Genetic Factors Affecting the Occurrence, Clinical Phenotype, and Outcome of Autoimmune Hepatitis

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 379-388

  Czaja, Albert J ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LYSINE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEREDITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; PHENOTYPE; POINT MUTATION; REVIEW; SEROLOGY;

ALLELES; AUTOANTIBODIES; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HEPATITIS, AUTOIMMUNE; HLA-DR ANTIGENS; HUMANS; PHENOTYPE; POINT MUTATION; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PROGNOSIS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 41149179971     PISSN: 15423565     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.048     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Alvarez F., Berg P.A., Bianchi F.B., et al. International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 31 (1999) 929-938
2. Czaja A.J., and Freese D.K. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 36 (2002) 479-497
3. Krawitt E.L. Autoimmune hepatitis. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 54-66
4. Czaja A.J. Understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 1224-1231
5. Vergani D., Choudhuri K., Bogdanos D.P., et al. Pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Liver Dis 6 (2002) 727-737
6. Czaja A.J. Autoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation and other lessons of self-intolerance. Liver Transpl 8 (2002) 505-513
7. Hammer J., Valsasnini P., Tolba K., et al. Promiscuous and allele-specific anchors in HLA-DR-binding peptides. Cell 74 (1993) 197-203
8. Doherty D.G., Penzotti J.E., Koelle D.M., et al. Structural basis of specificity and degeneracy of T cell recognition: pluriallelic restriction of T cell responses to a peptide antigen involves both specific and promiscuous interactions between the T cell receptor, peptide, and HLA-DR. J Immunol 161 (1998) 3527-3535
9. Lohr H., Manns M., Kyriatsoulis A., et al. Clonal analysis of liver-infiltrating T cells in patients with LKM-1 antibody-positive autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 84 (1991) 297-302
10. Bogdanos D.P., Choudhuri K., and Vergani D. Molecular mimicry and autoimmune liver disease: virtuous intentions, malign consequences. Liver 21 (2001) 225-232
11. Manns M.P., Griffin K.J., Sullivan K.F., et al. LKM-1 autoantibodies recognize a short linear sequence in P450IID6, a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase. J Clin Invest 88 (1991) 1370-1378
12. 193-212: a new immunodominant epitope and target of virus/self cross-reactivity in liver kidney microsomal autoantibody type 1-positive liver disease. J Immunol 170 (2003) 1481-1489
13. Bogdanos D.P., Lenzi M., Okamoto M., et al. Multiple viral/self immunological cross-reactivity in liver kidney microsomal antibody positive hepatitis C virus infected patients associated with the possession of HLA B51. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 17 (2004) 83-92
14. Strettell M.D.J., Donaldson P.T., Thomson L.J., et al. Allelic basis for HLA-encoded susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 112 (1997) 2028-2035
15. Czaja A.J., Strettell M.D.J., Thomson L.J., et al. Associations between alleles of the major histocompatibility complex and type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 25 (1997) 317-323
16. Czaja A.J., and Donaldson P.T. Genetic susceptibilities for immune expression and liver cell injury in autoimmune hepatitis. Immunol Rev 174 (2000) 250-259
17. Czaja A.J., Doherty D.G., and Donaldson P.T. Genetic bases of autoimmune hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 47 (2002) 2139-2150
18. Donaldson P.T. Genetics in autoimmune hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 22 (2002) 353-364
19. Amarapurkar D.N., Patel N.D., Amarapurkar A.D., et al. HLA genotyping in type-1 autoimmune hepatitis in western India. J Assoc Physicians India 51 (2003) 967-969
20. Yoshizawa K., Ota M., Katsuyama Y., et al. Genetic analysis of the HLA region of Japanese patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 42 (2005) 578-584
21. Shankarkumar U., Amarapurkar D.N., and Kankonkar S. Human leukocyte antigen allele associations in type-1 autoimmune hepatitis patients from western India. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20 (2005) 193-197
22. Teufel A., Worns M., Weinmann A., et al. Genetic association of autoimmune hepatitis and human leukocyte antigen in German patients. World J Gastroenterol 12 (2006) 5513-5516
23. Czaja A.J. Evolving concepts in the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 53 (2007) 43-78
24. Goldberg A.C., Bittencourt P.L., Oliveira L.C., et al. Autoimmune hepatitis in Brazil: an overview. Scand J Immunol 66 (2007) 208-216
25. Yokosawa S., Yoshizawa K., Ota M., et al. A genomewide DNA microsatellite association study of Japanese patients with autoimmune hepatitis type 1. Hepatology 45 (2007) 384-390
26. Czaja A.J., Dos Santos R.M., Porto A., et al. Immune phenotype of chronic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 43 (1998) 2149-2155
27. Fainboim L., Marcos Y., Pando M., et al. Chronic active autoimmune hepatitis in children. Strong association with a particular HLA DR6 (DRB1*1301) haplotype. Hum Immunol 41 (1994) 146-150
28. Pando M., Larriba J., Fernandez G.C., et al. Pediatric and adult forms of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in Argentina: evidence for differential genetic predisposition. Hepatology 30 (1999) 1374-1380
29. Bittencourt P.L., Goldberg A.C., Cancado E.L.R., et al. Genetic heterogeneity in susceptibility to autoimmune hepatitis types 1 and 2. Am J Gastroenterol 94 (1999) 1906-1913
30. Goldberg A.C., Bittencourt P.L., Mougin B., et al. Analysis of HLA haplotypes in autoimmune hepatitis type 1: identifying the major susceptibility locus. Hum Immunol 62 (2001) 165-169
31. Fainboim L., Velasco V.C.C., Marcos C.Y., et al. Protracted, but not acute, hepatitis A virus infection is strongly associated with HLA-DRB1*1301, a marker for pediatric autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 33 (2001) 1512-1517
32. Czaja A.J., Souto E.O., Bittencourt P.L., et al. Clinical distinctions and pathogenic implications of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in Brazil and the United States. J Hepatol 37 (2002) 302-308
33. Czaja A.J., Santrach P.J., and Moore S.B. Shared genetic risk factors in autoimmune liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 46 (2001) 140-147
34. Cookson S., Constantini P.K., Clare M., et al. Frequency and nature of cytokine gene polymorphisms in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 30 (1999) 851-856
35. Czaja A.J., Cookson S., Constantini P.K., et al. Cytokine polymorphisms associated with clinical features and treatment outcome in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 117 (1999) 645-652
36. Fan L.-Y., Tu X.-Q., Zhu Y., et al. Genetic association of cytokine polymorphisms with autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis in the Chinese. World J Gastroenterol 11 (2005) 2768-2772
37. Juran B.D., and Lazaridis K.N. Genomics and complex liver disease: challenges and opportunities. Hepatology 44 (2006) 1380-1390
38. Little P.F. Structure and function of the human genome. Genome Res 15 (2005) 1759-1766
39. Honda M., Kawai H., Shirota Y., et al. cDNA microarray analysis of autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and consecutive disease manifestation. J Autoimmun 25 (2005) 133-140
40. Kepischi-Santos A.C., Vianna-Morgante A.M., Jehee F.S., et al. Whole-genome array-CGH screening in undiagnosed syndromic patients: old syndrome revisited and new alterations. Cytogenet Genome Res 115 (2006) 254-261
41. Schumacher A., Kapranov P., Kaminsky Z., et al. Microarray-based DNA methylation profiling: technology and applications. Nucleic Acids Res 34 (2006) 528-542
42. Brown J.H., Jardetsky T., Saper M.A., et al. A hypothetical model of the foreign antigen binding site of class II histocompatibility molecules. Nature 332 (1988) 845-850
43. Stern L.J., Brown J.H., Jardetzky T.S., et al. Crystal structure of the human class II MHC protein HLA-DR1 complexed with an influenza virus peptide. Nature 368 (1994) 215-221
44. Dessen A., Lawrence C.M., Cupo S., et al. X-ray crystal structure of HLA-DR4 (DRA*0101, DRB1*0401) complexed with a peptide from human collagen II. Immunity 7 (1997) 473-481
45. Czaja A.J., and Manns M.P. The validity and importance of subtypes of autoimmune hepatitis: a point of view. Am J Gastroenterol 90 (1995) 1206-1211
46. Doherty D.G., Donaldson P.T., Underhill J.A., et al. Allelic sequence variation in the HLA class II genes and proteins in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 19 (1994) 609-615
47. Becker K.G. Comparative genetics of type 1 diabetes and autoimmune disease. Diabetes 48 (1999) 1353-1358
48. g7 and autoimmune diabetes. Science 288 (2000) 505-511
49. Singal D.P., Li J., and Zhu Y. Genetic basis for rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 47 (1999) 307-311
50. Toussirot E., Auge B., Tiberghien P., et al. HLA-DRB1 alleles and shared amino acid sequences in disease susceptibility and severity in patients from eastern France with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 26 (1999) 1446-1451
51. Seki T., Kiyosawa K., Inoko H., et al. Association of autoimmune hepatitis with HLA-Bw54 and DR4 in Japanese patients. Hepatology 12 (1990) 1300-1304
52. Seki T., Ota M., Furuta S., et al. HLA class II molecules and autoimmune hepatitis susceptibility in Japanese patients. Gastroenterology 103 (1992) 1041-1047
53. Qiu D.-K., and Ma X. Relationship between human leukocyte antigen-DRB1 and autoimmune hepatitis type I in Chinese patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 18 (2003) 63-67
54. Vazquez-Garcia M.N., Alaez C., Olivo A., et al. MHC class II sequences of susceptibility and protection in Mexicans with autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 28 (1998) 985-990
55. Donaldson P.T., and Czaja A.J. Genetic effects on susceptibility, clinical expression, and treatment outcome of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Liver Dis 6 (2002) 707-725
56. Schreuder G.M., Hurley C.K., Marsh S.G., et al. The HLA dictionary 2001: a summary of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1/3/4/5, -DQB1 alleles and their association with serologically defined HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ antigens. Hum Immunol 62 (2001) 826-849
57. Vento S., Garofano T., Di Perri G., et al. Identification of hepatitis A virus as a trigger for autoimmune chronic hepatitis type 1 in susceptible individuals. Lancet 337 (1991) 1183-1187
58. Huppertz H.-K., Treichel U., Gassel A.M., et al. Autoimmune hepatitis following hepatitis A virus infection. J Hepatol 23 (1995) 204-208
59. Tanaka H., Tujioka H., Ueda H., et al. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by acute hepatitis A. World J Gastroenterol 11 (2005) 6069-6071
60. Kosar Y., Kacar S., Sasmaz N., et al. Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in Turkish patients: absence of association with HLA B8. J Clin Gastroenterol 35 (2002) 185-190
61. Muratori P., Czaja A.J., Muratori L., et al. Genetic distinctions between autoimmune hepatitis in Italy and North America. World J Gastroenterol 11 (2005) 1862-1866
62. Czaja A.J., Carpenter H.A., and Moore S.B. Clinical and HLA phenotypes of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in North America outside DR3 and DR4. Liver Int 26 (2006) 552-558
63. Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA, Moore SB. HLA DRB1*13 as a risk factor for type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in North American patients. Dig Dis Sci (in press).
64. Schramm C., Kanzler S., Meyer zum Buschenfelde K.-H., et al. Autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 1587-1591
65. Granito A., Muratori L., Pappas G., et al. Clinical features of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in elderly Italian patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21 (2005) 1273-1277
66. Verslype C., George C., Buchel E., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis at age 65 and older. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21 (2005) 695-699
67. Czaja A.J., and Carpenter H.A. Distinctive clinical phenotype and treatment outcome of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis in the elderly. Hepatology 43 (2006) 532-538
68. Al-Chalabi T., Boccato S., Portmann B.C., et al. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in the elderly: a systematic retrospective analysis of a large group of consecutive patients with definite AIH followed at a tertiary referral center. J Hepatol 45 (2006) 575-583
69. Miyake T., Miyaoka H., Abe M., et al. Clinical characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis in older aged patients. Hepatol Res 36 (2006) 139-142
70. Chicz R.M., Urban R.G., Gorga J.C., et al. Specificity and promiscuity among naturally processed peptides bound to HLA-DR alleles. J Exp Med 178 (1993) 27-47
71. Czaja A.J. Autoimmune hepatitis-part A. Pathogenesis. Exp Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 1 (2007) 113-228
72. Homberg J.-C., Abuaf N., Bernard O., et al. Chronic active hepatitis associated with antiliver/kidney microsome antibody type 1: a second type of "autoimmune" hepatitis. Hepatology 7 (1987) 1333-1339
73. Ma Y., Bogdanos D.P., Hussain M.J., et al. Polyclonal T-cell responses to cytochrome P450IID6 are associated with disease activity in autoimmune hepatitis type 2. Gastroenterology 130 (2006) 868-882
74. Czaja A.J., Kruger M., Santrach P.J., et al. Genetic distinctions between types 1 and 2 autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 92 (1997) 2197-2200
75. Jurado A., Cardaba B., Jara P., et al. Autoimmune hepatitis type 2 and hepatitis C virus infection: study of HLA antigens. J Hepatol 26 (1997) 983-991
76. Djilali-Saiah I., Fakhfakh A., Louafi H., et al. HLA class II influences humoral autoimmunity in patients with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 45 (2006) 844-850
77. Muratori P., Czaja A.J., Muratori L., et al. Evidence of a genetic basis for the different geographical occurrences of liver/kidney microsomal antibody type 1 in hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci 52 (2007) 179-184
78. Czaja A.J., Carpenter H.A., Santrach P.J., et al. Genetic predispositions for the immunological features of chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 18 (1993) 816-822
79. Czaja A.J., Carpenter H.A., Santrach P.J., et al. Genetic predispositions for immunological features in chronic liver diseases other than autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 24 (1996) 52-59
80. Czaja A.J., Manns M.P., and Homburger H.A. Frequency and significance of antibodies to liver/kidney microsome type 1 in adults with chronic active hepatitis. Gastroenterology 103 (1992) 1290-1295
81. Reddy K.R., Krawitt E.L., Homberg J.C., et al. Absence of anti-LKM1 antibody in hepatitis C viral infection in the United States of America. J Viral Hepat 2 (1995) 175-179
82. Agarwal K., Czaja A.J., Jones D.E.J., et al. CTLA-4 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 31 (2000) 49-53
83. Hirade A., Imazeki F., Yokosuka O., et al. Fas polymorphisms influence susceptibility to autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 100 (2005) 1322-1329
84. Agarwal K., Czaja A.J., and Donaldson P.T. A functional Fas promoter polymorphism is associated with a severe phenotype in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis characterized by early development of cirrhosis. Tissue Antigens 69 (2007) 227-235
85. Vogel A., Strassburg C.P., and Manns M.P. Genetic association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 35 (2002) 126-131
86. Vogel A., Strassburg C.P., and Manns M.P. 77 C/G mutation in the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 gene and autoimmune hepatitis: evidence of a genetic link. Genes Immun 4 (2003) 79-81
87. Esteghamat F., Noorinayer B., Sanati M.H., et al. C77G mutation in protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 gene and autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatol Res 32 (2005) 154-157
88. Lankisch T.O., Strassburg C.P., Debray D., et al. Detection of autoimmune regulator gene mutations in children with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis and extrahepatic immune-mediated diseases. J Pediatr 146 (2005) 839-842
89. Schwartz R.H. Costimulation of T lymphocytes: the role of CD28, CTLA-4, and B7 in interleukin-2 production and immunotherapy. Cell 71 (1992) 1065-1068
90. Thompson C.B., and Allison J.P. The emerging role of CTLA-4 as an immune attenuator. Immunity 7 (1997) 445-450
91. Schiepers P., and Reiser H. Role of the CTLA-4 receptor in T cell activation and immunity: physiologic function of the CTLA-4 receptor. Immunol Res 18 (1998) 103-115
92. McCoy K.D., and Le Gros G. The role of CTLA-4 in the regulation of T cell immune responses. Immunol Cell Biol 77 (1999) 1-10
93. Agarwal K., Jones D.E., Daly A.K., et al. CTLA-4 gene polymorphism confers susceptibility to primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 32 (2000) 538-541
94. Bittencourt P.L., Palacios S.A., Cancado E.L.R., et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 gene polymorphisms do not confer susceptibility to autoimmune hepatitis types 1 and 2 in Brazil. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 1616-1620
95. Fox C.K., Furtwaengler A., Nepomuceno R.R., et al. Apoptotic pathways in primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. Liver 21 (2001) 272-279
96. Pociot F., Briant L., Jongeneel C.V., et al. Association of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and class II major histocompatibility complex alleles with the secretion of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta by human mononuclear cells: a possible link to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Immunol 23 (1993) 224-231
97. Wilson A.G., de Vries N., Pociot F., et al. An allelic polymorphism within the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region is strongly associated with HLA A1, B8, and DR3 alleles. J Exp Med 177 (1993) 557-560
98. Wilson A.G., Symons J.A., McDowell T.L., et al. Effects of a tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) promoter base transition on transcriptional activity. Br J Rheumatol 33 (1994) 89-92
99. Tsikrikoni A., Kyriakou D.S., Rigopoulou E.I., et al. Markers of cell activation and apoptosis in bone marrow mononuclear cells of patients with autoimmune hepatitis type 1 and primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 42 (2005) 393-399
100. Migita K., Abiru S., Maeda Y., et al. Elevated serum BAFF levels in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Hum Immunol 68 (2007) 586-591
101. Bittencourt P.L., Palacios S.A., Cancado E.L., et al. Autoimmune hepatitis in Brazilian patients is not linked to tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphisms at position -308. J Hepatol 35 (2001) 24-28
102. Vogel A., Strassburg C.P., and Manns M.P. Genetic association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 35 (2002) 126-131
103. Fan L., Tu X., Zhu Y., et al. Genetic association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis in China. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20 (2005) 249-255
104. Vogel A., Strassburg C.P., and Manns M.P. 77 C/G mutation in the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 gene and autoimmune hepatitis: evidence of a genetic link. Genes Immun 4 (2003) 79-81
105. Esteghamat F., Noorinayer B., Sanati M.H., et al. C77G mutation in protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 gene and autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatol Res 32 (2005) 154-157
106. Lankisch T.O., Strassburg C.P., Debray D., et al. Detection of autoimmune regulator gene mutations in children with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis and extrahepatic immune-mediated diseases. J Pediatr 146 (2005) 839-842
107. Djilali-Saiah I., Renous R., Caillat-Zucman S., et al. Linkage disequilibrium between HLA class II region and autoimmune hepatitis in pediatric patients. J Hepatol 40 (2004) 904-909
108. Scully L.J., Toze C., Sengar D.P.S., et al. Early-onset autoimmune hepatitis is associated with a C4A gene deletion. Gastroenterology 104 (1993) 1478-1484
109. Doherty D.G., Underhill J.A., Donaldson P.T., et al. Polymorphism in the human complement C4 genes and genetic susceptibility to autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmunity 18 (1994) 243-249
110. Dugoujon J.M., and Cambon-Thomsen A. Immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm and Km) and their interactions with HLA antigens in autoimmune diseases: a review. Autoimmunity 22 (1995) 245-260
111. Ajuebor M.N., Aspinall A.I., Zhou F., et al. Lack of chemokine receptor CCR5 promotes murine fulminant liver failure by preventing the apoptosis of activated CD1d-restricted NKT cells. J Immunol 174 (2005) 8027-8037
112. Heydtmann M., Lalor P.F., Eksteen J.A., et al. CXC chemokine ligand 16 promotes integrin-mediated adhesion of liver-infiltrating lymphocytes to cholangiocytes and hepatocytes within the inflamed liver. J Immunol 174 (2005) 1055-1062
113. Manabe K., Hibberd M.L., Donaldson P.T., et al. T-cell receptor constant β germline polymorphisms and susceptibility to autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 106 (1994) 1321-1325
114. Lapierre P., Beland K., Djilali-Saiah I., et al. Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis murine model: the influence of genetic background in disease development. J Autoimmun 26 (2006) 82-89
115. Czaja A.J., Carpenter H.A., Santrach P.J., et al. Significance of HLA DR4 in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterology 105 (1993) 1502-1507
116. Nakamura K., Yoneda M., Yokohama S., et al. Efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid in Japanese patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13 (1998) 490-495
117. Villanueva J.L., Solana R., Alonso M.C., et al. Changes in the expression of HLA class II antigens on peripheral blood monocytes from aged humans. Dis Markers 8 (1990) 85-91
118. Murasko D.M., and Goonewardene I.M. T cell function in aging: mechanisms of decline. Ann Rev Gerontol Geriatr 10 (1990) 71-96
119. Currie M.S. Immunosenescence. Compr Ther 18 (1992) 26-34
120. Talor E., and Rose N.R. Hypothesis: the aging paradox and autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 8 (1991) 245-249
121. Czaja A.J., and Donaldson P.T. Gender effects and synergisms with histocompatibility leukocyte antigens in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 2051-2057
122. Lim K.N., Casanova R.L., Boyer T.D., et al. Autoimmune hepatitis in African Americans: presenting features and responses to therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 3390-3394
123. Hurlburt K.J., McMahon B.J., Deubner H., et al. Prevalence of autoimmune liver disease in Alaska natives. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 2402-2407
124. Zolfino T., Heneghan M.A., Norris S., et al. Characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis in patients who are not of European Caucasoid ethnic origin. Gut 50 (2002) 713-717
125. D'Souza R., Sinnott P., Glynn M.J., et al. An unusual form of autoimmune hepatitis in young Somalian men. Liver Int 25 (2005) 325-330
126. Czaja A.J., and Homburger H.A. Autoantibodies in liver disease. Gastroenterology 120 (2001) 239-249
127. Czaja A.J., and Norman G.L. Autoantibodies in the diagnosis and management of liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 37 (2003) 315-329
128. Czaja A.J. Autoantibodies in autoimmune liver disease. Adv Clin Chem 40 (2005) 127-164
129. Czaja A.J. The role of autoantibodies as diagnostic markers of autoimmune hepatitis. Exp Rev Clin Immunol 2 (2006) 33-48
130. Muratori L., Cataleta M., Muratori P., et al. Liver/kidney microsomal antibody type 1 and liver cytosol antibody type 1 concentrations in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis. Gut 42 (1998) 721-726
131. Czaja A.J. Behavior and significance of autoantibodies in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 30 (1999) 394-401
132. Baeres M., Herkel J., Czaja A.J., et al. Establishment of standardized SLA/LP immunoassays: specificity for autoimmune hepatitis, worldwide occurrence, and clinical characteristics. Gut 51 (2002) 259-264
133. Czaja A.J., Donaldson P.T., and Lohse A.W. Antibodies to soluble liver antigen/liver pancreas and HLA risk factors in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 413-419
134. Ma Y., Okamoto M., Thomas M.G., et al. Antibodies to conformational epitopes of soluble liver antigen define a severe form of autoimmune liver disease. Hepatology 35 (2002) 658-664
135. Czaja A.J., Shums Z., and Norman G.L. Frequency and significance of antibodies to soluble liver antigen/liver pancreas in variant autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmunity 35 (2002) 475-483
136. Czaja A.J., Shums Z., and Norman G.L. Nonstandard antibodies as prognostic markers in autoimmune hepatitis. Autoimmunity 37 (2004) 195-201
137. Czaja A.J., Cassani F., Cataleta M., et al. Frequency and significance of antibodies to actin in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 24 (1996) 1068-1073
138. Granito A., Muratori L., Muratori P., et al. Antibodies to filamentous actin (F-actin) in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. J Clin Pathol 59 (2006) 280-284
139. Gueguen P., Dalekos G., Nousbaum J.B., et al. Double reactivity against actin and alpha-actinin defines a severe form of autoimmune hepatitis. J Clin Immunol 26 (2006) 495-505
140. Montano-Loza A., Carpenter H.A., and Czaja A.J. Clinical significance of HLA DRB1*03-DRB1*04 in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Liver Int 26 (2006) 1201-1208
141. Strettell M.D.J., Thomson L.J., Donaldson P.T., et al. HLA-C genes and susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 26 (1997) 1023-1026
142. Moloney M.M., Thomson L.J., Strettell M.J., et al. Human leukocyte antigen-C genes and susceptibility to primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 28 (1998) 660-662
143. Sanchez-Urdazpal L., Czaja A.J., van Hoek B., et al. Prognostic features and role of liver transplantation in severe corticosteroid-treated autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 15 (1992) 215-221
144. Montano-Loza A.J., Carpenter H.A., and Czaja A.J. Features associated with treatment failure in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis and predictive value of the model of end stage liver disease. Hepatology 46 (2007) 1138-1145
145. Wolfsberg T.G., McEntyre J., and Schuler G.D. Guide to the draft human genome. Nature 409 (2001) 824-826
146. Imanishi T., Itoh T., Suzuki Y., et al. Integrative annotation of 21,037 human genes validated by full length cDNA clones. PLoS Biol 2 (2004) e162