The upstream sequence element of the C2 complement poly(A) signal activates mRNA 3' end formation by two distinct mechanisms

Genes and Development

Volumn 12, Issue 16, 1998, Pages 2522-2534

  Moreira, Alexandra ^a,b   Takagaki, Yoshio ^c   Brackenridge, Simon ^a   Wollerton, Matthew ^a,d   Manley, James L ^c   Proudfoot, Nicholas J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

^c Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

C2 complement gene; Cleavage and polyadenylation; Poly(A) signal; PTB; Upstream sequence element

Indexed keywords

BINDING PROTEIN; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C2; POLYADENYLIC ACID; PYRIMIDINE;

ARTICLE; GENE ACTIVATION; GENE MUTATION; POLYADENYLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CROSS LINKING; RNA CLEAVAGE; RNA PROCESSING;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 0032529163     PISSN: 08909369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/gad.12.16.2522     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Ashe, M.P., P. Girffin, W. James, and N.J. Proudfoot. 1995. Poly(A) site selection in the HIV-1 provirus: Inhibition of promoter-proximal polyadenylation by the downstream major splice donor site. Genes & Dev. 9: 3008-3025.
2. Ashe, M.P., L.H. Pearson, and N.J. Proudfoot. 1997. The HIV-1 poly(A) site is inactivated by U1 snRNP interaction with the downstream major splice donor site. EMBO J. 16: 5752-5763.
3. Ashfield, R., P. Enriquez-Harris, and N.J. Proudfoot. 1991. Transcriptional termination between the closely linked human complement genes C2 and Factor B: Common termination factor for C2 and c-myc? EMBO J. 10: 4197-4207.
4. Barabino, S.M.L., W. Hubner, A. Jenny, L. Minvielle-Sebastia, and W. Keller. 1997. The 30-kD subunit of mammalian cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor and its yeast homolog are RNA-binding zinc finger proteins. Genes & Dev. 11: 1703-1716.
5. Bardwell, V.J., M. Wickens, S. Bienroth, W. Keller, B. Sproat, and A.I. Lamond. 1991. Site directed ribose methylation identifies 2′OH groups in polyadenylation substrates critical for AAUAAA recognition and poly(A) addition. Cell 65: 4197-4207.
6. Bienroth, S., E. Wahle, C. Suter-Crazzolara, and W. Keller. 1991. Purification of the cleavage and polyadenylation factor involved in the 3′ processing of messenger RNA precursors. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 19768-19776.
7. Bienroth, S., W. Keller, and E. Wahle. 1993. Assembly of a processive mRNA polyadenylation complex. EMBO J. 12: 585-594.
8. Brackenridge, S., H.L. Ashe, M. Giacca, and N.J. Proudfoot. 1998. Transcription and polyadenylation in a short human intergenic region. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 2326-2335.
9. Brown, P.H., L.S. Tiley, and B.R. Cullen. 1991. Efficient polyadenylation within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat requires flanking U3-specific sequences. J. Virol. 65: 3340-3343.
10. Carswell, S. and J.C. Alwine. 1989. Efficiency of utilisation of the simian virus 40 late polyadenylation site: Effects of upstream sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 4248-4258.
11. Chen, J. and C. Moore. 1992. Separation of factors required for cleavage and polyadenylation of yeast pre-mRNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 3470-3481.
12. Cherrington, J. and D. Ganem. 1992. Regulation of polyadenylation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Contributions of promoter proximity and upstream sequences. EMBO J. 11: 1513-1524.
13. Chou, Z.-F., F. Chen, and J. Wilusz. 1994. Sequence and position requirements for uridylate-rich downstream elements of polyadenylation. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 2525-2531.
14. Colgan, D.F. and J.L. Manley. 1997. Mechanism and regulation of mRNA polyadenylation. Genes & Dev. 11: 2755-2766.
15. DeZazzo, J.D. and M.J. Imperiale. 1989. Sequences upstream of AAUAAA influence poly(A) site selection in a complex transcription unit. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 4951-4961.
16. DeZazzo, J.K., J.E. Kilpatrick, and M.J. Imperiale. 1991. Involvement of a long terminal repeat U3 sequences overlapping the transcription control region in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA 3′ end formation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 1624-1630.
17. Dignam, J.D., R.M. Lebovitz, and R.G. Roeder. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11: 1475-1489.
18. Furth, P.A., W.-T. Choe, J.H. Rex, J.C. Byrne, and C.C. Baker. 1994. Sequences homologous to 5′ splice sites are required for the inhibitory activity of papillomavirus late 3′ untranslated regions. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 5278-5289.
19. Gil, A. and N.J. Proudfoot. 1984. A sequence downstream of AAUAAA is required for rabbit β-globin mRNA 3′ end formation. Nature 312: 473-474.
20. _. 1987. Position-dependent sequence elements downstream of AAUAAA are required for efficient mRNA 3′end formation. Cell 49: 399-406.
21. Gil, A., P.A. Sharp, S.F. Jamison, and M.A. Garcia-Blanco. 1991. Characterization of cDNAs encoding the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein. Genes & Dev. 5: 1224-1236.
22. Gilmartin, G.M. and J.R. Ncvins. 1991. Molecular analyses of two poly(A) site processing factors that determine the recognition and efficiency of cleavage of the pre-mRNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 2432-2438.
23. Gilmartin, G.M., E.S. Fleming, and J. Oetjen. 1992. Activation of HIV-1 3′ processingin vitro requires both an upstream element and TAR. EMBO J. 11: 4419-4428.
24. Gilmartin, G.M., E.S. Fleming, J. Oetjen, and B.R. Graveley. 1995. CPSF recognition of an HIV-1 mRNA 3′-processing enhancer: Multiple sequence contacts involved in poly(A) site definition. Genes &. Dev. 9: 72-83.
25. Gooding, C., G.C. Roberts, G. Moreau, B. Nadal-Ginard, and C.W.J. Smith. 1994. Smooth muscle-specific switching of α-tropomyosin mutually exclusive exon selection by specific inhibition of the strong default exon. EMBO J. 13: 3861-3872.
26. Gunderson, S.I., M. Polycarpou-Schwarz, and I.W. Mattaj. 1998. U1 snRNP inhibits pre-mRNA polyadenylation through a direct interaction between U1 70K and poly(A) polymerase. Mol. Cell 1: 255-264.
27. Guo, Z. and F. Sherman. 1996. 3′ end forming signals in yeast mRNA. Trends in Biochem. Sci. 21: 477-481.
28. Jenny, A., H.-P. Hauri, and W. Keller. 1994. Characterization of cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor and cloning of its 100-kilodalton subunit. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 8183-8190.
29. Jenny, A., L. Minvielle-Sebastia, P.J. Preker, and W. Keller. 1996. Sequence similarity between 73kD protein of CPSF and a subunit of yeast polyadenylation factor 1. Science 274: 1514-1517.
30. Kaminski, A., S.L. Hunt, J.G. Patton, and R.J. Jackson. 1995. Direct evidence that polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) is essential for internal initiation of translation of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. RNA 1: 924-938.
31. Keller, W., S. Bienroth, K.M. Lang, and G. Christofori. 1991. Cleavage and polyadenylation factor CPF specifically interacts with the pre-mRNA 3′ processing signal AAUAAA. EMBO J. 10: 4241-4249.
32. Lin, C.H. and J.G. Patton. 1995. Regulation of alternative 3′ splice site selection by constitutive splicing factors. RNA 1: 234-245.
33. Lou, H., R.F. Gagel, and S.M. Berget. 1996. An intron enhancer recognized by splicing factors activates polyadenylation. Genes &. Dev. 10: 208-219.
34. Lutz, C.S. and J.C. Alwine. 1994. Direct interaction of the U1 snRNP-A protein with the upstream efficiency element of the SV40 polyadenylation signal. Genes & Dev. 8: 576-586.
35. Lutz, C.S., K.G.K. Murthy, N. Scheck, J.P. O'Connor, J.L. Manley, and J.C. Alwine. 1996. Interaction between the U1A snRNP-A protein and the 160-kD subunit of cleavage-polyadenylation specificity factor increases polyadenylation efficiency in vitro. Genes &. Dev. 10: 325-337.
36. MacDonald, C.C., J, Wilusz, and T. Schenk. 1994. The 64-kilodalton subunit of the CstF polyadenylation factor binds to pre-mRNAs downstream of the cleavage site and influences cleavage site location. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 6647-6654.
37. Manley, J.L. and Y. Takagaki. 1996. The end of the message-another link between yeast and mammals. Science 274: 1481-1482.
38. McDevitt, M.A., M.J. Imperiale, H. Ali, and J.R. Nevins. 1984. Requirement of a downstream sequence for generation of a poly(A) addition site. Cell 37: 993-999.
39. McDevitt, M.A., R.P. Hart, W.W. Wong, and J.R. Nevins. 1986. Sequences capable of restoring poly(A) site function define two distinct downstream elements. EMBO J. 5: 2907-2913.
40. McLauchlan, J., J.L. Gaffney, J.L. Whitton, and J.B. Clements. 1985. The consensus sequence YGTGTTYY located downstream from the AAUAAA signal is required for efficient formation of mRNA 3′ termini. Nucleic Acids Res. 13: 1347-1368.
41. Minvielle-Sebastia, L., P.J. Preker, and W. Keller. 1994. RNA 14 and RNA 15 proteins as components of a yeast pre-mRNA 3′ end processing factor. Science 266: 1702-1705.
42. Moreira, A., M. Wollerton, J. Monks, and N.J. Proudfoot. 1995. Upstream sequence elements enhance poly(A) site efficiency of the C2 complement gene and are phylogenetically conserved. EMEO J. 14: 3809-3819.
43. Moore, C.L., J. Chen, and J. Whoriskey. 1988. Two proteins crosslinked to RNA containing the adenovirus L3 poly(A) site require the AAUAAA sequence for binding. EMBO J. 7: 3159-3169.
44. Murthy, K.G. and J.L. Manley. 1992. Characterization of a multisubunit cleavage polyadenylation specificity factor from calf thymus. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 14804-14811.
45. _. 1995. The 160-kD subunit of human cleavage-polyadenylation specificity factor co-ordinates pre-mRNA 3′end formation. Genes & Dev. 9: 2672-2683.
46. Patton, J.G., S.A. Mayer, P. Tempst, and B. Nadal-Ginard. 1991. Characterization and molecular cloning of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein: A component of a complex necessary for pre-mRNA splicing. Genes & Dev. 5: 1237-1251.
47. Perez, I., C.-H. Lin, J.G. McAfee, and J.G. Patton. 1997. Mutation of PTB binding sites causes misregulation of alternative 3' splice site selection in vivo. RNA 3: 764-778.
48. Prescott, J.C. and E. Falck-Pedersen. 1992. Varied poly(A) site efficiency in the adenovirus major late transcription unit. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 8175-8181.
49. _. 1994. Sequence elements upstream of the 3′ cleavage site confer substrate strength to the adenovirus L1 and L3 polyadenylation sites. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 4682-4693.
50. Proudfoot, N.J. 1996. Ending the message is not so simple. Cell 87: 779-781.
51. Proudfoot, N.J. and G.G. Brownlee. 1976. 3′ non coding region sequences in eukaryotic messenger RNA. Nature 263: 211-214.
52. Raabe, T., F.J. Bollum, and J.L. Manley. 1991. Primary structure and expression of bovine poly(A) polymerase. Nature 353: 229-234.
53. Ruegsegger, U., K. Beyer, and W. Keller. 1996. Purification and Characterization of human cleavage factor Im involved in the 3′ end processing of messenger RNA precursors. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 6107-6113.
54. Ruegsegger, U., D. Blank, and W. Keller. 1998. Human pre-mRNA cleavage factor Im is related to spliceosomal SR proteins and can be reconstituted in vitro from recombinant subunits. Mol. Cell 1: 243-254.
55. Russnak, R. 1991. Regulation of polyadenylation in hepatitis B viruses: Stimulation by the upstream activating signal PS1 is orientation-dependent, distance-dependent, and additive. Nucleic Acids Ress. 19: 6449-6456.
56. Russnak, R. and D. Ganem. 1990. Sequences 5′ to the polyadenylation signal mediate differential poly(A) site use in hepatitis B viruses. Genes & Dev. 4: 764-776.
57. Ryner, L., Y. Takagaki, and J. Manley. 1989. Multiple forms of poly(A) polymerases purified from HeLa cells function in specific mRNA 3′-end formation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 4229-4238.
58. Singh, R., J. Valcarcel, and M.R. Green. 1995. Distinct binding specificities and functions of higher eurkaryotic polypyrimidine tract-binding proteins. Science 268: 1173-1176.
59. Sittler, A., H. Gallinaro, and M. Jacob. 1994. Upstream and downstream cis-acting elements for cleavage at the L4 polyadenylation site of adenovirus-2. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 222-231.
60. Sunderland, C.A., W.R. McMaster, and A.F. Williams. 1979. Purification with monoclonal antibody of a predominant leukocyte-common antigen and glycoprotein from rat thymocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 9: 155-159.
61. Takagaki, Y. and J.L. Manley. 1994. A polyadenylation factor subunit is the human homologue of the Drosophila suppresser of forked protein. Nature 372: 471-474.
62. _. 1997. RNA recognition by the human polyadenylation factor CstF. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 3907-3914.
63. Takagaki, Y., L.C. Ryner, and J.L. Manley. 1988. Separation and Characterization of a poly(A) polymerase and a cleavage/ specificity factor required for pre-mRNA polyadenylation. Cell 52: 731-742.
64. Takagaki, Y., L.C. Ryner, and J.L. Manley. 1989. Four factors are required for 3′-end cleavage of pre-mRNAs. Genes & Dev. 3: 1711-1724.
65. Takagaki, Y., J.L. Manley, C.C. MacDonald, J. Wilusz, and T, Shenk. 1990. A multisubunit factor, CstF, is required for polyadenylation of mammalian pre-mRNAs. Genes & Dev. 4: 2112-2120.
66. Takagaki, Y., C. MacDonald, T. Shenk, and J.L. Manley. 1992. The human 64 kDa polyadenylation factor contains a ribonucleoprotein-type RNA binding domain and unusual auxiliary motifs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 1403-1407.
67. Valsamakis, A., S. Zeichner, S. Carswell, and J.C. Alwine. 1991. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 polyadenylation signal: A 3′ long terminal repeat element upstream of the AAUAAA necessary for efficient polyadenylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88: 2108-2112.
68. Wahle, E., G. Martin, E. Schlitz, and W. Keller. 1991. Isolation and expression of cDNA clones encoding mammalian poly(A) polymerase. EMBO J. 10: 4251-4257.
69. Wahle, E. and W. Keller. 1993. 3′ end-processing of mRNA. In RNA processing, A practical approach, Vol II (ed. S.J. Higgins and B.D. Hames), pp. 1-33. IRL Press at OUP, Oxford, UK.
70. Weiss, E.A., G.M. Gilmartin, and J.R. Nevins. 1991. Poly(A) site efficiency reflects the stability of complex formation involving the downstream element. EMBO J. 10: 215-219.
71. Wickens, M. 1990. How the messenger got its tail: Addition of poly(A) in the nucleus. Trends Biochem. Sci. 15: 271-281.
72. Wilusz, J. and T. Schenk. 1988. A 64 kDa nuclear protein binds to RNA segments that include the AAUAAA polyadenylation motif. Cell 52: 221-228.
73. _. 1990. A uridylate tract mediates efficient heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C protein-RNA cross-linking and functionally substitutes for the downstream element of the polyadenylation signal. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 6397-6407.
74. Wilusz, J., T. Shenk, Y. Takagaki, and J.L. Manley. 1990. A multicomponent complex is required for the AAUAAA-dependent cross-linking of a 64-kilodalton protein to polyadenylation substrates. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 1244-1248.
75. Wu, L.-C., B.J. Morley, and R.D. Campbell. 1987. Cell specific expression of the human complement protein factor B gene: Evidence for the role of two distinct 5′ flanking elements. Cell 48: 331-342.
76. Zamore, P.D. and M.R. Green. 1991. Biochemical characterization of U2 snRNP auxiliary factor: An essential pre-mRNA splicing factor with a novel intranuclear distribution. EMBO J. 10: 207.