Probiotics in intestinal and non-intestinal infectious diseases - Clinical evidence

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 14, Issue 14, 2008, Pages 1351-1367

  Hatakka, Katja ^a   Saxelin, M ^a  

^a VALIO LTD   (Finland)

Author keywords

Bifidobacterium; Gastrointestinal; Infection; Lactobacillus; Oral; Probiotics; Respiratory; Urogenital

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; BACTERIOCIN; BIFIDOBACTERIUM ANIMALIS EXTRACT; BIFIDOBACTERIUM BIFIDUM EXTRACT; BIFIDOBACTERIUM BREVE EXTRACT; BIFIDOBACTERIUM EXTRACT; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT; CYTOKINE; ESTRIOL; GALACTOSE OLIGOSACCHARIDE; GELATIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS EXTRACT; LACTOBACILLUS CASEI EXTRACT; LACTOBACILLUS EXTRACT; LACTOBACILLUS FERMENTUM EXTRACT; LACTOBACILLUS GASSERI EXTRACT; LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM EXTRACT; LACTOBACILLUS REUTERI EXTRACT; LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS EXTRACT; METRONIDAZOLE; MUCIN; PLACEBO; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROPIONIBACTERIUM FREUDENREICHII SHERMANII EXTRACT; STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS EXTRACT; UNINDEXED DRUG; VACCINE; VITAMIN;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTIFICIAL MILK; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; BIFIDOBACTERIUM; BIFIDOBACTERIUM ANIMALIS; BIFIDOBACTERIUM BIFIDUM; BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CROHN DISEASE; DENTAL CARIES; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG CAPSULE; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; ERADICATION THERAPY; GASTRITIS; GASTROENTERITIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTESTINE INFECTION; INTESTINE MUCOSA PERMEABILITY; LACTIC ACID BACTERIUM; LACTOBACILLUS; LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS; LACTOBACILLUS FERMENTUM; LACTOBACILLUS GASSERI; LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM; LACTOBACILLUS REUTERI; LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS; MILK ALLERGY; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; PHAGOCYTOSIS; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPIONIBACTERIUM FREUDENREICHII SHERMANII; PROTEIN BINDING; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; SEPSIS; STOMACH ULCER; SUPPOSITORY; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; UROGENITAL TRACT INFECTION; VAGINA CANDIDIASIS; VAGINITIS; VIRUS INFECTION;

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; FEMALE; FEMALE UROGENITAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, MUCOSAL; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; MOUTH DISEASES; MOUTH MUCOSA; PROBIOTICS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS;

EID: 47249143768     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161208784480162     Document Type: Review

References (204)

1. Daw MA, Drah AM. Antibiotic resistance: Prospects for the new millennium. J Chemother 2001; 13: 587-94.
2. Plummer SF, Garaiova I, Sarvotham T, Cottrelle SL, Le Scouillerd S, Weavera MA, et al. Effects of probiotics on the composition of the intestinal microbiota following antibiotic therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 26: 69-74.
3. Madden JA, Plummer SF, Tang J, Garaiova L, Plummer NT, Herbison M, et al. Effect of probiotics on preventing disruption of the intestinal microflora following antibiotic therapy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5: 1091-7
4. Pedigon G, Fuller R, Raya R. Lactic acid bacteria and their effect on the immune system. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 2001; 2: 27-42.
5. Gibson GR, Saavedra JM, Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT. In: Fuller R Ed, Probiotics and intestinal infections. Probiotics 2. Applications and practical aspects. London, Chapmann & Hall 1997; 10-39.
6. Hentges D. Gut flora and disease resistance. In: Fuller R Ed, Probiotics. The scientific basis. London, Chapman & Hall 1992; 87-107.
7. FAO/WHO Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation 2001.
8. Goldin BR. Health benefits of Probiotics. Br J Nutr 1998; 80: S203-7.
9. Lu L, Walker WA. Pathologic and physiologic interactions of bacteria with the gastrointestinal epithelium. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 1124S-30S.
10. Lee YK, Puong KY. Competition for adhesion between probiotics and human gastrointestinal pathogens in the presence of carbohydrate. Br J Nutr 2002; 88: S101-8.
11. Mack DR, Michail S, Wei S, McDougall L, Hollingsworth MA. Probiotics inhibit enteropathogenic E. coli adherence in vitro by inducing intestinal mucin gene expression. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: G941-50.
12. Servin AL. Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2004; 28: 405-40.
13. Silva M, Jacobus NV, Deneke C, Gorbach SL. Antimicrobial substance from a human Lactobacillus strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987;31:1231-3.
14. Huttunen E, Noro K, Yang Z. Purification and identification of antimicrobial substances produced by two Lactobacillus casei strains. Int Dairy J 1995; 5: 505-13.
15. Hudault S, Lievin V, Bernet-Camard MF, Servin AL. Antagonistic activity exerted in vitro and in vivo by Lactobacillus casei (strain GG) against Salmonella typhimurium C5 infection. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63: 513-8.
16. Ocana VS, Pesce De Ruiz Holgado AA, Nader-Macias ME. Characterization of a bacteriocin-like substance produced by a vaginal Lactobacillus salivarius strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65: 5631-5.
17. Arvola T, Isolauri E, Rantala I, Kaila M, Majamaa H, Virtanen E, et al. Increased in vitro intestinal permeability in suckling rats exposed to cow milk during lactation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1993; 16: 294-300.
18. Isolauri E, Majamaa H, Arvola T, Rantala I, Virtanen E, Arvilommi H. Lactobacillus casei strain GG reverses increased intestinal permeability induced by cow milk in suckling rats. Gastro-enterology 1993; 105: 1643-50.
19. Yan F, Polk DB. Probiotic bacterium prevents cytokine-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 50959-65.
20. Adawi D, Ahme S, Molin G. Effects of different probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on bacterial translocation and liver injury in an acute liver injury model. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 70: 213-20.
21. Banasaz M, Norin E, Holma R, Midtvedt T. Increased enterocyte production in gnotobiotic rats mono-associated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68: 3031-4.
22. Deplancke B, Gaskins HR. Microbial modulation of innate defense: Goblet cells and the intestinal mucus layer. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 1131S-41S.
23. Mack DR, Ahme S, Hyde L, Wei S, Hollingsworth MA. Extracellular MUC3 mucin secretion follows adherence of Lactobacillus strains to intestinal epithchal cells in vitro. Gut 2003; 52: 827-33.
24. Calder PC, Kew S. The immune system: A target for functional foods? Br J Nutr 200;88: S165-76.
25. Perdigon G, Alvarez S, Nader de Macias M, Roux M, Pesce de Ruiz Holgano A. The oral administration of lactic acid bacteria increase the mucosal intestinal immunity in response to enteropathogens. J Food Prot 1990; 53: 404-19.
26. Negretti F, Casetta P, Clerici-Bagozzi D, Marini A. Researches on the intestinal and systemic immunoresponses after oral treatment with Lactobacillus GG in the rabbit. Dev Physiophatol Clin 1997; 7: 15-21.
27. Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ, Prasad J, Gopal PK. Enhancement of natural and acquired immunity by Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HN001), Lactobacillus acidophilus (HN017) and Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019). Br J Nutr 2000; 83: 167-76.
28. Yasui H, Mike A, Ohwaki M. Immunogenicity of Bifidobacterium breve and change in antibody production in Peyer's patches after oral administration. J Dairy Sci 1989; 72: 30-5.
29. Carlsson P, Bratthall D. Secretory and serum antibodies against Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in relation to ingestion of fermented milk products. Acta Odontol Scand 1985; 43: 147-53.
30. Marteau P, Vaerman JP, Dehennin JP, Bord S, Brassart D, Pochart P, et al. Effects of intrajejunal perfusion and chronic ingestion of Lactobacillus johnsonii strain La1 on serum concentrations and jejunal secretions of immunoglobulins and serum proteins in healthy humans. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1997; 21: 293-8.
31. Malin M, Suomalainen H, Saxelin M, Isolauri E. Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn's disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG. Ann Nutr Metab 1996; 40: 137-45.
32. Kaila M, Isolauri E, Soppi E, Virtanen E, Laine S, Arvilommi H. Enhancement of the circulating antibody secreting cell response in human diarrhea by a human Lactobacillus strain. Pediatr Res 1992; 32: 141-4.
33. Majamaa H, Isolauri E, Saxelin M, Vesikari T. Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 20: 333-8.
34. Viljanen M, Kuitunen M, Haahtela T, Juntunen-Backman K, Korpela R, Savilahti E. Probiotic effects an faecal inflammatory markers and on faecal IgA in food allergic atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005; 16: 65-71.
35. Link-Amster H, Rochat F, Saudan KY, Mignot O, Aeschlimann JM. Modulation of a specific humoral immune response and changes in intestinal flora mediated through fermented milk intake. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1994; 10: 55-63.
36. Isolauri E, Joensuu J, Suomalainen H, Luomala M, Vesikari T. Improved immunogenicity of oral D x RRV reassortant rotavirus vaccine by Lactobacillus casei GG. Vaccine 1995; 13: 310-2.
37. Fang H, Tuomola E, Arvilommi H, Salminen S. Modulation of humoral immune response through probiotic intake. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000; 29: 47-52.
38. de Vrese M, Rautenberg P, Laue C, Koopmans M, Herremans T, Schrezenmeier J. Probiotic bacteria stimulate virus-specific neutralizing antibodies following a booster polio vaccination. Eur J Nutr 2004; 24; 481-91.
39. Cebra JJ. Influences of microbiota on intestinal immune system development. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 1046S-51S.
40. Hoebe K, Janssen E, Beutler B. The interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Immunol 2004; 5: 971-4.
41. Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ. Viability and dose-response studies on the effect of the immunoenhancing lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus in mice. Br J Nutr 2001;86: 285-9.
42. Moineau S, Goulet, J. Effect of feeding fermented milks on pulmonary macrophage activity in mice. Milchwissenschaft 1991; 46: 551-4.
43. Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ, Cross ML. Dietary probiotic supplementation enhances natural killer cell activity in the elderly: An investigation of age-related immunological changes. J Clin Immunol 2001; 21:264-71
44. Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ, Cross ML, Gopal PK. Enhancement of immunity in the elderly by dietary supplementation with probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 833-9.
45. Parra D, Martinez De Morentin B, Cobo JM, Mateos A, Martinez JA. Monocyte function in healthy middle-aged people receiving fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei. J Nutr Health Aging 2004; 8: 208-11.
46. Schiffrin EJ, Brassart D, Servin AL, Rochat F, Donnet-Hughes A. Immune modulation of blood leukocytes in humans by lactic acid bacteria: criteria for strain selection. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 515S-20S.
47. Spanhaak S, Havenaar R, Schaafsma G. The effect of consumption of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on the intestinal microflora and immune parameters in human. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52: 899-907.
48. Pelto L. Isolauri E, Lilius EM, Nuutila J, Salminen S. Probiotic bacteria down regulate the milk induced inflammatory response an milk-hypersensitive subjects but have an immunostimulatory effect in healthy subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28: 1474-9.
49. Pena JA, Versalovic J. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG decreases TNF-alpha Production in lipoplysaccharide-activated murine macrophages by a contact-independent mechanism. Cell Microbiol 2003; 5: 277-85.
50. Veckman V, Miettinen M, Matikainen S, Lande R, Giacomini E, Coccia EM, et al. Lactobacilli and streptococci induce inflammatory chemokine production in human macrophages that stimulates Th1 cell chemotaxis. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74: 395-402.
51. Veckman V, Miettinen M, Pirhonen J, Siren J, Matikainen S, Julkunen I. Streptococcus pyogenes and Lactobacillus rhamnosus differentially induce maturation and production of Th1-type cytokines and chemokines in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75: 764-71.
52. Valeur N, Engel P, Carbajal N, Connolly E, Ladefoged K. Colonization and immunomodulation by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 in the human gastrointestinal tract Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70: 1176-81.
53. Kirjavainen PV, El-Nezami HS, Salminen SJ, Ahokas JT, Wright PF. Effects of orally administered viable Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Propionibacterium freudenreichil subsp. shermanii JS on mousc lymphocyte proliferation. Clin Diagn Lab immunol 1999; 6: 799-802.
54. Miettinen M, Vuopio-Varkila J, Varkila K. Production of human tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 is induced by lactic acid bacteria. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 5403-5.
55. Miettinen M, Matikainen S, Vuopio-Varkila J, Pirhonen, Varkila K, Kurimot M, et al. Lactobacilli and streptococci induce interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-18, and gamma interferon production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 6058-62.
56. Menard S, Candalh C, Bamboo JC, Terpend K, Cerf-Bensussan N, Hayman M. Lactic acid bacteria secrete metabolites retaining antiinflammatory properties after intestinal transport. Gut 2004; 53: 821-8.
57. Miettinen M, Lehtonen A, Julkunen I, Matikainen S. Lactobacilli and Streptococci activate NF-kappa B and STAT signaling pathways in human macrophages. J Immunol 2000; 164: 3733-340.
58. Schultz M, Linde HJ, Lehn N, Zimmermann K, Grossmann J, Falk W, et al. Immunomodulatory consequences of oral administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG in healthy volunteers. J Dairy Res 2003; 70: 165-73.
59. Arunachalam K, Gill HS, Chandra RK. Enhancement of natural immune function by dietary consumption of Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019). Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54: 263-7.
60. Pochard P, Gosset P, Grangette C, Andre C, Tonnel AB, Pestel J, et al. Lactic acid bacteria inhibit TH2 cytokine production by mononuclear cells from allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110: 617-23.
61. Chang AC, McDonald JR, Thielman NM. Infectious diarrhea in developed and developing countries. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 757-73.
62. Guandalini S, Pensabene L, Zikri MA, Dias JA, Casaili LG, Hoekstra H, et al. Lactobacillus GG administered in oral rehydration solution to children with acute diarrhea: A multicenter European trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30: 54-60.
63. Shornikova AV, Isolauri E, Burkanova L, Lukovnikova S, Vesikari T. A trial in the Karelian Republic of oral rehydration and Lactobacillus GG for treatment of acute diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 460-5.
64. WHO/Unicef Roaj. Expert consultation on oral rehydration salts (ORS) formulation. 2001.
65. Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ. Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: A systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33: S17-25.
66. Van Niel CW, Feudtner C, Garrison MM, Christakis DA. Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2002; 109: 678-84.
67. Guarino A, Canani RB, Spagnuolo MI, Albano F, Di Benedetto L. Oral bacterial therapy reduces the duration of symptom and of viral excretion in children with mild diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 25: 516-9.
68. Sarker SA, Sultana S, Fuchs GJ, Alam NH, Azim T, Brussow H, et al. Lactobacillus paracasei strain STI 1 has no effect on rotavirus but ameliorates the outcome of nonrotavirus diarrhea in children from Bangladesh. Pediatrics 2005; 116: E221-8.
69. Guandalini S. The treatment of acute diarrhea in the third millennium: A pediatrician's perspective. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2002; 65: 33-6.
70. Rosenfeldt V, Michaelsen KF, Jakobsen M, Larsen CN, Moller PL, Tvede M, et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in young children hospitalized with acute diarrhea. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 411-6.
71. Rosenfeldt V, Michaelsen KF, Jakobsen M, Larsen CN, Moller PL, Tvede M, et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains on acute diarrhea in a cohort of nonhospitalizcd children attending day-care centers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 417-9.
72. Rautanen T, Isolauri E, Salo E, Vesikari T. Management of acute diarrhoea with low osmolarity oral rehydration solutions and Lactobacillus tobacillus strain GG. Arch Dis Child 1998; 79: 157-60.
73. Isolauri E, Juntunen M, Rautanen T, Sillanaukee P, Koivula T. A human Laclobacillus strain (Lactobacillus casei sp strain GG) promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children. Pediatrics 1991; 88: 90-7.
74. Thibault H, Aubert-Jacquin C, Goulet O. Effects of long-term consumption of a fermented infant formula (with Bifidobacterium breve c50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) on acute diarrhea in healthy infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 39: 147-52.
75. Chouraqui JP, Van Egroo LD, Fichot MC. Acidified milk formula supplemented with bifidobacterium lactis: Impact an infant diarrhea in residential care settings. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38:288-92.
76. Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Sarkar A, Dhingra P, Deb S, Marwah D, et al. Efficacy of milk fortified with a probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis (DR-10TM) and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in prevention of morbidity and on nutritional status. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2004; 13: S28.
77. Weizman Z, Asli G, Alsheikh A. Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: Comparison of two probiotic agents. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 5-9
78. Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, Perman JA, Yplken RH. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet 1994; 344: 1046-9.
79. Saavedra JM, Abi-Hanna A, Moore N, Yolken RH. Long-term consumption of infant formulas containing live probiotic bacteria: Tolerance and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 261-7.
80. Oberhelman RA, Gilman RH, Sheen P, Taylor DN, Black RE, Cabrera L, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG to prevent diarrhea in undernourished Peruvian children. J Pediatr 1999; 134: 15-20.
81. Szajewska H, Kotowska M, Mrukowicz JZ, Armanska M, Mikolajczyk W. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in prevention of nosocomial diarrhea in infants. J Pediatr 2001; 138: 361-5.
82. Pedone CA, Arnaud CC, Postaire ER, Bouley CF, Reinert P. Multicentric study of the effect of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei on the incidence of diarrhoea. Int J Clin Pract 2000; 54: 568-71.
83. Pedone CA, Bernabeu AO, Postaire ER, Bouley CF, Reinert P. The effect of supplementation with milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei (strain DN-114 001) on acute diarrhoea in children attending day care centres. Int J Clin Pract 1999; 53: 179-84
84. Pereg D, Kimhi O, Tirosh A, Orr N, Kayouf R, Lishner M. The effect of fermented yogurt on the prevention of diarrhea in a healthy adult population. Am J Infect Control 2005; 33: 122-5.
85. Oksanen PJ, Salminen S, Saxelin M, Hämäläinen P, Ihantola-Vormisto A, Muuraniemi-Isoviita L, et al. Prevention of travellers' diarrhoea by Lactobacillus GG. Ann Med 1990; 22: 53-6.
86. Hilton F, Kolakowski P, Singer C, Smith M. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG as a diarrheal preventive in travelers. J Travel Med 1997; 4: 41-43.
87. Leahy SC, Higgins DG, Fitzgerald GF, van Sinderen D. Getting better with bifidobacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 98: 1303-15.
88. Wullt M, Hagslatt ML, Odenholt I. Lactobacillus plantarum 299v for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-assiociated diarrhoea: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Infect Dis 2003; 35: 365-7.
89. Plummer S, Weaver MA, Harris JC, Dee P, Hunter J. Clostridium difficile pilot study: Effects of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of C. difficile diarrhoea. Int Microbiol 2004; 7: 59-62.
90. Dendukuri N, Costa V, McGregor M, Brophy JM. Probiotic therapy for the prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: A systematic review. CMAJ 2005; 173: 167-70.
91. Turck D, Bernet JP, Marx J, Kempf H, Giard P, Walbaum, O, et al. Incidence and risk factors of oral antibiotic-associated diarrhea in an outpatient pediatric population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37: 22-6.
92. Surawicz CM. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis: Are they less common with poorly absorbed antimicrobials? Chemotherapy 2005; 51(Suppl 1): 81-9.
93. Arvola T, Laiho K, Torkkeli S, Mykkänen H, Salminen S, Maunula L, et al. Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: a randomized study. Pediatrics 1999; 104: E64.
94. Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Nista EC, Bartolozzi F, Capelli G, Gasbarrini G, et al. Meta-analysis: The effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 1461-7.
95. D'Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ. Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: Meta-analysis. BMJ 2002; 324: 1361.
96. Vanderhoof JA, Whitney DB, Antonson DL, Hanner TL, Lupo JV, Young RJ. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. J Pediatr 1999; 135: 564-8.
97. Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, Bartolozzi F, Canducci F, Candelli M, Ojetti V, et al. The effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus GG on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side-effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 163-9.
98. Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, Ojetti V, Bartolozzi F, Canducci F, Candelli M, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus GG supplementation on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: A pilot study. Digestion 2001; 63: 1-7.
99. Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Covino M, Armuzzi A, Gabrielli M, Santarelli L, et al. Effect of different probiotic preparations on anti- helicobacter pylori therapy-related effects: A parallel group, triple blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 2744-9.
100. Siitonen S, Vapaatalo H, Salminen S, Goldin A, Saxelin M, Wikberg R, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus GG yogurt in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Ann Med 1990; 22: 57-9.
101. Thomas MR, Litin SC, Osmon DR, Corr AP, Weaver AL, Lohse CM. Lack of effect of Lactobacillus GG on antibiotic-associated diarrhea: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 883-9
102. Hawrelak JA, Whitten DL, Myers SP. Is Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG effective in preventing the onset of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: A systematic review. Digestion 2005; 72: 51-6.
103. Correa NB, Peret Filho LA, Penna FJ, Lima FM, Nicoli JR. A randomized formula controlled trial of Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilis for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in infants. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 385-9.
104. Mukai T, Asasaka T, Sato E, Mori K, Matsumoto M, Ohori H. Inhibition of binding of Helicobacter pylori to the glycolipid receptors by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2002; 32: 105-10.
105. Collado MC, Gonzalez A, Gonzalez R, Hernandez M, Ferrus MA, Sanz Y. Antimicrobial peptides among the antagonistic metabolites produced by Bifidobacterium against Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 25: 385-91.
106. Kabir AM, Aiba Y, Takagi A, Kamiya S, Miea T, Koga Y. Prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection by lactobacilli in a gnotobiotic murine model. Gut 1997; 41: 49-55.
107. Cruchet S, Obregon MC, Salazar, Diaz E, Gotteland M. Effect of the ingestion of a dietary product containing Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 on Helicobacter pylori colonization in children. Nutrition 2003; 19: 716-21.
108. Linsalata M, Russo F, Berloco P, Caruso ML, Matteo GD, Cifone MG, et al. The influence of Lactobacillus brevis on ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine profiles in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucoss. Helicobacter 2004; 9: 165-72.
109. Sakamoto I, Igarsshi M, Kimura K, Takagi A, Miea T, Koga Y. Suppressive effect of Lactabacillus gasseri OLL 2716 (LG21) on Helicobacter pylori infection in human. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47: 709-10
110. Wang KY, Li SN, Liu CS, Perng DS, Su YC, Wu DC, et al. Effects of ingesting Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt in subjects with colonized Helicobacter pylori. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 737-41.
111. Myllyluorna E, Veijola L, Ahlroos T, Tynkkynen S, Kankuri E, Vapaatalo H, et al. Probiotic supplementation improves tolerance to Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy-a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21: 1263-72.
112. Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM, Modeo ME. Effect of Lactobacillus casei supplementation on the effectiveness and tolerability of a new second-line 10-day quadruple therapy after failure of a first attempt to cure Helicobacter pylori infection. Med Sci Monit 2004; 10: CR662-6.
113. Sykora J, Valeckova K, Amlerova J, Siala & Dedek P, Watkins S, et al. Effects of a specially designed fermented milk product containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 and the eradication of H. pylori in children: A prospective randomized double-blind study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 692-8.
114. Meurman JH. Probiotics: Do they have a role in oral medicine and dentistry? Eur J Oral Sci 2005; 113: 188-96.
115. Caglar E, Kargal B, Tanboga I. Bacteriotherapy and probiotics' role on oral health. Oral Dis 2005; 11: 131-7.
116. Marsh P. Role of the oral Microflora in health. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2000; 12: 130-7.
117. Meurman JH, Antila H, Salminen S. Recovery of Lactobacillus strain GG (ATCC 53103) from saliva of healthy volunteers after consumption of yogurt prepared with the bacterium. Microbiol Ecol Health Dis 1994; 7: 295-8.
118. Montalto M, Vastola M, Marigo L, Covino M, Graziosetto R, Curigliano V, et al. Probiotic treatment increases salivary counts of lactobacilli: A double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Digestion 2004; 69: 53-6.
119. Busscher HJ, Mulder AFJM, van der Mei HC. In vitro adhesion to enamel and in vivo colonization of tooth surfaces by lactobacilli from bio-yogurt. Caries Res 1999; 33: 403-4.
120. Lima LM, Motisuki C, Spolidorio DM, Santos-Pinto L. In vitro evaluation of probiotics microorganisms adhesion to an artificial caries model. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59: 884-6.
121. comelli EM, Guggenheim B, Stingele F, Neeser JR. Selection of dairy bacterial strains as probiotics for oral health. Eur J Oral Sci 2002; 110: 218-24.
122. Meurman JH, Antila H, Korhonen A, Salminen S. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (ATCC 53103) on the growth of Streptococcus sobrinus in vitro. Eur J Oral Sci 1995; 103: 253-8.
123. Nikawa H, Makihira S, Fukushima H, Nishimura H, Ozaki Y, Ishida Y, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri in bovine milk fermented decreases the oral carriage of mutans streptococci. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 95: 219-23.
124. Ishiliam F., Miyakawa H, Hasegawa A, Takazoe I, Kawai Y. Growth inhibition of Streptococcus mutans by cellular extracts of human intestinal lactic acid bacteria. Infect Immun 1985; 49: 692-4.
125. Sookkhee S, Chulasiri K Prachyabrued W. Lactic acid bacteria from healthy oral cavity of Thai volunteers: Inhibition of oral pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90: 172-9.
126. Wei H, Loimaranta V, Tenovuo J, Rokka, Syvaoja EL, Korhonen H, et al. Stability and activity of specific antibodies against Streptococcus mutans and Strepcoccus sobrinus in bovine milk fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG or treated at ultrahigh temperature. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2002; 17: 9-15.
127. Tanzer JM, Livingston J, Thompson AM. The microbiology of primary dental caries in humans. J Dent Educ 2001; 65:1028-37.
128. Näse L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Saxelin M, Pönkä A, Poussa T, et al. Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Res 2001; 35: 412-20.
129. Ahola AJ, Yli-Knuuttila H, Suomalainen T, Poussa T, Ahlström A, Meurman JK et al. Short-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47: 799-804.
130. Elahi S, Pang G, Ashman R, Clancy R. Enhanced clearance of Candida, albicans from the oral cavities of mice following oral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141: 29-36
131. Wagner RD, Pierson C, Warner T, Dohnalek M, Farmer J, Roberts L, et al. Biotherapeutic effects of probiotic bacteria on candidiasis in immunodeficient mice. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 4165-72.
132. Hatakka K, Ahola AJ, Yli-Knuuttila H, Richardson M, Poussa T, Meurman JH, et al. Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral Candida in the elderly - a randomised controlled trial. J Dent Res 2007;86: 125-30.
133. Grudianov AI, Dmitrieva NA, Fomenko EV. Use of probiotics Bifidumbacterin and Acilact in tablets in therapy of periodontal inflammations. Stomatologiia (Mosk) 2002; 81: 39-43.
134. Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Pönkä A, Meurman JH, Poussa T, Näse L, et al. Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on nfections in children attending day care centres: Double blind, randomised trial. BMJ 2001; 322:1327-9.
135. Turchet P, Laurenzano M, Auboiron S, Antoine JM. Effect of fermented milk containing the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 on winter infections in free-living elderly subjects: A randomised, controlled pilot study. J Nutr Health Aging 2003; 7: 75-7.
136. Winkler P, de Vrese M, Law C, Schrezenmeir J. Effect of a dietary supplement containing probiotic bacteria plus vitamins and minerals on common cold infections and cellular immune parameters. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 43: 318-26.
137. de Vrese M, Winkler P, Rautenberg P, Harder T, Noah C, Laue C, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri PA 16/8, Bifidobacterium longum SP 07/3, B. bifidum MF 20/5 on common cold episodes: A double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 481-91.
138. Glück U, Gebbers JO. Ingested probiotics reduce nasal colonization with pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and beta-hemolytic streptococci). Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 517-20.
139. Cangemi de Gutierrez R, Santos V, Nader-Macias ME. Protective effect of intranasally inoculated Lactobacillus fermentum against Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge on the mouse respiratory tract. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2001; 31: 187-95.
140. Alvarez S, Herrero C, Bru E, Perdigon G. Effect of Lactobacillus casei and yogurt administration on prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in young mice. J Food Prot 2001; 64: 1768-74
141. Hori T, Kiyoshima J, Shida K, Yasui H. Effect of intranasal administration of Lactobacillus casei Shirota on influenza virus infection of upper respiratory tract in mice. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8: 593-7.
142. Yasui H, Shida K, Matsuzaki T, Yokokura T. Immunomodulatory function of lactic acid bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1999; 76: 383-9.
143. Yamori Y, Sagara M, Jian Jun C, Yameno T, Fukushima Y. Immunopotentiation of influneza vaccination and nutritional improvement by LC1 fermented milk in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2004; 8:448.
144. Reid G. Probiotic agents to protect the urogenital mact against infection. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 437S-43S.
145. Redondo-Lopez V, Cook RL, Sobel JD. Emerging role of lactobacilli in the control and maintenance of the vaginal bacterial microflora. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 856-72.
146. Foxman B, Barlow R, D'Arcy H, Gillespie B, Sobel JD. Urinary tract infection: Self-reported incidence and associated costs. Ann Epidemiol 2000; 10: 509-15.
147. Chan RC, Reid G, Irvin RT, Bruce AW, Costerton JW. Competitive exclusion of uropathogens from human uroepithelial cells by Lactobacillus whole cells and cell wall fragments. Infect Immun 1985; 47: 84-9.
148. Reid G, McGroarty JA, Angotti R, Cook RL. Lactobacillus inhibitor production against Escherichia coli and coaggregation ability with uropathogens. Can J Microbiol 1988; 34: 344-51.
149. McGroarty JA, Reid G. Detection of a Lactobacillus substance that inhibits Escherichia coli. Can J Microbiol 1988; 34: 974-8.
150. Boris S, Suarez JE, Vazquez F, Barbes C. Adherence of human vaginal lactobacilli to vaginal epithelial cells and interaction with uropathogens. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 1985-9.
151. Reid G. In vitro testing of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM as a possible probiotic for the urogenital tract. International Dairy Journal 2000; 10: 415-9.
152. Juarez Tomas MS, Ocana VS, Wiese B, Nader-Macias ME. Growth and lactic acid production by vaginal Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1259, and inhibition of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52: 1117-24.
153. Asahara T, Nomoto K, Watanuki M, Yokokura T. Antimicrobial activity of intraurethrally administered probiotic Lactobacillus casei in a murine model of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1751-60.
154. Fraga M, Scavone P, Zunino P. Preventive and therapeutic administration of an indigenous Lactobacillus sp. strain against Proteus mirabilis ascending urinary tract infection in a mouse model. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2005; 88: 25-34.
155. Velraeds MM, van der Mei HC, Reid G, Busscher HJ. Inhibition of initial adhesion of uropathogenic Enterococcus faecalis by biosurfactants from Lactobacillus isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62: 1958-63.
156. Bruce AW, Reid G. Intravaginal instillation of lactobacilli for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections. Can J Microbiol 1988; 34: 339-43.
157. Reid G, Bruce AW, Taylor M. Influence of three-day antimicrobial therapy and lactobacillus vaginal suppositories on recurrence of urinary tract infections. Clin Ther 1992; 14: 11-6.
158. Reid G, Bruce AW, Taylor, M. Installation of Lactobacillus and stimulation of indigenous organisms to prevent recurrence of urinary tract infections. Microecol Ther 1995; 23: 32-45.
159. Baerheim A, Larsen E, Digranes A. Vaginal application of lactobacilli in the prophylaxis of recurrent lower urinary tract infection in women. Scand J Prim Health Care 1994; 12: 239-43.
160. Kontiokari T, Sundqvist K, Nuutinen M, Pokka T, Koskela M, Uhari M. Randomised trial of cranberry-lingonberry juice and Lactobacillus GG drink for the prevention of urinary tract infections in women. BMJ 2001; 322: 1571.
161. Dani C, Biadaioli R, Bertini G, Martelli E, Rubaltelli FF. Probiotics feeding in prevention of urinary tract infection, bacterial sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. A prospective double-blind study. Biol Neonate 2002; 82: 103-8.
162. Kontiokari T, Laitinen J, Järvi L, Pokka T, Sundqvist K, Uhari M. Dietary factors protecting women from urinary tract infection. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 600-4.
163. Sobel JD. Is there a protective role for vaginal flora? Curr Infect Dis Rep 1999; 1: 379-83.
164. McGroarty JA. Probiotic use of lactobacilli in the human female urogenital tract. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1993; 6: 251-64.
165. Sieber R, Dietz U-T. Lactobacillus acidophilus and yogurt in the prevention and therapy of bacterial vaginosis. Int Dairy J 1998; 8: 599-607.
166. Eschenbach DA, Davick PR, Williams BL, Klebanoff SJ, Young-Smith K, Critchlow CM, et al. Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in normal women and women with bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 251-6.
167. Gardiner GE, Heinemann C, Bruce AW, Bauerman D, Reid G. Persistence of Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 but not L. rhamnosus GG in the human vagina as demonstrated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002; 9: 92-6.
168. Reid G, Bruce AW, Fraser N, Heinemann C, Owen J, Henning B. Oral probiotics can resolve urogenital infections. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2001; 30: 49-52.
169. Colodner R, Edelstein H, Chazan B, Raz R. Vaginal colonization by orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Isr Med Assoc J 2003; 5: 767-9.
170. Vasquez A, Ahrne S, Jeppsson B, Molin G. Oral admistration of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains of intestinal and vaginal origin to healthy human females: Re-isolation from faeces and vagina. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2005; 17: 15-20.
171. Reid G, Beuerman D, Heinemann C, Bruce AW. Probiotic Lactobacillus dose required to restore and maintain a normal vaginal flora. FEMS Immumol Med Microbiol 2001; 32: 37-41.
172. Reid G, Charbonneau D, Erb J, Kochanowski B, Beuerman D, Poehner E, et al. Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy women. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003; 35: 131-4.
173. Paraje MG, Albesa I, Eraso AJ. Conservation in probiotic preparetions of Lactobacillus with inhibitary capacity on other species. New Microbiol 2000; 23: 423-31.
174. Payne S, Gibson G, Wynne A, Hudspith B, Brostoff J, Tuohy K. In vitro studies on colonization resistarice of the human gut microbiota to Candida albicans and the effects of tetracycline and Lactobacillus plantarum LPK. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 2003; 4: 1-8.
175. Fitzsimmons N, Berry DR. Inhibition of Candida albicans by Lactobacillus acidophilus: Evidence for the involvement of a peroxidase system. Microbios 1994; 80: 125-33.
176. Ström K, Sjögren J, Broberg A, Schnurer J. Lactobacillus plantarum MiLAB 393 produces the antifungal cyclic dipeptides cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) and cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-OH-L-Pro) and 3-phenyllactic acid. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68: 4322-7.
177. Hilton E, Isenberg HD, Alperstein P, france K, Borenstein MT. Ingestion of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus as prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis. Am Intern Med 1992; 116: 353-357.
178. Shalev E, Battino S, Weiner E, Colodner R, Keness Y. Ingestion of yogurt containing Lactobacil acidophilus compared with pasteurized yogurt as prophylaxis for recurrent candidal vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis. Arch Fam Med 1996; 5: 593-6.
179. Pirotta M, Gunn J, Chondros P, Grover S, O'Malley P, Hurley S, et al. Effect of lactobacillus in preventing post-antibiotic vulvovaginal candidiasis: A randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004; 329: 548.
180. Parent D, Bossens M, Bayot D, Kirkpatrick C, Graf F, Wilkinson FE, et al. Therapy of bacterial vaginosis using exogenously-applied Lactobacilli acidophili and a low dose of estriol: A placebo-controlled multicentric clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung 1996; 46: 68-73.
181. Berg H. Translocation and the indigenous gut flora. In: Fuller R Ed, Probiotics. The scientific basis. London, Chapman & Hall 1992; 55-85.
182. Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T, Schiller RA, Langrehr JM, Jonas S, et al. Supply of pre- and probiotics reduces bacterial infection rates after liver transplantation-a randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 125-30.
183. Jain PK, McNaught CE, Anderson AD, MacFie J, Mitchell CJ. Influence of synbiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb 12, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and oligofructose on gut barrier function and sepsis in critically ill patients: A randomised controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 467-75.
184. Anderson AD, McNaught CE, Jain PK, MacFie J. Randomised clinical trial of synbiotic thempy in elective surgical patients. Gut 2004; 53: 241-5.
185. McNaught CE, Woodcock NP, MacFie J, Mitchell CJ. A prospective randomised study of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299V on indices of gut barrier function in elective surgical patients. Gut 2002; 51: 827-31.
186. Chiva M, Soriano G, Rochat I, peralta C, Rochat F, Llovet T, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 and antioxidants on intestinal flora and bacterial translocation in rats with experimental cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2002; 37: 456-62.
187. Adawi D, Ahrné S, Molin G. Effects of different probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobactorium on bacterial translocation and liver injury in an acute liver injury model. Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 70: 213-20.
188. Eizaguirre I, Urkia NG, Asensio AB, Zubillaga I, Zubillaga P, Vidales C, et al. Probiotic supplementation reduces the risk of bacterial translocation in experimental short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37: 699-702.
189. Borriello SP, Hammes WP, Holzapfel W, Marteau P, Screzenmeier J, Vaara M, et al. Safety of probiotics that contain lactobacilli or bifidobacteria. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 775-80.
190. Salminen MK, Tynkkynen S, Rautelin H, Saxelin M, Vaara M, Ruutu P, et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 1155-60.
191. Husni RN, Gordon SM, Washington JA, Longworth DL. Lactobacillus bacteremia and endocarditis: Review of 45 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 1048-55.
192. Salminen MK, Rautelin H, Tynkkynen S, Poussa T, Saxelin M, Valtonen V, et al. Lactobacillus bacteremia, clinical significance, and patient outcome, with special focus on probiotic L. rhamnosus GG. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 62-9.
193. Salminen MK, Tynkkynen S, Rautelin H, Poussa T, Saxelin M, Ristola M, et al. The efficacy and safety of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on prolonged, noninfectious diarrhea in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. HIV Clin Trials 2004; 5: 183-91.
194. Österlund P, Ruotsalainen T, Korpela R, Saxelin M, Ollus A, Valta P. Lactobacillus supplementation for diarrhoea related to chemotherapy of colorectal cancer: A randomised study. Br J Cancer 2007;97: 1028-34.
195. Land MH, Rouster-Stevens K, Woods CR, Cannon ML, Gnota J, Shetty AK. Lactobacillus sepsis associated with probiotic therapy. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 178-81.
196. Kunz AN, Noel JM, Fairchok MP. Two cases of Lactobacillus bacteremia during probiotic treatment of short gut syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38: 457-8.
197. Wiest R, Chen F, Cadelina G, groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G. Effect of Lactobacillus-fermented diets on bacterial translocation and intestinal flora in experimental prehepatic portal hypertension. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48: 1136-41.
198. Naaber P, Smidt I, Tamme K, Liigant A, Tapfer H, Mikelsaar M, et al. Translocation of indigenous microflora in an experimental model of sepsis. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49: 431-9.
199. Gerbitz A, Schultz M, Wilke A, Linde HJ, Schölmerich J, Andreesen R, et al. Probiotic effects on experimental graft-versus-host disease: Let them cat yo gurt. Blood 2004; 103: 4365-7.
200. Mattar AF, Drongowski RA, Coran AG, Harmon CM. Effect of probiotics on enterocyte bacterial translocation in vitro. Pediatr Sung Int 2001; 17: 265-8.
201. Lee DJ, Drungowski RA, Coran AG, Harmon CM. Evaluation of probiotic treatment in a neonatal animal model. Pediatr Surg Int 2000; 16: 237-42.
202. Kanauchi O, Matsumoto Y, Matsumura M, Fukuoka M, Bamba T. The beneficial effects of microflora, especially obligate anacrobes, and their products on the colonic environment in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11(8): 1047-53.
203. Reid G. The importance of guidelines in the development and application of probiotics. Curr Pharm. Des 2005; 11(1): 11-6. Notes: CORPORATE NAME: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation and the WHO
204. Villar CC, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Therapeutic modulation of cytokines in chronic infectious discases. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12(19):2329-48.