Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the action of vitamin D analogs targeting vitiligo depigmentation

Current Drug Targets

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 345-359

  Birlea, S A ^a   Costin, G E ^b   Norris, David A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b Institute for in Vitro Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcipotriol; Repigmentation; Tacalcitol; Vitamin D ligands; Vitamin D receptor; Vitiligo

Indexed keywords

7 DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL; ALPHA INTERMEDIN; CALCIPOTRIOL; CALCIUM; COLECALCIFEROL; COLECALCIFEROL DERIVATIVE; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; ENDOTHELIN 1; ENDOTHELIN 2; ENDOTHELIN 3; ERGOCALCIFEROL; GAMMA INTERFERON; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; LUMISTEROL; MELANIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR; STEM CELL FACTOR RECEPTOR; TACALCITOL; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFAT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN D DERIVATIVE; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR; CALCITRIOL RECEPTOR; DRUG DERIVATIVE; LIGAND; VITAMIN; VITAMIN D;

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CELL CYCLE G1 PHASE; CELL MATURATION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TARGETING; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOREGULATION; MELANOCYTE; MELANOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SKIN PROTECTION; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION; VITILIGO; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFECT; METABOLISM; SKIN PIGMENTATION;

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; LIGANDS; MELANINS; MELANOCYTES; RECEPTORS, CALCITRIOL; SKIN PIGMENTATION; VITAMIN D; VITAMINS; VITILIGO;

EID: 42949175724     PISSN: 13894501     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138945008783954970     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Jones, G.; Strugnell, S.A. and DeLuca, H.F. (1998) Physiol. Rev., 78(4), 1193-1231.
2. Nagpal, S.; Na, S. and Rathnachalam, R. (2005) Endocr. Rev., 26(5), 662-687.
3. Arnson, Y.; Amital, H. and Shoenfeld, Y. (2007) Ann. Rheum. Dis., 66(9), 1137-1142.
4. Ramsay, C.A.; Berth-Jones, J.; Brundin, G.; Cunliffe, W.J.; Dubertret, L.; van de Kerkhof, P.C.; Menne, T. and Wegmann, E. (1994) Dermatology, 189(3), 260-264.
5. Kragballe, K.; Gjertsen, B.T.; De Hoop, D.; Karlsmark, T.; van de Kerkhof, P.C.; Larko, O.; Nieboer, C.; Roed-Petersen, J.; Strand, A. and Tikjob, G. (1991) Lancet, 337(8735), 193-196.
6. Hann, S.K. and Nordlund, J.J (2000) in Vitiligo, (Hann, S. K. and Nordlund, J. J., Eds.), Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 3-6.
7. Nordlund, J.J., Ortonne, J.-P. and Le Poole, I.C. (2006) in The Pigmentary System, (Nordlund, J.J.; Boissy, R.E.; Hearing, V.J.; King, R.A.; Oetting, W.S., Ortonne, J-P; Eds.), Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA, pp. 551-598.
8. Norris, DA.; Kissinger, R.M.; Naughton, G.M. and Bystryn, J.C. (1988) J. Invest. Dermatol., 90(6), 783-789.
9. Schallreuter-Wood, K.U.; Pittelkow, M.R. and Swanson, N.N. (1996) Arch. Dermatol. Res., 288(1), 11-13.
10. Reichrath, J. (2007) Exp. Dermatol., 16(7), 618-625.
11. Adorini, L. (2005) Cell. Immunol., 233(2), 115-124.
12. Carlberg, C. and Polly, P. (1998) Crit. Rev. Eukariot. Gene Expr., 8(1), 19-42.
13. Kragballe, K. (2000) in Vitamin D in Dermatology, (Kragballe, K., Ed.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 1-30.
14. Brown, A.J. (2000) Curr. Pharm. Des., 6(7), 701-716.
15. Colston, K; Colston, M.J. and Feldman, D. (1981) Endocrinology, 108(3), 1083-1086.
16. Watabe, H.; Soma, Y.; Kawa, Y.; Ito, M.; Ooka, S.; Ohsumi, K.; Baba, T.; Kawakami, T.; Hosaka, E.; Kimura, S. and Mizoguchi, M. (2002) J. Invest. Dermatol., 119(3), 583-589.
17. Abdel-Malek, Z.A.; Ross, R., Trinkle, L.; Swope, V.; Pike, J.W. and Nordlund, J.J. (1988) J. Cell. Physiol., 136(2), 273-280.
18. Ranson, M.; Posen, S. and Mason, R.S. (1988) J. Invest. Dermatol., 91(6), 593-598.
19. Tomita, Y.; Torinuki, W. and Tagami, H. (1988) J. Invest. Dermatol., 90(6), 882-884.
20. Oikawa, A. and Nakayasu, M. (1974) FEBS Lett., 42(1), 32-35.
21. Hosoi, J.; Abe, E; Suda, T. and Kuroki, T. (1985) Cancer Res., 45(4), 1474-1478.
22. Mansur, C.P.; Gordon, P.R.; Ray, S.; Holick, M.F. and Gilchrest, B.A. (1988) J. Invest. Dermatol., 91(1), 16-21.
23. Hong, D.K.; Yoon, T.J.; Kim, N.I.; Park, J.K. and Haw, C.R. (1992) Korean J. Dermatol., 30(6), 811-823.
24. Glaser, R., Rowert, J. and Mrowietz, U. (1998) Br. J. Dermatol., 139(1), 148-151.
25. Rutter, A. and Schwarz, T. (2000) Hautarzt, 51(6), 431-433.
26. Parsad, D.; Saini, R. and Nagpal, R. (1999) Pediatr. Dermatol., 16(4), 317-320.
27. Ada, S.; Sahin, S.; Boztepe, G.; Karaduman, A. and Kolemen, F. (2005) Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 21(2), 79-83.
28. Baysal, V.; Yildirim, M.; Erel, A. and Kesici, D. (2003) J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 17(3), 299-302.
29. Parsad, D., Saini, R. and Verma, N. (1998) Dermatology, 197(2), 167-170.
30. Leone, G.; Pacifico, A.; Iacovelli, P.; Paro Vidolin, A. and Picardo, M. (2006) Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 31(2), 200-25.
31. Goktas, E.O.; Aydin, F.; Senturk, N.; Canturk, M.T. and Turanli, A.Y. (2006) J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 20(5), 553-557.
32. Schwartz, T. and Luger, T.A. (1992) in Pharmacology of the Skin, (Muhktar, H., Ed.), Boca Raton, CRC Press, pp. 283-313.
33. Oyarbide-Valencia, K.; van den Boorn, J.G.; Denman, C.J.; Li, M.; Carlson, JM.; Hernandez, C.; Nishimura, M.I.; Das, P.K.; Luiten, R.M. and Le Poole, I.C. (2006) Autoimmun. Rev., 5(7), 486-492.
34. Le Poole, I.C.; van den Wijngaard, R.M.; Westerhof, W. and Das, P.K. (1996) Am. J. Pathol., 148(4), 1219-1228.
35. Wankowicz-Kalinska, A.; van den Wijngaard, R.M.; Tigges, B.J.; Westerhof, W., Ogg, G.S.; Cerundolo, V.; Storkus, W.J. and Das, P.K. (2003) Lab. Invest., 83(5), 683-695.
36. Ongenae, K.; Van Geel, N. and Naeyaert, J.M. (2003) Pigment Cell Res., 16(2), 90-100.
37. al Badri, A.M., Foulis, A.K.; Todd, P.M.; Gariouch, J.J.; Gudgeon, J.E.; Stewart, D.G., Gracie, J.A. and Goudie, R.B. (1993) J. Pathol., 169(2), 203-206.
38. Le Poole, I.C.; Wankowicz-Kalinska, A.; van den Wijngaard, R.M., Nickoloff, B.J. and Das, P.K. (2004). Investig, Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 9(1), 68-72.
39. Das, P.K.; van den Wijngaard, R.M.; Wankowicz-Kalinska, A. and Le Poole, I.C. (2001) Trends Immunol., 22(3), 130-136.
40. Yee, Y.K., Chintalacharuvu, S.R.; Lu, J. and Nagpal, S. (2005) Mini Rev. Med. Chem., 5 (8), 761-778.
41. Wankowicz-Kalinska, A; Le Poole, C.; van den Wijngaard, R.; Storkus, W.J. and Das, P.K. (2003) Pigment Cell Res., 16(3), 254-260.
42. Griffin, M.D.; Lutz, W.; Phan, V.A.; Bachman, L.A.; McKean, D.J. and Kumar, R. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 98(12), 6800-6805.
43. Berer, A.; Stockl, J.; Majdic, O.; Wagner, T.; Kollars, M.; Lechner, K.; Geissler, K. and Oehler, L. (2000) Exp. Hematol., 28(5), 575-583.
44. Penna, G. and Adorini, L. (2000) J. Immunol., 164(5), 2405-2411.
45. Adorini, L. (2002) Int Immunopharmacol., 2(7), 1017-1028.
46. Huckins, D.; Felson, D.T. and Holick, M. (1990) Arthritis Rheum., 33(11), 1723-1727.
47. Andjelkovic, Z.; Vojinovic, J.; Pejnovic, N.; Popovic, M.; Dujic, A.; Mitrovic, D., Pavlica, L. and Stefanovic, D. (1999) Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 17(4), 453-456.
48. Larsson, P; Mattsson, L; Klareskog, L. and Johnsson, C. (1998) Clin. Exp. Immunol., 114(2), 277-283.
49. Lemire, J.M.; Ince, A. and Takashima, M. (1992) Autoimmunity, 12(2), 143-148.
50. Giulietti, A.; Gysemans, C.; Stoffels, K., van Etten, E. Decallonne, B.; Overbergh, L.; Bouillon, R. and Mathieu, C. (2004) Diabetologia, 47(3), 451-462.
51. Mathieu, C.; Waer, M.; Laureys, J.; Rutgeerts, O. and Bouillon, R. (1994). Diabetologia, 37(6), 552-558.
52. Thomas, M.G.; Nugent, K.P.; Forbes, A. and Williamson, R.C. (1994) Gut, 35b(12), 1718-1720.
53. Cantorna, M.T.; Hayes, C.E. and De Luca, H.F. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U S. A., 93(15), 7861-7864.
54. Fournier, C.; Gepner, P.; Sadouk, M. and Charriere, J. (1990) Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 54(1), 53-63.
55. Rigby, W.F. (1988) Immunol. Today, 9(2), 54-58.
56. Bagot, M.; Charue, D., Lescs, M.C.; Pamphile, R.P. and Revuz, J. (1994) Br. J Dermatol., 130(4),424-431.
57. Dejaco, C.; Duftner, C.; Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. and Schirmer, M. (2006) Immunology, 117(3), 289-300.
58. Norris, D.A.; Horikawa, T. and Morelli, J.G. (1994) Pigment Cell Res., 7(4), 193-203.
59. Moretti, S., Spallanzani, A.; Amato, L.; Hautmann, G., Gallerani, I.; Fabiani, M. and Fabbri, P. (2002) Pigment Cell Res., 15(2), 87-92.
60. Yu, H.-S. Chang, K.L.; Yu, C.L. Li, H.F.; Wu, M.T.; Wu, C.S. and Wu, C.S. (1997) J. Invest Dermatol. 108(4), 527-529.
61. Boasberg, P.D.; Hoon, D.S.; Piro, L.D.; Martin, M.A.; Fujimoto, A.; Kristéja, T.S.; Bhachu, S.; Ye, X.; Deck R.R. and O'Day, S.J. (2006) J. Invest. Dermatol., 126(12), 2658-2663.
62. Rosenberg, S.A. and White, D.E. (1996) J. Immunother. Emphasis Tumor Immunol., 19(1), 81-84.
63. Dudley, M.E.; Wunderlich, J.R., Robbins, P.F.; Yang, J.C., Hwu, P.; Schwartzentruber, D.J.; Topalian, S.L.; Sherry, R.; Restifo, N.P.; Hubicki, A.M.; Robinson, M.R.; Raffeld, M.; Duray, P.; Seipp, C.A.; Rogers-Freezer, L.; Morton, K.E.; Mavroukakis, S.A.; White, D.E. and Rosenberg, S.A. (2002) Science, 298(5594), 850-854.
64. Kozanidou, V.I.; Theocharis, A.D.; Georgiadis, A.; Voulgari, P.V.; Drosos, A.A. and Karamanos, N.K. (2005) Curt. Drug Targets Immune Endocr. Metabol. Disord., 5(1), 41-50.
65. Yoshimura, T.; Matsushima, K.; Oppenheim, J.J. and Leonard, E.J. (2005) J. Immunol., 175(9), 5569-5574.
66. Manolagas, S.C.; Provvedini, D.M. and Tsoukas, C.D. (1985) Mol. Cell Endocrinol., 43(2-3), 113-122.
67. Muller, K and Bendtzen, K. (1996) J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 1(1), 68-71.
68. Alroy, I.; Towers, T.L. and Freedman, L.P. (1995) Mol. Cell Biol., 15(10), 5789-5799.
69. Takeuchi, A.; Reddy, G.S.; Kobayashi, T.; Okano, T., Park, J. and Sharma, S. (1998) J. Immunol., 160(1), 209-218.
70. Cippitelli, M. and Santoni, A. (1998) Eur. J. Immunol., 28 (10), 3017-3030.
71. Haussler, M.R., Whitweld, G.K.; Gaussler, C.A. Hsieh, J.C.; Thompson, P.D.; Selznick, S.H.; Dominguez, C.E. and Jurutka, P.W. (1998) J. Bone Miner. Res., 1 3(3), 325-349.
72. Hewison, M.; Freeman, L.; Hughes, S.V; Evans, K.N., Bland, R.; Eliopoulos, A.G., Kilby, M.D. Moss, P.A. and Chakraverty, R. (2003) J. Immunol., 170(11), 5382-5390.
73. Imokawa, G. (2004) Pigm. Cell Res., 1 7(2), 96-110.
74. Tachibana, M. (2000) Pigment Cell Res., 13(4), 230-240.
75. Costin, G.E. and Hearing, V.J. (2007) FASEB J., 21(4), 976-994.
76. Yokokawa, K.; Kohno, M; Yasunari, K.; Murakawa, K. and Takeda, T (1991) Hypertension, 18(3), 304-315.
77. Imokawa, G., Yada, Y.; Kimura, M. and Morisaki, N. (1996) Biochem. J., 15(313) (Pt 2), 625-631.
78. Kang, H.Y.; Kang, W.H. and Lee, C. (1998) Pflugers Arch., 435(3), 350-356.
79. Horikawa, T.; Norris, D.A.; Yohn, J.J.; Zekman T.; Travers, J.B. and Morelli, J.G. (1995) J. Invest Dermatol., 104(2), 256-259.
80. Kitamura, R.; Tsukamoto, K.; Harada, K.; Shimizu, A.; Shimada, S.; Kobayashi, T. and Imokawa, G. (2004) J. Pathol., 202(4), 463-475.
81. Hemesath, T.J.; Price, E.R.; Takemoto, C.; Badalian, T. and Fisher, D.E. (1998) Nature, 391(6664), 298-301.
82. Widlund, H.R. and Fisher, D.E. (2003) Oncogene, 22(20), 3035-3041.
83. Katayama, I.; Ashida, M.; Maeda, A.; Eishi, K.; Murota, H. and Bae, S.J. (2003) Eur. J. Dermatol., 13(4), 372-376.
84. Huang, C.L.; Nordlund, J.J. and Boissy, R. (2002) Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 3(5), 301-308.
85. van den Wijngaard, R.; Wankowicz-Kalinska, A.; Le Poole, C.; Tigges, B.; Westerhof, W. and Das, P. (2000). Lab. Invest., 80(8), 1299-1309.
86. Boissy, R.E. (2000) in Vitiligo: Monograph on the Basic on Clinical Science, (Hann, S. K., Nordlund, J. J., Eds.), Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, pp. 23-34.
87. McGill, G.G.; Horstmann, M., Widlund, H.R.; Du, J., Motyckova, G.; Nishimura, E.K., Lin, Y.-L.; Ramaswamy, S.; Avery, W.; Ding, H.-F.; Jordan, S.A.; Jackson, I.J.; Korstneyer, S.J.; Golub, T.R. and Fisher, D.E. (2002) Cell, 109(6), 707-718.
88. De Haes, P.; Garmyn, M.; Verstuyf, A.; De Clereq, P; Vandewalle, M.; Degreef, H.; Vantieghem, K.; Bouillon, R. and Segaert, S. (2005) J. Photochem. Photobiol., 78(2), 141-148.
89. Sauer, B., Ruwisch, L. and Kleuser, B. (2003) Melanoma Research, 13(4), 339-347.
90. Rocker, D.; Ravid, A.; Liberman, U.A.; Garach-Jehoshua, O. and Koren, R. (1994) Mol. Cell Endocrinol., 106(1-2), 157-162.
91. Okazaki, T.; Bielawska, A.; Bell, R.M. and Hanun, Y.A. (1990) J. Biol. Chem., 265(26), 15823-15831.
92. Geilen, C.C.; Bektas, M.; Wieder, T.; Kodelja, V.; Goerdt S. and Orfanos, C.E. (1997) J. Biol. Chem., 272(14), 8997-9001.
93. Geden, C.C.; Bektas, M.; Wieder, T. and Ortanos, C.E. (1996) FEBS Lett., 378(1), 88-92.
94. Cuvillier, O.; Pirianov, G.; Kleuser, B.; Vanek, P.G.; Coso, O.A.; Gutkind, S. and Spiegel, S. (1996) Nature, 381(6585), 800-803.
95. Manggau, M.; Kim, D.S.; Ruwisch, L.; Vogler, R.; Korting, H.C.; Schafer-Korting, M. and Kleuser, B. (2001) J. Invest. Dermatol., 117(5), 1241-1249.
96. Goetzl, E.J.; Kong, Y. and Mei, B (1999) J. Immunol., 162(4), 2049-2056.
97. Danielsson, C.; Fehsel, K.; Polly, P. and Carlberg, C. (1998) Cell Death Differ., 5(14), 946-952.
98. Narvaez, C.J. and Walsh, J. (2001) J. Biol. Chem., 276(12), 9101-9107.
99. Guzey, M.; Kitada, S. and Reed, J.C. (2002) Mol. Cancer. Ther., 1(9), 667-677.
100. Diaz, G.D.; Paraskeva, C.; Thomas, M.G.; Binderup, L. and Hague, A. (2000) Cancer Res., 60(8), 2304-2312
101. Norris, D.A.; Capin, L.; Muglia, J.J.; Osborn R.L.; Zerbe, G.O.; Bystryn, J.C. and Tonessen, M.G. (1988) Pigment Cell Res., 1(Suppl. 1), 113-123.
102. Dell'Anna, M.L.; Ottaviani, M.; Albanesi, V.; Vidolin, A.P.; Leone, G.; Ferraro, C.; Cossarizza, A.; Rossi, L. and Picardo, M. (2007) J. Invest. Dermatol., 127(5), 1226-1233.
103. Schallreuter, K.U.; Moore, J., Wood, J.M.; Beazley, W.D., Gaze, D.C.; Tobin, D.J.; Marshall, H.S.; Panske,A.; Panzig, E. and Hibberts, N.A. (1999) J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 4(1), 91-96.
104. Agrawal, D.; Shajil, E.M.; Marfatia, Y.S. and Begum, R. (2004) Pigment Cell Res., 17(3), 289-294.
105. Koca, R.; Armutcu, F.; Altinyazar, H.C. and Gurel, A. (2004) Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 29(4), 406-409.
106. Hazneci, E., Karabulut, A.B.; Ozturk, C.; Batcioglu, K.; Dogan, G.; Karaca, S. and Esrefoglu, M. (2005) Int. J. Dermatol., 44(8), 636-640.
107. Morelli, J.G.; Kincannon, J.; Yohn, J.J.; Zekman, T.; Weston, W.L. and Norris, D.A. (1992) J. Invest. Dermatol., 98(3), 290-295.
108. Jimenez-Cervantes, C.; Martinez-Esparza, M.; Perez, C.; Daum, N.; Solano, F. and Garcia-Borron, J.C. (2001) J. Cell Sci., 114(Pt 12), 2335-2344.
109. Tassabehji, M.; Newton, V.E. and Read, A.P. (1994) Nat Genet., 8(3), 251-255.
110. Passi, S.; Grandinetti, M.; Maggio, F.; Stancato, A. and de Luca, C. (1998) Pigment Cell Res., 11(2), 81-85.
111. Wiseman, H. (1993) FEBS Lett., 326(1-3), 285-288.
112. Wong, G.; Gupta, R.; Dixon, K.M. Deo, S.S.; Choong, S.M.; Halliday, G.M.; Bishop, J.E.; Ishizuka, S.; Norman, A.W.; Posner, G.H. and Mason, R.S. (2004) J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 89-90(1-5), 567-570.
113. Buffey, J.A., Edgecombe, M. and Mac Neil, S. (1993) Pigment Cell Res., 6(6), 385-393.
114. Hoogduijn, M.J.; Smit, N.P.; van der Laarse, A.; van Nieuwpoort, A.F.; Wood, J.M. and Thody, A.J. (2003) Pigment Cell Res., 16(2), 127-132.
115. Abdel-Naser, M.B. (1999) Br. J. Dermatol., 140(1), 50-55.
116. Yaar, M. and Gilchrest, B.A. (1991) J. Invest. Dermatol., 97(4), 611-617.
117. Carsberg, C.J.; Warenius, H.M. and Friedmann, P.S. (1994) J. Cell. Sci., 107(Pt 9), 2591-2597.
118. Schallreuter, K.U.; Gibbons, N.C.; Zothner, C.; Abou Elloof, M.M. and Wood, J.M. (2007) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 360(1), 70-75.
119. Schallreuter, K.U.; Wood, J.M. (1991) in Novel Calcium-Binding Proteins, Fundamentals and Clinical Implications, (Heismann, C. W., Ed.). Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 339-360.
120. Schallreuter, K.U.; Pittelkow, M.R. and Wood, J.M. (1986) J. Invest. Dermatol., 87(6), 728-732.
121. Bittiner, B.; Bleehen, S.S. and MacNeil, S. (1991) Br. J. Dermatol., 124(3), 230-235.
122. Hill, S.E,; Bleehen, S.S. and MacNeil, S. (1999) Br. J. Dermatol., 120(1), 21-30.
123. Ermis, O.; Alpsoy, E.; Cetin, L. and Yilmaz, E. (2001) Br. J. Dermatol., 145(3), 472-475.
124. Karasawa, M.; Hosoi, J.; Hashiba, H.; Nose, K,; Tohyama, C.; Abe, E.; Suda, T. and Kuroki, T. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 84(24), 8810-8813.