p21 and p27 induction by silibinin is essential for its cell cycle arrest effect in prostate carcinoma cells

Molecular Cancer Therapeutics

Volumn 6, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 2696-2707

  Roy, Srirupa ^a   Kaur, Manjinder ^a   Agarwal, Chapla ^a   Tecklenburg, Marianne ^b,c   Sclafani, Robert A ^b,c   Agarwal, Rajesh ^a,c,d  

^a School of Pharmacy   (United States)

^b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics ^*

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR 1; CYCLOHEXIMIDE; MESSENGER RNA; PROTEIN P21; PROTEIN P27; S PHASE KINASE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 2; SILIBININ; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; THREONINE;

ARTICLE; CELL CYCLE ARREST; CELL CYCLE G1 PHASE; CELL LINE; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RNA INTERFERENCE; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION;

ANTIOXIDANTS; BLOTTING, WESTERN; BROMODEOXYURIDINE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21; CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27; G1 PHASE; HUMANS; IMMUNOPRECIPITATION; LUCIFERASES; MALE; MILK THISTLE; PHOSPHORYLATION; PROMOTER REGIONS (GENETICS); PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA, MESSENGER; RNA, SMALL INTERFERING; S-PHASE KINASE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS; SILYMARIN;

EID: 35848966581     PISSN: 15357163     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-0104     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Agarwal C, Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, et al. Silibinin upregulates the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. Oncogene 2003;22:8271-82.
2. Mallikarjuna G, Dhanalakshmi S, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin protects against photocarcinogenesis via modulation of cell cycle regulators, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and Akt signaling. Cancer Res 2004;64:6349-56.
3. Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Tyagi AK, et al. Dietary feeding of silibinin inhibits advance human prostate carcinoma growth in athymic nude mice and increases plasma insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels. Cancer Res 2002;62:3063-9.
4. Deep G, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Kroll DJ, Agarwal R. Silymarin and silibinin cause G1 and G2-M cell cycle arrest via distinct circuitries in human prostate cancer PC3 cells: a comparison of flavanone silibinin with flavanolignan mixture silymarin. Oncogene 2006;25:1053-69.
5. Tyagi A, Agarwal C, Harrison G, Glode LM, Agarwal R. Silibinin causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cells by regulating CDKI-CDK-cyclin cascade, and caspase 3 and PARP cleavages. Carcinogenesis 2004;25:1711-20.
6. Sharifi N, Gulley JL, Dahut WL. Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. JAMA 2005;294:238-44.
7. Chen CD, Welsbie DS, Tran C, et al. Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Nat Med 2004;10:33-9.
8. Thelen P, Wuttke W, Jarry H, Grzmil M, Ringert RH. Inhibition of telomerase activity and secretion of prostate specific antigen by silibinin in prostate cancer cells. J Urol 2004;171:1934-8.
9. Singh RP, Agarwal R. Prostate cancer prevention by silibinin. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2004;4:1-11.
10. Flaig TW, Gustafson DL, Su LJ, et al. A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of silybin-phytosome in prostate cancer patients. Invest New Drugs 2006;25:139-46.
11. Obaya AJ, Sedivy JM. Regulation of cyclin-Cdk activity in mammalian cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2002;59:126-42.
12. MacLachlan TK, Sang N, Giordano A. Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and cdk inhibitors: implications in cell cycle control and cancer. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 1995;5:127-56.
13. Elsayed YA, Sausville EA. Selected novel anticancer treatments targeting cell signaling proteins. Oncologist 2001;6:517-37.
14. Pavletich NP. Mechanisms of cyclin-dependent kinase regulation: structures of cdks, their cyclin activators, and Cip and INK4 inhibitors. J Mol Biol 1999;287:821-8.
15. Eastham JAHS, Sehgal I, Wang J, et al. In vivo gene therapy with p53 or p21 adenovirus for prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1995;55:5151-5.
16. Craig C, Wersto R, Kim M, et al. A recombinant adenovirus expressing p27Kip1 induces cell cycle arrest and loss of cyclin-Cdk activity in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 1997;14:2283-9.
17. Chen J, Willingham T, Shuford M, et al. Effects of ectopic over-expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) on aneuploidy and the malignant phenotype of human brain tumor cells. Oncogene 1996;13:1395-403.
18. Ponce-Castaneda MV, Lee MH, Latres E, et al. p27Kip1: chromosomal mapping to 12p12-12p13.1 and absence of mutations in human tumors. Cancer Res 1995;55:1211-4.
19. Shiohara M, Koike K, Komiyama A, Koeffler HP. p21WAF1 mutations and human malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 1997;26:35-41.
20. Hirsch CL, Bonham K. Histone deacetylase inhibitors regulate p21WAF1 gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in HepG2 cells. FEBS Lett 2004;570:37-40.
21. Leung-Pineda V, Pan Y, Chen H, Kilberg MS. Induction of p21 and p27 expression by amino acid deprivation of HepG2 human hepatoma cells involves mRNA stabilization. Biochem J 2004;379:79-88.
22. Park JS, Qiao L, Gilfor D, et al. A role for both Ets and C/EBP transcription factors and mRNA stabilization in the MAPK-dependent increase in p21 (Cip-1/WAF1/mda6) protein levels in primary hepatocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2000;11:2915-32.
23. el-Deiry WS, Harper JW, O'Connor PM, et al. WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res 1994;54:1169-74.
24. Aliouat-Denis CM, Dendouga N, Van den Wyngaert I, et al. p53-independent regulation of p21Waf1/Cip1 expression and senescence by Chk2. Mol Cancer Res 2005;3:627-34.
25. Aguero MF, Facchinetti MM, Sheleg Z, Senderowicz AM. Phenoxodiol, a novel isoflavone, induces G1 arrest by specific loss in cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity by p53-independent induction of p21WAF1/CIP1. Cancer Res 2005;65:3364-73.
26. Schmelz K, Wagner M, Dorken B, Tamm I. 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine induces p21WAF expression by demethylation of p73 leading to p53-independent apoptosis inmyeloid leukemia. Int J Cancer 2005;114:683-95.
27. Yang X, Wang W, Fan J, et al. Prostaglandin A2-mediated stabilization of p21 mRNA through an ERK-dependent pathway requiring the RNA-binding protein HuR. J Biol Chem 2004;279:49298-306.
28. Wang W, Furneaux H, Cheng H, et al. HuR Regulates p21 mRNA stabilization by UV light. Mol Cell Biol 2000;20:760-9.
29. Kullmann M, Gopfert U, Siewe B, Hengst L. ELAV/Hu proteins inhibit p27 translation via an IRES element in the p27 5′UTR. Genes Dev 2002;16:3087-99.
30. Deshaies RJ. SCF and Cullin/Ring H2-based ubiquitin ligases. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1999;15:435-67.
31. Tyagi A, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Inhibition of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation at serine sites and an increase in Rb-E2F complex formation by silibinin in androgen-dependent human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells: role in prostate cancer prevention. Mol Cancer Ther 2002;1:525-32.
32. Zi X, Grasso AW, Kung HJ, Agarwal R. A flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, inhibits activation of erbB1 signaling and induces cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, G1 arrest, and anticarcinogenic effects in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. Cancer Res 1998;58:1920-9.
33. Xiao H, Hasegawa T, Isobe K. Both Sp1 and Sp3 are responsible for p21waf1 promoter activity induced by histone deacetylase inhibitor in NIH3T3 cells. J Cell Biochem 1999;73:291-302.
34. Tyagi A, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. The cancer preventive flavonoid silibinin causes hypophosphorylation of Rb/p107 and Rb2/p130 via modulation of cell cycle regulators in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. Cell Cycle 2002;1:137-42.
35. 1 arrest, leading to differentiation of prostate carcinoma cells: implications for prostate cancer intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:7490-5.
36. Medema RH, Kops GJPL, Bos JL, Burgering BMT. AFX-like Forkhead transcription factors mediate cell-cycle regulation by Ras and PKB through p27kip1. Nature 2000;404:782-7.
37. Gartel AL, Tyner AL. Transcriptional regulation of the p21((WAF1/CIP1)) gene. Exp Cell Res 1999;246:280-9.
38. DeGregori J, Johnson DG. Distinct and overlapping roles for E2F family members in transcription, proliferation and apoptosis. Curr Mol Med 2006;6:739-48.
39. Angus SP, Mayhew CN, Solomon DA, et al. RB reversibly inhibits DNA replication via two temporally distinct mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol 2004;24:5404-20.
40. Maddison LA, Sutherland BW, Barrios RJ, Greenberg NM. Conditional deletion of Rb causes early stage prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2004;64:6018-25.
41. Coqueret O. New roles for p21 and p27 cell-cycle inhibitors: a function for each cell compartment? Trends Cell Biol 2003;13:65-70.
42. Luo Y, Hurwitz J, Massague J. Cell-cycle inhibition by independent CDK and PCNA binding domains in p21Cip1. Nature 1995;375:159-61.
43. Amati B, Vlach J. Kip1 meets SKP2: new links in cell-cycle control. Nat Cell Biol 1999;1:E91-3.
44. Hershko D, Bornstein G, Ben-Izhak O, et al. Inverse relation between levels of p27(Kip1) and of its ubiquitin ligase subunit Skp2 in colorectal carcinomas. Cancer 2001;91:1745-51.
45. 1 and S phase. Nature 2001;413:323-7.
46. Wang W, Nacusi L, Sheaff RJ, Liu X. Ubiquitination of p21Cip1/WAF1 by SCFSkp2: substrate requirement and ubiquitination site selection. Biochemistry 2005;44:14553-64.
47. Chen X, Chi Y, Bloecher A, et al. N-Acetylation and Ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of p21Cip1. Mol Cell 2004;16:839-47.
48. Bornstein G, Bloom J, Sitry-Shevah D, et al. Role of the SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase in the degradation of p21Cip1 in S phase. J Biol Chem 2003;278:25752-7.