New approaches to managing asthma: A US perspective

Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 363-379

  Berger, William E ^a  

^a Allergy & Asthma Associates of Southern California   (United States)

Author keywords

Asthma treatment; Guidelines; Inhaled corticosteroids; Long acting 2 adrenergic agonists; Pharmacogenetics

Indexed keywords

BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; BUDESONIDE PLUS FORMOTEROL; CICLESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; ETANERCEPT; FLUTICASONE; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE PLUS SALMETEROL; FORMOTEROL; INDACATEROL; INFLIXIMAB; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; MEPOLIZUMAB; MOMETASONE FUROATE; MONTELUKAST; OMALIZUMAB; PLACEBO; RESLIZUMAB; SALBUTAMOL; SALMETEROL; SALMETEROL XINAFOATE; TACROLIMUS; TERBUTALINE; THEOPHYLLINE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZAFIRLUKAST; ZILEUTON;

ADD ON THERAPY; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ADRENAL SUPPRESSION; ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ANAPHYLAXIS; ASTHMA; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DISEASE CONTROL; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; GENE THERAPY; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEMIPLEGIA; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE URINE LEVEL; IMMUNOTHERAPY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PHARMACOGENETICS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SELF MONITORING; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; THRUSH; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UNITED STATES; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 44049085594     PISSN: 11766336     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Abramson MJ, Puy RM, Weiner JM. 2003. Allergen immunotherapy for asthma [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4:CD001186.
2. Alving K, Janson C, Nordvall L. 2006. Performance of a new hand-held device for exhaled nitric oxide measurement in adults and children. Respir Res, 7:67.
3. [ALA] American Lung Association. 2006. Trends in asthma morbidity and mortality. American Lung Association Epidemiology and Statistics Unit Research and Program Services [online]. Accessed 31 May 2007. URL: http://www.lungusa.org/atf/cf/%7B7A8D42C2-FCCA-4604-8ADE-7F5D5E762256%7D/ ASTHMA06FINAL.PDF.
4. [ATS] American Thoracic Society. 2006. ATS workshop proceedings: Exhaled nitric oxide and nitric oxide oxidative metabolism in exhaled breath condensate. Proc Am Thorac Soc, 3:131-45.
5. Asmanex Twisthaler 220 mcg [package insert]. Kenilworth, NJ: Schering Corporation; 2005.
6. Balanag VM, Yunus F, Yang P-C, Jorup C. 2006. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol compared with salbutamol in the treatment of acute asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 19:139-47.
7. 2-agonists and corticosteroids. Eur Respir J, 19:182-91.
8. Bateman ED, Silins V, Bogolubov M. 2001. Clinical equivalence of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate in combination (50/100 μg twice daily) when administered via a chlorofluorocarbon-free metered dose inhaler or dry powder inhaler to patients with mild-to-moderate asthma. Respir Med, 95:136-46.
9. 2-agonist, provides sustained 24-h bronchodilation in asthma. Eur Respir J, 29:871-8.
10. Beny MA, Hargadon B, Shelley M, et al. 2006. Evidence of a role of tumor necrosis factor α in refractory asthma. N Engl J Med, 354:697-708.
11. 2-adrenergic receptor genotype in subjects with persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 118:809-16.
12. 2-adrenergic receptor gene on response to long-acting β-agonist therapy. Lancet, in press.
13. Bosco AP, Shrewsbury SB, Longhi M, et al. 2007. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a novel submicron particle formulation of budesonide for nebulized delivery in asthma. Poster K7-A192. Presented at the international conference of the American Thoracic Society, San Francisco, CA, USA.
14. Boulet L-P, Bateman ED, Voves R, et al. 2007. A randomized study comparing ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate persistent asthma. Respir Med, 101:1677-86.
15. Bousquet J, Boulet LP, Peters MJ, et al. 2007. Budesonide/formoterol for maintenance and relief in uncontrolled asthma vs. high-dose salmeterol/ fluticasone. Respir Med, [Epub ahead of print].
16. Buhl R, Creemers JP, Vondra V, et al. 2003. Once-daily budesonide/ formoterol in a single inhaler in adults with moderate persistent asthma. Respir Med, 97:323-30.
17. Busse W, Corren J, Lanier BQ, et al. 2001. Omalizumab, anti-IgE recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of severe allergic asthma. J Allerg Clin Immunol, 108:184-90.
18. Büttner C, Lun A, Splettstoesser T, et al. 2003. Monoclonal anti-interleukin-5 treatment suppresses eosinophil but not T-cell functions. Eur Respir J, 21:799-803.
19. Calamita Z, Saconato H, Pelá AB, et al. 2006. Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in asthma: systematic review of randomized-clinical trials using the Cochrane Collaboration method. Allergy, 61:1162-72.
20. Casale TB, Busse WW, Kline JN, et al. 2006. Omalizumab pretreatment decreases acute reactions after rush immunotherapy for ragweed-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 117:134-40.
21. Chang TW, Shiung Y-Y. 2006. Anti-IgE as a mast cell-stabilizing therapeutic agent. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 117:1203-12.
22. Claxton AJ, Cramer J, Pierce C. 2001. A systematic review of the associations between dose regimens and medication compliance. Clin Ther, 23:1296-1310.
23. ClinicalTrials.gov. 2007a. Safety and tolerability of ciclesonide and formoterol fumarate inhaled once daily in patients with asthma (18 to 75 y) (BY9010/M1-506). Accessed 29 June 2007. URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00314509?order=1.
24. ClinicalTrials.gov. 2007b. Effects of mometasone furoate/formoterol combination versus mometasone furoate alone in persistent asthmatics (Study P04431AM1). Accessed 29 June 2007. URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00381485?order=1 Accessed June 29, 2007.
25. ClinicalTrials.gov. 2007c. Search: Flutiform. Accessed 29 June 2007. URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/ search;jsessionid=B86F15C0A8AA03232A0528328EF047B5?term=flutiform.
26. ClinicalTrials.gov. 2007d. A study of the safety and efficacy of tacrolimus inhalation aerosol in subjects with persistent asthma. Accessed 31 May 2007. URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/ NCT00116103?order=20.
27. Corren J, Korenblat PE, Miller CJ, et al. 2007. Twelve-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of the efficacy and tolerability of budesonide and formoterol in one metered-dose inhaler compared with budesonide alone and formoterol alone in adolescents and adults with asthma. Clin Ther, 29:823-43.
28. Corry DB, Kheradmand F. 2006. Control of allergic airway inflammation through immunomodulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 117:S461-4.
29. Cox L. 2006. Accelerated immunotherapy schedules: review of efficacy and safety. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 97:126-38.
30. Cox LS, Linnemann DL, Nolte H, et al. 2006. Sublingual immunotherapy: a comprehensive review. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 117:1021-35.
31. Crompton G. 2006. A brief history of inhaled asthma therapy over the last fifty years. Prim Care Respir J, 15:326-31.
32. Dahlén B, Malmström K, Nizankowska E, et al. 2002. Improvement of aspirin-intolerant asthma by montelukast, a leukotrienes antagonist. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 165:9-14.
33. Dahlén B, Nizankowska E, Szczeklik A, et al. 1998. Benefits from adding the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton to conventional therapy in aspirin-intolerant asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157:1187-94.
34. Dennis SM, Sharp SJ, Vickers MR, et al; for the Therapy Working Group of the National Asthma Task Force and the MRC General Practice Research Framework. 2000. Regular inhaled salbutamol and asthma control: the TRUST randomised trial. Lancet, 355:1675-9.
35. Dorinsky PM, Yancey SW, Baitinger LA, et al. 2004. Salmeterol response is not affected by beta2-adrenergic receptor genotype in patients with persistent asthma. Chest, 126:722S.
36. Dow SW, Schwarze J, Heath TD, et al. 1999. Systemic and local interferon gamma gene delivery to the lungs for treatment of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Hum Gene Ther, 10:1905-14.
37. Drazen JM, Israel E, Boushey HA, et al; for the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Asthma Clinical Research Network. 1996. Comparison of regularly scheduled with as-needed use of albuterol in mild asthma. N Engl J Med, 335:841-7.
38. Ducharme FM, Di Salvio F. 2004. Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2:CD002314.
39. Dyer MJ, Halpin DM, Stein K. 2006. Inhaled ciclesonide versus inhaled budesonide or inhaled beclomethasone or inhaled fluticasone for chronic asthma in adults: a systematic review. BMC Fam Pract, 7:34.
40. Erin EM, Leaker BR, Nicholson GC, et al. 2006. The effects of a monoclonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor-α in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 174:753-62.
41. Foresi A, Morelli MC, Catena E; on behalf of the Italian Study Group. 2000. Low-dose budesonide with the addition of an increased dose during exacerbations is effective in long-term asthma control. Chest, 117:440-6.
42. Gibson PG, Powell H, Ducharme F. 2005. Long-acting beta2-agonists as an inhaled corticosteroid-sparing agent for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4:CD005076.
43. GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma). 2007. GINA report: Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Accessed 29 January 2008. URL: http://www.ginasthma.org.
44. Greening AP, Ind PW, Northfield M, et al; on behalf of Allen and Hansburys Limited UK Study Group. 1994. Added salmeterol versus higher-dose corticosteroid in asthma patients with symptoms on existing inhaled corticosteroid. Lancet, 344:219-24.
45. Greenstone IR, Ni Chroinin MN, Masse V, et al. 2005. Combination of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists and inhaled steroids versus higher dose of inhaled steroids in children and adults with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4:CD005533.
46. 2-adrenergic receptor variation on response to formoterol administered alone or in combination with budesonide in patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma [abstract 957]. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 119(suppl 1):S244.
47. 2-agonist therapy in asthma. Eur Respir J, 11:589-93.
48. Hansel TT, Benezet O, Kafé H, et al. 2006. A multinational, 12-week, randomized study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of ciclesonide and budesonide in patients with asthma. Clin Ther, 28:906-20.
49. Hines RN, McCarver DG. 2006. Pharmacogenomics and the future of drug therapy. Pediatr Clin N Am, 53:591-619.
50. Hogan SP, Foster PS, Tan X, Ramsay AJ. 1998. Mucosal IL-12 gene delivery inhibits allergic airways disease and restores local antiviral immunity. Eur J Immunol, 28:413-23.
51. Holgate ST, Bradding P, Sampson AP. 1996. Leukotriene antagonists and synthesis inhibitors: new directions in asthma therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98:1-13.
52. Holgate ST, Chuchalin AG, Hébert J, et al. 2004. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant anti-immunoglobulin E antibody (omalizumab) in severe allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy, 34:632-8.
53. Horst M, Hejjaoui A, Horst V, et al. 1990. Double-blind, placebo-controlled rush immunotherapy with a standardized Alternaria extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 85:460-72.
54. Humbert M, Beasley R, Ayres J, et al. 2005. Benefits of omalizumab as add-on therapy in patients with severe persistent asthma who are inadequately controlled despite best available therapy (GINA 2002 step 4 treatment): INNOVATE. Allergy, 60:309-16.
55. 2-adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162:75-80.
56. Israel E, Chinchilli VM, Ford JG, et al. 2004. Use of regularly scheduled albuterol treatment in asthma: genotype-stratified, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Lancet, 364:1505-12.
57. Jacobsen L, Niggemann B, Dreborg S, et al. 2007. Specific immunotherapy has long-term preventive effect of seasonal and perennial asthma: 10-year follow-up on the PAT study. Allergy, 62:943-8.
58. Kim S-H, Kim Y-K, Park HW, et al. 2007. Association between polymorphisms in prostanoid receptor genes and aspirin-intolerant asthma. Pharmacogenet Genomics, 17:295-304.
59. Kips J. 2002. Managing a variable disease. Pulmon Pharmacol Therap, 15:485-90.
60. Kips JC, O'Connor BJ, Langley SJ, et al. 2003. Effect of SCH55700, a humanized anti-human interleukin-5 antibody, in severe persistent asthma: a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167:1655-9.
61. Klotsman M, York TP, Pillai SG, et al. 2007. Pharmacogenetics of the 5-lipoxygenase biosynthetic pathway and variable clinical response to montelukast. Pharmacogenet Genomics, 17:189-96.
62. Kolb M, Martin G, Medina M, et al. 2006. Gene therapy for pulmonary diseases. Chest, 130:879-84.
63. Kohno Y, Minoguchi K, Oda N, et al. 1998. Effect of rush immunotherapy on airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness after bronchoprovocation with allergen in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102:927-34.
64. Kuna P, Peters MJ, Manjra AI, et al. 2007. Effect of budesonide/ formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy on asthma exacerbations. Int J Clin Pract, 61:725-36.
65. 2-agonist monotherapy vs continued therapy with inhaled corticosteroids in patients with persistent asthma. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 285:2583-93.
66. Lazarus SC, Lee T, Kemp JP, et al. 1998. Safety and clinical efficacy of zileuton in patients with chronic asthma. Am J Mang Care, 4:841-8.
67. Leckie MJ, ten Brinke A, Khan J, et al. 2000. Effects of an interleukin-5 blocking monoclonal antibody on eosinophils, airway hyper-responsiveness, and the late asthmatic response. Lancet, 356:2144-8.
68. Lemanske RF, Sorkness CA, Mauger EA, et al. 2001. Inhaled corticosteroid reduction and elimination in patients with persistent asthma receiving salmeterol. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 285:2594-603.
69. Lima JJ. 2007. Treatment heterogeneity in asthma: genetics of response to leukotriene modifiers. Mol Diagn Ther, 11:97-104.
70. Lima JJ, Zhang S, Grant A, et al. 2006. Influence of leukotriene pathway polymorphisms on response to montelukast in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 173:379-85.
71. Marcus P. 2006. Incorporating anti-IgE (omalizumab) therapy into pulmonary medicine practice: Practice management implications. Chest, 129:466-74.
72. Marotta A, Klinnert MD, Price MR, et al. 2003. Impulse oscillometry provides an effective measure of lung dysfunction in 4-year-old children at risk for persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 112:317-22.
73. Mathieu M, Gougat C, Jaffuel D, et al. 1999. The glucocorticoid receptor gene as a candidate for gene therapy in asthma. Gene Ther, 6:245-52.
74. Matsuo N, Shimoda T, Mitsuta K, et al. 2001. Tacrolimus inhibits cytokine production and chemical mediator release following antigen stimulation of passively sensitized human lung tissues. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 86:671-8.
75. Menzies-Gow A, Flood-Page P, Sehmi R, et al. 2003. Anti-IL-5 (mepolizumab) therapy induces bone marrow eosinophil maturational arrest and decreases eosinophil progenitors in the bronchial mucosa of atopic asthmatics. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 111:714-19.
76. Milgrom H, Berger W, Nayak A, et al. 2001. Treatment of childhood asthma with anti-immunoglobulin E antibody (omalizumab). Pediatrics, 108: E36.
77. Miller TP, Reeves MJ. 2005. Lack of cost-effectiveness of omalizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 115:429-30.
78. 2-agonists. Curr Pharm Des, 12:3261-79.
79. Morice AH, Hochmuth L, Ekelund J, et al. 2006. Comparable long-term safety and efficacy of a novel budesonide/formoterol pressurized metered-dose inhaler versus budesonide/formoterol Turbuhaler® in adolescents and adults with asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, [Epub ahead of press].
80. Morice AH, Peterson S, Beckman O, et al. 2007a. Efficacy and safety of a new pressurised metered-dose inhaler formulation of budesonide/ formoterol in children with asthma: A superiority and therapeutic equivalence study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, [Epub ahead of press].
81. Morice AH, Peterson S, Beckman O, et al. 2007b. Therapeutic comparison of a new budesonide/formoterol pMDI with budesonide pMDI and budesonide/ formoterol DPI in asthma. Int J Clin Pract, 61:1874-83.
82. Movérare R, Vesterinen E, Metso T, et al. 2001. Pollen-specific rush immunotherapy: clinical efficacy and effects on antibody concentrations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 86:337-42.
83. NAEPP (National Asthma Education and Prevention Program). 2007. Full report of the Expert Panel: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (EPR-3). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Accessed 25 October 2007. URL: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/ asthgdln.htm.
84. Nathan RA, Rooklin A, Schoaf L, et al. 2006. Efficacy and tolerability of fluticasone proprionate/salmeterol administered twice daily via hydrofluoroalkane 134a metered-dose inhaler in adolescent and adult patients with persistent asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week study. Clin Ther, 28:73-85.
85. Nave R, Fisher R, Zech K. 2006. In vitro metabolism of ciclesonide in human lung and liver precision-cut tissue slices. Biopharm Drug Dispos, 27:197-207.
86. Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, et al; the SMART study group. 2006. The salmeterol multicenter asthma research trial: A comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest, 129:15-26.
87. Nelson HS. 2006. Long-acting beta-agonists in adult asthma: evidence that these drugs are safe. Prim Care Respir J, 15:271-7.
88. Noonan M, Rosenwasser LJ, Martin P, et al. 2006. Efficacy and safety of budesonide and formoterol in one pressurized metered-dose inhaler in adults and adolescents with moderate to severe asthma: a randomised clinical trial Drugs, 66:2235-54.
89. Novembre E, Galli E, Landi F, et al. 2004. Coseasonal sublingual immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immnol, 114:851-7.
90. O'Byrne PM, Bisgaard H, Godard PP, et al. 2005. Budesonide/formoterol combination therapy as both maintenance and reliever medication in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 171:129-36.
91. Passalacqua G, Guerra L, Pasquali M, et al. 2004. Efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 93:3-12.
92. Pauwels RA, Löfdahl C-G, Postma DS, et al; for the Formoterol and Corticosteroids, Establishing Therapy (FACET) International Study Group. 1997. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. N Engl J Med, 337:1405-11.
93. Pauwels RA, Sears MR, Campbell M, et al; on behalf of the RELIEF Study Investigators. 2003. Formoterol as relief medication in asthma: a world-wide safety and effectiveness trial. Eur Resp J, 22:787-94.
94. Pearlman DS, Berger WE, Kerwin E, et al. 2005. Once-daily ciclesonide improves lung function and is well tolerated by patients with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 116:1206-12.
95. Pearlman DS, Peden D, Condemi JJ, et al. 2004. Efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol HFA 134A MDI in patients with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. J Asthma, 41:797-806.
96. Petsky HL, Kynaston JA, Turner C, et al. 2007. Tailored interventions based on sputum eosinophils versus clinical symptoms for asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 18:CD005603.
97. Pulmicort Flexhaler 180 mcg and 90 mcg [package insert]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca; 2007.
98. Rabe KF, Atienza T, Magyar P, et al. 2006. Effect of budesonide in combination with formoterol for reliever therapy in asthma exacerbations: a randomised, controlled, double-blind study. Lancet, 368:744-53.
99. Raby BA, Hwang E-S, Van Steen K, et al. 2006. T-bet polymorphisms are associated with asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 173:64-70.
100. Rouhani FN, Meitin CA, Kaler M, et al. 2005. Effect of tumor necrosis factor antagonism on allergen-mediated asthmatic airway inflammation. Respir Med, 99:1175-82.
101. Saeki S, Matsuse H, Kondo Y, et al. 2004. Effects of antiasthmatic agents on the functions of peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells from atopic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 114:538-44.
102. Schering-Plough announces global agreement with Novartis to develop once-daily combination therapy for asthma and COPD [news release]. Schering-Plough Corporation; August 14, 2006. Accessed 29 June 2007. URL: http://www.schering-plough.com/schering_though/news/ release.jsp?releaseID=895303.
103. Sears M, Ottosson A, Radner F, et al. 2007. Safety of formoterol in asthma trials [abstract]. Presented at the European Respiratory Society Annual Congress, September 15-19, 2007, Stockholm, Sweden. Abstract number 1586.
104. Selroos O. 2007. Some aspects on comparative efficacy studies with inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Curr Drug Ther, 2:57-54.
105. Sin DD, Man J, Sharpe H, et al. 2004. Pharmacological management to reduce exacerbations in adults with asthma. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 292:367-76.
106. Silkoff PE, Carlson M, Bourke T, et al. 2004. The Aerocrine exhaled nitric oxide monitoring system NIOX is cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration for monitoring therapy in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 114:1241-56.
107. Solèr M, Matz J, Townley R, et al. 2001. The anti-IgE antibody omalizumab reduces exacerbations and steroid requirement in allergic asthmatics. Eur Respir J, 18:254-61.
108. Sopo SM, Macchiaiolo M, Zorzi G, et al. 2004. Sublingual immunotherapy in asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis; systematic review of paediatric literature. Arch Dis Child, 89:620-24.
109. Strunk RC, Bloomberg GR. 2006. Omalizumab for asthma. N Engl J Med, 354:2689-95.
110. Szefler SJ, Phillips BR, Martinez FD, et al; for the Childhood Asthma Research and Education Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2005. Characterization of within-subject responses to fluticasone and montelukast in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 115:233-42.
111. Tantisira KG, Hwang ES, Raby BA, et al. 2004. TBX21: A functional variant predicts improvement in asthma with the use of inhaled corticosteroids. PNAS, 101:18099-104.
112. Tattersfield AE, Löfdahl C-G, Postina DS, et al. 2001. Comparison of formoterol and terbutaline for as-needed treatment of asthma: a randomised trial. Lancet, 357:257-61.
113. 2 adrenoceptor polymorphism. Thorax, 55:762-7.
114. van der Woude HJ, Boorsma M, Bergqvist PBF, et al. 2004. Budesonide/ formoterol in a single inhaler rapidly relieves methacholine-induced moderate-to-severe bronchoconstriction. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 17:89-95.
115. Vogelmeier C, D'Urzo A, Pauwels R, et al. 2005. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy: an effective asthma treatment option? Eur Respir J, 26:819-28.
116. Walders N, Kopel SJ, Koinis-Mitchell D, et al. 2005. Patterns of quick-relief and long-term controller medication use in pediatric asthma. J Pediatr, 146:177-82.
117. Wang LC, Lee JH, Yang YH, et al. 2007. New biological approaches in asthma: DNA-based therapy. Curr Med Chem, 14:1607-18.
118. Wechsler ME. 2006. Managing asthma in the 21st century: role of pharmacogenetics. Pediatr Ann, 35:660-662, 664-9.
119. Wechsler ME, Lehman E, Lazarus SC, et al; for the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Asthma Clinical Research Network. 2006. β-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and response to salmeterol. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 173:519-26.
120. Wechsler ME, Israel E. 2005. How pharmacogenomics will play a role in the management of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 172:12-8.
121. Wenzel SE. 1998. Antileukotriene drugs in the management of asthma. JAMA, 280:2068-9.
122. Williams LK, Pladevall M, Hugo X, et al. 2004. Relationship between adherence to inhaled corticosteroids and poor outcomes among adults with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 114:1288-93.