Applicant attraction to organizations and job choice: A meta-analytic review of the correlates of recruiting outcomes

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 90, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 928-944

  Chapman, Derek S ^a,b   Uggerslev, Krista L ^a,b,c   Carroll, Sarah A ^a,b,d   Piasentin, Kelly A ^a,b   Jones, David A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT   (United States)

Author keywords

Applicant reactions; Job choice; Meta analysis; Person organization fit; Recruiting

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDE; BEHAVIOR; CLINICAL TRIAL; DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; JOB FINDING; META ANALYSIS; ORGANIZATION; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT; REVIEW;

ATTITUDE; CAREER CHOICE; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; INTENTION; JOB APPLICATION; ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE; PERSONNEL SELECTION;

EID: 26444577500     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.928     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Aiman-Smith, L., Bauer, T. N., & Cable, D. M. (2001). Are you attracted? Do you intend to pursue? A recruiting policy-capturing study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16, 219-237.
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
3. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888-918.
4. Anderson, N., Born, M., & Cunningham-Snell, N. (2001). Recruitment and selection: Applicant perspectives and outcomes. In N. Anderson, D. Ones, H. Kepir Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 200-218). London: Sage.
5. Barber, A. E. (1990). Pay as a signal in job choice (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51(4), 1298A.
6. Barber, A. E. (1998). Recruiting employees: Individual and organizational perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
7. Barber, A. E., & Daly, C. L. (1996). Compensation and diversity: New pay for a new workforce? In E. E. Kossek & S. A. Lobel (Eds.), Managing diversity: Human resource strategies for transforming the workplace (pp. 194-216). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
8. Barber, A. E., Hollenbeck, J. R., Tower, S. L., & Phillips, J. M. (1994). The effects of interview focus on recruitment effectiveness: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 886-896.
9. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
10. Bauer, T. N., & Aiman-Smith, L. (1996). Green career choices: The influence of ecological stance on recruiting. Journal of Business and Psychology, 10, 445-458.
11. Bauer, T. N., Maertz, C. P., Dolen, M. R., & Campion, M. A. (1998). Longitudinal assessment of applicant reactions to employment testing and test outcome feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 892-903.
12. Bauer, T. N., Truxillo, D. M., Sanchez, R. J., Craig, J. M., Ferrara, P., & Campion, M. A. (2001). Applicant reactions to selection: Development of the Selection Procedural Justice Scale (SPJS). Personnel Psychology, 54, 387-403.
13. Behling, O., Labovitz, G., & Gainer, M. (1968). College recruiting: A theoretical basis. Personnel Journal, 47, 13-19.
14. Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135-149.
15. Breaugh, J. A. (1992). Recruitment: Science and practice. Boston: PWS-Kent.
16. Breaugh, J. A., & Starke, M. (2000). Research on employee recruitment: So many studies, so many remaining questions. Journal of Management, 26, 405-434.
17. Bretz, R. D., & Judge, T. A. (1994). The role of human resource systems in job applicant decision processes. Journal of Management, 20, 531-551.
18. Cable, D. M., & Judge, T. A. (1994). Pay preferences and job search decisions: A person-organization fit perspective. Personnel Psychology, 47, 317-348.
19. Cable, D. M., & Judge, T. A. (1996). Person-organization fit, job choice decisions, and organizational entry. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67, 294-311.
20. Cable, D. M., & Judge, T. A. (1997). Interviewers' perceptions of person-organization fit and organizational selection decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 546-561.
21. Cable, D. M., & Turban, D. B. (2000, April). The value of organizational image in the recruitment context: A brand equity perspective. Paper presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans, LA.
22. Campion, M. A. (1980). Relationship between interviewers' and applicants' reciprocal evaluations. Psychological Reports, 47, 1335-1338.
23. Carless, S. A. (2002, April). Recruitment and job choice: How important are fit perceptions? Paper presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
24. Chapman, D. S., & Jones, D. A. (2002, August). Recruiting as persuasion: Making the square hole appear round and making the round peg feel square. In D. J. Cohen (Chair), Recruitment and retention. Symposium conducted at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Denver, CO.
25. Chapman, D. S., & Ployhart, R. E. (2001, April). Gender and perceptions of justice violations in the magnitude of perceived injustice. In R. E. Ployhart & D. M. Truxillo (Chairs), Presenting selection information to applicants: Theoretical and practical implications. Symposium conducted at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
26. Chapman, D. S., & Rowe, P. M. (2002). The influence of videoconference technology and interview structure on the recruiting function of the employment interview: A field experiment. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 185-197.
27. Chapman, D. S., Rowe, P. M., & Webster, J. (1999, April). Modeling applicant reactions to selection interview structure and communication medium: Signal detection, justice or meta-perception? In R. L. Dipboye (Chair), From both sides of the desk: Applicant and interviewer perspectives. Symposium conducted at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Atlanta, GA.
28. Chapman, D. S., Uggerslev, K. L., & Webster, J. (2003). Applicant reactions to face-to-face and technology-mediated interviews: A field investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 944-953.
29. Chapman, D. S., & Webster, J. (in press). Toward an integrated model of applicant reactions and job choice. International Journal of Human Resource Management.
30. Chatman, J. A. (1989). Improving interactional organizational research: A model of person-organization fit. Academy of Management Review, 14, 333-349.
31. Chatman, J. A. (1991). Matching people and organizations: Selection and socialization in public accounting firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 459-484.
32. Cober, R. T., Brown, D., Levy, P. E., Cober, A. B., Kermes, J., & Baznik, D. (2002, April). The effects of job-seeker reactions to corporate employment websites. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
33. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
34. Cooper, W. H., & Richardson, A. J. (1986). Unfair comparisons. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 179-184.
35. Crant, J. M., & Bateman, T. S. (1993). Potential job applicant reactions to employee drug testing: The effect of program characteristics and individual differences. Journal of Business and Psychology, 7, 279-290.
36. Feldman, D. C., & Arnold, H. J. (1978). Position choice: Comparing the importance of organizational and job factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 706-710.
37. Gatewood, R. D., Gowan, M. A., & Lautenschlager, G. J. (1993). Corporate image, recruitment image, and initial job choice decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 414-427.
38. Giannantonio, C. M. ( 1989). The effect of recruiter friendliness, verifiable job attributes, and nonverifiable job attributes on reactions to the employment interview (Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland). Dissertation Abstracts International, 50(4), 1002A.
39. Gibelman, M. (2003). So how far have we come? Pestilent and persistent gender gap in pay. Social Work, 48, 22-32.
40. Gilliland, S. W. (1993). The perceived fairness of selection systems: An organizational justice perspective. Academy of Management Review, 18, 694-734.
41. Gilliland, S. W. (1994). Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to a selection system. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 691-701.
42. Harris, M. M., & Fink, L. S. (1987). A field study of employment opportunities: Does the recruiter make a difference? Personnel Psychology, 40, 765-784.
43. Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
44. Hernandez, M., Avery, D. R., & Hebl, M. R. (2001, April). Recruiting diversity: The race is on. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
45. Highhouse, S., Beadle, D., Gallo, A., & Miller, L. (1998). Get 'em while they last! Effects of scarcity information in job advertisements. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 779-795.
46. Highhouse, S., Lievens, F., & Sinar, E. F. (2003). Measuring attraction to organizations. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 63, 986-1001.
47. Highhouse, S., Zickar, M. J., Thorsteinson, T. J., Stierwalt, S. L., & Slaughter, J. (1999). Assessing company employment image: An example in the fast food industry. Personnel Psychology, 52, 151-172.
48. Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (1990). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
49. Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1977). Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. New York: Free Press.
50. Judge, T. A., & Bretz, R. D. (1992). Effects of work values on job choice decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 261-271.
51. Judge, T. A., & Cable, D. M. (1997). Applicant personality, organizational culture, and organization attraction. Personnel Psychology, 50, 359-395.
52. Judge, T. A., & Cable, D. M. (2000, April). Role of organizational information sessions in applicant job search decisions. Paper presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans, LA.
53. Jurgensen, C. E. (1978). Job preferences (what makes a job good or bad?). Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 267-276.
54. Keenan, A. (1978). The selection interview: Candidates' reactions and interviewers' judgements. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17, 201-209.
55. Kinicki, A. J., McKee-Ryan, F. M., Schriesheim, C. A., & Carson, K. P. (2002). Assessing the construct validity of the Job Descriptive Index: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 14-32.
56. Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
57. Kluger, A. N., & Rothstein, H. R. (1993). The influence of selection test type on applicant reactions to employment testing. Journal of Business and Psychology, 8, 3-23.
58. Kristof, A. L. (1996). Person-organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualization, measurement, and implications. Personnel Psychology, 49, 1-50.
59. Lawler, E. E., Kuleck, W. J., Jr., Rhode, J. G., & Sorensen, J. E. (1975). Job choice and post decision dissonance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13, 133-145.
60. Liden, R. C., & Parsons, C. K. (1986). A field study of job applicant interview perceptions, alternative opportunities, and demographic characteristics. Personnel Psychology, 39, 109-122.
61. Lievens, F., Decaesteker, C., Coetsier, P., & Geinaert, J. (2001). Organizational attractiveness for prospective applicants: A person-organisation fit perspective. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 30-51.
62. Lievens, F., & Highhouse, S. (2002, April). The effects of instrumental and symbolic attributes on a company's attractiveness as an employer. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
63. Macan, T. H., Avedon, M. J., Paese, M., & Smith, D. E. (1994). The effects of applicants' reactions to cognitive ability tests and an assessment center. Personnel Psychology, 47, 715-738.
64. Macan, T. H., & Dipboye, R. L. (1990). The relationship of interviewers' preinterview impressions to selection and recruitment outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 43, 745-768.
65. Major, B. (1994). From social inequality to personal entitlement: The role of social comparisons, legitimacy appraisals, and group membership. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 293-335). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
66. Maurer, S. D., Howe, V., & Lee, T. W. (1992). Organizational recruiting as marketing management: An interdisciplinary study of engineering graduates. Personnel Psychology, 45, 807-833.
67. Maynard, D. C., & Ployhart, R. E. (2002). Job attributes, justice perceptions, and applicant outcomes. Unpublished manuscript.
68. Michaels, E., Handfield-Jones, H., & Axelrod, B. (2001). The war for talent. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
69. Millsap, R. E., & Meredith, W. (1994). Statistical evidence in salary discrimination studies: Nonparametric inferential conditions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 29, 339-364.
70. Oliver, D. H. (1998). Exploring applicant reactions to selection processes from an organizational justice perspective. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59(2), 0902B. (UMI No. 9823911)
71. Osborn, D. P. (1990). A reexamination of the organizational choice process. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36, 45-60.
72. Perkins, L. A., Thomas, K. M., & Taylor, G. A. (2000). Advertising and recruitment: Marketing to minorities. Psychology and Marketing, 17, 235-255.
73. Ployhart, R. E., & Ryan, A. M. (1997). Toward an explanation of applicant reactions: An examination of organizational justice and attribution frameworks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72, 308-335.
74. Ployhart, R. E., & Ryan, A. M. (1998). Applicants' reactions to the fairness of selection procedures: The effects of positive rule violations and time of measurement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 3-16.
75. Powell, G. N. (1984). Effects of job attributes and recruiting practices on applicant decisions: A comparison. Personnel Psychology, 37, 721-732.
76. Powell, G. N. (1991). Applicant reactions to the initial employment interview: Exploring theoretical and methodological issues. Personnel Psychology, 44, 67-83.
77. Powell, G. N., & Goulet, L. R. (1996). Recruiters' and applicants' reactions to campus interviews and employment decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1619-1640.
78. Quintero, V. C., & Strickland, O. J. (2002, April). Technology during interviewing: Effects on applicant reactions to interview strategy. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
79. Rafaeli, A. (1999). Pre-employment screening and applicants' attitudes toward an employment opportunity. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 700-712.
80. Ralston, S. M. (1993). Applicant communication satisfaction, intent to accept second interview offers, and recruiter communication style. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 21, 53-65.
81. Rau, B. L., & Hyland, M. A. (2003). Corporate teamwork and diversity statements in college recruitment brochures: Effects on attraction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 2465-2492.
82. Roesch, M. A. (1992). The effects of recruiter friendliness and job information on engineering applicants' stated interest in a second interview. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(6), 3196B-3197B. (UMI No. 9221304)
83. Rottenberg, S. (1956). On choice in labor markets. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 9, 183-199.
84. Ryan, A. M. (2001). Explaining the Black/White test score gap: The role of test perceptions. Human Performance, 14, 45-75.
85. Ryan, A. M., Horvath, M., & Kriska, S. D. (2000, April). The role of recruiting source informativeness and organizational perceptions in decisions to apply. Paper presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans, LA.
86. Ryan, A. M., & Ployhart, R. E. (2000). Applicants' perceptions of selection procedures and decisions: A critical review and agenda for the future. Journal of Management, 20, 565-606.
87. Ryan, A. M., Sacco, J. M., McFarland, L. A., & Kriska, S. D. (2000). Applicant self-selection: Correlates of withdrawal from a multiple hurdle process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 163-179.
88. Rynes, S. L. (1991). Recruitment, job choice, and post-hire consequences: A call for new research directions. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 399-444). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
89. Rynes, S. L., Bretz, R. D., Jr., & Gerhart, B. (1991). The importance of recruitment in job choice: A different way of looking. Personnel Psychology, 44, 487-521.
90. Rynes, S. L., & Cable, D. M. (2003). Recruitment research in the twenty-first century. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 55-76). New York: Wiley.
91. Rynes, S. L., & Lawler, J. (1983). A policy-capturing investigation of the role of expectancies in decision to pursue job alternatives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 620-631.
92. Rynes, S. L., Schwab, D. P., & Heneman, H. G. (1983). The role of pay and market pay variability in job application decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31, 353-364.
93. Saks, A. M. (1989). An examination of the combined effects of realistic job previews, job attractiveness and recruiter affect on job acceptance decisions. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 38, 145-163.
94. Saks, A. M., & Cronshaw, S. F. (1990). A process investigation of realistic job previews: Mediating variables and channels of communication. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 221-236.
95. Saks, A. M., Leck, J. D., & Saunders, D. M. (1995). Effects of application blanks and employment equity on applicant reactions and job pursuit intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 415-430.
96. Saks, A. M., Wiesner, W. H., & Summers, R. J. (1994). Effects of job previews on self-selection and job choice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 44, 297-316.
97. Scheu, C. R., & Ryan, A. M. (2001). Achieving recruiting goals: Applying what we know about person-organization fit across a range of organizational image. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
98. Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2001). Meta-analysis. In N. Anderson, D. Ones, H. Kepir Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 51-70). London: Sage.
99. Schmitt, N., & Coyle, B. W. (1976). Applicant decisions in the employment interview. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 184-192.
100. Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437-453.
101. Schurkamp, C. B., & Schmitt, N. (2002, April). Applicant reactions to selection procedure fairness: The impact of interpersonal effectiveness of the test administrator. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
102. Shultz, J. W., Jones, D. A., & Chapman, D. S. (2004, April). The elaboration likelihood model, job ads, and application decisions. Paper presented at the 19th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Chicago, IL.
103. Smither, J. W., Millsap, R. E., Stoffey, R. W., Reilly, R. R., & Pearlman, K. (1996). An experimental test of the influence of selection procedures on fairness perceptions, attitudes about the organization, and job pursuit intentions. Journal of Business & Psychology, 10, 297-318.
104. Smither, J. W., Reilly, R. R., Millsap, R. E., Pearlman, K., & Stoffey, R. W. (1993). Applicants reactions to selection procedures. Personnel Psychology, 46, 49-75.
105. Soelberg, P. O. (1967). Unprogrammed decision making. Industrial Management Review, 8, 19-29.
106. Steel, P. D., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2002). Comparing meta-analytic moderator estimation techniques under realistic conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 96-111.
107. Stevens, C. K. (1997). Effects of preinterview beliefs on applicants' reactions to campus interviews. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 947-966.
108. Stevens, C. K. (1998). Antecedents of interview interactions, interviewers' ratings, and applicants' reactions. Personnel Psychology, 51, 55-86.
109. Stevens, C. K., Dragoni, L., & Collins, C. J. (2001, April). Familiarity, organizational images, and perceived fit as antecedents to the application decision of new graduates. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
110. Taylor, M. S., & Bergmann, T. J. (1987). Organizational recruitment activities and applicants' reactions at different stages of the recruitment process. Personnel Psychology, 40, 261-285.
111. Tett, R., & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analysis based on meta-analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46, 259-293.
112. Thorsteinson, T. J., Billings, M. A., & Joyce, M. C. (2001, April). Matching recruitment messages to applicant preferences. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
113. Tom, V. R. (1971). The role of personality and organizational images in the recruiting process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6, 573-592.
114. Truxillo, D. M., & Bauer, T. N. (2001, April). Selection information, personality, and applicant reactions: A field quasi-experiment. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
115. Truxillo, D. M., Bauer, T. N., Campion, M. A., & Paronto, M. E. (2002). Selection fairness information and applicant reactions: A longitudinal field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 1020-1031.
116. Turban, D. B. (2001). Organizational attractiveness as an employer on college campuses: An examination of the applicant population. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 293-312.
117. Turban, D. B., & Dougherty, T. W. (1992). Influences of campus recruiting on applicant attraction to firms. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 739-765.
118. Turban, D. B., Eyring, A. R., & Campion, J. E. (1993). Job attributes: Preferences compared with reasons given for accepting and rejecting job offers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 66, 71-81.
119. Turban, D. B., Forret, M. L., & Hendrickson, C. L. (1998). Applicant attraction to firms: Influences of organizational reputation, job and organizational attributes and recruiter behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52, 24-44.
120. Turban, D. B., & Greening, D. W. (1997). Corporate social performance and organizational attractiveness to prospective employees. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 658-672.
121. Turban, D. B., & Keon, T. L. (1993). Organizational attractiveness: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 184-193.
122. Turban, D. B., Lau, C., Ngo, H., Chow, I. H., & Si, S. X. (2001). Organizational attractiveness of firms in the People's Republic of China: A person-organization fit perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 194-206.
123. Vroom, V. H. (1966). Organizational choice: A study of pre- and postdecision processes. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1, 212-225.
124. Wanous, J. P., & Collela, A. (1989). Organizational entry research: Current status and future directions. In K. Rowland & G. Ferris (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 7, pp. 59-120). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
125. Whitener, E. M. (1990). Confusion of confidence intervals and credibility intervals in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 315-321.
126. Wiersma, U. J. (1990). Gender differences in job attribute preferences: Work-home role conflict and job level as mediating variables. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 231-243.
127. Williams, L. J., Bozdogan, H., & Aiman-Smith, L. (1996). Inference problems with equivalent models. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumacker (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques (pp. 279-314). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
128. Winter, P. A. (1996). Applicant evaluations of formal position advertisements: The influence of sex, job message content, and information order. Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 10, 105-116.