The Effect of Web Cohesion, Web Commitment, and Attitude toward the Website on Intentions to Use NFL Teams' Websites

Sport Management Review

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 231-252

  Jae Seo, Won ^a   Christine Green, B ^a   Jae Ko, Yong ^b   Lee, Seunghwan ^a   Schenewark, Jarrod ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

cohesion; commitment; NFL; purchase intentions; website

Indexed keywords

EID: 51749111862     PISSN: 14413523     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70013-X     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Aaker D.A., and Stayman D.M. Measuring audience perceptions of commercials and relating them to ad impact. Journal of Advertising Research 30 4 (1990) 7-17
2. Ajzen I., and Fischbein M. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior (1980), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
3. Alexandris K., Zahariadis P., Tsorbatzoudis C., and Grouios G. Testing the sport commitment model in the context of exercise and fitness participation. Journal of Sport Behavior 25 3 (2002) 217-230
4. Algesheimer R., Dholakia U.M., and Herrmann A. The social influence of brand community: Evidence from European car clubs. Journal of Marketing 69 (2005) 19-34
5. Alpert F., Kamins M., Sakano X., Onzo N., and Graham. Retail buyer beliefs, attitude and behavior toward pioneer and me-too follower brands. International Marketing Review 18 2 (2000) 160-187
6. Anderson C.M., and Martin M.M. Communication motives (state vs. trait?) and task group outcomes. Communication Research Reports 19 3 (2002) 269-282
7. Apostolopoulou A. Brand extensions by U.S. professional sport teams: Motivations and keys to success. Sport Marketing Quarterly 11 4 (2002) 205-214
8. Armstrong A., and Hagel J. The real value of on-line communities. Harvard Business Review 74 3 (1996) 134-141
9. Auty C. Football fan power and the Internet: Net gains?. Aslib Proceedings, 54(5) (2002) 273-279
10. Ballantine P.W., and Martin B.A.S. Forming parasocial relationships in online communities. Advances in Consumer Research 32 (2005) 197-201
11. Beech J., Chadwick S., and Tapp A. Surfing in the premier league: Key issues for football club marketers using the Internet. Managing Leisure 5 (2000) 51-64
12. Bristow D.N., and Sebastian R.J. Holy cow! Wait'til next year! A closer look at the brand loyalty of Chicago Cubs baseball fans. Journal of Consumer Marketing 18 3 (2001) 256-275
13. Brown M.T. An analysis of online marketing in the sport industry: User activity, communication objectives, and perceived benefits. Sport Marketing Quarterly 12 1 (2003) 48-55
14. Burke K., Aytes K., and Chidambaram L. Media effects on the development of cohesion and process satisfaction in computer-supported workgroups. Information Technology & People 14 2 (2001) 122-141
15. rd ed. (1968), Harper & Roe, New York
16. Carlson J., Rosenberger III P., and Muthaly S. Nothing but net! A study of the information content in Australian professional basketball websites. Sport Marketing Quarterly 12 3 (2003) 184-189
17. Caskey R.J., and Deply L.A. An examination of sport websites and the opinion of web employees toward the use and viability of the World Wide Web as a profitable sports marketing tool. Sport Marketing Quarterly 8 2 (1999) 13-24
18. Chen S.C., and Guester P.G. Modeling store loyalty: Perceived value in market orientation practice. Journal of Services Marketing 20 3 (2006) 188-198
19. Chen Q., and Wells W.D. Attitude toward the site. Journal of Advertising Research 39 5 (1999) 27-37
20. Cronin Jr. J.J., Brady M.K., and Hult G.T.M. Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. Journal of Retailing 76 2 (2000) 193-218
21. Derbaix C., Decrop A., and Cabossart O. Colors and scarves: The symbolic consumption of material possessions by soccer fans. Advances in Consumer Research 29 1 (2002) 511-518
22. Fehr B. Prototype analysis of the concepts of trust and commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 4 (1988) 557-579
23. Fenech T., and O'Cass. Internet users' adoption of web retailing: User and product dimensions. Journal of Product & Brand Management 10 6 (2001) 361-381
24. Fullerton G. How commitment both enables and undermines marketing relationships. European Journal of Marketing 39 11/12 (2005) 1372-1388
25. Ganesh J., Arnold M.J., and Reynolds K.E. Understanding the customer base of service providers: An examination of the differences between switchers and stayers. Journal of Marketing 64 3 (2000) 65-87
26. Gillentine A. Developing an Internet philosophy. Sport Marketing Quarterly 72 1 (2003) 63-64
27. Gladden J.M., and Milne G.R. Examining the importance of brand equity in professional sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly 8 1 (1999) 21-29
28. Harley-Davidson (2006). Harley owners group. Retrieved July 26, 2006, from http://HOG.com
29. Hess J., and Story J. Trust-based commitment: Multidimensional consumer-brand relationships. Journal of Consumer Marketing 22 6 (2005) 313-322
30. Hill B., and Green B.C. Repeat attendance as a function of involvement, loyalty, and the sportscape across three football contexts. Sport Management Review 2 (2000) 145-162
31. Hoffman P.M. The revolution will not be televised: Introduction to the special issue on marketing science and the Internet. Marketing Science 19 1 (2000) 1-3
32. Hu L., and Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 6 1 (1999) 1-55
33. Hunt K.A., Bristol T., and Bashaw R.E. A conceptual approach to classifying sports fans. Journal of Services Marketing 13 6 (1999) 439-452
34. Judson K.M., and Carpenter P. Assessing a university community's identification to sport in a changing climate. Sport Marketing Quarterly 14 4 (2005) 217-226
35. Kahle L., and Meeske C. Sport marketing and the Internet: It's a whole new ball game. Sport Marketing Quarterly 8 2 (1999) 9-12
36. Karjaluoto H., Mattila M., and Pento T. Factors underlying attitude formation toward online banking in Finland. International Journal of Bank Marketing 20 (2002) 261-272
37. Katz E., and Lazarsfeld P.F. Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communications (2006), Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ
38. Keith T.Z. Multiple regression and beyond (2006), Allyn & Bacon, Boston
39. Keyton J. Introduction: The relational side of groups. Small Group Research 31 (2000) 387-397
40. Kim N.S., and Chalip L. Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints. Tourism Management 25 6 (2004) 695-707
41. King A.S., and Ehrhard B.J. Diagnosing organizational commitment: An employee cohesion exercise. International Journal of Management 14 3 (1997) 317-325
42. Kinney L., and McDaniel S.R. American consumer attitudes toward corporate sponsorship of sporting events. In: Kahle L.R., and Riley C. (Eds). Sports Marketing and the Psychology of Marketing Communication (2004), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ
43. Kline R.B. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (1998), The Guilford Press, New York
44. Kwon H.H., and Armstrong K.L. Factors influencing impulse buying of sport team licensed merchandise. Sport Marketing Quarterly 11 3 (2002) 151-163
45. Laverie D.A., and Arnett D.S. Factors affecting fan attendance: The influence of identity salience and satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research 32 (2000) 225-246
46. Lewis M. Franchise relocation and fan allegiance. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 25 1 (2001) 6-19
47. Luarn P., and Lin H.H. A customer loyalty model for e-service contexts. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research 4 4 (2003) 156-167
48. MacKenzie S.B., Lutz R.J., and Belch G.E. The role of attitude toward the ad as a mediator of advertising effectiveness: A test of competing explanations. Journal of Marketing Research 23 2 (1986) 130-143
49. Madrigal R. The influence of social alliances with sports teams on intentions to purchase corporate sponsors' products. Journal of Advertising 29 (2000) 13-24
50. Madrigal R. Social identity effects in a belief-attitude-intentions hierarchy: Implications for corporate sponsorship. Psychology & Marketing 18 20 (2001) 145-165
51. Mahony D.F., and Moorman A.M. The impact of fan attitudes on intentions to watch professional basketball teams on television. Sport Management Review 2 (1999) 43-66
52. Matei, S.A. (2005). From counterculture to cyberculture: Virtual community discourse and the dilemma of modernity. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3), article 14. Retrieved January 14, 2007, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/voll0/issue3/matei.html
53. Mattila A.S. How affective commitment boosts guest loyalty (and promotes frequent-guest programs). Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 47 2 (2006) 174-181
54. McAlexander J.H., Schouten J.W., and Koenig H.F. Building brand community. Journal of Marketing 66 1 (2002) 38-54
55. McDougall G.H.G., and Levesque T. Customer satisfaction with services: Putting perceived value into the equation. Journal of Services Marketing 14 5 (2000) 392-410
56. McGrath J.E. Groups: Interaction and performance (1984), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
57. Meir R. Fan reaction to the match day experience: A case study in English professional rugby league. Sport Marketing Quarterly 9 1 (2000) 34-42
58. Memmi D. The nature of virtual communities. AI & Society 20 (2006) 288-300
59. Miniwatts Marketing Group. (2006). Internet usage statistics-The big picture. Retrieved July 24, 2006, from http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
60. Mudrack P.E. Defining group cohesiveness; a legacy of confusion?. Small Group Behavior 20 (1989) 37-49
61. Muniz A.M., and O'Guinn Jr. T.C. Brand community. Journal of Consumer Research 27 (2001) 412-432
62. Nowlis S., Kahn B.E., and Dhar R. Coping with ambivalence: The effect of removing a neutral option on consumer attitude and preference judgments. Journal of Consumer Research 29 (2002) 319-334
63. O'Reilly C., and Chatman J. Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology 71 3 (1986) 492-499
64. Pitta D.A., and Fowler D. Internet community forums: An untapped resource for consumer marketers. Journal of Consumer Marketing 22 5 (2005) 265-274
65. Priester J.R., and Petty R.E. The gradual threshold model of ambivalence: Relating the positive and negative bases of attitudes to subjective ambivalence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 3 (1996) 431-449
66. Pope N.K.L., and Forrest E.J. A proposed format for the management of sport marketing websites. Cyber-Journal of Sport Marketing 1 2 (1997) 43-49
67. Quick S. Contemporary sport consumers: Some implications of linking fan typology with key spectator variables. Sport Marketing Quarterly 9 3 (2000) 149-156
68. Reynolds K.E., and Beatty S.E. Customer benefits and company consequences of customer-salesperson relationships in retailing. Journal of Retailing 75 1 (1999) 11-32
69. Rivers H.D., and DeSchriver D.T. Star players, payroll distribution, and Major League Baseball attendance. Sport Marketing Quarterly 11 3 (2002) 164-173
70. Robinson J.M., and Miller J.J. Assessing the impact of Bobby Knight on the brand equity of the Texas Tech basketball program. Sport Marketing Quarterly 12 1 (2003) 56-59
71. Rojahn K., and Pettigrew. Memory for schema-relevant information: A meta-analytic resolution. The British Journal of Social Psychology 31 (1992) 81-109
72. Rosenbaum M.S. Loyalty programs and a sense of community. Journal of Services Marketing 19 (2005) 222-233
73. Scanlan T.K., Simons J.P., Carpenter R.J., Schmidt G.W., and Keeler B. The sport commitment model: Measurement development for the youth-sport domain. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 15 (1993) 16-38
74. Seo, W.J., & Green, B.C. (in press). Development of the motivation scale for sport online consumption. Journal of Sport Management.
75. Seo W.J., and Hong K.H. Content marketing strategy for Korean professional soccer teams'website. The Korean Journal of Physical Education 40 (2001) 433-449
76. Shavitt S., Lowrey T.M., and Han S.P. Attitude function in advertising: The interactive role of products and self-monitoring. Journal of Consumer Psychology 1 (1992) 337-364
77. Shelton C.D., McKenna M.K., and Darling J.R. Leading in the age of paradox: Optimizing behavioral style, job fit and cultural cohesion. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 23 7 (2002) 372-379
78. Shimp T.A. Attitude toward the ad as a mediator of consumer brand choice. Journal of Advertising 10 2 (1981) 9-15
79. Simons M.E., and Ridder J.A. Renewing connections and changing relations: Use of information and communication technology and cohesion in organizational groups. The European Journal of Communication Research 29 2 (2004) 159-177
80. Speed R., and Thompson P. Determinants of sports sponsorship response. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 28 2 (2000) 226-238
81. Spink K.S., Nickel D., Wilson K., and Odnokon P. Using a multilevel approach to examine the relationship between task cohesion and team task satisfaction in elite ice hockey players. Small Group Research 36 5 (2005) 539-554
82. Stoldt G.C., Dittmore S.W., and Branvold S.E. Sport public relations (2006), Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL
83. Sutton W.A., McDonald M.A., Milne G.R., and Cimperman J. Creating and fostering fan identification in professional sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly 6 1 (1997) 15-22
84. Thatcher J.B., and George J.F. Commitment, trust, and social involvement: An exploratory study of antecedents to web shopper loyalty. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce 14 4 (2004) 243-268
85. Treviño L.K., Webster J., and Stein E.W. Making connections: Complementary influences on communication media choices attitudes and use. Organization Science 11 2 (2000) 163-182
86. Turner P. Television and Internet convergence: Implications for sport broadcasting. Sport Marketing Quarterly 8 2 (1999) 43-49
87. Weinberg S.B. Measurement of communication aspects of group cohesion. Journal of Applied Communication Research 8 (1979) 55-60
88. Weiss W.M., and Weiss M.R. Attraction- and entrapment-based commitment among competitive female gymnasts. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 25 (2003) 229-247
89. Wetzels M., Ruyter K.D., and Birgelen M.V. Marketing service relationships: The role of commitment. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 13 4/5 (1998) 406-423
90. Wu S.I. The relationship between consumer characteristics and attitude toward online shopping. Marketing Intelligence & Planning 21 1 (2003) 37-44
91. Zaccaro S.J., and Lowe C.A. Cohesiveness and performance on an additive task: Evidence for multidimensionality. Journal of Social Psychology 128 (1988) 547-558
92. Zanna M., and Rempel J.K. Attitudes: A new look at an old concept. In: Bar-Tal D., and Kruglanski A.W. (Eds). The Social Psychology of Knowledge (1988), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 315-334
93. Zinkhan G.M., Kwak H., Morrison M., and Peters C.O. Web-based chatting: Consumer communication in cyberspace. Journal of Consumer Psychology 13 1&2 (2003) 17-27