Adult mesenchymal stromal stem cells for therapeutic applications

Minimally Invasive Therapy and Allied Technologies

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 79-90

  Spitkovsky, D ^a   Hescheler, J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adult stem cells; Cell therapy; Differentiation; MSC; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; DYSTROPHIN; INDOLEAMINE 2,3 DIOXYGENASE; MEMBRANE ANTIGEN; STEROID;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ADULT STEM CELL; ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; AUTOLOGOUS PERIPHERAL BLOOD STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL ISOLATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SELECTION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORD BLOOD STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; CROHN DISEASE; CULTURE TECHNIQUE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; FISTULA; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; HURLER SYNDROME; IMMUNOMODULATION; LIMB ISCHEMIA; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY; NONHUMAN; OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STEM CELL EXPANSION; SURVIVAL RATE; TISSUE REGENERATION; TISSUE REPAIR; ADULT; ANIMAL; DISEASE MODEL; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADULT; ANIMALS; CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS;

EID: 45549107755     PISSN: 13645706     EISSN: 13652931     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13645700801969758     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Friedenstein, A. J., Kulagina, N. N., Panasuk, A. F. and Rudakowa, S. F. (1974) Precursors for fibroblasts in different populations of hematopoietic cells as detected by the in vitro colony assay method. Exp Hematol, 2, pp. 83-92.
2. Friedenstein, A. J. and Piatetzky II, S. (1966) Osteogenesis in transplants of bone marrow cells. J Embryol Exp Morphol, 16, pp. 381-390.
3. Horwitz, E. M. and Blanc, K. L. (2005) Clarification of the nomenclature for MSC: The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy, 7, pp. 393-395.
4. Dominici, M. and Blanc, K. L. (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy, 8, pp. 315-317.
5. Campagnoli, C. and Roberts, I. A. G. (2001) Identification of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in human first-trimester fetal blood, liver, and bone marrow. Blood, 98, pp. 2396-2402.
6. in 't Anker, P. S. and Scherjon, S. A. (2003) Amniotic fluid as a novel source of mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic transplantation. Blood, 102, pp. 1548-1549.
7. Tsai, M. S. and Lee, J. L. (2004) Isolation of human multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from second-trimester amniotic fluid using a novel two-stage culture protocol. Hum. Reprod, 19, pp. 1450-1456.
8. Fan, C. G., Thang, F. W. and Zhang, Q. (2005) Characterization and neural differentiation of fetal lung mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Transplant, 14, pp. 311-321.
9. Ying, H. and Lianming, L. (2003) Isolation and identification of mesenchymal stem cells from human fetal pancreas. The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, 141, p. 342.
10. Erices, A. and Conget, P. (2000) Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. British Journal of Haematology, 109, pp. 235-242.
11. Romanov, Y. A. and Svintsitskaya, V. A. (2003) Searching for Alternative Sources of Postnatal Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Candidate MSC-Like Cells from Umbilical Cord. Stem Cells, 21, pp. 105-110.
12. Igura, K., Takahashi, K., Mitsuru, A. and Yamaguchi, S. (2004) Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal progenitor cells from chorionic villi of human placenta. Cytotherapy, 6, pp. 543-553.
13. Fernandez, M. and Simon, V. (1997) Detection of stromal cells in peripheral blood progenitor cell collections from breast cancer patients. Bone Marrow Transplant, 20, pp. 265-271.
14. Kuznetsov, S. A. and Mankani, M. H. (2001) Circulating Skeletal Stem Cells. J. Cell Biol, 153, pp. 1133-1140.
15. Williams, J. T., Souza, J., Calcutt, A. F. and Cartledge, R. G. (1999) Cells isolated from adult human skeletal muscle capable of differentiating into multiple mesodermal phenotypes. Am Surg, 65, pp. 22-26.
16. Young, H. E. and Steele, T. A. (2001) Human reserve pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells are present in the connective tissues of skeletal muscle and dermis derived from fetal, adult, and geriatric donors. Anat Rec, 264, pp. 51-62.
17. Zuk, P. A. and Zhu, M. (2001) Multilineage Cells from Human Adipose Tissue: Implications for Cell-Based Therapies. Tissue Engineering, 7, pp. 211-228.
18. Gronthos, S. and Mankani, M. (2001) Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and invivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, pp. 13625-13630.
19. Miura, M. and Gronthos, S. (2003) SHED: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, pp. 5807-5812.
20. Shih, D. T. and Lee, D. C. (2005) Isolation and characterization of neurogenic mesenchymal stem cells in human scalp tissue. Stem Cells, 23, pp. 1012-1020.
21. De Bari, C., Tylzanowski, P. and Luyten, F. P. (2001) Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from adult human synovial membrane. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 44, pp. 1928-1942.
22. Debra, J. W. and Richard, H. (1996) A Population of Cells Isolated from Rat Heart Capable of Differentiating into Several Mesodermal Phenotypes. The Journal of surgical research, 62, p. 233.
23. Covas, D. T., Orellana, M. D., Siufi, J. L. and Silva, W. A Jr. (2005) Mesenchymal stem cells can be obtained from the human saphena vein. Exp Cell Res, 309, pp. 340-344.
24. Abedin, M. and Tintut, Y. (2004) Mesenchymal Stem Cells and the Artery Wall. Circ Res, 95, pp. 671-676.
25. da Silva Meirelles, L. and Chagastelles, P. C. (2006) Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. J Cell Sci, 119, pp. 2204-2213.
26. Strem, B. M. and Hicok, K. C. (2005) Multipotential differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Keio J Med, 54, pp. 132-141.
27. Caplan, A. I. (1994) The mesengenic process. Clin Plast Surg, 21, pp. 429-435.
28. Caplan, A. I. (2007) Adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering versus regenerative medicine. J Cell Physiol, 213, pp. 341-347.
29. Sarugaser, R. and Lickorish, D. (2005) Human umbilical cord perivascular (HUCPV) cells: A source of mesenchymal progenitors. Stem Cells, 23, pp. 220-229.
30. Kogler, G. and Sensken, S. (2004) A new human somatic stem cell from placental cord blood with intrinsic pluripotent differentiation potential. J Exp Med, 200, pp. 123-135.
31. Wagner, W. and Wein, F. (2005) Comparative characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood. Exp Hematol, 33, pp. 1402-1416.
32. Jeong, J. A. and Ko, K. M. (2007) Genome-wide differential gene expression profiling of human bone marrow stromal cells. Stem Cells, 25, pp. 994-1002.
33. Djouad, F. and Bony, C. (2005) Transcriptional profiles discriminate bone marrow-derived and synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Arthritis Res Ther, 7, p. R1304.
34. Tsai, M. S. and Hwang, S. M. (2007) Functional network analysis of the transcriptomes of mesenchymal stem cells derived from amniotic fluid, amniotic membrane, cord blood, and bone marrow. Stem Cells, 25, pp. 2511-2523.
35. Kern, S. and Eichler, H. (2006) Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or adipose tissue. Stem Cells, 24, pp. 1294-1301.
36. Prockop, D. J. (2007) "Stemness"does not explain the repair of many tissues by mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells (MSCs). Clin Pharmacol Ther, 82, pp. 241-243.
37. Bruder, S. P. and Jaiswal, N. (1997) Growth kinetics, self-renewal, and the osteogenic potential of purified human mesenchymal stem cells during extensive subcultivation and following cryopreservation. J Cell Biochem, 64, pp. 278-294.
38. Kveiborg, M. and Kassem, M. (1999) Telomere shortening during aging of human osteoblasts in vitro and leukocytes in vivo: Lack of excessive telomere loss in osteoporotic patients. Mech Ageing Dev, 106, pp. 261-271.
39. Stenderup, K. and Justesen, J. (2003) Aging is associated with decreased maximal life span and accelerated senescence of bone marrow stromal cells. Bone, 33, pp. 919-926.
40. Moussavi-Harami, F. and Duwayri, Y. (2004) Oxygen effects on senescence in chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells: Consequences for tissue engineering. Iowa Orthop, pp. 15-20.
41. Lin, T. and Tsai, J. L. (2005) Accelerated growth and prolonged lifespan of adipose tissue-derived human mesenchymal stem cells in a medium using reduced calcium and antioxidants. Stem Cells Dev, 14, pp. 92-102.
42. Bianchi, G. and Banfi, A. (2003) Ex vivo enrichment of mesenchymal cell progenitors by fibroblast growth factor 2. Exp Cell Res, 287, pp. 98-105.
43. Gregory, C. A. and Singh, H. (2003) The Wnt signaling inhibitor dickkopf-1 is required for reentry into the cell cycle of human adult stem cells from bone marrow. J Biol Chem, 278, pp. 28067-28078.
44. De Boer, J. and Wang, H. J. (2004) Effects of Wnt signaling on proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng, 10, pp. 393-401.
45. Simonsen, J. L. and Rosada, C. (2002) Telomerase expression extends the proliferative life-span and maintains the osteogenic potential of human bone marrow stromal cells. Nat Biotechnol, 20, pp. 592-596.
46. Nishioka, K. and Fujimori, Y. (2003) Immortalization of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells by removable simian virus 40T antigen gene: Analysis of the ability to support expansion of cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cells. Int J Oncol, 23, pp. 925-932.
47. Hung, S. C. and Yang, D. M. (2004) Immortalization without neoplastic transformation of human mesenchymal stem cells by transduction with HPV16 E6/E7 genes. Int J Cancer, 110, pp. 313-319.
48. Sekiya, I. and Larson, B. L. (2002) Expansion of human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma: Conditions that maximize the yields of early progenitors and evaluate their quality. Stem Cells, 20, pp. 530-541.
49. Heckmann, L. and Fiedler, J. (2006) Mesenchymal progenitor cells communicate via alpha and beta integrins with a three-dimensional collagen type I matrix. Cells Tissues Organs, 182, pp. 143-154.
50. Kassis, I. and Zangi, L. (2006) Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from G-CSF-mobilized human peripheral blood using fibrin microbeads. Bone Marrow Transplant, 37, pp. 967-976.
51. Deschaseaux, F. and Gindraux, F. (2003) Direct selection of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using an anti-CD49a antibody reveals their CD45med,low phenotype. Br J Haematol, 122, pp. 506-517.
52. Aslan, H. and Zilberman, Y. (2006) Osteogenic differentiation of noncultured immunoisolated bone marrow-derived CD105+ cells. Stem Cells, 24, pp. 1728-1737.
53. Zannettino, A. C. and Paton, S. (2008) Multipotential human adipose-derived stromal stem cells exhibit a perivascular phenotype in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Physiol, 214, pp. 413-421.
54. Gronthos, S. and Graves, S. E. (1994) The STRO-1+ fraction of adult human bone marrow contains the osteogenic precursors. Blood, 84, pp. 4164-4173.
55. Gronthos, S. and Zannettino, A. C. (2003) Molecular and cellular characterisation of highly purified stromal stem cells derived from human bone marrow. J Cell Sci, 116, pp. 1827-1835.
56. Martens, F. P. and See, F. (2006) Mesenchymal lineage precursor cells induce vascular network formation in ischemic myocardium. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med, 3, p. S18.
57. Boiret, N. and Rapatel, C. (2005) Characterization of nonexpanded mesenchymal progenitor cells from normal adult human bone marrow. Exp Hematol, 33, pp. 219-225.
58. Tondreau, T. and Meuleman, N. (2005) Mesenchymal stem cells derived from CD133-positive cells in mobilized peripheral blood and cord blood: proliferation, Oct4 expression, and plasticity. Stem Cells, 23, pp. 1105-1112.
59. Gang, E. J. and Bosnakovski, D. (2007) SSEA-4 identifies mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. Blood, 109, pp. 1743-1751.
60. Quirici, N. and Soligo, D. (2002) Isolation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by anti-nerve growth factor receptor antibodies. Exp Hematol, 30, pp. 783-791.
61. Battula, V. L. and Treml, S. (2007) Prospective isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from human placenta using a frizzled-9-specific monoclonal antibody. Differentiation
62. Guo, K. T. and Schafer, R. (2006) A new technique for the isolation and surface immobilization of mesenchymal stem cells from whole bone marrow using high-specific DNA aptamers. Stem Cells, 24, pp. 2220-2231.
63. Schwartz, R. E. and Reyes, M. (2002) Multipotent adult progenitor cells from bone marrow differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells. J Clin Invest, 109, pp. 1291-1302.
64. D'Ippolito, G. and Diabira, S. (2004) Marrow-isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMI) cells, a unique population of postnatal young and old human cells with extensive expansion and differentiation potential. J Cell Sci, 117, pp. 2971-2981.
65. Ratajczak, M. Z. and Kucia, M. (2004) Stem cell plasticity revisited: CXCR4-positive cells expressing mRNA for early muscle, liver and neural cells 'hide out' in the bone marrow. Leukemia, 18, pp. 29-40.
66. De Coppi, P. and Bartsch, G Jr. (2007) Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy. Nat Biotechnol, 25, pp. 100-106.
67. Kogler, G. and Radke, T. F. (2005) Cytokine production and hematopoiesis supporting activity of cord blood-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells. Exp Hematol, 33, pp. 573-583.
68. Rombouts, W. J. and Ploemacher, R. E. (2003) Primary murine MSC show highly efficient homing to the bone marrow but lose homing ability following culture. Leukemia, 17, pp. 160-170.
69. Boquest, A. C. and Shahdadfar, A. (2005) Isolation and transcription profiling of purified uncultured human stromal stem cells: Alteration of gene expression after in vitro cell culture. Mol Biol Cell, 16, pp. 1131-1141.
70. Aaa, A. (1997) Medicinal and other products and human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: Memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ, 75, pp. 505-513.
71. Spees, J. L. and Gregory, C. A. (2004) Internalized antigens must be removed to prepare hypoimmunogenic mesenchymal stem cells for cell and gene therapy. Mol Ther, 9, pp. 747-756.
72. Heiskanen, A. and Satomaa, T. (2007) N-glycolylneuraminic acid xenoantigen contamination of human embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells is substantially reversible. Stem Cells, 25, pp. 197-202.
73. Kuznetsov, S. A. and Mankani, M. H. (2000) Effect of serum on human bone marrow stromal cells: Ex vivo expansion and in vivo bone formation. Transplantation, 70, pp. 1780-1787.
74. Muller, I. and Kordowich, S. (2006) Animal serum-free culture conditions for isolation and expansion of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from human BM. Cytotherapy, 8, pp. 437-444.
75. Abdallah, B. M. and Haack-Sorensen, M. (2006) Inhibition of osteoblast differentiation but not adipocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by sera obtained from aged females. Bone, 39, pp. 181-188.
76. Kocaoemer, A. and Kern, S. (2007) Human AB serum and thrombin-activated platelet-rich plasma are suitable alternatives to fetal calf serum for the expansion of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue. Stem Cells, 25, pp. 1270-1278.
77. Shetty, P. and Bharucha, K. (2007) Human umbilical cord blood serum can replace fetal bovine serum in the culture of mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int, 31, pp. 293-298.
78. Shahdadfar, A. and Fronsdal, K. (2005) In vitro expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells: Choice of serum is a determinant of cell proliferation, differentiation, gene expression, and transcriptome stability. Stem Cells, 23, pp. 1357-1366.
79. Mannello, F. and Tonti, G. A. (2007) Concise review: No breakthroughs for human mesenchymal and embryonic stem cell culture: Conditioned medium, feeder layer, or feeder-free; medium with fetal calf serum, human serum, or enriched plasma; serum-free, serum replacement nonconditioned medium, or ad hoc formula? All that glitters is not gold!. Stem Cells, 25, pp. 1603-1609.
80. Meuleman, N. and Tondreau, T. (2006) Human marrow mesenchymal stem cell culture: Serum-free medium allows better expansion than classical alpha-MEM medium. Eur J Haematol, 76, pp. 309-316.
81. Stolzing, A. and Coleman, N. (2006) Glucose-induced replicative senescence in mesenchymal stem cells. Rejuvenation Res, 9, pp. 31-35.
82. Sotiropoulou, P. A. and Perez, S. A. (2006) Characterization of the optimal culture conditions for clinical scale production of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells, 24, pp. 462-471.
83. Barozzi, P. and Luppi, M. (2003) Post-transplant Kaposi sarcoma originates from the seeding of donor-derived progenitors. Nat Med, 9, pp. 554-561.
84. Aractingi, S. and Kanitakis, J. (2005) Skin carcinoma arising from donor cells in a kidney transplant recipient.". Cancer Res, 65, pp. 1755-1760.
85. Arai, Y. and Arai, H. (2006) A solid tumor of donor cell-origin after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Am J Transplant, 6, pp. 3042-3043.
86. Peters, B. A. and Diaz, L. A. (2005) Contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells to human tumor vasculature. Nat Med, 11, pp. 261-262.
87. Djouad, F. and Plence, P. (2003) Immunosuppressive effect of mesenchymal stem cells favors tumor growth in allogeneic animals. Blood, 102, pp. 3837-3844.
88. Ramasamy, R. and Lam, E. W. (2007) Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells: Impact on in vivo tumor growth. Leukemia, 21, pp. 304-310.
89. Khakoo, A. Y. and Pati, S. (2006) Human mesenchymal stem cells exert potent antitumorigenic effects in a model of Kaposi's sarcoma. J Exp Med, 203, pp. 1235-1247.
90. Rubio, D. and Garcia-Castro, J. (2005) Spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation. Cancer Res, 65, pp. 3035-3039.
91. Serakinci, N. and Guldberg, P. (2004) Adult human mesenchymal stem cell as a target for neoplastic transformation. Oncogene, 23, pp. 5095-5098.
92. Bernardo, M. E. and Zaffaroni, N. (2007) Human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells do not undergo transformation after long-term in vitro culture and do not exhibit telomere maintenance mechanisms. Cancer Res, 67, pp. 9142-9149.
93. Pittenger, M. F. and Mackay, A. M. (1999) Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science, 284, pp. 143-147.
94. Makino, S. and Fukuda, K. (1999) Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrow stromal cells in vitro. J Clin Invest, 103, pp. 697-705.
95. Gang, E. J. and Jeong, J. A. (2006) In vitro endothelial potential of human UC blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cytotherapy, 8, pp. 215-227.
96. Santa Maria, L. and Rojas, C. V. (2004) Signals from damaged but not undamaged skeletal muscle induce myogenic differentiation of rat bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Cell Res, 300, pp. 418-426.
97. Timper, K. and Seboek, D. (2006) Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon expressing cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 341, pp. 1135-1140.
98. Seo, M. J. and Suh, S. Y. (2005) Differentiation of human adipose stromal cells into hepatic lineage in vitro and in vivo.". Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 328, pp. 258-264.
99. Spees, J. L. and Olson, S. D. (2003) Differentiation, cell fusion, and nuclear fusion during ex vivo repair of epithelium by human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, pp. 2397-2402.
100. Chun-mao, H. and Su-yi, W. (2007) Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into epidermal-like cells in vitro. Differentiation, 75, pp. 292-298.
101. Vassilopoulos, G. and Wang, P. R. (2003) Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion. Nature, 422, pp. 901-904.
102. Wang, X. and Willenbring, H. (2003) Cell fusion is the principal source of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes. Nature, 422, pp. 897-901.
103. Alvarez-Dolado, M. and Pardal, R. (2003) Fusion of bone-marrow-derived cells with Purkinje neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Nature, 425, pp. 968-973.
104. Newsome, P. N. and Johannessen, I. (2003) Human cord blood-derived cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in the mouse liver with no evidence of cellular fusion. Gastroenterology, 124, pp. 1891-1900.
105. Harris, R. G. and Herzog, E. L. (2004) Lack of a fusion requirement for development of bone marrow-derived epithelia. Science, 305, pp. 90-93.
106. Schmidt, A. and Ladage, D. (2006) Mesenchymal stem cells transmigrate over the endothelial barrier. Eur J Cell Biol, 85, pp. 1179-1188.
107. Devine, S. M. and Bartholomew, A. M. (2001) Mesenchymal stem cells are capable of homing to the bone marrow of non-human primates following systemic infusion. Exp Hematol, 29, pp. 244-255.
108. Barbash, I. M. and Chouraqui, P. (2003) Systemic delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the infarcted myocardium: feasibility, cell migration, and body distribution. Circulation, 108, pp. 863-868.
109. Chapel, A. and Bertho, J. M. (2003) Mesenchymal stem cells home to injured tissues when co-infused with hematopoietic cells to treat a radiation-induced multi-organ failure syndrome. J Gene Med, 5, pp. 1028-1038.
110. Ortiz, L. A. and Gambelli, F. (2003) Mesenchymal stem cell engraftment in lung is enhanced in response to bleomycin exposure and ameliorates its fibrotic effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, pp. 8407-8411.
111. Vulliet, P. R. and Greeley, M. (2004) Intra-coronary arterial injection of mesenchymal stromal cells and microinfarction in dogs. Lancet, 363, pp. 783-784.
112. Moelker, A. D. and Baks, T. (2007) Intracoronary delivery of umbilical cord blood derived unrestricted somatic stem cells is not suitable to improve LV function after myocardial infarction in swine. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 42, pp. 735-745.
113. Kim BO and Tian H (2005) Cell transplantation improves ventricular function after a myocardial infarction: A preclinical study of human unrestricted somatic stem cells in a porcine model. Circulation, 112:9, p. I96.
114. Miyahara, Y. and Nagaya, N. (2006) Monolayered mesenchymal stem cells repair scarred myocardium after myocardial infarction. Nat Med, 12, pp. 459-465.
115. Silva, G. V. and Litovsky, S. (2005) Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into an endothelial phenotype, enhance vascular density, and improve heart function in a canine chronic ischemia model. Circulation, 111, pp. 150-156.
116. Iwase, T. and Nagaya, N. (2005) Comparison of angiogenic potency between mesenchymal stem cells and mononuclear cells in a rat model of hindlimb ischemia. Cardiovasc Res, 66, pp. 543-551.
117. Bruder, S. P. and Kurth, A. A. (1998) Bone regeneration by implantation of purified, culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res, 16, pp. 155-162.
118. Ponticiello, M. S. and Schinagl, R. M. (2000) Gelatin-based resorbable sponge as a carrier matrix for human mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage regeneration therapy. J Biomed Mater Res, 52, pp. 246-255.
119. Solchaga, L. A. and Temenoff, J. S. (2005) Repair of osteochondral defects with hyaluronan- and polyester-based scaffolds. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 13, pp. 297-309.
120. Rodriguez, A. M. and Pisani, D. (2005) Transplantation of a multipotent cell population from human adipose tissue induces dystrophin expression in the immunocompetent mdx mouse. J Exp Med, 201, pp. 1397-1405.
121. Kopen, G. C. and Prockop, D. J. (1999) Marrow stromal cells migrate throughout forebrain and cerebellum, and they differentiate into astrocytes after injection into neonatal mouse brains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96, pp. 10711-10716.
122. Zhao, L. R. and Duan, W. M. (2002) Human bone marrow stem cells exhibit neural phenotypes and ameliorate neurological deficits after grafting into the ischemic brain of rats. Exp Neurol, 174, pp. 11-20.
123. Lee, R. H. and Seo, M. J. (2006) Multipotent stromal cells from human marrow home to and promote repair of pancreatic islets and renal glomeruli in diabetic NOD/scid mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, pp. 17438-17443.
124. Xu, J. and Lu, Y. (2007) Reversal of diabetes in mice by intrahepatic injection of bone-derived GFP-murine mesenchymal stem cells infected with the recombinant retrovirus-carrying human insulin gene. World J Surg, 31, pp. 1872-1882.
125. Mangi, A. A. and Noiseux, N. (2003) Mesenchymal stem cells modified with Akt prevent remodeling and restore performance of infarcted hearts. Nat Med, 9, pp. 1195-1201.
126. Kinnaird, T. and Stabile, E. (2004) Marrow-derived stromal cells express genes encoding a broad spectrum of arteriogenic cytokines and promote in vitro and in vivo arteriogenesis through paracrine mechanisms. Circ Res, 94, pp. 678-685.
127. Gnecchi, M. and He, H. (2005) Paracrine action accounts for marked protection of ischemic heart by Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Med, 11, pp. 367-368.
128. Kunter, U. and Rong, S. (2006) Transplanted mesenchymal stem cells accelerate glomerular healing in experimental glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol, 17, pp. 2202-2212.
129. Le Blanc, K. (2003) Immunomodulatory effects of fetal and adult mesenchymal stem cells. Cytotherapy, 5, pp. 485-489.
130. Di Nicola, M. and Carlo-Stella, C. (2002) Human bone marrow stromal cells suppress T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by cellular or nonspecific mitogenic stimuli. Blood, 99, pp. 3838-3843.
131. Bartholomew, A. and Sturgeon, C. (2002) Mesenchymal stem cells suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and prolong skin graft survival in vivo. Exp Hematol, 30, pp. 42-48.
132. Jiang, X. X. and Zhang, Y. (2005) Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Blood, 105, pp. 4120-4126.
133. Meisel, R. and Zibert, A. (2004) Human bone marrow stromal cells inhibit allogeneic T-cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan degradation. Blood, 103, pp. 4619-4621.
134. Horwitz, E. M. and Gordon, P. L. (2002) Isolated allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells engraft and stimulate growth in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: Implications for cell therapy of bone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, pp. 8932-8937.
135. Lazarus, H. M. and Haynesworth, S. E. (1995) Ex vivo expansion and subsequent infusion of human bone marrow-derived stromal progenitor cells (mesenchymal progenitor cells): Implications for therapeutic use. Bone Marrow Transplant, 16, pp. 557-564.
136. Koc, O. N. and Gerson, S. L. (2000) Rapid hematopoietic recovery after coinfusion of autologous-blood stem cells and culture-expanded marrow mesenchymal stem cells in advanced breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol, 18, pp. 307-316.
137. Lazarus, H. M. and Koc, O. N. (2005) Cotransplantation of HLA-identical sibling culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells in hematologic malignancy patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 11, pp. 389-398.
138. Koc, O. N. and Day, J. (2002) Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell infusion for treatment of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and Hurler syndrome (MPS-IH). Bone Marrow Transplant, 30, pp. 215-222.
139. Garcia-Olmo, D. and Garcia-Arranz, M. (2005) A phase I clinical trial of the treatment of Crohn's fistula by adipose mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Dis Colon Rectum, 48, pp. 1416-1423.
140. Le Blanc, K. and Rasmusson, I. (2004) Treatment of severe acute graft-versus-host disease with third party haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells. Lancet, 363, pp. 1439-1441.
141. Ringden, O. and Uzunel, M. (2006) Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of therapy-resistant graft-versus-host disease. Transplantation, 81, pp. 1390-1397.
142. Mazzini, L. and Fagioli, F. (2003) Stem cell therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A methodological approach in humans. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord, 4, pp. 158-161.
143. Bang, O. Y. and Lee, J. S. (2005) Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in stroke patients. Ann Neurol, 57, pp. 874-882.
144. Chen SL and Fang WW (2004) Improvement of cardiac function after transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Chin Med J, pp. 1443-1448.
145. Katritsis, D. G. and Sotiropoulou, P. A. (2005) Transcoronary transplantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitors into infarcted human myocardium. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 65, pp. 321-329.