Neurodevelopmental basis of bipolar disorder: A critical appraisal

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 32, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1617-1627

  Sanches, Marsal ^a,b,c   Keshavan, Matcheri S ^d   Brambilla, Paolo ^e,f,g   Soares, Jair C ^g  

^a MOOD CNS Program   (United States)

^b SOUTH TEXAS VETERANS HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^d WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF UDINE   (Italy)

^f 'IRCCS E Medea'   (Italy)

^g UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Development; Magnetic resonance imaging; Mood disorders; Neuroimaging

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN ASYMMETRY; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN MALFORMATION; BRAIN MATURATION; BRAIN VENTRICLE DILATATION; COMORBIDITY; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; HEREDITY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; MINOR PHYSICAL ANOMALY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEASONAL VARIATION;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS;

EID: 51549102776     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.04.017     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Alexander R.C., Mukherjee S., Richter J., and Kaufmann C.A. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 182 (1994) 639-644
2. Altshuler L.L., Conrad A., Hauser P., Li X.M., Guze B.H., Denikoff K., et al. Reduction of temporal lobe volume in bipolar disorder: a preliminary report of magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48 (1991) 482-483
3. Altshuler L.L., Bartzokis G., Grieder T., Curran J., Jimenez T., Leight K., et al. An MRI study of temporal lobe structures in men with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 48 (2000) 147-162
4. Beasley C., Cotter D., and Everall I. An investigation of the Wnt-signalling pathway in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Schizophr Res 58 (2002) 63-67
5. Beckmann H., and Jakob H. Prenatal disturbances of nerve cell migration in the entorhinal region: a common vulnerability factor in functional psychoses?. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 84 (1991) 155-164
6. Benes F.M., Vincent S.L., and Todtenkopf M. The density of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenic and bipolar subjects. Biol Psychiatry 50 (2001) 395-406
7. Bernstein H.G., Krell D., Baumann B., Danos P., Falkai P., Diekmann S., et al. Morphometric studies of the entorhinal cortex in neuropsychiatric patients and controls: clusters of heterotopically displaced lamina II neurons are not indicative of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 33 (1998) 125-132
8. Beyer J.L., and Krishnan K.R. Volumetric brain imaging findings in mood disorders. Bipolar Disord 4 (2002) 89-104
9. Bilder R.M., Wu H., Bogerts B., Ashtari M., Robinson D., Woerner M., et al. Cerebral volume asymmetries in schizophrenia and mood disorders: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Int J Psychophysiol 34 (1999) 197-205
10. Blennow G., and McNeil T.F. Neurological deviations in newborns at psychiatric high risk. Acta Psychiatr Scand 84 (1991) 179-184
11. Blumberg H.P., Kaufman J., Martin A., Charney D.S., Krystal J.H., and Peterson B.S. Significance of adolescent neurodevelopment for the neural circuitry of bipolar disorder. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1021 (2004) 376-383
12. Botteron K.N., Raichle M.E., Drevets W.C., Heath A.C., and Todd R.D. Volumetric reduction in left subgenual prefrontal cortex in early onset depression. Biol Psychiatry 51 (2002) 342-344
13. Botteron K.N., Vannier M.W., Geller B., Todd R.D., and Lee B.C. Preliminary study of magnetic resonance imaging characteristics in 8- to 16-year-olds with mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34 (1995) 742-749
14. Brambilla P., Harenski K., Nicoletti M., Mallinger A.G., Frank E., Kupfer D.J., et al. Differential effects of age on brain gray matter in bipolar patients and healthy individuals. Neuropsychobiology 43 (2001) 242-247
15. Brambilla P., Harenski K., Nicoletti M.A., Mallinger A.G., Frank E., Kupfer D.J., et al. Anatomical MRI study of basal ganglia in bipolar disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 106 (2001) 65-80
16. Brown A.S., Susser E.S., Lin S.P., and Gorman J.M. Affective disorders in Holland after prenatal exposure to the 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. Biol Psychiatry 38 (1995) 270-273
17. Brown A.S., Susser E.S., Lin S.P., Neugebauer R., and Gorman J.M. Increased risk of affective disorders in males after second trimester prenatal exposure to the Dutch hunger winter of 1944-45. Br J Psychiatry 166 (1995) 601-606
18. Buka S.L., Tsuang M.T., and Lipsitt L.P. Pregnancy/delivery complications and psychiatric diagnosis. A prospective study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 (1993) 151-156
19. Cannon M., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., Harrington H., Taylor A., Murray R.M., et al. Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59 (2002) 449-456
20. Castillo M., Kwock L., Courvoisie H., and Hooper S.R. Proton MR spectroscopy in children with bipolar affective disorder: preliminary observations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 (2000) 832-838
21. Cecil K.M., DelBello M.P., Sellars M.C., and Strakowski S.M. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the frontal lobe and cerebellar vermis in children with a mood disorder and a familial risk for bipolar disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 13 (2003) 545-555
22. Chang K., Adleman N., Dienes K., Barnea-Goraly N., Reiss A., and Ketter T. ecreased N-acetylaspartate in children with familial bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 53 (2003) 1059-1065
23. Chen B.K., Sassi R., Axelson D., Hatch J.P., Sanches M., Nicoletti M., et al. Cross-sectional study of abnormal amygdala development in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 56 (2004) 399-405
24. Cotter D., Mackay D., Landau S., Kerwin R., and Everall I. Reduced glial cell density and neuronal size in the anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58 (2001) 545-553
25. Crow T.J. Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 16 (1990) 433-443
26. Crow T.J., Colter N., Frith C.D., Johnstone E.C., and Owens D.G. Developmental arrest of cerebral asymmetries in early onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 29 (1989) 247-253
27. Dalen P. Family history, the electroencephalogram and perinatal factors in manic conditions. Acta Psychiatr Scand 41 (1965) 527-563
28. Dasari M., Friedman L., Jesberger J., Stuve T.A., Findling R.L., Swales T.P., et al. A magnetic resonance imaging study of thalamic area in adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 91 (1999) 155-162
29. Davanzo P., Thomas M.A., Yue K., Oshiro T., Belin T., Strober M., et al. Decreased anterior cingulate myo-inositol/creatine spectroscopy resonance with lithium treatment in children with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 24 (2001) 359-369
30. David A.S., Malmberg A., Brandt L., Allebeck P., and Lewis G. IQ and risk for schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study. Psychol Med 27 (1997) 1311-1323
31. Deicken R.F., Fein G., and Weiner M.W. Abnormal frontal lobe phosphorous metabolism in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152 (1995) 915-918
32. Deicken R.F., Weiner M.W., and Fein G. Decreased temporal lobe phosphomonoesters in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 33 (1995) 195-199
33. DelBello M.P., and Geller B. Review of studies of child and adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disord 3 (2001) 325-334
34. DelBello M.P., Strakowski S.M., Zimmerman M.E., Hawkins J.M., and Sax K.W. MRI analysis of the cerebellum in bipolar disorder: a pilot study. Neuropsychopharmacology 21 (1999) 63-68
35. DelBello M.P., Zimmerman M.E., Mills N.P., Getz G.E., and Strakowski S.M. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of amygdala and other subcortical brain regions in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 6 (2004) 43-52
36. Done D.J., Johnstone E.C., Frith C.D., Golding J., Shepherd P.M., and Crow T.J. Complications of pregnancy and delivery in relation to psychosis in adult life: data from the British perinatal mortality survey sample. BMJ 302 (1991) 1576-1580
37. Done D.J., Crow T.J., Johnstone E.C., and Sacker A. Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. BMJ 309 (1994) 699-703
38. Done D.J., Leinoneen E., Crow T.J., and Sacker A. Linguistic performance in children who develop schizophrenia in adult life. Evidence for normal syntactic ability. Br J Psychiatry 172 (1998) 130-135
39. Drevets W.C., Ongur D., and Price J.L. Neuroimaging abnormalities in the subgenual prefrontal cortex: implications for the pathophysiology of familial mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 3 220-226 (1998) 190-221
40. Eidelberg D., and Galaburda A.M. Symmetry and asymmetry in the human posterior thalamus. I. Cytoarchitectonic analysis in normal persons. Arch Neurol 39 (1982) 325-332
41. Elkis H., Friedman L., Wise A., and Meltzer H.Y. Meta-analyses of studies of ventricular enlargement and cortical sulcal prominence in mood disorders. Comparisons with controls or patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 (1995) 735-746
42. Ellenbogen M.A., Hodgins S., and Walker C.D. High levels of cortisol among adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: a pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29 (2004) 99-106
43. Feinberg I. Schizophrenia: caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence?. J Psychiatr Res 17 (1982) 319-334
44. Frangou S., and Murray R.M. Imaging as a tool in exploring the neurodevelopment and genetics of schizophrenia. Br Med Bull 52 (1996) 587-596
45. Friedman L., Findling R.L., Kenny J.T., Swales T.P., Stuve T.A., Jesberger J.A., et al. An MRI study of adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy control subjects. Biol Psychiatry 46 (1999) 78-88
46. Frodl T., Meisenzahl E., Zetzsche T., Bottlender R., Born C., Groll C., et al. Enlargement of the amygdala in patients with a first episode of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 51 (2002) 708-714
47. Frumin M., Golland P., Kikinis R., Hirayasu Y., Salisbury D.F., Hennen J., et al. Shape differences in the corpus callosum in first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode psychotic affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 159 (2002) 866-868
48. Geller B., Zimerman B., Williams M., Bolhofner K., and Craney J.L. Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 158 (2001) 125-127
49. Gewirtz G., Squires-Wheeler E., Sharif Z., and Honer W.G. Results of computerised tomography during first admission for psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 164 (1994) 789-795
50. Gilmore J.H., and Bouldin T.W. Analysis of ependymal abnormalities in subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Schizophr Res 57 (2002) 267-271
51. Gourovitch M.L., Torrey E.F., Gold J.M., Randolph C., Weinberger D.R., and Goldberg T.E. Neuropsychological performance of monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 45 (1999) 639-646
52. Green M.F., Satz P., and Christenson C. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia patients, bipolar patients, and their siblings. Schizophr Bull 20 (1994) 433-440
53. Greenhill L.L., and Shopsin B. Psychiatric morbidity in the offspring of patients with affective disorders. A preliminary report. Neuropsychobiology 6 (1980) 159-169
54. Gruzelier J. Hemispheric asymmetry and psychopathology. Int J Psychophysiol 34 (1999) 183-185
55. Gureje O., Bamidele R., and Raji O. Early brain trauma and schizophrenia in Nigerian patients. Am J Psychiatry 151 (1994) 368-371
56. Guth C., Jones P., and Murray R. Familial psychiatric illness and obstetric complications in early-onset affective disorder. A case-control study. Br J Psychiatry 163 (1993) 492-498
57. Gutierrez B., Van Os J., Valles V., Guillamat R., Campillo M., and Fananas L. Congenital dermatoglyphic malformations in severe bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 78 (1998) 133-140
58. Harrington R., Fudge H., Rutter M., Pickles A., and Hill J. Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression. I. Psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47 (1990) 465-473
59. Harrison P.J. The neuropathology of primary mood disorder. Brain 125 (2002) 1428-1449
60. Harvey P.D., Weintraub S., and Neale J.M. Speech competence of children vulnerable to psychopathology. J Abnorm Child Psychol 10 (1982) 373-387
61. Hendren R.L., De Backer I., and Pandina G.J. Review of neuroimaging studies of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders from the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39 (2000) 815-828
62. Hirayasu Y., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., Dickey C.C., Fischer I.A., Mazzoni P., et al. Lower left temporal lobe MRI volumes in patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared with psychotic patients with first-episode affective disorder and normal subjects. Am J Psychiatry 155 (1998) 1384-1391
63. Hirayasu Y., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., Kwon J.S., Wible C.G., Fischer I.A., et al. Subgenual cingulate cortex volume in first-episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 156 (1999) 1091-1093
64. Hirayasu Y., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., and McCarley R.W. Hippocampal and superior temporal gyrus volume in first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 (2000) 618-619
65. Hirayasu Y., Tanaka S., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., DeSantis M.A., Levitt J.J., et al. Prefrontal gray matter volume reduction in first episode schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 11 (2001) 374-381
66. Hollis C. Developmental precursors of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia and affective psychoses: diagnostic specificity and continuity with symptom dimensions. Br J Psychiatry 182 (2003) 37-44
67. Hultman C.M., Sparen P., Takei N., Murray R.M., and Cnattingius S. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for schizophrenia, affective psychosis, and reactive psychosis of early onset: case-control study. BMJ 318 (1999) 421-426
68. Iacono W.G., Smith G.N., Moreau M., Beiser M., Fleming J.A., Lin T.Y., et al. Ventricular and sulcal size at the onset of psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 145 (1988) 820-824
69. Isohanni M., Jones P.B., Moilanen K., Rantakallio P., Veijola J., Oja H., et al. Early developmental milestones in adult schizophrenia and other psychoses. A 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Schizophr Res 52 (2001) 1-19
70. Jelovac N., Milicic J., Milas M., Dodig G., Turek S., and Ugrenovic Z. Dermatoglyphic analysis in bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia - "continuum of psychosis" hypothesis corroborated?. Coll Antropol 23 (1999) 589-595
71. Jones P.B., and Tarrant C.J. Specificity of developmental precursors to schizophrenia and affective disorders. Schizophr Res 39 (1999) 121-125 discussion 161
72. Jurjus G.J., Nasrallah H.A., Brogan M., and Olson S.C. Developmental brain anomalies in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a controlled MRI study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 5 (1993) 375-378
73. Jurjus G.J., Nasrallah H.A., Olson S.C., and Schwarzkopf S.B. Cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia, affective disorder and healthy controls: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychol Med 23 (1993) 319-322
74. Kato T., Shioiri T., Takahashi S., and Inubushi T. Measurement of brain phosphoinositide metabolism in bipolar patients using in vivo 31P-MRS. J Affect Disord 22 (1991) 185-190
75. Kato T., Takahashi S., Shioiri T., and Inubushi T. Brain phosphorous metabolism in depressive disorders detected by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Affect Disord 26 (1992) 223-230
76. Kato T., Takahashi S., Shioiri T., and Inubushi T. Alterations in brain phosphorous metabolism in bipolar disorder detected by in vivo 31P and 7Li magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Affect Disord 27 (1993) 53-59
77. Kato T., Takahashi S., Shioiri T., Murashita J., Hamakawa H., and Inubushi T. Reduction of brain phosphocreatine in bipolar II disorder detected by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Affect Disord 31 (1994) 125-133
78. Kent L., and Craddock N. Is there a relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder?. J Affect Disord. 73 (2003) 211-221
79. Keshavan M.S., and Rosenberg D.R. New trends in developmental neuroimaging in psychiatry. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 23 (1999) 557-560
80. Keshavan M.S., Anderson S., and Pettegrew J.W. Is schizophrenia due to excessive synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex? The Feinberg hypothesis revisited. J Psychiatr Res 28 (1994) 239-265
81. Keshavan M.S., Diwadkar V.A., Spencer S.M., Harenski K.A., Luna B., and Sweeney J.A. A preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study in offspring of schizophrenic parents. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26 (2002) 1143-1149
82. Kieseppa T., van Erp T.G., Haukka J., Partonen T., Cannon T.D., Poutanen V.P., et al. The volumetric findings in MRI brain study of bipolar twins and their healthy co-twins. Bipolar Disord 4 Suppl 1 (2002) 29-30
83. Kim E.Y., and Miklowitz D.J. Childhood mania, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: a critical review of diagnostic dilemmas. Bipolar Disord 4 (2002) 215-225
84. Kinney D.K., Yurgelun-Todd D.A., Levy D.L., Medoff D., Lajonchere C.M., and Radford-Paregol M. Obstetrical complications in patients with bipolar disorder and their siblings. Psychiatry Res 48 (1993) 47-56
85. Kinney D.K., Yurgelun-Todd D.A., Tohen M., and Tramer S. Pre- and perinatal complications and risk for bipolar disorder: a retrospective study. J Affect Disord 50 (1998) 117-124
86. Kozlovsky N., Belmaker R.H., and Agam G. Low GSK-3 activity in frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 52 (2001) 101-105
87. Kwon J.S., Shenton M.E., Hirayasu Y., Salisbury D.F., Fischer I.A., Dickey C.C., et al. MRI study of cavum septi pellucidi in schizophrenia, affective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 155 (1998) 509-515
88. Lawrie S.M., Whalley H., Kestelman J.N., Abukmeil S.S., Byrne M., Hodges A., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Lancet 353 (1999) 30-33
89. Le May M., and Kido D.K. Asymmetries of the cerebral hemispheres on computed tomograms. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2 (1978) 471-476
90. LeDoux J. The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cell Mol Neurobiol 23 (2003) 727-738
91. Lee C.U., Shenton M.E., Salisbury D.F., Kasai K., Onitsuka T., Dickey C.C., et al. Fusiform gyrus volume reduction in first-episode schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59 (2002) 775-781
92. Lewis S.W., and Mezey G.C. Clinical correlates of septum pellucidum cavities: an unusual association with psychosis. Psychol Med 15 (1985) 43-54
93. Lewis D.A., and Levitt P. Schizophrenia as a disorder of neurodevelopment. Annu Rev Neurosci 25 (2002) 409-432
94. Lohr J.B., and Flynn K. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Schizophr Bull 19 (1993) 551-556
95. Machado-Vieira R., Kapczinski F., and Soares J.C. Perspectives for the development of animal models of bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28 (2004) 209-224
96. MacMillan S., Szeszko P.R., Moore G.J., Madden R., Lorch E., Ivey J., et al. Increased amygdala: hippocampal volume ratios associated with severity of anxiety in pediatric major depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 13 (2003) 65-73
97. Manji H.K., and Duman R.S. Impairments of neuroplasticity and cellular resilience in severe mood disorders: implications for the development of novel therapeutics. Psychopharmacol Bull 35 (2001) 5-49
98. Marcelis M., van Os J., Sham P., Jones P., Gilvarry C., Cannon M., et al. Obstetric complications and familial morbid risk of psychiatric disorders. Am J Med Genet 81 (1998) 29-36
99. Markow T.A., and Wandler K. Fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetry and the genetics of liability to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 19 (1986) 323-328
100. McDonough-Ryan P., DelBello M., Shear P.K., Ris D.M., Soutullo C., and Strakowski S.M. Academic and cognitive abilities in children of parents with bipolar disorder: a test of the nonverbal learning disability model. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 24 (2002) 280-285
101. McGrath J., El-Saadi O., Grim V., Cardy S., Chapple B., Chant D., et al. Minor physical anomalies and quantitative measures of the head and face in patients with psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59 (2002) 458-464
102. McNeil T.F. A prospective study of postpartum psychoses in a high-risk group. 2. Relationships to demographic and psychiatric history characteristics. Acta Psychiatr Scand 75 (1987) 35-43
103. McNeil T.F. Perinatal risk factors and schizophrenia: selective review and methodological concerns. Epidemiol Rev 17 (1995) 107-112
104. McNeil T.F., Blennow G., and Lundberg L. Congenital malformations and structural developmental anomalies in groups at high risk for psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 149 (1992) 57-61
105. McNeil T.F., Cantor-Graae E., and Cardenal S. Prenatal cerebral development in individuals at genetic risk for psychosis: head size at birth in offspring of women with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 10 (1993) 1-5
106. Mischel W., Shoda Y., and Rodriguez M.I. Delay of gratification in children. Science 244 (1989) 933-938
107. Murray R.M., and Lewis S.W. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 295 (1987) 681-682
108. Nasrallah H.A. Right-hemisphere speech, callosal size, perinatal brain insult, and schizophrenia. Ann Neurol 26 (1989) 290-291
109. Nasrallah H.A. Neurodevelopmental aspects of bipolar affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 29 (1991) 1-2
110. Noga J.T., Vladar K., and Torrey E.F. A volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study of monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 106 (2001) 25-34
111. O'Kusky J., Strauss E., Kosaka B., Wada J., Li D., Druhan M., et al. The corpus callosum is larger with right-hemisphere cerebral speech dominance. Ann Neurol 24 (1988) 379-383
112. Ongur D., Drevets W.C., and Price J.L. Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (1998) 13290-13295
113. Pearlson G. Schizophrenia: breakdown in the well-regulated lifelong process of brain development and maturation. Neuropsychopharmacology 27 (2002) 672-683
114. Pearlson G.D., and Veroff A.E. Computerised tomographic scan changes in manic-depressive illness. Lancet 2 (1981) 470
115. Pearlson G.D., Barta P.E., Powers R.E., Menon R.R., Richards S.S., Aylward E.H., et al., Ziskind-Somerfeld Research Award 1996. Medial and superior temporal gyral volumes and cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 41 (1997) 1-14
116. Pfefferbaum A., Mathalon D.H., Sullivan E.V., Rawles J.M., Zipursky R.B., and Lim K.O. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late adulthood. Arch Neurol 51 (1994) 874-887
117. Posner M.I., and Rothbart M.K. Attention, self-regulation and consciousness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 353 (1998) 1915-1927
118. Post R.M., Speer A.M., Hough C.J., and Xing G. Neurobiology of bipolar illness: implications for future study and therapeutics. Ann Clin Psychiatry 15 (2003) 85-94
119. Rajkowska G., Halaris A., and Selemon L.D. Reductions in neuronal and glial density characterize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 49 (2001) 741-752
120. Reichenberg A., Rabinowitz J., Weiser M., Mark M., Kaplan Z., and Davidson M. Premorbid functioning in a national population of male twins discordant for psychoses. Am J Psychiatry 157 (2000) 1514-1516
121. Reichenberg A., Weiser M., Rabinowitz J., Caspi A., Schmeidler J., Mark M., et al. A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 159 (2002) 2027-2035
122. Sacker A., Done D.J., Crow T.J., and Golding J. Antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness. Obstetric complications. Br J Psychiatry 166 (1995) 734-741
123. Sacker A., Done D.J., and Crow T.J. Obstetric complications in children born to parents with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Psychol Med 26 (1996) 279-287
124. Sanches M., Roberts R.L., Sassi R.B., Axelson D., Nicoletti M., Brambilla P., et al. Developmental abnormalities in striatum in young bipolar patients: a preliminary study. Bipolar Disord. 7 (2005) 153-158
125. Sarnat H.B., Darwish H.Z., Barth P.G., Trevenen C.L., Pinto A., Kotagal S., et al. Ependymal abnormalities in lissencephaly/pachygyria. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52 (1993) 525-541
126. Sassi R.B., Nicoletti M., Brambilla P., Mallinger A.G., Frank E., Kupfer D.J., et al. Increased gray matter volume in lithium-treated bipolar disorder patients. Neurosci Lett 329 (2002) 243-245
127. Schwarzkopf S.B., Nasrallah H.A., Olson S.C., Coffman J.A., and McLaughlin J.A. Perinatal complications and genetic loading in schizophrenia: preliminary findings. Psychiatry Res 27 (1989) 233-239
128. Shenton M.E., Dickey C.C., Frumin M., and McCarley R.W. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 49 (2001) 1-52
129. Shioiri T., Oshitani Y., Kato T., Murashita J., Hamakawa H., Inubushi T., et al. Prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum detected by MRI in patients with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia. Psychol Med 26 (1996) 431-434
130. Sigurdsson E., Fombonne E., Sayal K., and Checkley S. Neurodevelopmental antecedents of early-onset bipolar affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 174 (1999) 121-127
131. Soares J.C. Contributions from brain imaging to the elucidation of pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 6 (2003) 171-180
132. Soares J.C., and Mann J.J. The anatomy of mood disorders - review of structural neuroimaging studies. Biol Psychiatry 41 (1997) 86-106
133. Solanto M.V., Abikoff H., Sonuga-Barke E., Schachar R., Logan G.D., Wigal T., et al. The ecological validity of delay aversion and response inhibition as measures of impulsivity in AD/HD: a supplement to the NIMH multimodal treatment study of AD/HD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 29 (2001) 215-228
134. Sonuga-Barke E.J. Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD - a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition. Behav Brain Res 130 (2002) 29-36
135. Strakowski S.M., Wilson D.R., Tohen M., Woods B.T., Douglass A.W., and Stoll A.L. Structural brain abnormalities in first-episode mania. Biol Psychiatry 33 (1993) 602-609
136. Strakowski S.M., DelBello M.P., Sax K.W., Zimmerman M.E., Shear P.K., Hawkins J.M., et al. Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 (1999) 254-260
137. Strakowski S.M., DelBello M.P., Zimmerman M.E., Getz G.E., Mills N.P., Ret J., et al. Ventricular and periventricular structural volumes in first- versus multiple-episode bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 159 (2002) 1841-1847
138. Swayze II V.W., Andreasen N.C., Alliger R.J., Ehrhardt J.C., and Yuh W.T. Structural brain abnormalities in bipolar affective disorder. Ventricular enlargement and focal signal hyperintensities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47 (1990) 1054-1059
139. Swayze II V.W., Andreasen N.C., Alliger R.J., Yuh W.T., and Ehrhardt J.C. Subcortical and temporal structures in affective disorder and schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 31 (1992) 221-240
140. Takei N., O'Callaghan E., Sham P.C., Glover G., and Murray R.M. Does prenatal influenza divert susceptible females from later affective psychosis to schizophrenia?. Acta Psychiatr Scand 88 (1993) 328-336
141. Torrey E.F. Epidemiological comparison of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 39 (1999) 101-106 discussion 159-160
142. Torrey E.F., Miller J., Rawlings R., and Yolken R.H. Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Schizophr Res 28 (1997) 1-38
143. Torrey E.F., Rawlings R., and Yolken R.H. The antecedents of psychosis: a case control study of selected risk factors. Schizophr Res 46 (2000) 17-23
144. Trixler M., Tenyi T., Csabi G., and Szabo R. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Schizophr Res 52 (2001) 195-201
145. van Os J., Jones P., Lewis G., Wadsworth M., and Murray R. Developmental precursors of affective illness in a general population birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54 (1997) 625-631
146. Velakoulis D., Pantelis C., McGorry P.D., Dudgeon P., Brewer W., Cook M., et al. Hippocampal volume in first-episode psychoses and chronic schizophrenia: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 (1999) 133-141
147. Verdoux H., and Bourgeois M. Obstetrical complications and schizophrenia. Comparative study of obstetric antecedents in schizophrenic and bipolar patients. Encephale 19 (1993) 313-320
148. Vita A., Dieci M., Giobbio G.M., Tenconi F., and Invernizzi G. Time course of cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia supports the hypothesis of its neurodevelopmental nature. Schizophr Res 23 (1997) 25-30
149. Vocisano C., Klein D.N., Keefe R.S., Dienst E.R., and Kincaid M.M. Demographics, family history, premorbid functioning, developmental characteristics, and course of patients with deteriorated affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 153 (1996) 248-255
150. von Zerssen D., and Possl J. The premorbid personality of patients with different subtypes of an affective illness. Statistical analysis of blind assignment of case history data to clinical diagnoses. J Affect Disord 18 (1990) 39-50
151. Waters B.G., Marcenko-Bouer I., and Smiley D. Paranatal complications are not associated with affective disorders in the offspring of bipolar manic-depressives. Neuropsychobiology 8 (1982) 1-9
152. Weinberger D.R. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44 (1987) 660-669
153. Weinberger D.R., DeLisi L.E., Perman G.P., Targum S., and Wyatt R.J. Computed tomography in schizophreniform disorder and other acute psychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39 (1982) 778-783
154. Weissman M.M., Wolk S., Wickramaratne P., Goldstein R.B., Adams P., Greenwald S., et al. Children with prepubertal-onset major depressive disorder and anxiety grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 (1999) 794-801
155. Woods B.T. Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenetic mechanism. Am J Psychiatry 155 (1998) 1661-1670
156. Woods B.T., Yurgelun-Todd D., Benes F.M., Frankenburg F.R., Pope Jr. H.G., and McSparren J. Progressive ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: comparison to bipolar affective disorder and correlation with clinical course. Biol Psychiatry 27 (1990) 341-352
157. Worland J., and Hesselbrock V. The intelligence of children and their parents with schizophrenia and affective illness. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 21 (1980) 191-201
158. Yatham L.N., Liddle P.F., Lam R.W., Shiah I.S., Lane C., Stoessl A.J., et al. PET study of the effects of valproate on dopamine D(2) receptors in neuroleptic- and mood-stabilizer-naive patients with nonpsychotic mania. Am J Psychiatry 159 (2002) 1718-1723
159. Yurgelun-Todd D.A., Gruber S.A., Kanayama G., Killgore W.D., Baird A.A., and Young A.D. fMRI during affect discrimination in bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord 2 (2000) 237-248
160. Zahn-Waxler C., Mayfield A., Radke-Yarrow M., McKnew D.H., Cytryn L., and Davenport Y.B. A follow-up investigation of offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 145 (1988) 506-509