Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta-analytic review

Applied Psychology

Volumn 57, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 272-303

  Cheng, Grand H L ^a,b   Chan, Darius K S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 40649107160     PISSN: 0269994X     EISSN: 14640597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00312.x     Document Type: Article

References (191)

1. * Denotes the studies included in the meta-analysis.
2. * Abramis, D.J. (1994). Relationship of job stressors to job performance: Linear or an inverted-U? Psychological Reports, 75, 547 558.
3. * Albrecht, S. Travaglione, A. (2003). Trust in public-sector senior management. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14, 76 92.
4. * Allen, T.D., Freeman, D.M., Russell, J.E.A., Reizenstein, R.C. Rentz, J.O. (2001). Survivor reactions to organizational downsizing: Does time erase the pain? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 145 164.
5. * Alnajjar, A.A. (1996). Relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment among employees in the United Arab Emirates. Psychological Reports, 79, 315 321.
6. * Anderson, B.W. (2003). Mergers and acquisitions: The impact of spirituality on reducing merger syndrome. Dissertation Abstracts International, 64 (3-B 1531. (UMI No. 3083514)
7. * Anderson, M.B.G. Iwanicki, E.F. (1984). Teacher motivation and its relationship to burnout. Educational Administration Quarterly, 20, 109 132.
8. * Andolsek, D.M. Stebe, J. (2004). Multinational perspectives on work values and commitment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 4, 181 209.
9. * Armstrong-Stassen, M. (1993). Production workers' reactions to a plant closing: The role of transfer, stress, and support. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping: An International Journal, 6, 201 214.
10. * Armstrong-Stassen, M. (1994). Coping with transition: A study of layoff survivors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 597 621.
11. * Armstrong-Stassen, M. (2002). Designated redundant but escaping lay-off: A special group of lay-off survivors. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 1 13.
12. * Armstrong-Stassen, M. (2004). The influence of prior commitment on the reactions of layoff survivors to organizational downsizing. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 46 60.
13. * Arnold, H.J. Feldman, D.C. (1982). A multivariate analysis of the determinants of job turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 350 360.
14. * Ashford, S.J., Lee, C. Bobko, P. (1989). Content, causes and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 803 829.
15. * Axelrod, W.L. Gavin, J.F. (1980). Stress and strain in blue-collar and white-collar management staff. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 17, 41 49.
16. * Barling, J. Kelloway, E.K. (1996). Job insecurity and health: The moderating role of workplace control. Stress Medicine, 12, 253 259.
17. * Barnett, R.C. Brennan, R.T. (1995). The relationship between job experiences and psychological distress: A structural equation approach. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 259 276.
18. * Batt, R. (2004). Who benefits from teams? Comparing workers, supervisors, and managers. Industrial Relations, 43, 183 212.
19. Bernard, J. (1981). The good provider role: Its rise and fall. American Psychologist, 36, 1 12.
20. * Bernhard-Oettel, C., Sverke, M. De Witte, H. (2005). Comparing three alternative types of employment with permanent full-time work: How do employment contract and perceived job conditions relate to health complaints? Work and Stress, 19, 301 318.
21. * Borg, I. Elizur, D. (1992). Job insecurity: Correlates, moderators and measurement. International Journal of Manpower, 13, 13 26.
22. * Borg, V. Kristensen, T.S. (1999). Psychosocial work environment and mental health among traveling salespeople. Work and Stress, 13, 132 143.
23. * Bowman, D.L. (1999). Survivors' reactions to downsizing in an educational organization: Implications for planning organizational change. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 (3-A 0599. (UMI No. 9921634)
24. Bradley, H. (1997). Gender and change in employment: Feminization and its effects. In R.K. Brown (Ed.), The changing shape of work (pp. 87 102). Basingstoke : Macmillan New York : St. Martin's Press.
25. * Brockner, J., Grover, S., Reed, T.F. Dewitt, R.L. (1992). Layoffs, job insecurity, and survivors' work effort: Evidence of an inverted-U relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 413 425.
26. Brown, S.P. (1996). A meta-analysis and review of organizational research on job involvement. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 235 255.
27. * Bultean, C.D. (1998). Social exchange under fire: Direct and moderated effects of job insecurity on social exchange. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59 (4-B 1894. (UMI No. 9830822)
28. * Bultmann, U., Kant, I.J., Schroer, C.A.P. Kasl, S.V. (2002). The relationship between psychosocial work characteristics and fatigue and psychological distress. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 75, 259 266.
29. * Burke, R.J. (1991). Job insecurity in stockbrokers: Effects on satisfaction and health. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 6, 10 16.
30. * Burke, R.J. (1998). Job insecurity in recent business school graduates: Antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Stress Management, 5, 113 119.
31. * Burke, R.J. Greenglass, E.R. (2001). Hospital restructuring and nursing staff well-being: The role of perceived hospital and union support. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping: An International Journal, 14, 93 115.
32. Burke, R.J. Nelson, D. (1998). Mergers and acquisitions, downsizing, and privatization: A North American perspective. In M.K. Gowing, J.D. Kraft J.C. Quick (Eds.), The new organizational reality: Downsizing, restructuring, and revitalization (pp. 21 54). Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
33. * Bussing, A. (1999). Can control at work and social support moderate psychological consequences of job insecurity? Results from a quasi-experimental study in the steel industry. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 219 242.
34. * Castanon, A. (2006). Managing traumatic change: The role of leadership as a buffer against the negative impact of job insecurity on employee outcomes. Dissertation Abstracts International, 67 (2-B 1189 UMI No. 3205058)
35. * Champoux, J.E. (1992). A multivariate analysis of curvilinear relationships among job scope, work context satisfactions, and affective outcomes. Human Relations, 45, 87 111.
36. * Chan, W., Kwok, K.-F. Au Yeung, S.-M. (2004). Facing challenging circumstance: Optimism and job insecurity. Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies, 5, 81 95.
37. * Chang, E. (2002). Distributive justice and organizational commitment revisited: Moderation by layoff in the case of Korean employees. Human Resource Management, 41, 261 270.
38. Chapman, D.S., Uggerslev, K.L., Carroll, S.A., Piasentin, K.A. Jones, D.A. (2005). Applicant attraction to organizations and job choice: A meta-analytic review of the correlates of recruiting outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 928 944.
39. * Cheng, Y., Chen, C.-W., Chen, C.-J. Chiang, T.-L. (2005). Job insecurity and its association with health among employees in the Taiwanese general population. Social Science and Medicine, 61, 41 52.
40. * Chirumbolo, A. Hellgren, J. (2003). Individual and organizational consequences of job insecurity: A European study. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24, 217 240.
41. Cohen, A. (1991). Career stage as a moderator of the relationships between organizational commitment and its outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64, 253 268.
42. Cohen, A. (1993). Organizational commitment and turnover: A meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 1140 1157.
43. * Colarelli, S.M., Dean, R.A. Konstans, C. (1987). Comparative effects of personal and situational influences on job outcomes of new professionals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 558 566.
44. Conger, R.D., Lorenz, R.O., Edler, G.J., Simons, R.L. Xiaojia, G.E. (1993). Husband and wife differences in response to undesirable life events. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 34, 71 88.
45. * Cordero, R., Farris, G.F. DiTomaso, N. (1998). Technical professionals in cross-functional teams: Their quality of work life. Journal of Production Innovation Management, 15, 550 563.
46. Crandall, R. Perrewe, P.L. (Eds.) (1995). Occupational stress: A handbook. Washington, DC : Taylor & Francis.
47. * Cunningham, C.E., Woodward, C.A., Shannon, H.S., Maclntosh, J., Lendrum, B., Rosenbloom, D. Brown, J. (2002). Readiness for organizational change: A longitudinal study of workplace, psychological and behavioral correlates. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 377 392.
48. * Davy, J.A., Kinicki, A.J. Scheck, C.L. (1991). Developing and testing a model of survivor responses to layoffs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38, 302 317.
49. * Davy, J.A., Kinicki, A.J. Scheck, C.L. (1997). A test of job insecurity's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 323 349.
50. * De Cuyper, N. De Witte, H. (2006). The impact of job insecurity and contract type on attitudes, well-being and behavioral reports: A psychological contract perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79, 395 409.
51. * De Witte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 155 177.
52. * Denton, M., Zeytinoglu, I.U., Davies, S. Lian, J. (2002). Job stress and job dissatisfaction of home care workers in the context of health care restructuring. International Journal of Health Services, 32, 327 357.
53. Dickersin, K. (2005). Publication bias: Recognizing the problem, understanding its origins and scope, and preventing harm. In H.R. Rothstein, A.J. Sutton M. Borenstein (Eds.), Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments (pp. 11 31). Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ : Wiley.
54. * Dubinsky, A.J., Kotabe, M., Lim, C.U. Wagner, W. (1997). The impact of values on salespeople's job responses: A cross-national investigation. Journal of Business Research, 39, 195 208.
55. Eagly, A.H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C. van Engen, M.L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 569 591.
56. * Edwards, J.R. Rothbard, N.P. (1999). Work and family stress and well-being: An examination of person-environment fit in the work and family domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77, 85 129.
57. Egger, M., Zellweger-Zahner, T., Schneider, M., Junker, C., Lengeler, C. Antes, G. (1997). Language bias in randomized controlled trials published in English and German. Lancet, 350, 326 329.
58. Evans, M.G. (1991). The problem of analyzing multiplicative composites: Interactions revisited. American Psychologist, 46, 6 15.
59. * Feather, N.T. Rauter, K.A. (2004). Organizational citizenship behaviors in relation to job status, job insecurity, organizational commitment and identification, job satisfaction and work values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 81 94.
60. * Fields, D., Dingman, M.E., Roman, P.M. Blum, T.C. (2005). Exploring predictors of alternative job changes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 63 82.
61. * Finegold, D., Mohrman, S. Spreitzer, G.M. (2002). Age effects on the predictors of technical workers' commitment and willingness to turnover. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 655 674.
62. * Francis, L. Barling, J. (2005). Organizational injustice and psychological strain. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 37, 250 261.
63. * Fried, Y. Tiegs, R.B. (1993). The main effect model versus buffering model of shop steward social support: A study of rank-and-file auto workers in the USA. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 481 493.
64. * Gaertner, K.N. Nollen, S.D. (1989). Career experiences, perceptions of employment practices, and psychological commitment to the organization. Human Relations, 42, 975 991.
65. * Garst, H., Frese, M. Molenaar, P.C.M. (2000). The temporal factor of change in stressor-strain relationships: A growth curve model on a longitudinal study in East Germany. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 417 438.
66. * George, E. (2003). External solutions and internal problems: The effects of employment externalization on internal workers' attitudes. Organization Science, 14, 386 402.
67. * Goeddeke, F.X., Jr. 2005). Organizational trust as a mediator of individual union voting intentions in faculty union certification elections. Dissertation Abstracts International, 65 (12-A 4633. (UMI No. 3158806)
68. Gould, S. (1979). Age, job complexity, satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 209 223.
69. Gould, S. Hawkins, B. (1978). Organizational career stage as a moderator of the satisfaction-performance relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 21, 434 450.
70. * Goulet, L.R. Singh, P. (2002). Career commitment: A reexamination and an extension. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 73 91.
71. Greenhalgh, L. Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9, 438 448.
72. Griffeth, R.W., Hom, P.W. Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26, 463 488.
73. * Grunberg, L., Moore, S.Y. Greenberg, E.S. (1998). Work stress and problem alcohol behavior: A test of the spillover model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 487 502.
74. * Grunberg, L., Moore, S.Y. Greenberg, E.S. (2001). Differences in psychological and physical health among layoff survivors: The effect of layoff contact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 15 25.
75. Hakim, C. (1996). Key issues in women's work. London : Athlone.
76. * Hansen, M.J. (2001). Individual reactions to a large-scale organizational change in a healthcare organization. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62 (5-B 2524. (UMI No. 3015511)
77. Hartley, J., Jacobson, D., Klandermans, B. van Vuuren, T. (1991). Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk. London : Sage.
78. * Heaney, C.A., Israel, B.A. House, J.S. (1994). Chronic job insecurity among automobile workers: Effects on job satisfaction and health. Social Science and Medicine, 38, 1431 1437.
79. Hedges, L.V. Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL : Academic Press.
80. * Hellgren, J., Sverke, M. Isaksson, K. (1999). A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 179 195.
81. * Hollenbeck, J.R. Williams, C.R. (1986). Turnover functionality versus turnover frequency: A note on work attitudes and organizational effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 606 611.
82. * Hui, C. Lee, C. (2000). Moderating effects of organization-based self-esteem on organizational uncertainty: Employee response relationships. Journal of Management, 26, 215 232.
83. Hulin, C.L. (1991). Adaptation, persistence, and commitment in organizations. In M. Dunnette L.M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology: Vol. 2 (2nd edn., pp. 445 505). Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press.
84. Hunter, J.E. Schmidt, F.L. (1990). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Newbury Park, CA : Sage.
85. Hunter, J.E., Schmidt, F.L. Le, H. (2006). Implications of direct and indirect range restriction for meta-analysis methods and findings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 594 612.
86. * Israel, B.A., House, J.S., Schurman, S.J., Heaney, C.A. Mero, R.P. (1989). The relation of personal resources, participation, influence, interpersonal relationships and coping strategies to occupational stress, job strains and health: A multivariate analysis. Work and Stress, 3, 163 194.
87. * Iverson, R.D. (1996). Employee acceptance of organizational change: The role of organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 7, 122 149.
88. * Iverson, R.D. Maguire, C. (2000). The relationship between job and life satisfaction: Evidence from a remote mining community. Human Relations, 53, 807 839.
89. * Iverson, R.D. Roy, P. (1994). A causal model of behavioral commitment: Evidence from a study of Australian blue-collar employees. Journal of Management, 20, 15 41.
90. * Jago, L.K. Deery, M. (2004). An investigation of the impact of internal labor markets in the hotel industry. The Service Industries Journal, 24, 118 129.
91. Judge, T.A. Ilies, R. (2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 797 807.
92. Juni, P., Holstein, F., Sterne, J., Barlett, C. Egger, M. (2002). Direction and impact of language bias in meta-analyses of controlled trials: An empirical study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31, 115 123.
93. * Kausto, J., Elo, A.-L., Lipponen, J. Elovainio, M. (2005). Moderating effects of job insecurity in the relationships between procedural justice and employee well-being: Gender differences. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 431 452.
94. * Keil, J.M., Armstrong-Stassen, M., Cameron, S.J. Horsburgh, M.E. (2000). Part-time nurses: The effect of work status congruency on job attitudes. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 227 236.
95. * King, J.E. (2000). White-collar reactions to job insecurity and the role of the psychological contract: Implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management, 39, 79 92.
96. * Kinnunen, U. Mauno, S. (1998). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict among employed women and men in Finland. Human Relations, 51, 157 177.
97. * Kinnunen, U. Natti, J. (1994). Job insecurity in Finland: Antecedents and consequences. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 4, 297 321.
98. * Kivimaki, M., Vahtera, J., Pentti, J., Thomson, L., Griffiths, A. Cox, T. (2001). Downsizing, changes in work, and self-rated health of employees: A 7-year 3-wave panel study. Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An International Journal, 14, 59 73.
99. * Koustelios, A., Kouli, O. Theodorakis, N. (2003). Job security and job satisfaction among Greek fitness instructors. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97, 192 194.
100. * Kramer, M.W., Dougherty, D.S. Pierce, T.A. (2004). Managing uncertainty during a corporate acquisition: A longitudinal study of communication during an airline acquisition. Human Communication Research, 30, 71 101.
101. Kuhnert, K.W. Palmer, D.R. (1991). Job security, health and the intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of work. Group and Organization Studies, 16, 178 192.
102. * Kuhnert, K.W. Vance, R.J. (1992). Job insecurity and moderators of the relation between job insecurity and employee adjustment. In J.C. Quick, L.R. Murphy J.J. Hurrell, Jr. (Eds.), Stress and well being at work: Assessments and interventions for occupational mental health (pp. 48 63). Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
103. * Landsbergis, P.A. (1988). Occupational stress among health care workers: A test of the job demands-control model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 217 239.
104. * Lee, C., Bobko, P. Chen, Z.X. (2006). Investigation of the multidimensional model of job insecurity in China and the USA. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55, 512 540.
105. * Levanoni, E. Sales, C.A. (1990). Differences in job attitudes between full-time and part-time Canadian employees. Journal of Social Psychology, 130, 231 237.
106. Lim, V.K.G. (1996). Job insecurity and its outcomes: Moderating effects of work-based and nonwork-based social support. Human Relations, 49, 171 194.
107. * Lim, V.K.G. (1997). Moderating effects of work-based support on the relationship between job insecurity and its consequences. Work and Stress, 11, 251 266.
108. * Lim, V.K.G. Teo, T.S.H. (2000). To work or not to work at home: An empirical investigation of factors affecting attitudes towards teleworking. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15, 560 582.
109. * Lindstrom, K., Leino, T., Seitsamo, J. Torstila, I. (1997). A longitudinal study of work characteristics and health complaints among insurance employees in VDT work. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 9, 343 368.
110. * Lord, A. Hartley, J. (1998). Organizational commitment and job insecurity in a changing public service organization. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 7, 341 354.
111. * Lu, C.-C. (2003). Organizational downsizing, high commitment human resource practices, and the attitudes of army officers. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63 (12-A 4384. (UMI No. 3075878)
112. * McAulay, B.J. (2000). Work commitment in a turbulent career environment: Job insecurity's effect on psychological attachment to organization and profession. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 (7-A 2695. (UMI No. 9938686)
113. * McDonough, P. (2000). Job insecurity and health. International Journal of Health Services, 30, 453 476.
114. * Mak, A.S. Mueller, J. (2000). Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain. Work and Stress, 14, 312 328.
115. * Makikangas, A. Kinnunen, U. (2003). Psychosocial work stressors and well-being: Self-esteem and optimism as moderators in a one-year longitudinal sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 537 557.
116. Martinussen, M. Bjornstad, J.F. (1999). Meta-analysis calculations based on independent and nonindependent cases. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59, 928 950.
117. Mathieu, J.E. Zajac, D.M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171 194.
118. * Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., Makikangas, A. Natti, J. (2005). Psychological consequences of fixed-term employment and perceived job insecurity among health care staff. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 209 237.
119. * Maurier, W.L. Northcott, H.C. (2000). Job uncertainty and health status for nurses during restructuring of health care in Alberta. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 22, 623 641.
120. * Meglino, B.M., Ravlin, C. Adkins, C.L. (1989). A work values approach to corporate culture: A field test of the value congruence process and its relationship to individual outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 424 432.
121. Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Herscovitch, L. Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20 52.
122. Mezulis, A.H., Abramson, L.Y., Hyde, J.S. Hankin, B.L. (2004). Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 711 747.
123. * Mohr, G.B. (2000). The changing significance of different stressors after the announcement of bankruptcy: A longitudinal investigation with special emphasis on job insecurity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 337 359.
124. Mount, M.K. (1984). Managerial career stage and facets of job satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 24, 348 354.
125. * Mulinge, M.M. (2001). Employer control of employees: Extending the Lincoln-Kalleberg corporatist model of satisfaction and attachment. Human Relations, 54, 285 318.
126. * Murphy, L.R. Pepper, L.D. (2003). Effects of organizational downsizing on worker stress and health in the United States. In C.L. Peterson (Ed.), Work stress: Studies of the context, content, and outcomes of stress (pp. 55 71). Amityville, NY : Baywood Publishers.
127. * Parker, S.K., Axtell, C.M. Turner, N. (2001). Designing a safer workplace: Importance of job autonomy, communication quality, and supportive supervisors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 211 228.
128. * Parker, S.K., Griffin, M.A., Sprigg, C.A. Wall, T.D. (2002). Effect of temporary contracts on perceived work characteristics and job strain: A longitudinal study. Personnel Psychology, 55, 689 719.
129. * Piotrkowski, C.S. Crits-Christoph, P. (1981). Women's jobs and family adjustment. Journal of Family Issues, 2, 126 147.
130. * Preuss, G.A. Lautsch, B.A. (2002). The effect of formal versus informal job security on employee involvement programs. Industrial Relations, 57, 517 539.
131. * Probst, T.M. (2000). Wedded to the job: Moderating effects of job involvement on the consequences of job insecurity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 63 73.
132. Probst, T.M. (2002). The impact of job insecurity on employee work attitudes, job adaptation, and organizational withdrawal behaviors. In J.M. Brett F. Drasgow (Eds.), The psychology of work: Theoretically based empirical research (pp. 141 168). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
133. Probst, T.M. (2003). Development and validation of the Job Security Index and the Job Security Satisfaction Scale: A classical test theory and IRT approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 451 467.
134. * Probst, T.M. Lawler, J. (2006). Cultural values as moderators of employee reactions to job insecurity: The role of individualism and collectivism. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55, 234 254.
135. Quick, C.J. Tetrick, L.E. (Eds.) (2003). Handbook of occupational health psychology. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
136. Ramlall, S. (2003). Managing employee retention as strategy for increasing organizational competitiveness. Applied Human Resource Management Research, 8, 63 72.
137. * Reilly, A.H., Brett, J.M. Stroh, L.K. (1993). The impact of corporate turbulence on managers' attitudes. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 167 179.
138. * Reisel, W.D. Banai, M. (2002). Comparison of a multidimensional and a global measure of job insecurity: Predicting job attitudes and work behaviors. Psychological Reports, 90, 913 922.
139. * Reitman, F. Schneer, J.A. (2003). The promised path: A longitudinal study of managerial careers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18, 60 75.
140. Riketta, M. (2002). Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 257 266.
141. * Robblee, M.A. (1998). Confronting the threat of organizational downsizing: Coping and health. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59 (6-B 3072. (UMI No. NQ26865)
142. * Robinson, S.L. (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 574 599.
143. Rosenblatt, Z., Talmud, I. Ruvio, A. (1999). A gender-based framework of the experience of job insecurity and its effects on work attitudes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 197 217.
144. * Roskies, E., Louis-Guerin, C. Fournier, C. (1993). Coping with job insecurity: How does personality make a difference? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 617 630.
145. Roznowski, M. Hulin, C.L. (1992). The scientific merit of valid measures of general constructs with special reference to job satisfaction and job withdrawal. In C.J. Cranny, P.C. Smith E.F. Stone (Eds.), Job satisfaction: How people feel about their jobs and how it affects their performance (pp. 123 163). New York : Lexington Books.
146. Rush, J.C., Peacock, A.C. Milkovich, G.T. (1980). Career stages: A partial test of Levinson's model of life/ career stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16, 347 359.
147. Sagie, A., Birati, A. Tziner, A. (2002). Assessing the costs of behavioral and psychological withdrawal: A new model and an empirical illustration. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51, 67 89.
148. * Schaubroeck, J., Ganster, D.C. Kemmerer, B. (1996). Does trait affect promote job attitude stability? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 191 196.
149. Schmidt, F.L., Le, H. Ilies, R. (2003). Beyond alpha: An empirical examination of the effects of different sources of measurement error on reliability estimates for measures of individual differences constructs. Psychological Methods, 8, 206 224.
150. Schmidt, F.L., Oh, I.-S. Le, H. (2006). Increasing the accuracy of corrections for range restriction: Implications for selection procedure validities and other research results. Personnel Psychology, 59, 281 305.
151. * Schmitt, N., Colligan, M.J. Fitzgerald, M. (1980). Unexplained physical symptoms in eight organizations: Individual and organizational analysis. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 305 317.
152. * Shannon, H.S., Woodward, C.A., Cunningham, C.E., McIntosh, J., Lendrum, B., Brown, J. Rosenbloom, D. (2001). Changes in general health and musculoskeletal outcomes in the workforce of a hospital undergoing rapid change: A longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 3 14.
153. Shaw, J.C., Wild, E. Colquitt, J.A. (2003). To justify or excuse? A meta-analytic review of the effects of explanations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 444 458.
154. * Shore, L.M. Tetrick, L.E. (1991). A construct validity study of the survey of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 637 643.
155. * Silla, I., Gracia, F.J. Peiro, J.M. (2005). Job insecurity and health-related outcomes among different types of temporary workers. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 26, 89 117.
156. * Slack, K.J. (2005). Examining job insecurity and well-being in the context of the role of employment. Dissertation Abstracts International, 65 (9-B 4884. (UMI No. 3148144)
157. Society for Human Resource Management (2001). Layoffs and job security survey. Alexandria, VA : SHRM Foundation.
158. Sparks, K., Faragher, B. Cooper, C.L. (2001). Well-being and occupational health in the 21st century workplace. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 489 509.
159. * Stedham, Y. Mitchell, M.C. (1996). Voluntary turnover among non-supervisory casino employees. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 269 290.
160. Steel, P.D. Kammeyer-Mueller, J.D. (2002). Comparing meta-analytic moderator estimation techniques under realistic conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 96 111.
161. * Stepina, L.P. Perrewe, P.L. (1991). The stability of comparative referent choice and feelings of inequity: A longitudinal field study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 185 200.
162. Sterne, J.A.C., Becker, B.J. Egger, M. (2005). The funnel plot. In H.R. Rothstein, A.J. Sutton M. Borenstein (Eds.), Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments (pp. 75 98). Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ : Wiley.
163. * Stewart, W. Barling, J. (1996). Fathers' work experiences affect children's behaviors via job-related affect and parenting behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 221 232.
164. * Storms, G., Casaer, S., de Wit, R., van den Bergh, O. Moens, G. (2001). A psychometric evaluation of a Dutch version of the Job Content Questionnaire and of a short direct questioning procedure. Work and Stress, 15, 131 143.
165. * Sverke, M. Hellgren, J. (2001). Exit, voice and loyalty reactions to job insecurity in Sweden: Do unionized and non-unionized employees differ? British Journal of Industrial Relations, 39, 167 182.
166. Sverke, M. Hellgren, J. (2002). The nature of job insecurity: Understanding employment uncertainty on the brink of a new millennium. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51, 23 42.
167. Sverke, M., Hellgren, J. Naswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 242 264.
168. * Tang, T.L.-P., Singer, M.G. Roberts, S. (2000). Employees' perceived organizational instrumentality: An examination of the gender differences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15, 378 406.
169. * Tiegs, R.B., Tetrick, L.E. Fried, Y. (1992). Growth need strength and context satisfactions as moderators of the relations of the job characteristics model. Journal of Management, 18, 575 593.
170. * Tivendell, J. Bourbonnais, C. (2000). Job insecurity in a sample of Canadian civil servants as a function of personality and perceived job characteristics. Psychological Reports, 87, 55 60.
171. * Unckless, A.L. (1999). Survivor reactions to organizational downsizing: An application of threat rigidity theory. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 (1-B 0401. (UMI No. 9915970)
172. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (2001). Mass layoffs statistics. Washington, DC.
173. United States Census Bureau (2004). Historical income tables: Families. Retrieved 3 December 2005, from http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/f22. html
174. * van der Doef, M. Maes, S. (1999). The Leiden Quality of Work Questionnaire: Its construction, factor structure, and psychometric qualities. Psychological Reports, 85, 954 962.
175. * van Vegchel, N., de Jonge, J., Bakker, A.B. Schaufeli, W.B. (2002). Testing global and specific indicators of rewards in the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model: Does it make any difference? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11, 403 421.
176. * van Vuuren, C.V. Klandermans, P.G. (1990). Individual reactions to job insecurity: An integrated model. In P.J.D. Drenth J.A. Sergeant (Eds.), European perspectives in psychology (pp. 133 146). Chichester, England : Wiley.
177. * Vinnicombe, S. (1984). Communications and job satisfaction: A case study of an airline's cabin crew members. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 5, 2 7.
178. * Vinokur-Kaplan, D., Jayaratne, S. Chess, W.A. (1994). Job satisfaction and retention of social workers in public agencies, non-profit agencies and private practice: The impact of workplace conditions and motivators. Administration in Social Work, 18, 93 121.
179. Viswesvaran, C. Sanchez, J.I. (1998). Moderator search in meta-analysis: A review and cautionary note on existing approaches. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 77 87.
180. Whitener, E.M. (1990). Confusion of confidence intervals and credibility intervals in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 315 321.
181. * Wiesenfeld, B.M., Brockner, J., Petzall, B., Wolf, R. Bailey, J. (2001). Stress and coping among layoff survivors: A self-affirmation analysis. Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An International Journal, 14, 15 34.
182. Williams, M.L., McDaniel, M.A. Nguyen, N.T. (2006). A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of pay level satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 392 413.
183. * Williams, S.V. (2003). An empirical investigation of turnover intentions of internal auditors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 64 (5-A 1741. (UMI No. 3091837)
184. * Wilson, M.G., Dejoy, D.M., Vandenberg, R.J., Richardson, H.A. McGrath, A.L. (2004). Work characteristics and employee health and well-being: Test of a model of healthy work organization. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 565 588.
185. * Wilson, S.M., Larson, J.H. Stone, K.L. (1993). Stress among job insecure workers and their spouses. Family Relations, 42, 74 80.
186. Winer, B.J., Brown, D.R. Michels, K.M. (1991). Statistical principles in experimental design (3rd edn.). New York : McGraw-Hill.
187. * Wong, Y.-T., Ngo, H.-Y. Wong, C.-S. (2002). Affective organizational commitment of workers in Chinese joint ventures. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17, 580 598.
188. * Yeung, D.Y.L. Tang, C.S.-K. (2001). Impact of job characteristics on psychological health of Chinese single working women. Women and Health, 33, 85 100.
189. * Yousef, D.A. (1998). Satisfaction with job security as a predictor of organizational commitment and job performance in a multicultural environment. International Journal of Manpower, 19, 184 194.
190. Zhao, H. Seibert, S.E. (2006). The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 259 271.
191. * Zikiye, A.A. Zikiye, R.A. (1992). The impact of automation on job characteristics: New horizons. Human Systems Management, 11, 157 163.