HIV-1 Vif, APOBEC, and intrinsic immunity

Retrovirology

Volumn 5, Issue , 2008, Pages

  Goila Gaur, Ritu ^a   Strebel, Klaus ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN B MESSENGER RNA EDITING ENZYME CATALYTIC POLYPEPTIDE 1; APOLIPOPROTEIN B MESSENGER RNA EDITING ENZYME CATALYTIC POLYPEPTIDE 3F; APOLIPOPROTEIN B MESSENGER RNA EDITING ENZYME CATALYTIC POLYPEPTIDE 3G; CYTIDINE DEAMINASE; DOUBLE STRANDED RNA; SINGLE STRANDED RNA; VIF PROTEIN; CYTOSINE DEAMINASE; VIF PROTEIN, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1;

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; ENZYME ACTIVE SITE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME DEGRADATION; ENZYME REGULATION; ENZYME STRUCTURE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; RNA BINDING; VIRUS IMMUNITY; VIRUS INFECTIVITY; VIRUS INHIBITION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS RESISTANCE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1;

CYTOSINE DEAMINASE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; VIF GENE PRODUCTS, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

EID: 48949118733     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17424690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-51     Document Type: Review

References (187)

1. Fisher AG Ensoli B Ivanoff L Chamberlain M Petteway S Ratner L Gallo RC Wong-Staal F The sor gene of HIV-1 is required for efficient virus transmission in vitro Science 1987, 237:888-893 10.1126/science.3497453 3497453
2. Strebel K Daugherty D Clouse K Cohen D Folks T Martin MA The HIV 'A' (sor) gene product is essential for virus infectivity Nature 1987, 328:728-730 10.1038/328728a0 2441266
3. Fan L Peden K Cell-free transmission of Vif mutants of HIV-1 Virology 1992, 190:19-29 10.1016/0042-6822(92)91188-Z 1529528
4. Gabuzda DH Lawrence K Langhoff E Terwilliger E Dorfman T Haseltine WA Sodroski J Role of vif in replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in CD4+ T lymphocytes J Virol 1992, 66:6489-6495 240141 1357189
5. Blanc D Patience C Schulz TF Weiss R Spire B Transcomplementation of VIF-HIV-1 mutants in CEM cells suggests that VIF affects late steps of the viral life cycle Virology 1993, 193:186-192 10.1006/viro.1993.1114 8438565
6. Sakai H Shibata R Sakuragi J Sakuragi S Kawamura M Adachi A Cell-dependent requirement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif protein for maturation of virus particles J Virol 1993, 67:1663-1666 237539 8437236
7. von Schwedler U Song J Aiken C Trono D Vif is crucial for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviral DNA synthesis in infected cells J Virol 1993, 67:4945-4955 237882 8331734
8. Borman AM Quillent C Charneau P Dauguet C Clavel F Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif-mutant particles from restrictive cells: Role of Vif in correct particle assembly and infectivity J Virol 1995, 69:2058-2067 188871 7884851
9. Madani N Kabat D An endogenous inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus in human lymphocytes is overcome by the viral Vif protein J Virol 1998, 72:10251-10255 110608 9811770
10. Simon JH Gaddis NC Fouchier RA Malim MH Evidence for a newly discovered cellular anti-HIV-1 phenotype Nat Med 1998, 4:1397-1400 10.1038/3987 9846577
11. Sheehy AM Gaddis NC Choi JD Malim MH Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein Nature 2002, 418:646-650 10.1038/nature00939 12167863
12. Jarmuz A Chester A Bayliss J Gisbourne J Dunham I Scott J Navaratnam N An anthropoid-specific locus of orphan C to U RNA-editing enzymes on chromosome 22 Genomics 2002, 79:285-296 10.1006/geno.2002.6718 11863358
13. Rogozin IB Basu MK Jordan IK Pavlov YI Koonin EV APOBEC4, a New Member of the AID/APOBEC Family of Polynucleotide (Deoxy)cytidine Deaminases Predicted by Computational Analysis Cell Cycle 2005, 4:1281-1285 16082223
14. Teng B Burant CF Davidson NO Molecular cloning of an apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing protein Science 1993, 260:1816-1819 10.1126/ science.8511591 8511591
15. Powell LM Wallis SC Pease RJ Edwards YH Knott TJ Scott J A novel form of tissue-specific RNA processing produces apolipoprotein-B48 in intestine Cell 1987, 50:831-840 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90510-1 3621347
16. Chen SH Habib G Yang CY Gu ZW Lee BR Weng SA Silberman SR Cai SJ Deslypere JP Rosseneu M et al. Apolipoprotein B-48 is the product of a messenger RNA with an organ-specific in-frame stop codon Science 1987, 238:363-366 10.1126/science.3659919 3659919
17. Sowden M Hamm JK Smith HC Overexpression of APOBEC-1 results in mooring sequence-dependent promiscuous RNA editing J Biol Chem 1996, 271:3011-3017 10.1074/jbc.271.6.3011 8621694
18. Yamanaka S Balestra ME Ferrell LD Fan J Arnold KS Taylor S Taylor JM Innerarity TL Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing protein induces hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplasia in transgenic animals Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92:8483-8487 41181 7667315 10.1073/pnas.92.18.8483
19. Harris RS Petersen-Mahrt SK Neuberger MS RNA Editing Enzyme APOBEC1 and Some of Its Homologs Can Act as DNA Mutators Mol Cell 2002, 10:1247-1253 10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00742-6 12453430
20. Betts L Xiang S Short SA Wolfenden R Carter CW Jr Cytidine deaminase. The 2.3 A crystal structure of an enzyme: Transition-state analog complex J Mol Biol 1994, 235:635-656 10.1006/jmbi.1994.1018 8289286
21. Wedekind JE Dance GS Sowden MP Smith HC Messenger RNA editing in mammals: New members of the APOBEC family seeking roles in the family business Trends Genet 2003, 19:207-216 10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00054-4 12683974
22. Xie K Sowden MP Dance GS Torelli AT Smith HC Wedekind JE The structure of a yeast RNA-editing deaminase provides insight into the fold and function of activation-induced deaminase and APOBEC-1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:8114-8119 419566 15148397 10.1073/pnas.0400493101
23. Iwatani Y Takeuchi H Strebel K Levin JG Biochemical Activities of Highly Purified, Catalytically Active Human APOBEC3G: Correlation with Antiviral Effect J Virol 2006, 80:5992-6002 1472592 16731938 10.1128/ JVI.02680-05
24. Chelico L Pham P Calabrese P Goodman MF APOBEC3G DNA deaminase acts processively 3′ → 5′ on single-stranded DNA Nat Struct Mol Biol 2006, 13:392-399 10.1038/nsmb1086 16622407
25. Wedekind JE Gillilan R Janda A Krucinska J Salter JD Bennett RP Raina J Smith HC Nanostructures of APOBEC3G support a hierarchical assembly model of high molecular mass ribonucleoprotein particles from dimeric subunits J Biol Chem 2006, 281:38122-38126 1847398 17079235 10.1074/ jbc.C600253200
26. Chen KM Harjes E Gross PJ Fahmy A Lu Y Shindo K Harris RS Matsuo H Structure of the DNA deaminase domain of the HIV-1 restriction factor APOBEC3G Nature 2008, 452:116-119 10.1038/nature06638 18288108
27. Opi S Takeuchi H Kao S Khan MA Miyagi E Goila-Gaur R Iwatani Y Levin JG Strebel K Monomeric APOBEC3G is catalytically active and has antiviral activity J Virol 2006, 80:4673-4682 1472092 16641260 10.1128/ JVI.80.10.4673-4682.2006
28. Lau PP Zhu HJ Baldini A Charnsangavej C Chan L Dimeric structure of a human apolipoprotein B mRNA editing protein and cloning and chromosomal localization of its gene Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:8522-8526 44638 8078915 10.1073/pnas.91.18.8522
29. Navarro F Bollman B Chen H Konig R Yu Q Chiles K Landau NR Complementary function of the two catalytic domains of APOBEC3G Virology 2005, 333:374-386 10.1016/j.virol.2005.01.011 15721369
30. Shindo K Takaori-Kondo A Kobayashi M Abudu A Fukunaga K Uchiyama T The enzymatic activity of CEM15/Apobec-3G is essential for the regulation of the infectivity of HIV-1 virion but not a sole determinant of its antiviral activity J Biol Chem 2003, 278:44412-44416 10.1074/ jbc.C300376200 12970355
31. Wiegand HL Doehle BP Bogerd HP Cullen BR A second human antiretroviral factor, APOBEC3F, is suppressed by the HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vif proteins EMBO J 2004, 23:2451-2458 423288 15152192 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600246
32. Burnett A Spearman P APOBEC3G Multimers Are Recruited to the Plasma Membrane for Packaging into Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virus-Like Particles in an RNA-Dependent Process Requiring the NC Basic Linker J Virol 2007, 81:5000-5013 1900209 17344295 10.1128/JVI.02237-06
33. Opi S Kao S Goila-Gaur R Khan MA Miyagi E Takeuchi H Strebel K Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif inhibits packaging and antiviral activity of a degradation-resistant APOBEC3G variant J Virol 2007, 81:8236-8246 1951302 17522211 10.1128/JVI.02694-06
34. Yu Q Konig R Pillai S Chiles K Kearney M Palmer S Richman D Coffin JM Landau NR Single-strand specificity of APOBEC3G accounts for minus-strand deamination of the HIV genome Nat Struct Mol Biol 2004, 11:435-442 10.1038/nsmb758 15098018
35. Suspene R Sommer P Henry M Ferris S Guetard D Pochet S Chester A Navaratnam N Wain-Hobson S Vartanian JP APOBEC3G is a single-stranded DNA cytidine deaminase and functions independently of HIV reverse transcriptase Nucleic Acids Res 2004, 32:2421-2429 419444 15121899 10.1093/nar/gkh554
36. Kozak SL Marin M Rose KM Bystrom C Kabat D The anti-HIV-1 editing enzyme APOBEC3G binds HIV-1 RNA and messenger RNAs that shuttle between polysomes and stress granules J Biol Chem 2006, 281:29105-29119 10.1074/ jbc.M601901200 16887808
37. Khan MA Goila-Gaur R Opi S Miyagi E Takeuchi H Kao S Strebel K Analysis of the contribution of cellular and viral RNA to the packaging of APOBEC3G into HIV-1 virions Retrovirology 2007, 4:48 1948019 17631688 10.1186/1742-4690-4-48
38. Wang T Tian C Zhang W Luo K Sarkis PT Yu L Liu B Yu Y Yu XF 7SL RNA mediates virion packaging of the antiviral cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G J Virol 2007, 81:13112-13124 2169093 17881443 10.1128/JVI.00892-07
39. Harris RS Bishop KN Sheehy AM Craig HM Petersen-Mahrt SK Watt IN Neuberger MS Malim MH DNA deamination mediates innate immunity to retroviral infection Cell 2003, 113:803-809 10.1016/ S0092-8674(03)00423-9 12809610
40. Beale RC Petersen-Mahrt SK Watt IN Harris RS Rada C Neuberger MS Comparison of the differential context-dependence of DNA deamination by APOBEC enzymes: Correlation with mutation spectra in vivo J Mol Biol 2004, 337:585-596 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.046 15019779
41. Lecossier D Bouchonnet F Clavel F Hance AJ Hypermutation of HIV-1 DNA in the absence of the Vif protein Science 2003, 300:1112 10.1126/ science.1083338 12750511
42. Mangeat B Turelli P Caron G Friedli M Perrin L Trono D Broad antiretroviral defence by human APOBEC3G through lethal editing of nascent reverse transcripts Nature 2003, 424:99-103 10.1038/nature01709 12808466
43. Zhang H Yang B Pomerantz RJ Zhang C Arunachalam SC Gao L The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA Nature 2003, 424:94-98 1350966 12808465 10.1038/nature01707
44. Suspene R Rusniok C Vartanian JP Wain-Hobson S Twin gradients in APOBEC3 edited HIV-1 DNA reflect the dynamics of lentiviral replication Nucleic Acids Res 2006, 34:4677-4684 1635257 16963778 10.1093/nar/gkl555
45. Wurtzer S Goubard A Mammano F Saragosti S Lecossier D Hance AJ Clavel F Functional central polypurine tract provides downstream protection of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome from editing by APOBEC3G and APOBEC3B J Virol 2006, 80:3679-3683 1440420 16537639 10.1128/ JVI.80.7.3679-3683.2006
46. Hache G Liddament MT Harris RS The retroviral hypermutation specificity of APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G is governed by the C-terminal DNA cytosine deaminase domain J Biol Chem 2005, 280:10920-10924 10.1074/ jbc.M500382200 15647250
47. Newman EN Holmes RK Craig HM Klein KC Lingappa JR Malim MH Sheehy AM Antiviral function of APOBEC3G can be dissociated from cytidine deaminase activity Curr Biol 2005, 15:166-170 10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.068 15668174
48. Bogerd HP Wiegand HL Doehle BP Cullen BR The intrinsic antiretroviral factor APOBEC3B contains two enzymatically active cytidine deaminase domains Virology 2007, 364:486-493 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.019 17434555
49. Jonsson SR Hache G Stenglein MD Fahrenkrug SC Andresdottir V Harris RS Evolutionarily conserved and non-conserved retrovirus restriction activities of artiodactyl APOBEC3F proteins Nucleic Acids Res 2006, 34:5683-5694 1636497 17038330 10.1093/nar/gkl721
50. Hakata Y Landau NR Reversed functional organization of mouse and human APOBEC3 cytidine deaminase domains J Biol Chem 2006, 281:36624-36631 10.1074/jbc.M604980200 17020885
51. Chiu YL Soros VB Kreisberg JF Stopak K Yonemoto W Greene WC Cellular APOBEC3G restricts HIV-1 infection in resting CD4+ T cells Nature 2005, 435:108-114 10.1038/nature03493 15829920
52. Goila-Gaur R Khan MA Miyagi E Kao S Strebel K Targeting APOBEC3A to the viral nucleoprotein complex confers antiviral activity Retrovirology 2007, 4:61 2018723 17727729 10.1186/1742-4690-4-61
53. Wang X Dolan PT Dang Y Zheng YH Biochemical differentiation of APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G proteins associated with HIV-1 life cycle J Biol Chem 2007, 282:1585-1594 1880894 17142455 10.1074/jbc.M610150200
54. Goila-Gaur R Khan M Miyagi E Kao S Opi S Takeuchi H Strebel K HIV-1 Vif promotes the formation of high molecular mass APOBEC3G complexes Virology 2008, 372:136-146 2396953 18023836 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.017
55. Bennett RP Diner E Sowden MP Lees JA Wedekind JE Smith HC APOBEC-1 and AID are nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking proteins but APOBEC3G cannot traffic Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 350:214-219 1847397 16999936 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.032
56. Bennett RP Presnyak V Wedekind JE Smith HC Nuclear Exclusion of the HIV-1 Host Defense Factor APOBEC3G Requires a Novel Cytoplasmic Retention Signal and Is Not Dependent on RNA Binding J Biol Chem 2008, 283:7320-7327 10.1074/jbc.M708567200 18165230
57. Wichroski MJ Ichiyama K Rana TM Analysis of HIV-1 viral infectivity factor-mediated proteasome-dependent depletion of APOBEC3G: Correlating function and subcellular localization J Biol Chem 2005, 280:8387-8396 10.1074/jbc.M408048200 15537645
58. Wichroski MJ Robb GB Rana TM Human Retroviral Host Restriction Factors APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F Localize to mRNA Processing Bodies PLoS Pathog 2006, 2:e41 1458959 16699599 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020041
59. Gallois-Montbrun S Kramer B Swanson CM Byers H Lynham S Ward M Malim MH Antiviral protein APOBEC3G localizes to ribonucleoprotein complexes found in P bodies and stress granules J Virol 2007, 81:2165-2178 1865933 17166910 10.1128/JVI.02287-06
60. Chen K Huang J Zhang C Huang S Nunnari G Wang FX Tong X Gao L Nikisher K Zhang H Alpha interferon potently enhances the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity of APOBEC3G in resting primary CD4 T cells J Virol 2006, 80:7645-7657 1563726 16840343 10.1128/ JVI.00206-06
61. Kreisberg JF Yonemoto W Greene WC Endogenous factors enhance HIV infection of tissue naive CD4 T cells by stimulating high molecular mass APOBEC3G complex formation J Exp Med 2006, 203:865-870 2118295 16606671 10.1084/jem.20051856
62. Stopak KS Chiu YL Kropp J Grant RM Greene WC Distinct patterns of cytokine regulation of APOBEC3G expression and activity in primary lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells J Biol Chem 2007, 282:3539-3546 10.1074/jbc.M610138200 17110377
63. Komohara Y Suekane S Noguchi M Matsuoka K Yamada A Itoh K Expression of APOBEC3G in kidney cells Tissue Antigens 2007, 69:95-98 10.1111/ j.1399-0039.2006.00725.x 17212712
64. Argyris EG Acheampong E Wang F Huang J Chen K Mukhtar M Zhang H The interferon-induced expression of APOBEC3G in human blood-brain barrier exerts a potent intrinsic immunity to block HIV-1 entry to central nervous system Virology 2007, 367:440-451 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.010 17631933
65. Rose KM Marin M Kozak SL Kabat D Transcriptional regulation of APOBEC3G, a cytidine deaminase that hypermutates human immunodeficiency virus J Biol Chem 2004, 279:41744-41749 10.1074/jbc.M406760200 15297452
66. Stevenson M Stanwick TL Dempsey MP Lamonica CA HIV-1 replication is controlled at the level of T cell activation and proviral integration EMBO J 1990, 9:1551-1560 551849 2184033
67. Watson AJ Wilburn LM Inhibition of HIV infection of resting peripheral blood lymphocytes by nucleosides AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992, 8:1221-1227 1325818
68. Soros VB Yonemoto W Greene WC Newly synthesized APOBEC3G is incorporated into HIV virions, inhibited by HIV RNA, and subsequently activated by RNase H PLoS Pathog 2007, 3:e15 1796622 17291161 10.1371/ journal.ppat.0030015
69. Harris SG Sabio I Mayer E Steinberg MF Backus JW Sparks JD Sparks CE Smith HC Extract-specific heterogeneity in high-order complexes containing apolipoprotein B mRNA editing activity and RNA-binding proteins J Biol Chem 1993, 268:7382-7392 8463271
70. Sowden MP Ballatori N Jensen KL Reed LH Smith HC The editosome for cytidine to uridine mRNA editing has a native complexity of 27S: identification of intracellular domains containing active and inactive editing factors J Cell Sci 2002, 115:1027-1039 11870221
71. Chiu YL Witkowska HE Hall SC Santiago M Soros VB Esnault C Heidmann T Greene WC High-molecular-mass APOBEC3G complexes restrict Alu retrotransposition Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103:15588-15593 1592537 17030807 10.1073/pnas.0604524103
72. Gallois-Montbrun S Holmes RK Swanson CM Fernandez-Ocana M Byers HL Ward MA Malim MH Comparison of cellular ribonucleoprotein complexes associated with the APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G antiviral proteins J Virol 2008, 82:5636-5642 10.1128/JVI.00287-08 18367521
73. Muckenfuss H Hamdorf M Held U Perkovic M Lower J Cichutek K Flory E Schumann GG Munk C APOBEC3 proteins inhibit human LINE-1 retrotransposition J Biol Chem 2006, 281:22161-22172 10.1074/ jbc.M601716200 16735504
74. Chen H Lilley CE Yu Q Lee DV Chou J Narvaiza I Landau NR Weitzman MD APOBEC3A is a potent inhibitor of adeno-associated virus and retrotransposons Curr Biol 2006, 16:480-485 10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.031 16527742
75. Bogerd HP Wiegand HL Doehle BP Lueders KK Cullen BR APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B are potent inhibitors of LTR-retrotransposon function in human cells Nucleic Acids Res 2006, 34:89-95 1326241 16407327 10.1093/nar/ gkj416
76. Bogerd HP Wiegand HL Hulme AE Garcia-Perez JL O'Shea KS Moran JV Cullen BR Cellular inhibitors of long interspersed element 1 and Alu retrotransposition Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103:8780-8785 1482655 16728505 10.1073/pnas.0603313103
77. Wiegand HL Cullen BR Inhibition of alpharetrovirus replication by a range of human APOBEC3 proteins J Virol 2007, 81:13694-13699 2168862 17913830 10.1128/JVI.01646-07
78. Xu H Chertova E Chen J Ott DE Roser JD Hu WS Pathak VK Stoichiometry of the antiviral protein APOBEC3G in HIV-1 virions Virology 2007, 360:247-256 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.036 17126871
79. Mariani R Chen D Schrofelbauer B Navarro F Konig R Bollman B Munk C Nymark-McMahon H Landau NR Species-specific exclusion of APOBEC3G from HIV-1 virions by Vif Cell 2003, 114:21-31 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00515-4 12859895
80. Bishop KN Holmes RK Sheehy AM Davidson NO Cho SJ Malim MH Cytidine deamination of retroviral DNA by diverse APOBEC proteins Curr Biol 2004, 14:1392-1396 10.1016/j.cub.2004.06.057 15296758
81. Liddament MT Brown WL Schumacher AJ Harris RS APOBEC3F properties and hypermutation preferences indicate activity against HIV-1 in vivo Curr Biol 2004, 14:1385-1391 10.1016/j.cub.2004.06.050 15296757
82. Mbisa JL Barr R Thomas JA Vandegraaff N Dorweiler IJ Svarovskaia ES Brown WL Mansky LM Gorelick RJ Harris RS Engelman A Pathak VK Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 cDNAs Produced in the Presence of APOBEC3G Exhibit Defects in Plus-Strand DNA Transfer and Integration J Virol 2007, 81:7099-7110 1933301 17428871 10.1128/JVI.00272-07
83. Luo K Wang T Liu B Tian C Xiao Z Kappes J Yu XF Cytidine Deaminases APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F Interact with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase and Inhibit Proviral DNA Formation J Virol 2007, 81:7238-7248 1933265 17428847 10.1128/JVI.02584-06
84. Dang Y Wang X Esselman WJ Zheng YH Identification of APOBEC3DE as Another Antiretroviral Factor from the Human APOBEC Family J Virol 2006, 80:10522-10533 1641744 16920826 10.1128/JVI.01123-06
85. Bishop KN Holmes RK Malim MH Antiviral potency of APOBEC proteins does not correlate with cytidine deamination J Virol 2006, 80:8450-8458 1563846 16912295 10.1128/JVI.00839-06
86. Dutko JA Schafer A Kenny AE Cullen BR Curcio MJ Inhibition of a yeast LTR retrotransposon by human APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases Curr Biol 2005, 15:661-666 10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.051 15823539
87. Stenglein MD Harris RS APOBEC3B and APOBEC3F inhibit L1 retrotransposition by a DNA deamination-independent mechanism J Biol Chem 2006, 281:16837-16841 10.1074/jbc.M602367200 16648136
88. Turelli P Mangeat B Jost S Vianin S Trono D Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by APOBEC3G Science 2004, 303:1829 10.1126/ science.1092066 15031497
89. Holmes RK Koning FA Bishop KN Malim MH APOBEC3F can inhibit the accumulation of HIV-1 reverse transcription products in the absence of hypermutation. Comparisons with APOBEC3G J Biol Chem 2007, 282:2587-2595 10.1074/jbc.M607298200 17121840
90. Iwatani Y Chan DS Wang F Maynard KS Sugiura W Gronenborn AM Rouzina I Williams MC Musier-Forsyth K Levin JG Deaminase-independent inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcription by APOBEC3G Nucleic Acids Res 2007, 35:7096-7108 2175344 17942420 10.1093/nar/gkm750
91. Guo F Cen S Niu M Saadatmand J Kleiman L Inhibition of tRNA3Lys-primed reverse transcription by human APOBEC3G during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication J Virol 2006, 80:11710-11722 1642613 16971427 10.1128/JVI.01038-06
92. Guo F Cen S Niu M Yang Y Gorelick RJ Kleiman L The Interaction of APOBEC3G with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid Inhibits tRNA3Lys Annealing to Viral RNA J Virol 2007, 81:11322-11331 2045548 17670826 10.1128/JVI.00162-07
93. Yang Y Guo F Cen S Kleiman L Inhibition of initiation of reverse transcription in HIV-1 by human APOBEC3F Virology 2007, 365:92-100 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.022 17459442
94. Li XY Guo F Zhang L Kleiman L Cen S APOBEC3G inhibits DNA strand transfer during HIV-1 reverse transcription J Biol Chem 2007, 282:32065-32074 10.1074/jbc.M703423200 17855362
95. Miyagi E Opi S Takeuchi H Khan M Goila-Gaur R Kao S Strebel K Enzymatically active APOBEC3G is required for efficient inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 J Virol 2007, 81:13346-13353 2168852 17928335 10.1128/JVI.01361-07
96. Schumacher AJ Hache G Macduff DA Brown WL Harris RS The DNA deaminase activity of human APOBEC3G is required for Ty1, MusD, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 restriction J Virol 2008, 82:2652-2660 10.1128/JVI.02391-07 18184715
97. Okeoma CM Lovsin N Peterlin BM Ross SR APOBEC3 inhibits mouse mammary tumour virus replication in vivo Nature 2007, 445:927-930 10.1038/ nature05540 17259974
98. Noguchi C Ishino H Tsuge M Fujimoto Y Imamura M Takahashi S Chayama K G to A hypermutation of hepatitis B virus Hepatology 2005, 41:626-633 10.1002/hep.20580 15726649
99. Rosler C Kock J Kann M Malim MH Blum HE Baumert TF von Weizsacker F APOBEC-mediated interference with hepadnavirus production Hepatology 2005, 42:301-309 10.1002/hep.20801 16025511
100. Suspene R Guetard D Henry M Sommer P Wain-Hobson S Vartanian JP Extensive editing of both hepatitis B virus DNA strands by APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases in vitro and in vivo Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:8321-8326 1149401 15919829 10.1073/pnas.0408223102
101. Tanaka Y Marusawa H Seno H Matsumoto Y Ueda Y Kodama Y Endo Y Yamauchi J Matsumoto T Takaori-Kondo A Ikai I Chiba T Anti-viral protein APOBEC3G is induced by interferon-alpha stimulation in human hepatocytes Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 341:314-319 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.192 16426578
102. Bonvin M Achermann F Greeve I Stroka D Keogh A Inderbitzin D Candinas D Sommer P Wain-Hobson S Vartanian JP Greeve J Interferon-inducible expression of APOBEC3 editing enzymes in human hepatocytes and inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication Hepatology 2006, 43:1364-1374 10.1002/hep.21187 16729314
103. Lei YC Hao YH Zhang ZM Tian YJ Wang BJ Yang Y Zhao XP Lu MJ Gong FL Yang DL Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by APOBEC3G in vitro and in vivo World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12:4492-4497 16874860
104. Nguyen DH Gummuluru S Hu J Deamination-independent inhibition of hepatitis B virus reverse transcription by APOBEC3G J Virol 2007, 81:4465-4472 1900192 17314171 10.1128/JVI.02510-06
105. Baumert TF Rosler C Malim MH von Weizsacker F Hepatitis B virus DNA is subject to extensive editing by the human deaminase APOBEC3C Hepatology 2007, 46:682-689 10.1002/hep.21733 17625792
106. Jost S Turelli P Mangeat B Protzer U Trono D Induction of antiviral cytidine deaminases does not explain the inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by interferons J Virol 2007, 81:10588-10596 2045472 17652382 10.1128/JVI.02489-06
107. Khan MA Kao S Miyagi E Takeuchi H Goila-Gaur R Opi S Gipson CL Parslow TG Ly H Strebel K Viral RNA is required for the association of APOBEC3G with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleoprotein complexes J Virol 2005, 79:5870-5874 1082784 15827203 10.1128/JVI.79.9.5870-5874.2005
108. Tian C Wang T Zhang W Yu XF Virion packaging determinants and reverse transcription of SRP RNA in HIV-1 particles Nucleic Acids Res 2007, 35:7288-7302 2175372 17959647 10.1093/nar/gkm816
109. Wang T Tian C Zhang W Sarkis PT Yu XF Interaction with 7SL RNA but not with HIV-1 genomic RNA or P bodies is required for APOBEC3F virion packaging J Mol Biol 2008, 375:1098-1112 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.11.017 18067920
110. Cen S Guo F Niu M Saadatmand J Deflassieux J Kleiman L The interaction between HIV-1 Gag and APOBEC3G J Biol Chem 2004, 279:33177-33184 10.1074/ jbc.M402062200 15159405
111. Schafer A Bogerd HP Cullen BR Specific packaging of APOBEC3G into HIV-1 virions is mediated by the nucleocapsid domain of the gag polyprotein precursor Virology 2004, 328:163-168 10.1016/j.virol.2004.08.006 15464836
112. Alce TM Popik W APOBEC3G is incorporated into virus-like particles by a direct interaction with HIV-1 Gag nucleocapsid protein J Biol Chem 2004, 279:34083-34086 10.1074/jbc.C400235200 15215254
113. Zennou V Perez-Caballero D Gottlinger H Bieniasz PD APOBEC3G incorporation into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles J Virol 2004, 78:12058-12061 523273 15479846 10.1128/JVI.78.21.12058-12061.2004
114. Huthoff H Malim MH Identification of Amino Acid Residues in APOBEC3G Required for Regulation by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif and Virion Encapsidation J Virol 2007, 81:3807-3815 1866099 17267497 10.1128/ JVI.02795-06
115. Douaisi M Dussart S Courcoul M Bessou G Vigne R Decroly E HIV-1 and MLV Gag proteins are sufficient to recruit APOBEC3G into virus-like particles Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004, 321:566-573 10.1016/ j.bbrc.2004.07.005 15358144
116. Luo K Liu B Xiao Z Yu Y Yu X Gorelick R Yu XF Amino-terminal region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid is required for human APOBEC3G packaging J Virol 2004, 78:11841-11852 523292 15479826 10.1128/JVI.78.21.11841-11852.2004
117. Svarovskaia ES Xu H Mbisa JL Barr R Gorelick RJ Ono A Freed EO Hu WS Pathak VK Human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G) is incorporated into HIV-1 virions through interactions with viral and nonviral RNAs J Biol Chem 2004, 279:35822-35828 10.1074/jbc.M405761200 15210704
118. Onafuwa-Nuga AA Telesnitsky A King SR 7SL RNA, but not the 54-kd signal recognition particle protein, is an abundant component of both infectious HIV-1 and minimal virus-like particles RNA 2006, 12:542-546 1421090 16489186 10.1261/rna.2306306
119. Mehle A Strack B Ancuta P Zhang C McPike M Gabuzda D Vif overcomes the innate antiviral activity of APOBEC3G by promoting its degradation in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway J Biol Chem 2004, 279:7792-7798 10.1074/ jbc.M313093200 14672928
120. Stopak K de Noronha C Yonemoto W Greene WC HIV-1 Vif blocks the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G by impairing both its translation and intracellular stability Mol Cell 2003, 12:591-601 10.1016/ S1097-2765(03)00353-8 14527406
121. Marin M Rose KM Kozak SL Kabat D HIV-1 Vif protein binds the editing enzyme APOBEC3G and induces its degradation Nat Med 2003, 9:1398-1403 10.1038/nm946 14528301
122. Conticello SG Harris RS Neuberger MS The Vif protein of HIV triggers degradation of the human antiretroviral DNA deaminase APOBEC3G Curr Biol 2003, 13:2009-2013 10.1016/j.cub.2003.10.034 14614829
123. Sheehy AM Gaddis NC Malim MH The antiretroviral enzyme APOBEC3G is degraded by the proteasome in response to HIV-1 Vif Nat Med 2003, 9:1404-1407 10.1038/nm945 14528300
124. Yu X Yu Y Liu B Luo K Kong W Mao P Yu XF Induction of APOBEC3G ubiquitination and degradation by an HIV-1 Vif-Cul5-SCF complex Science 2003, 302:1056-1060 10.1126/science.1089591 14564014
125. Kao S Khan MA Miyagi E Plishka R Buckler-White A Strebel K The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif protein reduces intracellular expression and inhibits packaging of APOBEC3G (CEM15), a cellular inhibitor of virus infectivity J Virol 2003, 77:11398-11407 229358 14557625 10.1128/JVI.77.21.11398-11407.2003
126. Kao S Goila-Gaur R Miyagi E Khan MA Opi S Takeuchi H Strebel K Production of infectious virus and degradation of APOBEC3G are separable functional properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif Virology 2007, 369:329-339 10.1016/j.virol.2007.08.005 17825339
127. Yu Y Xiao Z Ehrlich ES Yu X Yu XF Selective assembly of HIV-1 Vif-Cul5-ElonginB-ElonginC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex through a novel SOCS box and upstream cysteines Genes Dev 2004, 18:2867-2872 534647 15574593 10.1101/gad.1250204
128. Mehle A Goncalves J Santa-Marta M McPike M Gabuzda D Phosphorylation of a novel SOCS-box regulates assembly of the HIV-1 Vif-Cul5 complex that promotes APOBEC3G degradation Genes Dev 2004, 18:2861-2866 534646 15574592 10.1101/gad.1249904
129. Luo K Xiao Z Ehrlich E Yu Y Liu B Zheng S Yu XF Primate lentiviral virion infectivity factors are substrate receptors that assemble with cullin 5-E3 ligase through a HCCH motif to suppress APOBEC3G Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:11444-11449 1182177 16076960 10.1073/ pnas.0502440102
130. Mehle A Thomas ER Rajendran KS Gabuzda D A zinc-binding region in Vif binds Cul5 and determines cullin selection J Biol Chem 2006, 281:17259-17265 10.1074/jbc.M602413200 16636053
131. Xiao Z Ehrlich E Yu Y Luo K Wang T Tian C Yu XF Assembly of HIV-1 Vif-Cul5 E3 ubiquitin ligase through a novel zinc-binding domain-stabilized hydrophobic interface in Vif Virology 2006, 349:290-299 10.1016/j.virol.2006.02.002 16530799
132. Paul I Cui J Maynard EL Zinc binding to the HCCH motif of HIV-1 virion infectivity factor induces a conformational change that mediates protein-protein interactions Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103:18475-18480 1693687 17132731 10.1073/pnas.0604150103
133. Xiao Z Xiong Y Zhang W Tan L Ehrlich E Guo D Yu XF Characterization of a novel Cullin5 binding domain in HIV-1 Vif J Mol Biol 2007, 373:541-550 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.07.029 17869271
134. Xiao Z Ehrlich E Luo K Xiong Y Yu XF Zinc chelation inhibits HIV Vif activity and liberates antiviral function of the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G FASEB J 2007, 21:217-222 10.1096/fj.06-6773com 17135358
135. Kobayashi M Takaori-Kondo A Miyauchi Y Iwai K Uchiyama T Ubiquitination of APOBEC3G by an HIV-1 Vif-Cullin5-Elongin B-Elongin C complex is essential for Vif function J Biol Chem 2005, 280:18573-18578 10.1074/ jbc.C500082200 15781449
136. Dang Y Siew LM Zheng YH APOBEC3G is degraded by the proteasomal pathway in a Vif-dependent manner without being polyubiquitylated J Biol Chem 2008, 283:13124-13131 2430655 18326044 10.1074/jbc.M708728200
137. Akari H Fujita M Kao S Khan MA Shehu-Xhilaga M Adachi A Strebel K High level expression of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Vif inhibits viral infectivity by modulating proteolytic processing of the Gag precursor at the p2/nucleocapsid processing site J Biol Chem 2004, 279:12355-12362 10.1074/jbc.M312426200 14722068
138. Fujita M Akari H Sakurai A Yoshida A Chiba T Tanaka K Strebel K Adachi A Expression of HIV-1 accessory protein Vif is controlled uniquely to be low and optimal by proteasome degradation Microbes Infect 2004, 6:791-798 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.04.011 15374000
139. Kao S Akari H Khan MA Dettenhofer M Yu XF Strebel K Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif is efficiently packaged into virions during productive but not chronic infection J Virol 2003, 77:1131-1140 140813 12502829 10.1128/JVI.77.2.1131-1140.2003
140. Kao S Miyagi E Khan MA Takeuchi H Opi S Goila-Gaur R Strebel K Production of infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 does not require depletion of APOBEC3G from virus-producing cells Retrovirology 2004, 1:27 520834 15373943 10.1186/1742-4690-1-27
141. Santa-Marta M da Silva FA Fonseca AM Goncalves J HIV-1 Vif can directly inhibit apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G-mediated cytidine deamination by using a single amino acid
142. Santa-Marta M Aires da Silva F Fonseca AM Rato S Goncalves J HIV-1 Vif protein blocks the cytidine deaminase activity of B-cell specific AID in E. coli by a similar mechanism of action Mol Immunol 2007, 44:583-590 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.02.005 16580072
143. Bogerd HP Doehle BP Wiegand HL Cullen BR A single amino acid difference in the host APOBEC3G protein controls the primate species specificity of HIV type 1 virion infectivity factor Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:3770-3774 374319 14999100 10.1073/pnas.0307713101
144. Schrofelbauer B Chen D Landau NR A single amino acid of APOBEC3G controls its species-specific interaction with virion infectivity factor (Vif) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:3927-3932 374346 14978281 10.1073/ pnas.0307132101
145. Mangeat B Turelli P Liao S Trono D A single amino acid determinant governs the species-specific sensitivity of APOBEC3G to Vif action J Biol Chem 2004, 279:14481-14483 10.1074/jbc.C400060200 14966139
146. Xu H Svarovskaia ES Barr R Zhang Y Khan MA Strebel K Pathak VK A single amino acid substitution in human APOBEC3G antiretroviral enzyme confers resistance to HIV-1 virion infectivity factor-induced depletion Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:5652-5657 397464 15054139 10.1073/ pnas.0400830101
147. Simon JH Miller DL Fouchier RA Soares MA Peden KW Malim MH The regulation of primate immunodeficiency virus infectivity by Vif is cell species restricted: A role for Vif in determining virus host range and cross-species transmission EMBO J 1998, 17:1259-1267 1170474 9482723 10.1093/emboj/17.5.1259
148. Simon JH Southerling TE Peterson JC Meyer BE Malim MH Complementation of vif-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by primate, but not nonprimate, lentivirus vif genes J Virol 1995, 69:4166-4172 189153 7769676
149. Schrofelbauer B Senger T Manning G Landau NR Mutational alteration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif allows for functional interaction with nonhuman primate APOBEC3G J Virol 2006, 80:5984-5991 1472613 16731937 10.1128/JVI.00388-06
150. Russell RA Pathak VK Identification of two distinct human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif determinants critical for interactions with human APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F J Virol 2007, 81:8201-8210 1951317 17522216 10.1128/JVI.00395-07
151. Mehle A Wilson H Zhang C Brazier AJ McPike M Pery E Gabuzda D Identification of an APOBEC3G binding site in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif and inhibitors of Vif-APOBEC3G binding J Virol 2007, 81:13235-13241 2169136 17898068 10.1128/JVI.00204-07
152. Yang S Sun Y Zhang H The multimerization of human immunodeficiency virus type I Vif protein: A requirement for Vif function in the viral life cycle J Biol Chem 2001, 276:4889-4893 1350968 11071884 10.1074/ jbc.M004895200
153. Miller JH Presnyak V Smith HC The dimerization domain of HIV-1 viral infectivity factor Vif is required to block virion incorporation of APOBEC3G Retrovirology 2007, 4:81 2222665 18036235 10.1186/1742-4690-4-81
154. Goncalves J Korin Y Zack J Gabuzda D Role of Vif in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription J Virol 1996, 70:8701-8709 190965 8970997
155. Sova P Volsky DJ Efficiency of viral DNA synthesis during infection of permissive and nonpermissive cells with vif-negative human immunodeficiency virus type 1 J Virol 1993, 67:6322-6326 238061 8371360
156. Nascimbeni M Bouyac M Rey F Spire B Clavel F The replicative impairment of Vif-mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 correlates with an overall defect in viral DNA synthesis J Gen Virol 1998, 79(Pt 8):1945-1950 9714242
157. Mansky LM Preveral S Selig L Benarous R Benichou S The interaction of vpr with uracil DNA glycosylase modulates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 In vivo mutation rate J Virol 2000, 74:7039-7047 112221 10888643 10.1128/JVI.74.15.7039-7047.2000
158. Schrofelbauer B Yu Q Zeitlin SG Landau NR Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Induces the Degradation of the UNG and SMUG Uracil-DNA Glycosylases J Virol 2005, 79:10978-10987 1193627 16103149 10.1128/ JVI.79.17.10978-10987.2005
159. Kaiser SM Emerman M Uracil DNA Glycosylase Is Dispensable for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication and Does Not Contribute to the Antiviral Effects of the Cytidine Deaminase Apobec3G J Virol 2006, 80:875-882 1346881 16378989 10.1128/JVI.80.2.875-882.2006
160. Willetts KE Rey F Agostini I Navarro JM Baudat Y Vigne R Sire J DNA repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase is specifically incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral particles through a Vpr-independent mechanism J Virol 1999, 73:1682-1688 103999 9882380
161. Priet S Navarro JM Gros N Querat G Sire J Differential incorporation of uracil DNA glycosylase UNG2 into HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV(MAC) viral particles Virology 2003, 307:283-289 10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00073-9 12667798
162. Langlois MA Neuberger MS Human APOBEC3G can restrict retroviral infection in avian cells and acts independently of both UNG and SMUG1 J Virol 2008, 82:4660-4664 10.1128/JVI.02469-07 18272574
163. Chen R Le Rouzic E Kearney JA Mansky LM Benichou S Vpr-mediated incorporation of UNG2 into HIV-1 particles is required to modulate the virus mutation rate and for replication in macrophages J Biol Chem 2004, 279:28419-28425 10.1074/jbc.M403875200 15096517
164. Yang B Chen K Zhang C Huang S Zhang H Virion-associated uracil DNA glycosylase-2 and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease are involved in the degradation of APOBEC3G-edited nascent HIV-1 DNA J Biol Chem 2007, 282:11667-11675 10.1074/jbc.M606864200 17272283
165. Krokan HE Otterlei M Nilsen H Kavli B Skorpen F Andersen S Skjelbred C Akbari M Aas PA Slupphaug G Properties and functions of human uracil-DNA glycosylase from the UNG gene Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 2001, 68:365-386 11554311
166. Krokan HE Drablos F Slupphaug G Uracil in DNA - occurrence, consequences and repair Oncogene 2002, 21:8935 8948 10.1038/sj.onc.1205996 12483510
167. Sasada A Takaori-Kondo A Shirakawa K Kobayashi M Abudu A Hishizawa M Imada K Tanaka Y Uchiyama T APOBEC3G targets human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Retrovirology 2005, 2:32 1156950 15943885 10.1186/1742-4690-2-32
168. Lei YC Tian YJ Ding HH Wang BJ Yang Y Hao YH Zhao XP Lu MJ Gong FL Yang DL N-terminal and C-terminal cytosine deaminase domain of APOBEC3G inhibit hepatitis B virus replication World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12:7488-7496 17167839
169. Noguchi C Hiraga N Mori N Tsuge M Imamura M Takahashi S Fujimoto Y Ochi H Abe H Maekawa T Yatsuji H Shirakawa K Takaori-Kondo A Chayama K Dual effect of APOBEC3G on Hepatitis B virus J Gen Virol 2007, 88:432-440 10.1099/vir.0.82319-0 17251560
170. Pillai SK Wong JK Barbour JD Turning up the volume on mutational pressure: Is more of a good thing always better? (a case study of HIV-1 Vif and APOBEC3) Retrovirology 2008, 5:26 2323022 18339206 10.1186/ 1742-4690-5-26
171. Mulder LC Harari A Simon V Cytidine deamination induced HIV-1 drug resistance Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105:5501-5506 10.1073/ pnas.0710190105 18391217
172. Aguiar RS Lovsin N Tanuri A Peterlin BM Vpr.A3A Chimera Inhibits HIV Replication J Biol Chem 2008, 283:2518-2525 10.1074/jbc.M706436200 18057006
173. Peng G Lei KJ Jin W Greenwell-Wild T Wahl SM Induction of APOBEC3 family proteins, a defensive maneuver underlying interferon-induced anti-HIV-1 activity J Exp Med 2006, 203:41-46 2118075 16418394 10.1084/jem.20051512
174. Peng G Greenwell-Wild T Nares S Jin W Lei KJ Rangel ZG Munson PJ Wahl SM Myeloid differentiation and susceptibility to HIV-1 are linked to APOBEC3 expression Blood 2007, 110:393-400 10.1182/blood-2006-10-051763 17371941
175. Yu Q Chen D Konig R Mariani R Unutmaz D Landau NR APOBEC3B and APOBEC3C are potent inhibitors of simian immunodeficiency virus replication J Biol Chem 2004, 279:53379-53386 10.1074/jbc.M408802200 15466872
176. Rose KM Marin M Kozak SL Kabat D Regulated production and anti-HIV type 1 activities of cytidine deaminases APOBEC3B, 3F, and 3G AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005, 21:611-619 10.1089/aid.2005.21.611 16060832
177. Langlois MA Beale RC Conticello SG Neuberger MS Mutational comparison of the single-domained APOBEC3C and double-domained APOBEC3F/G anti-retroviral cytidine deaminases provides insight into their DNA target site specificities Nucleic Acids Res 2005, 33:1913-1923 1074398 15809227 10.1093/nar/gki343
178. Doehle BP Schafer A Cullen BR Human APOBEC3B is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 infectivity and is resistant to HIV-1 Vif Virology 2005, 339:281-288 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.005 15993456
179. Esnault C Millet J Schwartz O Heidmann T Dual inhibitory effects of APOBEC family proteins on retrotransposition of mammalian endogenous retroviruses Nucleic Acids Res 2006, 34:1522-1531 1401513 16537839 10.1093/nar/gkl054
180. Zhang W Zhang X Tian C Wang T Sarkis PT Fang Y Zheng S Yu XF Xu R Cytidine deaminase APOBEC3B interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K and suppresses hepatitis B virus expression Cell Microbiol 2008, 10:112-121 17672864
181. Zheng YH Irwin D Kurosu T Tokunaga K Sata T Peterlin BM Human APOBEC3F Is Another Host Factor That Blocks Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication J Virol 2004, 78:6073-6076 415831 15141007 10.1128/ JVI.78.11.6073-6076.2004
182. Schumacher AJ Nissley DV Harris RS APOBEC3G hypermutates genomic DNA and inhibits Ty1 retrotransposition in yeast Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:9854-9859 1172225 16000409 10.1073/pnas.0501694102
183. Turelli P Vianin S Trono D The innate antiretroviral factor APOBEC3G does not affect human LINE-1 retrotransposition in a cell culture assay J Biol Chem 2004, 279:43371-43373 10.1074/jbc.C400334200 15322092
184. Kobayashi M Takaori-Kondo A Shindo K Abudu A Fukunaga K Uchiyama T APOBEC3G targets specific virus species J Virol 2004, 78:8238-8244 446120 15254195 10.1128/JVI.78.15.8238-8244.2004
185. Esnault C Heidmann O Delebecque F Dewannieux M Ribet D Hance AJ Heidmann T Schwartz O APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase inhibits retrotransposition of endogenous retroviruses Nature 2005, 433:430-433 10.1038/nature03238 15674295
186. OhAinle M Kerns JA Malik HS Emerman M Adaptive evolution and antiviral activity of the conserved mammalian cytidine deaminase APOBEC3H J Virol 2006, 80:3853-3862 1440450 16571802 10.1128/JVI.80.8.3853-3862.2006
187. Dang Y Siew LM Wang X Han Y Lampen R Zheng YH Human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3H restricts HIV-1 replication J Biol Chem 2008, 283:11606-11614 2430661 18299330 10.1074/jbc.M707586200