Ceramic abutments and ceramic oral implants. An update

Periodontology 2000

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 224-243

  Kohal, Ralf J ^a   Att, Wael ^a   Bächle, Maria ^a   Butz, Frank ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM OXIDE; ZIRCONIUM; ZIRCONIUM OXIDE;

ARTICLE; DENTURE; HUMAN; TOOTH IMPLANTATION; TOOTH PROSTHESIS;

ALUMINUM OXIDE; DENTAL ABUTMENTS; DENTAL IMPLANTS; DENTAL PORCELAIN; DENTAL PROSTHESIS DESIGN; HUMANS; ZIRCONIUM;

EID: 42149131820     PISSN: 09066713     EISSN: 16000757     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00243.x     Document Type: Article

References (214)

1. Adell R, Eriksson B, Lekholm U, Brånemark P-I, Jemt T. A long-term follow-up study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of totally edentulous jaws. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1990 : 5 : 347 359.
2. Adell R, Lekholm U, Rockler B, Brånemark PI. A 15-year study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Int J Oral Surg 1981 : 10 : 387 416.
3. Ahmad I. Yttrium-partially stabilized zirconium dioxide posts: an approach to restoring coronally compromised nonvital teeth. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1998 : 18 : 454 465.
4. Ahmad I. Zirconium oxide post and core system for the restoration of an endodontically treated incisor. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1999 : 11 : 197 204.
5. Akagawa Y, Hosokawa R, Sato Y, Kamayama K. Comparison between freestanding and tooth-connected partially stabilized zirconia implants after two years' function in monkeys: a clinical and histologic study. J Prosthet Dent 1998 : 80 : 551 558.
6. Akagawa Y, Ichikawa Y, Nikai H, Tsuru H. Interface histology of unloaded and early loaded partially stabilized zirconia endosseous implant in initial bone healing. J Prosthet Dent 1993 : 69 : 599 604.
7. Akagawa Y, Matsumoto T, Hashimoto M, Tsuru H. Clinical evaluation of the gingiva around single-crystal sapphire endosseous implant after experimental ligature-induced plaque accumulation in monkeys. J Prosthet Dent 1992 : 68 : 111 115.
8. Akagawa Y, Matsumoto T, Kawamura M, Tsuru H. Changes of subgingival microflora around single-crystal sapphire endosseous implants after experimental ligature-induced plaque accumulation in monkeys. J Prosthet Dent 1993 : 69 : 594 598.
9. Akkayan B, Gulmez T. Resistance to fracture of endodontically treated teeth restored with different post systems. J Prosthet Dent 2002 : 87 : 431 437.
10. Albrektsson T, Dahl E, Enbom L, Engevall S, Engquist B, Eriksson AR, Feldmann G, Freiberg N, Glantz P-O, Kjellman O, Kristersson L, Kvint S, Köndell P-Å, Palmquist J, Werndahl L, Åstrand P. Osseointegrated oral implants. A Swedish multicenter study of 8139 consecutively inserted Nobelpharma implants. J Periodontol 1988 : 59 : 287 296.
11. Albrektsson T, Hansson HA, Ivarsson B. Interface analysis of titanium and zirconium bone implants. Biomaterials 1985 : 6 : 97 101.
12. Andersson B, Glauser R, Maglione M, Taylor A. Ceramic implant abutments for short-span FPDs: a prospective 5-year multicenter study. Int J Prosthodont 2003 : 16 : 640 646.
13. Andersson B, Schaerer P, Simion M, Bergstrom C. Ceramic implant abutments used for short-span fixed partial dentures: a prospective 2-year multicenter study. Int J Prosthodont 1999 : 12 : 318 324.
14. Andersson B, Taylor A, Lang BR, Scheller H, Schaerer P, Sorensen JA, Tarnow D. Alumina ceramic implant abutments used for single-tooth replacement: a prospective 1- to 3-year multicenter study. Int J Prosthodont 2001 : 14 : 432 438.
15. Andersson M, Oden A. A new all-ceramic crown. A dense-sintered, high-purity alumina coping with porcelain. Acta Odontol Scand 1993 : 51 : 59 64.
16. Anneroth G, Ericsson AR, Zetterqvist L. Tissue integration of A12O3-ceramic dental implants (Frialit) - a case report. Swed Dent J 1990 : 14 : 63 70.
17. Ardlin BI. Transformation-toughened zirconia for dental inlays, crowns and bridges: chemical stability and effect of low-temperature aging on flexural strength and surface structure. Dent Mater 2002 : 18 : 590 595.
18. Asmussen E, Peutzfeldt A, Heitmann T. Stiffness, elastic limit, and strength of newer types of endodontic posts. J Dent 1999 : 27 : 275 278.
19. Att W, Kurun S, Gerds T, Strub JR. Fracture resistance of single-tooth implant-supported all-ceramic restorations after exposure to the artificial mouth. J Oral Rehabil 2006 : 33 : 380 386.
20. Att W, Kurun S, Gerds T, Strub JR. Fracture resistance of single-tooth implant-supported all-ceramic restorations: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2006 : 95 : 111 116.
21. Bächle M, Butz F, Hübner U, Bakalinis E, Kohal RJ. Behavior of CAL72 osteoblast-like cells cultured on zirconia ceramics with different surface topographies. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007 : 18 : 53 59.
22. Berge TI, Gronningsaeter AG. Survival of single crystal sapphire implants supporting mandibular overdentures. Clin Oral Implants Res 2000 : 11 : 154 162.
23. Bianco PD, Ducheyne P, Cuckler JM. Local accumulation of titanium released from a titanium implant in the absence of wear. J Biomed Mater Res 1996 : 31 : 227 234.
24. Binon PP. Implants and components: entering the new millennium. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000 : 15 : 76 94.
25. Blaschke C, Volz U. Soft and hard tissue response to zirconium dioxide implants - a clinical study in man. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2006 : 27 : 69 72.
26. Bornemann G, Rinke S, Huels A. Prospective clinical trial with conventionally luted zirconia-based fixed partial dentures - 18 months results. J Dent Res 2003 : 82 Spec Iss B: 117 (abstract no 842).
27. Brodbeck U. The ZiReal Post: A new ceramic implant abutment. J Esthet Restor Dent 2003 : 15 : 10 23 discussion 24.
28. Buser D, Mericske-Stern R, Bernard JP, Behneke A, Behneke N, Hirt HP, Belser UC, Lang NP. Long-term evaluation of non-submerged ITI implants. Part I: 8-year life table analysis of a prospective multi-center study with 2359 implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997 : 8 : 161 172.
29. Büsing CM, d'Hoedt B. Human bone attachment to the Tübingen implant. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1981 : 36 : 563 566.
30. Butz F, Heydecke G, Okutan M, Strub JR. Survival rate, fracture strength and failure mode of ceramic implant abutments after chewing simulation. J Oral Rehabil 2005 : 32 : 838 843.
31. Cales B, Stefani Y, Lilley E. Long-term in vivo and in vitro aging of a zirconia ceramic used in orthopaedy. J Biomed Mater Res 1994 : 28 : 619 624.
32. Cambray GJ, Murphy G, Page-Thomas DP, Reynolds JJ. The production in culture of metalloproteinases and an inhibitor by joint tissues from normal rabbits, and from rabbits with a model arthritis. I. Synovium. Rheumatol Int 1981 : 1 : 11 16.
33. Carinci F, Pezzetti F, Volinia S, Francioso F, Arcelli D, Farina E, Piattelli A. Zirconium oxide: analysis of MG63 osteoblast-like cell response by means of a microarray technology. Biomaterials 2004 : 25 : 215 228.
34. Chevalier J. What future for zirconia as a biomaterial? Biomaterials 2006 : 27 : 535 543.
35. Chevalier J, Deville S, Munch E, Jullian R, Lair F. Critical effect of cubic phase on aging in 3mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics for hip replacement prosthesis. Biomaterials 2004 : 25 : 5539 5545.
36. Cho HW, Dong JK, Jin TH, Oh SC, Lee HH, Lee JW. A study on the fracture strength of implant-supported restorations using milled ceramic abutments and all-ceramic crowns. Int J Prosthodont 2002 : 15 : 9 13.
37. Christel P, Meunier A, Dorlot JM, Crolet JM, Witvoet J, Sedel L, Boutin P. Biomechanical compatibility and design of ceramic implants for orthopedic surgery. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988 : 523 : 234 256.
38. Christel P, Meunier A, Heller M, Torre JP, Peille CN. Mechanical properties and short-term in-vivo evaluation of yttrium-oxide-partially- stabilized zirconia. J Biomed Mater Res 1989 : 23 : 45 61.
39. Christel PS. Zirconia: the second generation of ceramics for total hip replacement. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst 1989 : 49 : 170 177.
40. Cooper LF, Masuda T, Yliheikkila PK, Felton DA. Generalizations regarding the process and phenomenon of osseointegration. Part II. In vitro studies. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1998 : 13 : 163 174.
41. Cranin AN, Schnitman PA, Rabkin SM, Onesto EJ. Alumina and zirconia coated vitallium oral endosteal implants in beagles. J Biomed Mater Res 1975 : 9 : 257 262.
42. Creugers NH, Kreulen CM, Snoek PA, de Kanter RJ. A systematic review of single-tooth restorations supported by implants. J Dent 2000 : 28 : 209 217.
43. De Boever JA, McCall WD Jr., Holden S, Ash MM Jr. Functional occlusal forces: an investigation by telemetry. J Prosthet Dent 1978 : 40 : 326 333.
44. De Wijs FL, De Putter C, Cune MS. Front tooth replacement with Tübingen (Frialit) implants: a radiographical evaluation. J Oral Rehabil 1996 : 23 : 97 100.
45. De Wijs FL, Van Dongen RC, De Lange GL, De Putter C. Front tooth replacement with Tübingen (Frialit) implants. J Oral Rehabil 1994 : 21 : 11 26.
46. Dean DD, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Howell DS, Woessner JF Jr. Evidence for metalloproteinase and metalloproteinase inhibitor imbalance in human osteoarthritic cartilage. J Clin Invest 1989 : 84 : 678 685.
47. Degidi M, Artese L, Scarano A, Perrotti V, Gehrke P, Piattelli A. Inflammatory infiltrate, microvessel density, nitric oxide synthase expression, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and proliferative activity in peri-implant soft tissues around titanium and zirconium oxide healing caps. J Periodontol 2006 : 77 : 73 80.
48. Deville S, Gremillard L, Chevalier J, Fantozzi G. A critical comparison of methods for the determination of the aging sensitivity in biomedical grade yttria-stabilized zirconia. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005 : 72 : 239 245.
49. d'Hoedt B. 10 Jahre Tübinger Implantat aus Frialit. Eine Zwischenauswertung der Implantatdatei. Z Zahnärztl Implantol 1986 : 2 : 6 10.
50. d'Hoedt B, Lukas D, Schulte W. Das Tübinger Implantat als Sofort- und Spätimplantat, ein statistischer Vergleich. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1986 : 41 : 1068 1072.
51. d'Hoedt B, Schulte W. A comparative study of results with various endosseous implant systems. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1989 : 4 : 95 105.
52. Dubruillé JH, Viguier E, Le Naour G, Dubruille MT, Auriol M, Le Charpentier Y. Evaluation of combinations of titanium, zirconia, and alumina implants with 2 bone fillers in the dog. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1999 : 14 : 271 277.
53. Edelhoff D, Sorensen JA. Retention of selected core materials to zirconia posts. Oper Dent 2002 : 27 : 455 461.
54. Fartash B, Arvidson K. Long-term evaluation of single crystal sapphire implants as abutments in fixed prosthodontics. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997 : 8 : 58 67.
55. Fartash B, Arvidson K, Ericsson I. Histology of tissues surrounding single crystal sapphire endosseous dental implants: an experimental study in the beagle dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 1990 : 1 : 13 21.
56. Fartash B, Eliasson S, Arvidson K. Mandibular single crystal sapphire implants: changes in crestal bone levels over three years. Clin Oral Implants Res 1995 : 6 : 181 188.
57. Fartash B, Tangerud T, Silness J, Arvidson K. Rehabilitation of mandibular edentulism by single crystal sapphire implants and overdentures: 3-12 year results in 86 patients. A dual center international study. Clin Oral Implants Res 1996 : 7 : 220 229.
58. Fini M, Giavaresi G, Aldini NN, Torricelli P, Morrone G, Guzzardella GA, Giardino R, Krajewski A, Ravaglioli A, Belmonte MM, Benedittis AD, Biagini G. The effect of osteopenia on the osteointegration of different biomaterials: histomorphometric study in rats. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2000 : 11 : 579 585.
59. Franchi M, Orsini E, Trire A, Quaranta M, Martini D, Piccari GG, Ruggeri A, Ottani V. Osteogenesis and morphology of the peri-implant bone facing dental implants. Scientific World Journal 2004 : 4 : 1083 1095.
60. Fritzemeier CU, Lentrodt J, Holtje W, Osborn JF. Prior experience with the Tübingen immediate implant made of aluminum oxide ceramic. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1981 : 36 : 579 584.
61. Gahlert M, Gudehus T, Eichhorn S, Steinhauser E, Kniha H, Erhardt W. Biomechanical and histomorphometric comparison between zirconia implants with varying surface textures and a titanium implant in the maxilla of miniature pigs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007 : 18 : 662 668.
62. Garvie RC, Hannink RH, Pascoe RT. Ceramic steel? Nature 1975 : 258 : 703 704.
63. Gernhardt CR, Bekes K, Schaller HG. Short-term retentive values of zirconium oxide posts cemented with glass ionomer and resin cement: an in vitro study and a case report. Quintessence Int 2005 : 36 : 593 601.
64. Glauser R, Sailer I, Wohlwend A, Studer S, Schibli M, Schärer P. Experimental zirconia abutments for implant-supported single-tooth restorations in esthetically demanding regions: 4-year results of a prospective clinical study. Int J Prosthodont 2004 : 17 : 285 290.
65. Glauser R, Wohlwend A, Studer S. Application of zirconia abutments on single-tooth implants in the maxillary esthetic zone. A 6-year clinical and radiographic follow-up report. Applied Osseointegration Research 2004 : 4 : 41 45.
66. Gotfredsen K. A 5-year prospective study of single-tooth replacements supported by the Astra Tech implant: a pilot study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2004 : 6 : 1 8.
67. Guazzato M, Quach L, Albakry M, Swain MV. Influence of surface and heat treatments on the flexural strength of Y-TZP dental ceramic. J Dent 2005 : 33 : 9 18.
68. Haag P, Andersson M, Steyern PV, Oden A. 15 years of clinical experience with Procera alumina. A review. Appl Osseointegration Res 2004 : 4 : 7 12.
69. 2 laser irradiation on the surface properties of magnesia-partially stabilised zirconia (MgO-PSZ) bioceramic and the subsequent improvements in human osteoblast cell adhesion. J Biomater Appl 2004 : 19 : 81 105.
70. Hao L, Lawrence J, Chian KS. Osteoblast cell adhesion on a laser modified zirconia based bioceramic. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2005 : 16 : 719 726.
71. Haraldson T, Carlsson GE, Ingervall B. Functional state, bite force and postural muscle activity in patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges. Acta Odontol Scand 1979 : 37 : 195 206.
72. Hashimoto M, Akagawa Y, Nikai H, Tsuru H. Single-crystal sapphire endosseous dental implant loaded with functional stress - clinical and histological evaluation of peri-implant tissues. J Oral Rehabil 1988 : 15 : 65 76.
73. Hayashi K, Inadome T, Tsumura H, Mashima T, Sugioka Y. Bone-implant interface mechanics of in vivo bio-inert ceramics. Biomaterials 1993 : 14 : 1173 1179.
74. Hayashi K, Matsuguchi N, Uenoyama K, Sugioka Y. Re-evaluation of the biocompatibility of bioinert ceramics in vivo. Biomaterials 1992 : 13 : 195 200.
75. Hegenbarth EA. Esthetic and prosthetic considerations of Procera development on implants and teeth - a technical analysis. Appl Osseointegration Res 2004 : 4 : 22 26.
76. Henriksson K, Jemt T. Evaluation of custom-made procera ceramic abutments for single-implant tooth replacement: a prospective 1-year follow-up study. Int J Prosthodont 2003 : 16 : 626 630.
77. Henry PJ, Laney WR, Jemt T, Harris D, Krogh PH, Polizzi G, Zarb GA, Herrmann I. Osseointegrated implants for single-tooth replacement: a prospective 5-year multicenter study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996 : 11 : 450 455.
78. Heydecke G, Butz F, Hussein A, Strub JR. Fracture strength after dynamic loading of endodontically treated teeth restored with different post-and-core systems. J Prosthet Dent 2002 : 87 : 438 445.
79. Heydecke G, Butz F, Strub JR. Fracture strength and survival rate of endodontically treated maxillary incisors with approximal cavities after restoration with different post and core systems: an in-vitro study. J Dent 2001 : 29 : 427 433.
80. Heydecke G, Sierraalta M, Razzoog ME. Evolution and use of aluminum oxide single-tooth implant abutments: a short review and presentation of two cases. Int J Prosthodont 2002 : 15 : 488 493.
81. Holst S, Blatz MB, Hegenbarth E, Wichmann M, Eitner S. Prosthodontic considerations for predictable single-implant esthetics in the anterior maxilla. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005 : 63 : 89 96.
82. Ichikawa Y, Akagawa Y, Nikai H, Tsuru H. Tissue compatibility and stability of a new zirconia ceramic in vivo. J Prosthet Dent 1992 : 68 : 322 326.
83. Jemt T. Modified single and short-span restorations supported by osseointegrated fixtures in the partially edentulous jaw. J Prosthet Dent 1986 : 55 : 243 247.
84. Jemt T. Fixed implant-supported prostheses in the edentulous maxilla. A five-year follow-up report. Clin Oral Implants Res 1994 : 5 : 142 147.
85. Jemt T. Customized titanium single-implant abutments: 2-year follow-up pilot study. Int J Prosthodont 1998 : 11 : 312 316.
86. Jemt T, Chai J, Harnett J, Heath MR, Hutton JE, Johns RB, McKenna S, McNamara DC, van Steenberghe D, Taylor R, Watson RM, Herrmann I. A 5-year prospective multicenter follow-up report on overdentures supported by osseointegrated implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996 : 11 : 291 298.
87. Jemt T, Lekholm U. Oral implant treatment in posterior partially edentulous jaws: a 5-year follow-up report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1993 : 8 : 635 640.
88. Jemt T, Lekholm U, Gröndahl K. 3-year follow up study of early single implant restorations ad modum Brånemark. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1990 : 10 : 340 349.
89. Josset Y, Oum'Hamed Z, Zarrinpour A, Lorenzato M, Adnet JJ, Laurent-Maquin D. In vitro reactions of human osteoblasts in culture with zirconia and alumina ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res 1999 : 47 : 481 493.
90. Jung YG, Peterson IM, Kim DK, Lawn BR. Lifetime-limiting strength degradation from contact fatigue in dental ceramics. J Dent Res 2000 : 79 : 722 731.
91. Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Umezu K, Kois JC. Dimensions of peri-implant mucosa: an evaluation of maxillary anterior single implants in humans. J Periodontol 2003 : 74 : 557 562.
92. Kasemo B, Lausmaa J. Biomaterial and implant surfaces: a surface science approach. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1988 : 3 : 247 259.
93. Kern M, Simon MHP, Strub JR. Erste klinische Erfahrungen mit Wurzelstiften aus Zirkonoxidkeramik. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1998 : 53 : 266 268.
94. Kiliaridis S, Kjellberg H, Wenneberg B, Engstrom C. The relationship between maximal bite force, bite force endurance, and facial morphology during growth. A cross-sectional study. Acta Odontol Scand 1993 : 51 : 323 331.
95. Kim DJ, Han JS, Lee SH, Yang JH, Lee DY. Zirconia/alumina composite dental implant abutments. Key Eng Mater 2004 : 254-256 : 699 702.
96. Kim DJ, Lee MH, Lee DY, Han JS. Mechanical properties, phase stability, and biocompatibility of (Y, Nb)-TZP/Al(2)O(3) composite abutments for dental implant. J Biomed Mater Res 2000 : 53 : 438 443.
97. Kim DJ, Park IS, Lee KY, Chevalier J, Attaoui HE, Han JS. Subcritical crack growth resistance of low temperature degradation-free zirconia/alumina composites for medical applications. Key Eng Mater 2005 : 284-286 : 1007 1010.
98. Knode H, Sorensen JA. Fracture strength of ceramic single tooth implant restorations. J Dent Res 1992 : 71 (Special Issue 248 (Abstract No. 1137).
99. Kohal RJ, Hürzeler MB, Mota LF, Klaus G, Caffesse RG, Strub JR. Custom-made root analogue titanium implants placed into extraction sockets. An experimental study in monkeys. Clin Oral Implants Res 1997 : 8 : 386 392.
100. Kohal RJ, Klaus G. A zirconia implant-crown system: a case report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2004 : 24 : 147 153.
101. Kohal RJ, Klaus G, Strub JR. Zirconia-implant-supported all-ceramic crowns withstand long-term load: a pilot investigation. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006 : 17 : 565 571.
102. Kohal RJ, Papavasiliou G, Kamposiora P, Tripodakis A, Strub JR. Three-dimensional computerized stress analysis of commercially pure titanium and yttrium-partially stabilized zirconia implants. Int J Prosthodont 2002 : 15 : 189 194.
103. Kohal RJ, Weng D, Bächle M, Strub JR. Loaded custom-made zirconia and titanium implants show similar osseointegration: an animal experiment. J Periodontol 2004 : 75 : 1260 1266.
104. Kois JC. Predictable single tooth peri-implant esthetics: five diagnostic keys. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2001 : 22 : 199 206 quiz 208.
105. Kois JC. Predictable single-tooth peri-implant esthetics: five diagnostic keys. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2004 : 25 : 895 896, 898, 900 passim; quiz 906-897.
106. Kosmac T, Oblak C, Jevnikar P, Funduk N, Marion L. The effect of surface grinding and sandblasting on flexural strength and reliability of Y-TZP zirconia ceramic. Dent Mater 1999 : 15 : 426 433.
107. Kosmac T, Oblak C, Jevnikar P, Funduk N, Marion L. Strength and reliability of surface treated Y-TZP dental ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res 2000 : 53 : 304 313.
108. Koth DL, McKinney RV Jr., Davis QB. The single-crystal sapphire endosteal dental implant. A longitudinal human study: one-year results. J Prosthet Dent 1983 : 50 : 72 80.
109. Koth DL, McKinney RV Jr., Steflik DE. The single-crystal sapphire endosseous dental implant. III. Preliminary human clinical trials. J Oral Implantol 1983 : 11 : 10 24.
110. Koth DL, McKinney RV, Steflik DE, Davis QB. The single crystal Al2O3 implant: the results of three years of human clinical trials. Implantologist 1986 : 4 : 47 53.
111. Koth DL, McKinney RV, Steflik DE, Davis QB. Clinical and statistical analyses of human clinical trials with the single crystal aluminum oxide endosteal dental implant: five-year results. J Prosthet Dent 1988 : 60 : 226 234.
112. Koutayas SO, Kern M. All-ceramic posts and cores: the state of the art. Quintessence Int 1999 : 30 : 383 392.
113. Lalor PA, Revell PA, Gray AB, Wright S, Railton GT, Freeman MA. Sensitivity to titanium. A cause of implant failure? J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991 : 73 : 25 28.
114. Lang NP, Pjetursson BE, Tan K, Bragger U, Egger M, Zwahlen M. A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) after an observation period of at least 5 years. II. Combined tooth-implant-supported FPDs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2004 : 15 : 643 653.
115. Lawson S. Environmental degradation of zirconia ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 1995 : 15 : 485 502.
116. Lazzara R, Siddiqui AA, Binon P, Feldman SA, Weiner R, Phillips R, Gonshor A. Retrospective multicenter analysis of 3i endosseous dental implants placed over a five-year period. Clin Oral Implants Res 1996 : 7 : 73 83.
117. Lekholm U, Gunne J, Henry P, Higuchi K, Lindén U, Bergstrom C, van Steenberghe D. Survival of the Brånemark implant in partially edentulous jaws: a 10-year prospective multicenter study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1999 : 14 : 639 645.
118. Levin L, Pathael S, Dolev E, Schwartz-Arad D. Aesthetic versus surgical success of single dental implants: 1- to 9-year follow-up. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2005 : 17 : 533 538 quiz 540, 566.
119. Li J. Bone-implant interface and remaining tissues on the implant surface after push-out test: an SEM observation. Biomed Mater Eng 1997 : 7 : 379 385.
120. Liacini A, Sylvester J, Li WQ, Zafarullah M. Inhibition of interleukin-1-stimulated MAP kinases, activating protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) transcription factors down-regulates matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in articular chondrocytes. Matrix Biol 2002 : 21 : 251 262.
121. Lindh T, Gunne J, Tillberg A, Molin M. A meta-analysis of implants in partial edentulism. Clin Oral Implants Res 1998 : 9 : 80 90.
122. Luthardt RG, Holzhuter MS, Rudolph H, Herold V, Walter MH. CAD/CAM-machining effects on Y-TZP zirconia. Dent Mater 2004 : 20 : 655 662.
123. Luthardt RG, Sandkuhl O, Reitz B. Zirconia-TZP and alumina - advanced technologies for the manufacturing of single crowns. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent 1999 : 7 : 113 119.
124. Lüthy H, Filser F, Loeffel O, Schumacher M, Gauckler LJ, Hämmerle CH. Strength and reliability of four-unit all-ceramic posterior bridges. Dent Mater 2005 : 21 : 930 937.
125. Mante FK, Brantley WA, Dhuru VB, Ziebert GJ. Fracture toughness of high alumina core dental ceramics: the effect of water and artificial saliva. Int J Prosthodont 1993 : 6 : 546 552.
126. Marchack CB, Yamashita T. A procedure for a modified cylindric titanium abutment. J Prosthet Dent 1997 : 77 : 546 549.
127. Marinello CP, Meyenberg KH, Zitzmann N, Lüthy H, Soom U, Imoberdorf M. Single-tooth replacement: some clinical aspects. J Esthet Dent 1997 : 9 : 169 178.
128. Marx R, Jungwirth F, Walter PO. Threshold intensity factors as lower boundaries for crack propagation in ceramics. Biomed Eng Online 2004 : 3 : 41.
129. Matsuda T, Davies JE. The in vitro response of osteoblasts to bioactive glass. Biomaterials 1987 : 8 : 275 284.
130. McGlumphy EA, Papazoglou E, Riley RL. The combination implant crown: a cement- and screw-retained restoration. Compendium 1992 : 13 : 34, 36, 38 passim.
131. McKinney RV Jr., Koth DL. The single-crystal sapphire endosteal dental implant: material characteristics and 18-month experimental animal trials. J Prosthet Dent 1982 : 47 : 69 84.
132. McKinney RV Jr., Koth DL, Steflik DE. The single-crystal sapphire endosseous dental implant. I. Material characteristics and placement techniques. J Oral Implantol 1982 : 10 : 487 503.
133. McKinney RV Jr., Koth DL, Steflik DE. The single crystal sapphire endosseous dental implant. II. Two-year results of clinical animal trials. J Oral Implantol 1983 : 10 : 619 638.
134. McKinney RV Jr., Steflik DE, Koth DL. The biologic response to the single-crystal sapphire endosteal dental implant: scanning electron microscopic observations. J Prosthet Dent 1984 : 51 : 372 379.
135. McKinney RV Jr., Steflik DE, Koth DL. Ultrastructural surface topography of the single crystal sapphire endosseous dental implant. J Oral Implantol 1984 : 11 : 327 340.
136. McLaren EA, White SN. Glass-infiltrated zirconia/alumina-based ceramic for crowns and fixed partial dentures. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1999 : 11 : 985 994.
137. Meyenberg KH, Luthy H, Scharer P. Zirconia posts: a new all-ceramic concept for nonvital abutment teeth. J Esthet Dent 1995 : 7 : 73 80.
138. Meyer U, Büchter A, Wiesmann H, Joos U, Jones D. Basic reactions of osteoblasts on structured material surfaces. Eur Cells Mater 2005 : 9 : 39 49.
139. Müller W, Piesold J, Glien W. Eigenschaften und klinische Anwendung von Kieferimplantaten aus Aluminiumoxidkeramik Bionit. Stomatol DDR 1988 : 38 : 673 678.
140. Nagase H, Woessner JF Jr. Matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 1999 : 274 : 21491 21494.
141. Ninomiya JT, Struve JA, Stelloh CT, Toth JM, Crosby KE. Effects of hydroxyapatite particulate debris on the production of cytokines and proteases in human fibroblasts. J Orthop Res 2001 : 19 : 621 628.
142. Nordenram A, Zetterqvist L, Landt H, Ekenback J. The ceramic-implant Frialit. A substitution for single tooth loss. Tandlakartidningen 1986 : 78 : 721 729.
143. Odén A, Andersson M, Krystek-Ondracek I, Magnusson D. Five-year clinical evaluation of Procera AllCeram crowns. J Prosthet Dent 1998 : 80 : 450 456.
144. Oliva J, Oliva X, Oliva JD. One-year follow-up of first consecutive 100 zirconia dental implants in humans: a comparison of 2 different rough surfaces. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2007 : 22 : 430 435.
145. Ottl P, Piwowarczyk A, Lauer HC, Hegenbarth EA. The Procera AllCeram system. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2000 : 20 : 151 161.
146. Oum'hamed Z, Garnotel R, Josset Y, Trenteseaux C, Laurent-Maquin D. Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, -9 and tissue inhibitors TIMP-1, -2 expression and secretion by primary human osteoblast cells in response to titanium, zirconia, and alumina ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004 : 68 : 114 122.
147. Paul SJ, Werder P. Clinical success of zirconium oxide posts with resin composite or glass-ceramic cores in endodontically treated teeth: a 4-year retrospective study. Int J Prosthodont 2004 : 17 : 524 528.
148. Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial. Biomaterials 1999 : 20 : 1 25.
149. Piconi C, Maccauro G, Muratori F, Brach del Prever E. Alumina and zirconia in joint replacements. J Appl Biomater 2003 : 1 : 19 32.
150. Piesold JU. Mechanische und rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zum Langzeitverhalten von Bionit-Kieferimplantaten. Z Zahnärztl Implantol 1990 : 6 : 195 200.
151. Piesold JU, Müller W. Zahnersatz durch Bionit-Implantate. Dtsch Stomatol 1991 : 41 : 128 132.
152. Piesold JU, Zschau HE, Szafinski H, Szafinski F. Elementanalytische Untersuchungen zum Korrosionsverhalten von Aluminiumoxidkeramik (Bionit) nach Einwirkung von anorganischen Lösungsmitteln und Säure. Z Zahnärztl Implantol 1990 : 6 : 283 288.
153. Piesold JU, Zschau HE, Szafinski H, Szafinski F. Langzeitverhalten von Bionit-Kieferimplantaten im Tierexperiment. Z Zahnärztl Implantol 1991 : 7 : 157 161.
154. Pjetursson BE, Tan K, Lang NP, Bragger U, Egger M, Zwahlen M. A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) after an observation period of at least 5 years. Clin Oral Implants Res 2004 : 15 : 667 676.
155. Pospiech PR, Rountree PR, Nothdurft FP. Clinical evaluation of zirconia-based all-ceramic posterior bridges: two year results. J Dent Res 2003 : 82 Special Issue B: 114 (abstract no 817).
156. Prestipino V, Ingber A. Esthetic high-strength implant abutments. Part I. J Esthet Dent 1993 : 5 : 29 36.
157. Prestipino V, Ingber A. Esthetic high-strength implant abutments. Part II. J Esthet Dent 1993 : 5 : 63 68.
158. Prestipino V, Ingber A. All-ceramic implant abutments: Esthetic indications. J Esthet Dent 1996 : 8 : 255 262.
159. Pröbster L. Four year clinical study of glass-infiltrated, sintered alumina crowns. J Oral Rehabil 1996 : 23 : 147 151.
160. Pröbster L. All-ceramic crowns on modified CeraOne abutments: a case report. Quintessence Int 1998 : 29 : 52 65.
161. Puleo DA, Holleran LA, Doremus RH, Bizios R. Osteoblast responses to orthopedic implant materials in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res 1991 : 25 : 711 723.
162. Rimondini L, Cerroni L, Carrassi A, Torricelli P. Bacterial colonization of zirconia ceramic surfaces: an in vitro and in vivo study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2002 : 17 : 793 798.
163. Romeo E, Chiapasco M, Ghisolfi M, Vogel G. Long-term clinical effectiveness of oral implants in the treatment of partial edentulism. Seven-year life table analysis of a prospective study with ITI dental implants system used for single-tooth restorations. Clin Oral Implants Res 2002 : 13 : 133 143.
164. Sadoun M, Perelmuter S. Alumina-zirconia machinable abutments for implant-supported single-tooth anterior crowns. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1997 : 9 : 1047 1053.
165. Sailer I, Lüthy H, Feher A, Schumacher M, Schärer P, Hämmerle CH. 3-year clinical results of zirconia posterior fixed partial dentures made by direct ceramic machining (DCM). J Dent Res 2003 : 82 Special Issue B: 21 (abstract no 74).
166. Sandhaus S. Technique and instrumentation of the implant C.B.S. (Cristalline Bone Screw). Inf Odontostomatol 1968 : 4 : 19 24.
167. Sandhaus S. The Cerasand endosseous implant (In French). Actual Odontostomatol 1987 : 41 : 607 626.
168. Scarano A, Di Carlo F, Quaranta M, Piattelli A. Bone response to zirconia ceramic implants: an experimental study in rabbits. J Oral Implantol 2003 : 29 : 8 12.
169. Scarano A, Piattelli M, Caputi S, Favero GA, Piattelli A. Bacterial adhesion on commercially pure titanium and zirconium oxide disks: an in vivo human study. J Periodontol 2004 : 75 : 292 296.
170. 3 (Frialit). Der Entwicklungsstand nach 6 Jahren. Zahnärztl Mitt 1981 : 71 : 1114 1122.
171. Schulte W. Das Tübinger Implantat aus Frialit - Fünfjä hrige Erfahrungen. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1981 : 36 : 544 550.
172. 3 (Frialit) Tuebingen Implant. Developmental status after eight years (I-III). Quintessence Int 1984 : 15 : 1 39.
173. Schulte W. Das Tübinger Implantat. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1985 : 95 : 872 875.
174. Schulte W, d'Hoedt B. 13 Jahre Tübinger Implantat aus Frialit - Weitere Ergebnisse. Z Zahnärztl Implantol 1988 : 3 : 167 172.
175. Schulte W, d'Hoedt B, Axman D, Gomez-Roman G. 15 Jahre Tübinger Implantat und seine Weiterentwicklung zum Frialit-2 System. Z Zahnärztl Implantol 1992 : 8 : 77 96.
176. Schulte W, Heimke A. Das Tübinger Sofort-Implantat. Quintessenz 1976 : 27 : 17 23.
177. Schulte W, Kleineikenscheidt H, Lindner K, Schareyka R. Das Tübinger Sofortimplantat in der klinischen Prüfung. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1978 : 33 : 348 359.
178. Schulte W, Kleineikenscheidt H, Lindner K, Scharyeka R, Heimke G, Gerlach C, Hardegg W. Tierexperimente zur Frage der Einheilung des Tübinger Sofortimplantates. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1978 : 33 : 326 331.
179. Schultze-Mosgau S, Schliephake H, Radespiel-Troger M, Neukam FW. Osseointegration of endodontic endosseous cones: zirconium oxide vs titanium. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000 : 89 : 91 98.
180. Seghi RR, Denry IL, Rosenstiel SF. Relative fracture toughness and hardness of new dental ceramics. J Prosthet Dent 1995 : 74 : 145 150.
181. Sennerby L, Dasmah A, Larsson B, Iverhed M. Bone tissue responses to surface-modified zirconia implants: a histomorphometric and removal torque study in the rabbit. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2005 : 7 (Suppl. 1 S13 20.
182. Shimizu K, Oka M, Kumar P, Kotoura Y, Yamamuro T, Makinouchi K, Nakamura T. Time-dependent changes in the mechanical properties of zirconia ceramic. J Biomed Mater Res 1993 : 27 : 729 734.
183. Sollazzo V, Palmieri A, Pezzetti F, Bignozzi CA, Argazzi R, Massari L, Brunelli G, Carinci F. Genetic effect of zirconium oxide coating on osteoblast-like cells. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2007 : epub.
184. Sollazzo V, Pezzetti F, Scarano A, Piattelli A, Bignozzi CA, Massari L, Brunelli G, Carinci F. Zirconium oxide coating improves implant osseointegration
185. Steflik DE, Koth DL, McKinney RV Jr. A clinical and statistical analysis of human clinical trails with the single crystal sapphire endosteal dental implant: two year results. J Oral Implantol 1984 : 11 : 500 515.
186. Steflik DE, Koth DL, McKinney RV Jr. Human clinical trials with the single crystal sapphire endosteal dental implant: three year results, statistical analysis, and validation of an evaluation protocol. J Oral Implantol 1987 : 13 : 39 53.
187. Steflik DE, Koth DL, Robinson FG, McKinney RV, Davis BC, Morris CF, Davis QB. Prospective investigation of the single-crystal sapphire endosteal dental implant in humans: ten-year results. J Oral Implantol 1995 : 21 : 8 18.
188. Steflik DE, McKinney RV Jr., Koth DL. A statistical analysis of the clinical response to the single-crystal sapphire endosseous dental implant in dog jaws. J Dent Res 1983 : 62 : 1212 1215.
189. Strub JR, Pontius O, Koutayas S. Survival rate and fracture strength of incisors restored with different post and core systems after exposure in the artificial mouth. J Oral Rehabil 2001 : 28 : 120 124.
190. Strub JR, Rohner D, Schärer P. Die Versorgung des Lückengebißes mit implantatgetragenen Brücken. Eine Longitudinalstudie über 7,5 Jahre. Z Zahnärztl Implantol 1987 : 3 : 242 254.
191. Sturzenegger B, Feher A, Lüthy H, Schumacher M, Loeffel O, Filser F, Kocher P, Gauckler L, Schärer P. Clinical study of zirconium oxide bridges in the posterior segments fabricated with the DCM system. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2000 : 110 : 131 139.
192. Sullivan DY. Anterior single-tooth dental implant restorations: now is the perfect time to recall significant contributions. J Esthet Restor Dent 2003 : 15 : 305 312.
193. Sundh A, Molin M, Sjogren G. Fracture resistance of yttrium oxide partially-stabilized zirconia all-ceramic bridges after veneering and mechanical fatigue testing. Dent Mater 2005 : 21 : 476 482.
194. Sundh A, Sjogren G. A comparison of fracture strength of yttrium-oxide-partially-stabilized zirconia ceramic crowns with varying core thickness, shapes and veneer ceramics. J Oral Rehabil 2004 : 31 : 682 688.
195. Tinschert J, Natt G, Latzke P, Schulze K, Heussen N, Spiekermann H. Vollkeramische Brücken aus DC-Zirkon - Ein klinisches Konzept mit Erfolg? Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 2005 : 60 : 435 445.
196. Tinschert J, Natt G, Mautsch W, Spiekermann H, Anusavice KJ. Marginal fit of alumina-and zirconia-based fixed partial dentures produced by a CAD/CAM system. Oper Dent 2001 : 26 : 367 374.
197. Tischler M. Dental implants in the esthetic zone. Considerations for form and function. N Y State Dent J 2004 : 70 : 22 26.
198. Tripodakis AP, Strub JR, Kappert HF, Witkowski S. Strength and mode of failure of single implant all-ceramic abutment restorations under static load. Int J Prosthodont 1995 : 8 : 265 272.
199. Tschernitschek H, Borchers L, Geurtsen W. Nonalloyed titanium as a bioinert metal - a review. Quintessence Int 2005 : 36 : 523 530.
200. van Steenberghe D. A retrospective multicenter evaluation of the survival rate of osseointegrated fixtures supporting fixed partial prostheses in the treatment of partial edentulism. J Prosthet Dent 1989 : 61 : 217 223.
201. Volz U, Blaschke C. Metal-free reconstructions with zirconia implants and zirconia crowns. Quintessence J Dent Technol 2004 : 2 : 324 330.
202. Vult von Steyern P. All-ceramic fixed partial dentures. Studies on aluminum oxide- and zirconium dioxide-based ceramic systems. Swed Dent J Suppl 2005 : 173 : 1 69.
203. Vult von Steyern P, Carlson P, Nilner K. All-ceramic fixed partial dentures designed according to the DC-Zirkon technique. A 2-year clinical study. J Oral Rehabil 2005 : 32 : 180 187.
204. Wagner W, Tetsch P, Bossler L. Prior clinical experience with the Tübingen Frialit implant type. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1981 : 36 : 585 590.
205. Weingart D, Steinemann S, Schilli W, Strub JR, Hellerich U, Assenmacher J, Simpson J. Titanium deposition in regional lymph nodes after insertion of titanium screw implants in maxillofacial region. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994 : 23 : 450 452.
206. Williams D. The troubles of zirconia. Med Device Technol 2004 : 15 : 8 10.
207. Wirz J, Will C. Metallgehalt des gesunden Kieferknochens. Quintessenz 1999 : 50 : 815 820.
208. Wong M, Eulenberger J, Schenk R, Hunziker E. Effect of surface topology on the osseointegration of implant materials in trabecular bone. J Biomed Mater Res 1995 : 29 : 1567 1575.
209. Yildirim M, Edelhoff D, Hanisch O, Spiekermann H. Ceramic abutments - a new era in achieving optimal esthetics in implant dentistry. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2000 : 20 : 81 91.
210. Yildirim M, Fischer H, Marx R, Edelhoff D. In vivo fracture resistance of implant-supported all-ceramic restorations. J Prosthet Dent 2003 : 90 : 325 331.
211. Zarb GA, Lewis DW. Dental implants and decision making. J Dent Educ 1992 : 56 : 863 872.
212. 3-ceramic dental implants: an experimental study in monkeys. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1991 : 6 : 285 293.
213. Zetterqvist L, Anneroth G, Nordenram A, Wroblewski R. X-ray microanalytical and morphological observations of the interface region between ceramic implant and bone. Clin Oral Implants Res 1995 : 6 : 104 113.
214. Zhu CS, Ohsaki K, Ii K, Ye Q, Tran YH, Ohba Y, Moriyama K. Long-term observation of subcutaneous tissue reaction to synthetic auditory ossicle (Bioceram) in rats. J Med Invest 1999 : 46 : 97 103.