 in human cells. J. Virol., 77, 11674-11684 (2003) (Pubitemid 37271666)
21. Terhune, S.S., Milcarek, C., Laimins, L.A. Regulation of human papillomavirus type 31 polyadenylation during the differentiation-dependent life cycle. J. Virol., 73, 7185-7192 (1999) (Pubitemid 29383199)
22. Terhune, S.S., Hubert, W.G., Thomas, J.T., Laimins, L.A. Early polyadenylation signals of human papillomavirus type 31 negatively regulates capsid gene expression. J. Virol., 75, 8147-8157 (2001) (Pubitemid 32743687)
23. Stoler, M.H., Wolinsky, S.M., Whitbeck, A., Broker, T.R., Chow, L.T. Differentiation-linked human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 transcription in genital condylomata revealed by in situ hybridisation with message-specific RNA probes. Virology, 172, 331-340 (1989) (Pubitemid 19221458)
24. Beyer-Finkler, E., Stoler, M. H., Girardi, F., Pfister, H. J. Cell differentiation-related gene expression of human papillomavirus 33. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 179, 185-192 (1990) (Pubitemid 20343615)
25. Koffa, M.D., Graham, S.V., Takagaki, Y., Manley, J.L., Clements, J.B. The human papillomavirus type 16 negative regulatory element interacts with three proteins that act at different posttranscriptional levels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 4677-4682 (2000) (Pubitemid 30238617)
26. Wang, J., Manley, J.L. Regulation of pre-mRNA splicing in metazoa. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev., 7, 205-211 (1997) (Pubitemid 27206759)
27. Shatkin, A.J., Manley, J.L. The ends of the affair: Capping and polyadenylation. Nat. Struct. Biol., 7, 838-842 (2000)
28. Cullen B. Nuclear RNA export. J. Cell .Sci., 116, 587-597 (2007) (Pubitemid 36231297)
29. Mitchell, P., Tollervey, D. mRNA stability in eukaryotes. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev., 10, 193-198 (2000) (Pubitemid 30182253)
30. Proud, C.G. In Chapman, K.E., Higgins, S.J. (eds), Regulation of Gene Expression. Portland Press, London, Vol. 37, pp. 97-108 (2001)
31. Bentley, D. Coupling RNA polymerase II transcription with pre-mRNA processing. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 11, 347-351 (1999) (Pubitemid 29273806)
32. Hirose, Y., Manley, J. L. RNA polymerase II and the integration of nuclear events. Genes Dev. 14, 1415-1429. (2000) (Pubitemid 30421835)
33. Black, D.L. Mechanisms of alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing. Annu .Rev. Biochem., 72, 291-336 (2003) (Pubitemid 36930448)
34. Smith, C.W.J., Valcárcel, J. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing: the logic of combinatorial control. Trends Biochem. Sci., 25, 381-388 (2000) (Pubitemid 30497249)
35. Colgan D.F., Manley, J. L. Mechanisms and regulation of mRNA polyadenylation. Genes Dev. 11, 2755-2766 (1997)
36. Hieronymus, H., Silver, P. A. A systems view of mRNP biology. Genes Dev. 18, 2845-2860 (2004) (Pubitemid 39602303)
37. Singh, G., Lykke-Andersen. New insights into the formation of active nonsense-mediated decay complexes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 28, 464-466 (2003) (Pubitemid 38340407)
38. Wilusz, C., Wang, W., Peltz, S. W. Curbing the nonsense: the activation and regulation of mRNA surveillance. Genes Dev. 15, 2781-2785 (2001) (Pubitemid 33042048)
39. Sandri-Goldin, R. M. Interaction between a herpes simplex virus regulatory protein and cellular mRNA processing pathways. Methods 16, 95-104 (1998)
40. Malik, P., Schirmer, E.C. The Kaposi's sarcomaassociated herpesvirus ORF57 protein: a pleurotropic regulator of gene expression. Biochem. Soc Trans., 34, 705-710 (2006) (Pubitemid 44796403)
41. Belsham, G.J., Jackson, R.J. In Sonenberg, N., Hershey, J.W.B., and Mathews, M.B. (eds), Translational control of gene expression. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbour, NY, pp. 869-900 (2000)
42. Ropers, D., Ayadi, L., Gattoni, R., Jacquenet, S., Damier, L., Branlant, C., Stevenin, J. Differential effects of the SR proteins 9G8, SC35, ASF/SF2, and SRp40 on the utilization of the A1 to A5 splicing sistes of HIV-1 RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 279(29), 29963-29973 (2004) (Pubitemid 38937916)
43. Ashe, M. P., Pearson, L. H., Proudfoot, NJ. The HIV-1 5' LTR poly(A) site is inactivated by U1 snRNP interaction with the downstream major splice donor site. EMBO J. 16, 5752-5763 (1997) (Pubitemid 27399866)
44. Klasens, B. I. F., Thiesen, M., Virtanen, A., and Berhout, B. The ability of the HIV-1 AAUAAA signal to bind polyadenylation factors is controlled by local RNA structure. Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 446-454 (1999) (Pubitemid 29210007)
45. Gilmartin, G.M., Fleming, E.S., Oetjen, J., Graveley, B.R. CPSF recognition of an HIV-1 mRNA 3' processing enhancer: multiple sequence contacts involved in poly(A) site definition. Genes Dev., 9, 72-83 (1995)
46. Moriera, A., Wollerton, M., Monks, J., Proudfoot, N. Upstream sequence elements enhance poly(A) site efficiency of the C2 complement gene and are phylogenetically conserved. EMBO J., 14, 3809-3819 (1995)
47. Brackenridge, S., Proudfoot, N. Recruitment of a basal polyadenylation factor by the upstream sequence element of the human lamin B2 polyadenylation signal. Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 2660-2669 (2000) (Pubitemid 30183484)
48. DeZazzo, J.D., Imperiale, M.J. Sequences upstream of AAUAAA influence poly(A) site selection in a complex transcription unit. Mol. Cell .Biol., 9, 4951-4961 (1989) (Pubitemid 19275965)
49. Prescott, J., Falck-Pedersen, E. Sequence elements upstream of the 3' cleavage site confer substrate strength to the adenovirus L1 and L3 polyadenylation sites. Mol .Cell. Biol., 14, 4692-4693 (1994)
50. Russnak, R., Ganem, D. Sequences 5' to the polyadenylation signal mediate differential poly(A) site use in hepatitis B viruses. Genes Dev., 4, 764-776 (1990)
51. Sanfaçon, H., Brodmann, P., Hohn, T. A dissection of the cauliflower mosaic virus polyadenylation signal. Genes Dev., 5, 141-149 (1991) (Pubitemid 21905870)
52. Lutz, C.S., Alwine, J.C. Direct interaction of the U1 snRNP-A protein with the upstream efficiency element of the SV40 late polyadenylation signal. Genes Dev., 8, 576-586 (1994) (Pubitemid 24086127)
53. Lutz, C.S., Murthy, K.G.K., Schek, N., O'Connor, J.P., Manley, J.L., Alwine, J.C. Interaction between the U1 snRNP-A protein and the 160 kD subunit of cleavagepolyadenylation specificity factor increases polyadenylation efficiency in vitro. Genes Dev., 10, 325-337 (1996) (Pubitemid 26058965)
54. Moriera, A., Takagaki, Y., Brackenridge, S., Wollerton, M., Manley, J.L., and Proudfoot, N.J. The upstream sequence element of the C2 complement poly(A) signal activates mRNA 3' end formation by two distinct mechanisms. Genes Dev., 12, 2522-2534 (1998) (Pubitemid 28406955)
55. Boelens, W. C., Jansen, E. J. R., van Venrooij, W. J., Stripecke, R., Mattaj, I. M., Gunderson, S. I. The human U1 snRNP-specific U1A protein inhibits polyadenylation of its own pre-mRNA. Cell 72, 881-892 (1993) (Pubitemid 23110230)
56. Ko, B. and Gunderson, S. I. Identification of new poly(A) polymerase-inhibitory proteins capable of regulating pre-mRNA polyadenylation. J. Mol. Biol. 318, 1189-1206 (2002) (Pubitemid 34753991)
57. Millevoi, S., Geraghty, F., Idowu, B., Tam, J. L. Y., Antoniou, M., Vagner, S. A novel function for the U2AF 65 splicing factor in promoting pre-mRNA 3'-end processing. EMBO Reports 3, 869-874 (2002) (Pubitemid 35154113)
58. Phillips, C., Jung, S., and Gunderson, S. I. Regulation of nuclear poly(A) addition controls the expression of immunoglobulin M secretory mRNA. EMBO J. 20, 6443-6452 (2001) (Pubitemid 33078717)
59. Phillips, C., Pachikara, N., Gunderson, S. I. U1A inhibits cleavage at the immunoglobulin M heavy-chain secretory poly(A) site by binding between the two downstream GU-rich regions. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 6162-6171 (2004) (Pubitemid 38891119)
60. Beckley, S. A., Liu, P., Stover, M. L., Gunderson, S. I., Lichtler, A. C., Rowe, D. W. Reduction of target gene expression by a modified U1 snRNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 2815-2825 (2001) (Pubitemid 32244925)
61. Gunderson, S.I., Polycarpou-Schwarz, M., Mattaj, I.W. U1 snRNP inhibits pre-mRNA polyadenylation through a direct interaction between U1 70K and poly(A) polymerase. Mol. Cell, 1, 255-264 (1998) (Pubitemid 128378666)
62. Ashe, M. P., Furger, A., Proudfoot, N. J. Stem-loop 1 of the U1 snRNP plays a critical role in the suppression of HIV-1 polyadenylation. RNA 6, 170-177 (2000) (Pubitemid 30091588)
63. Vagner, S., Rûegsegger, U., Gunderson, S. I., Keller, W., Mattaj, I. W. Position-dependent inhibition of the cleavage step of pre-mRNA 3' end processing by U1 snRNP. RNA 6, 178-188 (2000) (Pubitemid 30091589)
64. Brennan, C.M., Steitz, J.A. HuR and mRNA stability. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 58, 266-277 (2001) (Pubitemid 32217358)
65. Peng, S.S.-Y., Cehn, C.-Y.A., Xu, N., Shyu, A.-B. RNA stabilization by the AU-rich element binding protein, HuR, an ELAV protein. EMBO J., 17, 3461-3470 (1998) (Pubitemid 28279518)
66. Fan, X.C., Steitz, J.A. Overexpression of HuR, a nuclearcytoplasmic shuttling protein, increases the in vivo stability of ARE-containing mRNAs. EMBO J., 17, 3448-3460 (1998) (Pubitemid 28279517)
67. Kiledjian, M., DeMaria, C.T., Brewer, G., Novick, K. Identification of AUF1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D) as a component of the a-globin mRNA stability complex. Mol. Cell. Biol., 17, 4870-4876 (1997) (Pubitemid 27318162)
68. Sela-Brown, A., Silver, J., Brewer, G., Naveh-Many, T. Identification of AUF1 as a parathyroid hormone mRNA 3'-untranslated region-binding protein that determines parathyroid hormone mRNA stability. J. Biol .Chem., 275, 7424-7429 (2000) (Pubitemid 30146298)
69. Carballo, E., Lai, W.S., Blackshear, P.J. Feedback inhibition of macrophage tumour necrosis factor-alpha production by tristetraprolin. Mol. Cell. Biol., 281, 1001-1005 (1998) (Pubitemid 28399252)
70. Levy NS., Chung, S., Furneaux, H., Levy, AP. Hypoxic stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by the RNA-binding protein HuR. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 6417-6423 (1998) (Pubitemid 28144735)
71. Hitti, E., Iakovleva, T., Brook, M., Deppenmeier, S., Gruber, A.D., Radzioch, D., Clark, A.R., Blackshear, P.J., Kotyarov, A., Gaestel, M. Mitogen-activated protein kinaseactivated protein kinase 2 regulates tumor necrosis factor mRNA stability and translation mainly by altering tristetraprolin expression, stability, and binding to adenine/uridine-rich element. Mol. Cell. Biol., 26, 2399-2407 (2006) (Pubitemid 43346938)
72. Kawai.T., Lal, A, Yang, X., Galban, S., Mazan-Mamczarz, K., Gorospe, M. Translational control of cytochrome c by RNA-binding proteins TIA-1 and HuR. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 3295-3307 (2006)
73. Rouault, TA. The role of iron regulatory proteins in mammalian iron homeostasis and disease. Nat. Chem. Biol., 2, 406-414 (2006) (Pubitemid 44114917)
74. Furth, P.A., Baker, C.C. An element in the bovine papillomavirus late 3' untranslated region reduces polyadenylation cytoplasmic RNA levels. J. Virol., 65, 5806-5812 (1991)
75. Furth, P.A., Choe, W.-T., Rex, J.H., Byrne, J.C., Baker, C.C. Sequences homologous to 5' splice sites are required for the inhibitory activity of papillomavirus late 3' untranslated regions. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14, 5278-5289 (1994)
76. Gunderson, S.I., Beyer, K., Martin, G., Keller, W., Boelens, W.C., Mattaj, I.M. the human U1A snRNP protein regulates polyadenylation via a direct interaction with poly(A) polymerase. Cell, 76, 531-541 (1994) (Pubitemid 24064173)
77. Tan, W., Schwartz, S. The rev protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 counteracts the effect of an AU-rich negative element in the human papillomavirus type 1 late 3' untranslated region. J. Virol., 69, 2932-2945 (1995)
78. Sokolowski, M., Zhao, C., Tan, W., Schwartz, S. AU-rich mRNA instability elements on human papillomavirus type 1 late mRNAs and c-fos mRNAs interact with the same cellular factors. Oncogene, 15, 2303-2319 (1997) (Pubitemid 27496981)
79. Tan, W., Felber, B.K., Zolotukhin, A.S., Pavlakis, G.N., Schwartz, S. Efficient expression of the human papillomavirus type 16 L1 protein in epithelial cells by using rev and the rev-response element of human immunodeficiency virus or the cis-acting transactivation element of simian retrovirus type 1. J. Virol., 69, 5607-5620 (1995)
80. Krecic, AM. Swanson, MS. hnRNP A1 complexes: composition, structure, and function. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11, 363-371 (1999) (Pubitemid 29273808)
81. Sokolowski, M., Furneaux, H., Schwartz, S. The inhibitory activity of the AU-rich RNA element in the human papillomavirus type 1 late 3' untranslated region correlates with its affinity for the elav-like HuR protein. J .Virol., 73, 1080-1091 (1999) (Pubitemid 29036759)
82. Mazan-Mamczarz, K., Galban, S., López de Silanes, I., Martindale, J. L., Atasoy, U., Keene, J. D., Gorospe, M. RNA-binding HuR enhances p53 translation in response to ultraviolet light irradiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8354-8359 (2003) (Pubitemid 36842549)
83. Lal, A, Kawai, T., Yang, X., Mazan-Mamczarz, K., Gorospe, M. Anti-apoptotic function of RNA-binding HuR effected through prothymosin a. EMBO J. 24, 1852-1862 (2005) (Pubitemid 40769504)
84. Kullman, M., Gopfert, U., Siewe, B., Hengst, L. ELAV/Hu proteins inhibit p27 translation via an IRES element in the p27 5'UTR. Genes Dev. 16, 3087-3099 (2002) (Pubitemid 35424195)
85. Meng, Z., King, P. H., Nabors, L. B., Jackson, N. L., Chen, C. Y., Emanuel, P. D., Blume, S. W. The ELAV RNA-stability factor HuR binds the 5'-untranslated region of the human IGF-IR transcript and differentially represses cap-dependent and IRES-mediated translation. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 2962-2979 (2005) (Pubitemid 41518704)
86. Carlsson, A., Schwartz, S. Inhibitory activity of the human papillomavirus type 1 AU-rich element correlates inversely with the levels of the elav-like HuR protein in the cell cytoplasm. Archives Virol. 145, 491-503 (2000) (Pubitemid 30172071)
87. Wiklund, L., Sokolowski, M., Carlsson, A., Rush, M., Schwartz, S. Inhibition of translation by UAUUUAU and UAUUUUUAU motifs of the AU-rich RNA instability element in the HPV-1 late 3' untranslation region. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 40462-40471 (2002) (Pubitemid 35215623)
88. Zhao, X., Rush, M., Carlsson, A., Schwartz, S. The presence of inhibitory RNA elements in the late 3'-untranslated region is a conserved property of human papillomaviruses. Virus Res. 125, 135-144 (2007) (Pubitemid 46589674)
89. Kennedy, I.M., Haddow, J.K., Clements, J.B. Analysis of human papillomavirus type 16 late mRNA 3' processing signals in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol., 64, 1825-1829 (1990) (Pubitemid 20104924)
90. Dietrich-Goetz, W., Kennedy, I.M., Levins, B., Stanley, M.A., Clements, J.B. A cellular 65kDa protein recognizes the negative regulatory element of human papillomavirus late mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 163-168 (1997) (Pubitemid 27027180)
91. Cumming, S.A., McPhillips, M.G., Veerapraditsin, T., Milligan, S.G., Graham, S.V. Activity of the human papillomavirus type 16 late negative regulatory element is partly due to four weak consensus 5' splice sites that bind a U1 snRNP-like complex. J. Virol., 77, 5167-5177 (2003) (Pubitemid 36460931)
92. Cumming, S.A., Repellin, C.E., McPhillips, M., Radford, J.C., Clements, J.B., Graham, S.V. The human papillomavirus type 31 late 3' untranslated region contains a complex bipartite negative regulatory element. J. Virol., 76, 5993-6003 (2002) (Pubitemid 34556294)
93. Stanley, M.A., Browne, H.M., Appelby, M., Minson, A.C. Properties of a non-tumourigenic human cervical keratinocyte cell line. Int. J. Cancer, 43, 672-676 (1989) (Pubitemid 19110104)
94. Jeon, S., Allen-Hoffman, B.L., Lambert, P.F. Integration of human papillomavirus type 16 into the human genome correlates with a selective growth advantage of cells. J. Virol., 69, 2989-2997 (1995)
95. McPhillips, M.G., Veerapraditsin, T., Cumming, S.A., Karali, D., Milligan, S.G., Boner, W., Morgan, I.M., Graham, S.V. SF2/ASF binds the human papillomavirus type 16 late RNA control element and is regulated during epithelial differentiation. J. Virol., 78, 10598-10605 (2004) (Pubitemid 39258386)
96. Berget, S. Exon recognition in vertebrate splicing. J. Biol. Chem., 270, 2411-2414 (1995)
97. Wassarman, K.M., Steitz, J.A. Association with terminal exons in pre-mRNAs: a new role for the U1 snRNP? Genes Dev., 7, 647-659 (1993) (Pubitemid 23125264)
98. Zhang, M.Q. Statistical features of human exons and their flanking regions. Human Mol. Gen., 7, 919-932 (1998) (Pubitemid 28221257)
99. Izaurralde, E., Jarnolowski, A., Beisel, C., Mattaj, I.W., Dreyfuss, G., Fischer, V. A role for the M9 transport signal of hnRNP A1 in mRNA nuclear export. J. Cell Biol., 137, 27-35 (1997) (Pubitemid 27167293)
100. Zhao, X., Rush, M., Schwartz, S. Identification of an hnRNP A1-dependent splicing silencer in the human papillomavirus type 16 L1 coding region that prevents premature expression of the late L1 gene. J. Virol., 78, 10888-10905 (2004) (Pubitemid 39299629)
101. Zhu, J., Mayeda, A., Krainer, A. R. Exon identity established through differential antagonism between exonic splicing silencer-bound hnRNP A1 and enhancer-bound SR proteins. Mol. Cell 8, 1351-1361 (2001) (Pubitemid 34086947)
102. Damgaard, CR. and Tange, TØ. Kjems J. hnRNP A1 controls HIV-1 mRNA splicing through cooperative binding to intron and exon splicing silencers in the context of a conserved secondary structure. RNA 8, 1401-1415 (2002.) (Pubitemid 35332964)
103. Marchand, V., Méreau, A., Jacquenet, S., Thomas, D., Mougin, A., Gattoni, R., Stévenin, J., Branlant, C. A Janus splicing regulatory element modulates HIV-1 tat and rev mRNA production by coordination of hnRNP A1 cooperative binding. J. Mol. Biol. 323, 629-652 (2002) (Pubitemid 36160221)
104. Blanchette, M., Chabot, B. Modulation of exon skipping by high affinity hnRNP A1-binding sites and by intron elements that repress splice site utilization. EMBO J. 18, 1939-1952 (1999) (Pubitemid 29158537)
105. Misteli, T. RNA splicing: what has phosphorylation got to do with it? Curr. Biol., 9, R198-R200 (1999) (Pubitemid 29181826)
106. Fortes, P., Cuevas, Y., Guan, F., Liu, P., Pentlicky, S., Jung, S. P., Martinez-Chantar, M. L., Prieto, J., Rowe, D., Gunderson, S. I. Inhibiting expression of specific genes in mammalian cells with 5' end-mutated U1 small nuclear RNAs targeted to terminal exons of pre-mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8264-8269 (2003) (Pubitemid 36842533)
107. Afshar, M., Prescott, C.D., Varani, G. Structure-based and combinatorial search for new RNA-binding drugs. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 10, 59-63 (1999) (Pubitemid 29054627)
108. Fuchs, E., Byrne, C. The epidermis: rising to the surface. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev., 4, 725-736 (1994) (Pubitemid 24322910)
109. Hamy, F., Felder, ER., Heizmann, G, Lazdins, J., Aboul-ela, F., Varani, G., Karn, J., Klimkait, T. An inhibitor of the Tat/TAR RNA interaction that effectively suppresses HIV-1 replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3548-3553 (1997) (Pubitemid 27180409)
110. Hwang, S, Tamilarasu, N., Ryan, K., Huq, I., Richter, S., Still, WC., Rana, T. M. Inhibition of gene expression in human cells through small molecule-RNA interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12997-13002 (1999)
111. De Paula, D., Bentley, M. V. L. B., Mahato, R. I. Hydrophobization and bioconjugation for enhanced siRNA delivery and targeting. RNA 13, 431-456 (2007) (Pubitemid 46509424)
112. Caceres, J.F., Kornblihtt, A.R. Alternative splicing: multiple control mechanisms and involvement in human disease. Trends Genet., 18, 186-193 (2002) (Pubitemid 34273739)