메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 1079-1118

Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review

Author keywords

Chemical characterization; Diesel; Particulate matter; PM; Soot

Indexed keywords

CHARACTERIZATION; DIESEL ENGINES; EXHAUST SYSTEMS (ENGINE); SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION; SOOT;

EID: 35448965194     PISSN: 00218502     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.08.001     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (791)

References (259)
  • 1
    • 35448991596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abdul-Khalek, I. S., Kittelson, D. B., & Brear, F. (1998). Diesel trap performance: Particle size measurements and trends. SAE Technical Paper 982599.
  • 2
    • 35448996407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACEA (2002). Report on small particle emissions from passenger cars [2]. European Automobile Manufacturers Association 〈http://www.acea.be〉.
  • 3
    • 2342474004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of diesel particles: Effects of fuel reformulation, exhaust aftertreatment, and engine operation on particle carbon composition and volatility
    • Ålander T.J.A., Leskinen A.P., Raunemaa T.M., and Rantanen L. Characterization of diesel particles: Effects of fuel reformulation, exhaust aftertreatment, and engine operation on particle carbon composition and volatility. Environmental Science & Technology 38 (2004) 2707-2714
    • (2004) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.38 , pp. 2707-2714
    • Ålander, T.J.A.1    Leskinen, A.P.2    Raunemaa, T.M.3    Rantanen, L.4
  • 4
    • 0034145102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albers, P. W., Klein, H., Lox, E. S., Seibold, K., Prescher, G., & Parker, S. F. (2000). INS-, SIMS- and XPS-investigations of diesel engine exhaust particles. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2, 1051-1058.
  • 7
    • 22344454470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of 1047-nm photoacoustic instruments and photoelectric aerosol sensors in source sampling of black carbon aerosol and particle-bound PAHs from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles
    • Arnott W.P., Zielinska B., Rogers C.F., Sagebiel J., Park K., Chow J., et al. Evaluation of 1047-nm photoacoustic instruments and photoelectric aerosol sensors in source sampling of black carbon aerosol and particle-bound PAHs from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 39 (2005) 5398-5406
    • (2005) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.39 , pp. 5398-5406
    • Arnott, W.P.1    Zielinska, B.2    Rogers, C.F.3    Sagebiel, J.4    Park, K.5    Chow, J.6
  • 8
    • 0033200841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engine dynamometer experiments: Platinum emissions from differently aged three-way catalytic converters
    • Artelt S., Kock H., König H.P., Levsen K., and Rosner G. Engine dynamometer experiments: Platinum emissions from differently aged three-way catalytic converters. Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999) 3559-3567
    • (1999) Atmospheric Environment , vol.33 , pp. 3559-3567
    • Artelt, S.1    Kock, H.2    König, H.P.3    Levsen, K.4    Rosner, G.5
  • 9
    • 0032080460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of an oxidation catalytic converter and a biodiesel fuel on the chemical, mutagenic, and particle size characteristics of emissions from a diesel engine
    • Bagley S.T., Gratz L.D., Johnson J.H., and McDonald J.F. Effects of an oxidation catalytic converter and a biodiesel fuel on the chemical, mutagenic, and particle size characteristics of emissions from a diesel engine. Environmental Science & Technology 32 (1998) 1183-1191
    • (1998) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.32 , pp. 1183-1191
    • Bagley, S.T.1    Gratz, L.D.2    Johnson, J.H.3    McDonald, J.F.4
  • 10
    • 35449007189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ball, J. (2001). A toxicological evaluation of potential thermal degradation products of urea. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3621.
  • 11
    • 35448991209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x emissions. SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0475.
  • 12
    • 35448976399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ball, J. C., Lapin, C., Buckingham, J., Frame, E., Yost, D., Garbak, J., et al. (2001). Dimethoxy methane in diesel fuel: Part 1. The effect of fuels and engine operating modes on emissions of toxic air pollutants and gas/solid phase PAH. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3627.
  • 13
    • 35449006629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x adsorbers. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-3011.
  • 14
    • 0021612578 scopus 로고
    • Chemical and biological properties of diesel exhaust particles collected during selected segments of a simulated driving cycle
    • Bechtold W.E., Dutcher J.S., Mokler B.V., Lopez J.A., Wolf I., Li A.P., et al. Chemical and biological properties of diesel exhaust particles collected during selected segments of a simulated driving cycle. Toxicological Sciences 4 (1984) 370-377
    • (1984) Toxicological Sciences , vol.4 , pp. 370-377
    • Bechtold, W.E.1    Dutcher, J.S.2    Mokler, B.V.3    Lopez, J.A.4    Wolf, I.5    Li, A.P.6
  • 15
    • 0024748329 scopus 로고
    • Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A roadway tunnel study
    • Benner Jr. B.A., Gordon G.E., and Wise S.A. Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A roadway tunnel study. Environmental Science & Technology 23 (1989) 1269-1278
    • (1989) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.23 , pp. 1269-1278
    • Benner Jr., B.A.1    Gordon, G.E.2    Wise, S.A.3
  • 16
    • 0033263870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening of aerosol filter samples for PAHs and Nitro-PAHs by laser desorption ionization TOF mass spectrometry
    • Bezabeh D.Z. Screening of aerosol filter samples for PAHs and Nitro-PAHs by laser desorption ionization TOF mass spectrometry. Aerosol Science and Technology 30 (1999) 288-299
    • (1999) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.30 , pp. 288-299
    • Bezabeh, D.Z.1
  • 17
    • 0037709892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel particulate-related standard reference materials by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative ion chemical ionization
    • Bezabeh D.Z., Bamford H.A., Schantz M.M., and Wise S.A. Determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel particulate-related standard reference materials by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative ion chemical ionization. Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry 375 (2003) 381-388
    • (2003) Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry , vol.375 , pp. 381-388
    • Bezabeh, D.Z.1    Bamford, H.A.2    Schantz, M.M.3    Wise, S.A.4
  • 18
    • 33748919142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of ferrocene on the structure of diesel exhaust soot as probed with wide-angle X-ray scattering and C(1s) NEXAFS spectroscopy
    • Braun A., Huggins F.E., Kelly K.E., Mun B.S., Ehrlich S.N., and Huffman G.P. Impact of ferrocene on the structure of diesel exhaust soot as probed with wide-angle X-ray scattering and C(1s) NEXAFS spectroscopy. Carbon 44 (2006) 2904-2911
    • (2006) Carbon , vol.44 , pp. 2904-2911
    • Braun, A.1    Huggins, F.E.2    Kelly, K.E.3    Mun, B.S.4    Ehrlich, S.N.5    Huffman, G.P.6
  • 19
    • 35448980685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Braun, A., Huggins, F. E., Kubátová, A., Wirick, S., Maricq, M. M., Mun, B. S., et al. (2007). Towards distinguishing wood-smoke and diesel exhaust particulates in ambient particulate matter. Environmental Science & Technology, submitted for publication.
  • 20
    • 9444243286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advantages of soft X-ray absorption over TEM-EELS for solid carbon studies-a comparative study on diesel soot with EELS and NEXAFS
    • Braun A., Huggins F.E., Shah N., Chen Y., Wirick S., Mun S.B., et al. Advantages of soft X-ray absorption over TEM-EELS for solid carbon studies-a comparative study on diesel soot with EELS and NEXAFS. Carbon 43 (2005) 117-124
    • (2005) Carbon , vol.43 , pp. 117-124
    • Braun, A.1    Huggins, F.E.2    Shah, N.3    Chen, Y.4    Wirick, S.5    Mun, S.B.6
  • 22
    • 23144441293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-ray scattering and spectroscopy studies on diesel soot from oxygenated fuel under various engine load conditions
    • Braun A., Shah N., Huggins F.E., Kelly K.E., Sarofim A., Jacobsen C., et al. X-ray scattering and spectroscopy studies on diesel soot from oxygenated fuel under various engine load conditions. Carbon 43 (2005) 2588-2599
    • (2005) Carbon , vol.43 , pp. 2588-2599
    • Braun, A.1    Shah, N.2    Huggins, F.E.3    Kelly, K.E.4    Sarofim, A.5    Jacobsen, C.6
  • 24
    • 20444424901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review
    • Burtscher H. Physical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review. Journal of Aerosol Science 36 (2005) 896-932
    • (2005) Journal of Aerosol Science , vol.36 , pp. 896-932
    • Burtscher, H.1
  • 25
    • 0035156764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Separation of volatile and non-volatile aerosol fractions by thermodesorption: Instrumental development and applications
    • Burtscher H., Baltensperger U., Bukowiecki N., Cohn P., Hüglin C., Mohr M., et al. Separation of volatile and non-volatile aerosol fractions by thermodesorption: Instrumental development and applications. Journal of Aerosol Science 32 (2001) 427-442
    • (2001) Journal of Aerosol Science , vol.32 , pp. 427-442
    • Burtscher, H.1    Baltensperger, U.2    Bukowiecki, N.3    Cohn, P.4    Hüglin, C.5    Mohr, M.6
  • 26
    • 0034539289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-color laser induced evaporation dynamics of liquid aerosols probed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry
    • Cabalo J., Zelenyuk A., Baer T., and Miller R.E. Two-color laser induced evaporation dynamics of liquid aerosols probed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Aerosol Science & Technology 33 (2000) 3-19
    • (2000) Aerosol Science & Technology , vol.33 , pp. 3-19
    • Cabalo, J.1    Zelenyuk, A.2    Baer, T.3    Miller, R.E.4
  • 27
    • 0019277252 scopus 로고
    • An automated carbon analyzer for particulate samples
    • Cadle S.H., Groblicki P.J., and Stroup D.P. An automated carbon analyzer for particulate samples. Analytical Chemistry 52 (1980) 2201-2206
    • (1980) Analytical Chemistry , vol.52 , pp. 2201-2206
    • Cadle, S.H.1    Groblicki, P.J.2    Stroup, D.P.3
  • 32
    • 35448973248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caprotti, R., Field, I., Michelin, J., Schuerholz, S., & Terres, F. (2003). Development of a novel DPF additive. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3165.
  • 33
    • 35448979455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CFR (2007). Code of Federal Regulations Title 40, Protection of Environment, Part 1065-Engine Testing〈 http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=94cf84cc9b9 f6927a1ff4daf8d7f8642&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40cfr1065_main_02.tpl 〉.
  • 34
    • 35448933569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chase, R. E., Duszkiewicz, G. J., Lewis, D., & Podsiadlik, D. H. (2005). Reducing PM measurement variability by controlling static charge. SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0193.
  • 35
    • 35448954363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chase, R. E., Duszkiewicz, G. J., Richert, J. F. O., Lewis, D., Maricq, M. M., & Xu, N. (2004). PM measurement artifact: Organic vapor deposition on different filter media. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0967.
  • 36
    • 35448994289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cheng, Y., Cavataio, J. V., Belanger, W. D., Hoard, J. W., & Hammerle, R. H. (2004). Factors affecting diesel LNT durability in lab reactor studies. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0156.
  • 38
    • 0027609438 scopus 로고
    • The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies
    • Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Pritchett L.C., Pierson W.R., Frazier C.A., and Purcell R.G. The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies. Atmospheric Environment 27A (1993) 1185-1201
    • (1993) Atmospheric Environment , vol.27 A , pp. 1185-1201
    • Chow, J.C.1    Watson, J.G.2    Pritchett, L.C.3    Pierson, W.R.4    Frazier, C.A.5    Purcell, R.G.6
  • 40
    • 0032485824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of chemical-structural changes in vitrinite accompanying luminescence alteration using C-NEXAFS analysis
    • Cody G.D., Ade H., Wirick S., Mitchell G.D., and Davis A. Determination of chemical-structural changes in vitrinite accompanying luminescence alteration using C-NEXAFS analysis. Organic Geochemistry 28 (1998) 441-455
    • (1998) Organic Geochemistry , vol.28 , pp. 441-455
    • Cody, G.D.1    Ade, H.2    Wirick, S.3    Mitchell, G.D.4    Davis, A.5
  • 41
    • 0001171851 scopus 로고
    • Inner-shell spectroscopy and imaging of a subbituminous coal: In-situ analysis of organic and inorganic microstructures using C(1s)-, Ca(2p)-, and Cl(2s)-NEXAFS
    • Cody G.D., Botto R.E., Ade H., Behal S., Disko M., and Wirick S. Inner-shell spectroscopy and imaging of a subbituminous coal: In-situ analysis of organic and inorganic microstructures using C(1s)-, Ca(2p)-, and Cl(2s)-NEXAFS. Energy & Fuels 9 (1995) 525-533
    • (1995) Energy & Fuels , vol.9 , pp. 525-533
    • Cody, G.D.1    Botto, R.E.2    Ade, H.3    Behal, S.4    Disko, M.5    Wirick, S.6
  • 42
    • 10844248433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the soluble organic fraction on the thermal behaviour, texture and surface chemistry of diesel exhaust soot
    • Collura S., Chaoui N., Azambre B., Finqueneisel G., Heintz O., Krzton A., et al. Influence of the soluble organic fraction on the thermal behaviour, texture and surface chemistry of diesel exhaust soot. Carbon 43 (2005) 605-613
    • (2005) Carbon , vol.43 , pp. 605-613
    • Collura, S.1    Chaoui, N.2    Azambre, B.3    Finqueneisel, G.4    Heintz, O.5    Krzton, A.6
  • 43
    • 30344473060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of ceramic materials for diesel particulate filter applications
    • Cutler W.A. Overview of ceramic materials for diesel particulate filter applications. Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings 25 (2004) 421-430
    • (2004) Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings , vol.25 , pp. 421-430
    • Cutler, W.A.1
  • 44
    • 0022554334 scopus 로고
    • Profiles of organic particulate matter emissions from air pollution sources: Status and needs for receptor source apportionment modeling
    • Daisey J.M., Cheney J.L., and Lioy P.J. Profiles of organic particulate matter emissions from air pollution sources: Status and needs for receptor source apportionment modeling. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 36 (1986) 17-33
    • (1986) Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association , vol.36 , pp. 17-33
    • Daisey, J.M.1    Cheney, J.L.2    Lioy, P.J.3
  • 47
    • 0036720884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a high volume cascade impactor for toxicological and chemical characterization studies
    • Demokritou P., Kavouras I.G., Ferguson S.T., and Koutrakis P. Development of a high volume cascade impactor for toxicological and chemical characterization studies. Aerosol Science and Technology 36 (2002) 925-933
    • (2002) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.36 , pp. 925-933
    • Demokritou, P.1    Kavouras, I.G.2    Ferguson, S.T.3    Koutrakis, P.4
  • 48
    • 35448988841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dieselnet (2007). Emission test cycles〈 http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/〉.
  • 49
    • 34547136714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Durbin, T. D., Cocker III, D. R., Sawant, A. A., Johnson, K., Miller, J. W., Holden, B. B., et al. (2007). Regulated emissions from biodiesel fuels from on/off-road applications. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 5647-5658.
  • 50
    • 0037089029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of biodiesel blends and Arco EC-diesel on emissions from light heavy-duty diesel vehicles
    • Durbin T.D., and Norbeck J.M. Effects of biodiesel blends and Arco EC-diesel on emissions from light heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 36 (2002) 1686-1691
    • (2002) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.36 , pp. 1686-1691
    • Durbin, T.D.1    Norbeck, J.M.2
  • 53
    • 33646719084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fast determination of the relative elemental and organic carbon content of aerosol samples by on-line single particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry
    • Ferge T., Karg E., Schröppel A., Coffee K.R., Tobias H.J., Frank M., et al. Fast determination of the relative elemental and organic carbon content of aerosol samples by on-line single particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Environmental Science & Technology 40 (2006) 3327-3335
    • (2006) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.40 , pp. 3327-3335
    • Ferge, T.1    Karg, E.2    Schröppel, A.3    Coffee, K.R.4    Tobias, H.J.5    Frank, M.6
  • 54
    • 0029326585 scopus 로고
    • Inelastic neutron-scattering study of the proton dynamics in coals
    • Fillaux F., Papoular R., Lautié A., and Tomkinson J. Inelastic neutron-scattering study of the proton dynamics in coals. Fuels 74 (1995) 865-873
    • (1995) Fuels , vol.74 , pp. 865-873
    • Fillaux, F.1    Papoular, R.2    Lautié, A.3    Tomkinson, J.4
  • 55
    • 0016964354 scopus 로고
    • Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence techniques
    • Fox M.A., and Staley S.W. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence techniques. Analytical Chemistry 48 (1976) 992-998
    • (1976) Analytical Chemistry , vol.48 , pp. 992-998
    • Fox, M.A.1    Staley, S.W.2
  • 56
    • 0342338495 scopus 로고
    • Inner-shell spectroscopy of p-benzoquinone, hydroquinone, and phenol: Distinguishing quinoid and benzenoid structures
    • Francis J.T., and Hitchcock A.P. Inner-shell spectroscopy of p-benzoquinone, hydroquinone, and phenol: Distinguishing quinoid and benzenoid structures. Journal of Physical Chemistry 96 (1992) 6598-6610
    • (1992) Journal of Physical Chemistry , vol.96 , pp. 6598-6610
    • Francis, J.T.1    Hitchcock, A.P.2
  • 57
    • 85072441183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frank, B. P., Tang, S., Lanni, T., Rideout, G., Beregszanszy, C., Meyer, N., et al. (2004). A study of the effects of fuel type and emission control systems on regulated gaseous emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1085.
  • 58
    • 0032527791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gas-phase and particle-phase organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle traffic in a Los Angeles roadway tunnel
    • Fraser M.P., Cass G.R., and Simoneit B.R.T. Gas-phase and particle-phase organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle traffic in a Los Angeles roadway tunnel. Environmental Science & Technology 32 (1998) 2051-2060
    • (1998) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.32 , pp. 2051-2060
    • Fraser, M.P.1    Cass, G.R.2    Simoneit, B.R.T.3
  • 59
    • 0033180883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particulate organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle exhaust and in the urban atmosphere
    • Fraser M.P., Cass G.R., and Simoneit B.R.T. Particulate organic compounds emitted from motor vehicle exhaust and in the urban atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999) 2715-2724
    • (1999) Atmospheric Environment , vol.33 , pp. 2715-2724
    • Fraser, M.P.1    Cass, G.R.2    Simoneit, B.R.T.3
  • 60
    • 0031572710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Real-time analysis of individual atmospheric aerosol particles: Design, and performance of a portable ATOFMS
    • Gard E., Mayer J.E., Morrical B.D., Dienes T., Fergenson D.P., and Prather K.A. Real-time analysis of individual atmospheric aerosol particles: Design, and performance of a portable ATOFMS. Analytical Chemistry 69 (1997) 4083-4091
    • (1997) Analytical Chemistry , vol.69 , pp. 4083-4091
    • Gard, E.1    Mayer, J.E.2    Morrical, B.D.3    Dienes, T.4    Fergenson, D.P.5    Prather, K.A.6
  • 61
    • 35448966525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gautum, M., & Clark, N. N. (2003). E-55/E-59 reports on heavy-duty vehicle emissions. Coordinating research council, recent reports and study results〈 http://www.crcao.com/〉.
  • 63
    • 33748763274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physicochemical and redox characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from gasoline and diesel passenger cars
    • Geller M.D., Ntziachristos L., Mamakos A., Samaras Z., Schmitz D.A., Froines J.R., et al. Physicochemical and redox characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from gasoline and diesel passenger cars. Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006) 6988-7004
    • (2006) Atmospheric Environment , vol.40 , pp. 6988-7004
    • Geller, M.D.1    Ntziachristos, L.2    Mamakos, A.3    Samaras, Z.4    Schmitz, D.A.5    Froines, J.R.6
  • 64
    • 27744459329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurements of particle number and mass concentrations and size distributions in a tunnel environment
    • Geller M.D., Sardar S.B., Phuleria H., Fine P.M., and Sioutas C. Measurements of particle number and mass concentrations and size distributions in a tunnel environment. Environmental Science & Technology 39 (2005) 8653-8663
    • (2005) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.39 , pp. 8653-8663
    • Geller, M.D.1    Sardar, S.B.2    Phuleria, H.3    Fine, P.M.4    Sioutas, C.5
  • 65
    • 17844399287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diesel vs. gasoline emissions: Does PM from diesel or gasoline vehicles dominate in the US?
    • Gertler A.W. Diesel vs. gasoline emissions: Does PM from diesel or gasoline vehicles dominate in the US?. Atmospheric Environment 39 (2005) 2349-2355
    • (2005) Atmospheric Environment , vol.39 , pp. 2349-2355
    • Gertler, A.W.1
  • 66
    • 35448961983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Givens, W. A., Buck, W. H., Jackson, A., Kaldor, A., Hertzberg, A., Moehrmann, W., et al. (2003). Lube formulation effects on transfer of elements to exhaust after-treatment system components. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3109.
  • 68
    • 19444363295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability of single particle tracers for differentiating between heavy- and light-duty vehicle emissions
    • Gross D.S., Barron A.R., Sukovich E.M., Warren B.S., Jarvis J.C., Suess D.T., et al. Stability of single particle tracers for differentiating between heavy- and light-duty vehicle emissions. Atmospheric Environment 39 (2005) 2889-2901
    • (2005) Atmospheric Environment , vol.39 , pp. 2889-2901
    • Gross, D.S.1    Barron, A.R.2    Sukovich, E.M.3    Warren, B.S.4    Jarvis, J.C.5    Suess, D.T.6
  • 70
    • 35448954803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guerrassi, N., & Dupraz, P. (1998). A common rail injection system for high speed direct injection diesel engines. SAE Technical Paper 980803.
  • 71
    • 35448946758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guo, G., Xu, N., Laing, P., Hammerle, R. H., & Maricq, M. M. (2003). Performance of a catalyzed diesel particulate filter system during soot accumulation and regeneration. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0047.
  • 72
    • 0034546890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and analysis of aerosol particles by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
    • Hahn D.W., and Lunden M.M. Detection and analysis of aerosol particles by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Aerosol Science and Technology 33 (2000) 30-48
    • (2000) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.33 , pp. 30-48
    • Hahn, D.W.1    Lunden, M.M.2
  • 73
    • 0033559709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laser time-of-flight mass analysis of PAHs on single diesel particulates
    • Hankin S.M., and John P. Laser time-of-flight mass analysis of PAHs on single diesel particulates. Analytical Chemistry 71 (1999) 1100-1104
    • (1999) Analytical Chemistry , vol.71 , pp. 1100-1104
    • Hankin, S.M.1    John, P.2
  • 74
    • 35448979849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heeb, N. V., Ulrich, A., Emmenegger, L., Czerwinski, J., Mayer, A., & Wyser, M. (2005). Secondary emissions risk assessment of diesel particulate traps for heavy duty applications. SAE Technical Paper SIAT 2005-ABS-165.
  • 75
    • 34548070855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heeb, N. V., Zennegg, M., Gujer, E., Honegger, P., Zeyer, K., Gfeller, U., et al. (2007). Secondary effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: Copper-Induced Formation of PCDD/Fs. Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 5789-5794.
  • 76
    • 35448969241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HEI (2002). Understanding the health effects of components of the PM mix: Progress and next steps. HEI Perspectives, Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute.
  • 77
    • 35448974026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HEI (2003). Revised analyses of time-series studies of air pollution and health. Special Report, Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute.
  • 80
    • 0024610349 scopus 로고
    • A dilution stack sampler for collection of organic aerosol emissions: Design, characterization and field tests
    • Hildemann L.M., Cass G.R., and Markowski G.R. A dilution stack sampler for collection of organic aerosol emissions: Design, characterization and field tests. Aerosol Science and Technology 10 (1989) 193-204
    • (1989) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.10 , pp. 193-204
    • Hildemann, L.M.1    Cass, G.R.2    Markowski, G.R.3
  • 81
  • 82
    • 0026191748 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative characterization of urban sources of organic aerosol by high-resolution gas chromatography
    • Hildemann L.M., Mazurek M.A., and Cass G.R. Quantitative characterization of urban sources of organic aerosol by high-resolution gas chromatography. Environmental Science & Technology 25 (1991) 1311-1325
    • (1991) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.25 , pp. 1311-1325
    • Hildemann, L.M.1    Mazurek, M.A.2    Cass, G.R.3
  • 83
    • 0001114787 scopus 로고
    • Laser-induced mass analysis of single particles in the airborne state
    • Hinz K.-P., Kaufmann R., and Spengler B. Laser-induced mass analysis of single particles in the airborne state. Analytical Chemistry 66 (1994) 2071-2076
    • (1994) Analytical Chemistry , vol.66 , pp. 2071-2076
    • Hinz, K.-P.1    Kaufmann, R.2    Spengler, B.3
  • 84
    • 0029663058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous detection of positive and negative ions from single airborne particles by real-time laser mass spectrometry
    • Hinz K.-P., Kaufmann R., and Spengler B. Simultaneous detection of positive and negative ions from single airborne particles by real-time laser mass spectrometry. Aerosol Science and Technology 24 (1996) 233-242
    • (1996) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.24 , pp. 233-242
    • Hinz, K.-P.1    Kaufmann, R.2    Spengler, B.3
  • 86
    • 0036882666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrafine PM emissions from natural gas, oxidation-catalyst diesel and particle-trap diesel heavy-duty transit buses
    • Holmén G.A., and Ayala A. Ultrafine PM emissions from natural gas, oxidation-catalyst diesel and particle-trap diesel heavy-duty transit buses. Environmental Science & Technology 36 (2002) 5041-5050
    • (2002) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.36 , pp. 5041-5050
    • Holmén, G.A.1    Ayala, A.2
  • 87
    • 0019937719 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of organic and elemental carbon in ambient aerosol by a thermal-optical method
    • Wolff G.T., and Klimisch R.L. (Eds), Plenum, New York
    • Huntzicker J.J., Johnson R.L., Shah J.J., and Cary R.A. Analysis of organic and elemental carbon in ambient aerosol by a thermal-optical method. In: Wolff G.T., and Klimisch R.L. (Eds). Particulate carbon. Atmospheric life cycle (1982), Plenum, New York
    • (1982) Particulate carbon. Atmospheric life cycle
    • Huntzicker, J.J.1    Johnson, R.L.2    Shah, J.J.3    Cary, R.A.4
  • 88
    • 0242332753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy detection and classification of biological aerosols
    • Hybl J.D., Lithgow G.A., and Buckley S.G. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy detection and classification of biological aerosols. Applied Spectroscopy 57 (2003) 1207-1215
    • (2003) Applied Spectroscopy , vol.57 , pp. 1207-1215
    • Hybl, J.D.1    Lithgow, G.A.2    Buckley, S.G.3
  • 89
    • 33846492433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laser-induced fluorescence-cued, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy biological-agent detection
    • Hybl J.D., Shane M.T., Berry S.R., and Jordan M.P. Laser-induced fluorescence-cued, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy biological-agent detection. Applied Optics 45 (2006) 8806-8814
    • (2006) Applied Optics , vol.45 , pp. 8806-8814
    • Hybl, J.D.1    Shane, M.T.2    Berry, S.R.3    Jordan, M.P.4
  • 90
    • 0035825677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols
    • Jacobson M.Z. Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols. Nature 409 (2001) 695-697
    • (2001) Nature , vol.409 , pp. 695-697
    • Jacobson, M.Z.1
  • 91
    • 0021412215 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of solvent extraction and thermal-optical carbon analysis methods: Application to diesel vehicle exhaust aerosol
    • Japar S.M., Szkarlat A.C., Gorse R.A., Heyerdahl E.K., Johnson R.L., Rau J.A., et al. Comparison of solvent extraction and thermal-optical carbon analysis methods: Application to diesel vehicle exhaust aerosol. Environmental Science & Technology 18 (1984) 231-234
    • (1984) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.18 , pp. 231-234
    • Japar, S.M.1    Szkarlat, A.C.2    Gorse, R.A.3    Heyerdahl, E.K.4    Johnson, R.L.5    Rau, J.A.6
  • 94
    • 35449007016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Johnson, T. V. (2003). Diesel emission control technology-2003 in review. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0070.
  • 96
    • 33747459281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of SME biodiesel-fueled diesel particle emissions and the kinetics of oxidation
    • Jung H., Kittelson D.B., and Zachariah M.B. Characteristics of SME biodiesel-fueled diesel particle emissions and the kinetics of oxidation. Environmental Science & Technology 40 (2006) 4949-4955
    • (2006) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.40 , pp. 4949-4955
    • Jung, H.1    Kittelson, D.B.2    Zachariah, M.B.3
  • 97
    • 22844446401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of a cerium additive on ultrafine diesel particle emissions and kinetics of oxidation
    • Jung H., Kittelson D.B., and Zachariah M.R. The influence of a cerium additive on ultrafine diesel particle emissions and kinetics of oxidation. Combustion and Flame 142 (2005) 276-288
    • (2005) Combustion and Flame , vol.142 , pp. 276-288
    • Jung, H.1    Kittelson, D.B.2    Zachariah, M.R.3
  • 101
    • 35448935948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kellog, R., & Winberry Jr., W. (1999). EPA compendium method IO-3.3: Determination of metals in ambient particulate matter using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  • 102
    • 35448966524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Khair, M. K. (2003). A review of diesel particulate filter technologies. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-2303.
  • 103
    • 35448959205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Khalek, I. A. (2005). 2007 Particulate measurement research. Project E-66-Phase 1 Final Report. Coordinating Research Council 〈http://www.crcao.com/〉.
  • 104
    • 20044381313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the difference in oxidative properties between flame and diesel soot nanoparticles: The role of metals
    • Kim S.H., Fletcher R.A., and Zachariah M.R. Understanding the difference in oxidative properties between flame and diesel soot nanoparticles: The role of metals. Environmental Science & Technology 39 (2005) 4021-4026
    • (2005) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.39 , pp. 4021-4026
    • Kim, S.H.1    Fletcher, R.A.2    Zachariah, M.R.3
  • 105
  • 106
    • 0032101028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Engines and nanoparticles: A review
    • Kittelson D.B. Engines and nanoparticles: A review. Journal of Aerosol Science 29 (1998) 575-588
    • (1998) Journal of Aerosol Science , vol.29 , pp. 575-588
    • Kittelson, D.B.1
  • 107
    • 0034176094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size and composition distribution of fine particulate matter emitted from motor vehicles
    • Kleeman M.J., Schauer J.J., and Cass G.R. Size and composition distribution of fine particulate matter emitted from motor vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 34 (2000) 1132-1142
    • (2000) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.34 , pp. 1132-1142
    • Kleeman, M.J.1    Schauer, J.J.2    Cass, G.R.3
  • 108
    • 33644505772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exhaust emissions of biodiesel, petrodiesel, neat methyl esters, and alkanes in a new technology engine
    • Knothe G., Sharp C.A., and Ryan III T.W. Exhaust emissions of biodiesel, petrodiesel, neat methyl esters, and alkanes in a new technology engine. Energy & Fuels 20 (2006) 403-408
    • (2006) Energy & Fuels , vol.20 , pp. 403-408
    • Knothe, G.1    Sharp, C.A.2    Ryan III, T.W.3
  • 109
    • 0026500992 scopus 로고
    • Determination of platinum emissions from a three-way catalyst-equipped gasoline engine
    • König H.P., Hertel R.F., Koch W., and Rosner G. Determination of platinum emissions from a three-way catalyst-equipped gasoline engine. Atmospheric Environment 26A (1992) 741-745
    • (1992) Atmospheric Environment , vol.26 A , pp. 741-745
    • König, H.P.1    Hertel, R.F.2    Koch, W.3    Rosner, G.4
  • 110
    • 35448983070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kweon, C.-B., Foster, D. E., Schauer, J. J., & Okada, S. (2002). Detailed chemical composition and particle size assessment of diesel engine exhaust. SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2670.
  • 111
    • 35448998113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kweon, C.-B., Okada, S., Stetter, J. C., Christenson, C. G., Shafer, M. M., Schauer, J. J., et al. (2003a). Effect of injection timing on detailed chemical composition and particulate size distributions of diesel exhaust. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1794.
  • 112
    • 35448951236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kweon, C.-B., Okada, S., Stetter, J. C., Christenson, C. G., Shafer, M. M., Schauer, J. J., et al. (2003b). Effect of fuel composition on combustion and detailed chemical/physical characteristics of diesel exhaust. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1899.
  • 115
    • 85072420319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lambert, C., Hammerle, R., McGill, R., Khair, M., & Sharp, C. (2004). Technical advantages of urea SCR for light-duty and heavy-duty diesel vehicle applications. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1292.
  • 116
    • 29744458780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of metal-bearing diesel nanoparticles using single-particle mass spectrometry
    • Lee D., Miller A., Kittelson D., and Zachariah M.R. Characterization of metal-bearing diesel nanoparticles using single-particle mass spectrometry. Journal of Aerosol Science 37 (2006) 88-110
    • (2006) Journal of Aerosol Science , vol.37 , pp. 88-110
    • Lee, D.1    Miller, A.2    Kittelson, D.3    Zachariah, M.R.4
  • 117
    • 35448949051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lee, K. O., Zhu, J., Ciatti, S., Yozgatligil, A., & Choi, M. Y. (2003). Sizes, graphitic structures and fractal geometry of light-duty diesel engine particulates. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3169.
  • 118
    • 1842853142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SOA formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene in the presence of freshly emitted diesel soot exhaust
    • Lee S., Jang M., and Kamens R.M. SOA formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene in the presence of freshly emitted diesel soot exhaust. Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004) 2597-2605
    • (2004) Atmospheric Environment , vol.38 , pp. 2597-2605
    • Lee, S.1    Jang, M.2    Kamens, R.M.3
  • 119
    • 35448992837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leister, M. (2003). USLD Composition-2007. ACES Workshop, Denver.
  • 121
    • 35449003584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lev-On, M., LeTavec, C., Uihlein, J., Alleman, T. L., Lawson, D. R., Vertin, K., et al. (2002). Chemical speciation of exhaust emissions from trucks and busses fueled on ultra-low sulfur diesel and CNG. SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0432.
  • 122
    • 35448946757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lev-On, M., LeTavec, C., Uihlein, J., Kimura, K., Alleman, T. L., Lawson, D. R., et al. (2002a). Speciation of organic compounds from the exhaust of trucks and buses: Effect of fuel and after-treatment on vehicle emission profiles. SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2873.
  • 123
    • 35448954362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lev-On, M., & Zielinska, B. (2004). Compilation of PM characterization data for diesel fueled heavy-duty trucks and buses: Impact of tailpipe controls and fuel sulfur on the EC/OC ratio and the particles' chemical species content. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1991.
  • 125
    • 33746437089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of PAH and regulated harmful matter emissions from biodiesel blends and paraffinic fuel blends on engine accumulated mileage test
    • Lin Y.-C., Lee W.-J., Wu T.-S., and Wang C.-T. Comparison of PAH and regulated harmful matter emissions from biodiesel blends and paraffinic fuel blends on engine accumulated mileage test. Fuel 85 (2006) 2516-2523
    • (2006) Fuel , vol.85 , pp. 2516-2523
    • Lin, Y.-C.1    Lee, W.-J.2    Wu, T.-S.3    Wang, C.-T.4
  • 126
    • 0029278226 scopus 로고
    • Generating particle beams of controlled dimensions and divergence: I. Theory of particle motion in aerodynamic lenses and nozzle expansions
    • Liu P., Ziemann P.J., Kittelson D.B., and McMurry P.H. Generating particle beams of controlled dimensions and divergence: I. Theory of particle motion in aerodynamic lenses and nozzle expansions. Aerosol Science and Technology 22 (1995) 293-313
    • (1995) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.22 , pp. 293-313
    • Liu, P.1    Ziemann, P.J.2    Kittelson, D.B.3    McMurry, P.H.4
  • 127
    • 0029278150 scopus 로고
    • Generating particle beams of controlled dimensions and divergence: II. Experimental evaluation of particle motion in aerodynamic lenses and nozzle expansions
    • Liu P., Ziemann P.J., Kittelson D.B., and McMurry P.H. Generating particle beams of controlled dimensions and divergence: II. Experimental evaluation of particle motion in aerodynamic lenses and nozzle expansions. Aerosol Science and Technology 22 (1995) 314-324
    • (1995) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.22 , pp. 314-324
    • Liu, P.1    Ziemann, P.J.2    Kittelson, D.B.3    McMurry, P.H.4
  • 128
    • 35448945527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liu, Z. G., Verdegan, B. M., Badeau, K. M. A., & Sonsalla, T. G. (2002). Measuring the fractional efficiency of diesel particulate filters. SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-1007.
  • 130
    • 3543092644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nondestructive analysis of metallic elements in diesel soot collected on filter: Benefits of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
    • Lombaert K., et al. Nondestructive analysis of metallic elements in diesel soot collected on filter: Benefits of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Chemistry of Material Science 24 (2004) 41-56
    • (2004) Chemistry of Material Science , vol.24 , pp. 41-56
    • Lombaert, K.1
  • 133
    • 0037079594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of the catalytic converter and fuel sulfur level on motor vehicle particulate matter emissions: Light duty diesel vehicles
    • Maricq M.M., Chase R.E., Xu N., and Laing P.M. The effects of the catalytic converter and fuel sulfur level on motor vehicle particulate matter emissions: Light duty diesel vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 36 (2002) 283-289
    • (2002) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.36 , pp. 283-289
    • Maricq, M.M.1    Chase, R.E.2    Xu, N.3    Laing, P.M.4
  • 134
    • 9644275706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive particle characterization of modern gasoline and diesel passenger cars at low ambient temperatures
    • Mathis U., Mohr M., and Forss A.-M. Comprehensive particle characterization of modern gasoline and diesel passenger cars at low ambient temperatures. Atmospheric Environment 39 (2005) 107-117
    • (2005) Atmospheric Environment , vol.39 , pp. 107-117
    • Mathis, U.1    Mohr, M.2    Forss, A.-M.3
  • 135
    • 35448954802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mayer, A., Czerwinski, J., Wyser, M., Mattrel, P., & Heitzer, A. (2005). Impact of RME/diesel blends on particle formation, particle filtration, and PAH emissions. SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1728.
  • 139
    • 0036828765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of fine particle material in ambient air and personal samples from an underground mine
    • McDonald J.D., Zielinska B., Sagebiel J.C., and McDaniel M.R. Characterization of fine particle material in ambient air and personal samples from an underground mine. Aerosol Science and Technology 36 (2002) 1033-1044
    • (2002) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.36 , pp. 1033-1044
    • McDonald, J.D.1    Zielinska, B.2    Sagebiel, J.C.3    McDaniel, M.R.4
  • 140
    • 35449002380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MECA (2006). Case studies of the use of exhaust emission controls on locomotives and large marine diesel engines〈 http://www.meca.org/galleries/default-file/MECA%20locomotive%20and%20mar ine%20case%20study%20report%201006.pdf〉.
  • 141
    • 0032519812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles
    • Miguel A.H., Kirchstetter T.W., Harley R.A., and Hering S.V. On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 32 (1998) 450-455
    • (1998) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.32 , pp. 450-455
    • Miguel, A.H.1    Kirchstetter, T.W.2    Harley, R.A.3    Hering, S.V.4
  • 142
    • 33947602831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fate of metal (Fe) during diesel combustion: Morphology, chemistry, and formation pathways of nanoparticles
    • Miller A., Ahlstrand G., Kittelson D., and Zachariah M. The fate of metal (Fe) during diesel combustion: Morphology, chemistry, and formation pathways of nanoparticles. Combustion and Flame 149 (2007) 129-143
    • (2007) Combustion and Flame , vol.149 , pp. 129-143
    • Miller, A.1    Ahlstrand, G.2    Kittelson, D.3    Zachariah, M.4
  • 143
    • 35448995590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mohr, M., Lehmann, U., & Margaria, G. (2003a). ACEA programme on the emissions of fine particulates from passenger cars (2). Part 1. Particle characterization of a wide range of engine technologies. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1889.
  • 144
    • 35448944731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mohr, M., Lehmann, U., & Margaria, G. (2003b). ACEA programme on the emissions of the fine particulates from passenger cars (2). Part 2. Effect of sampling conditions and fuel sulphur content on the particle emission. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1890.
  • 145
    • 0035872195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time resolved characterization of diesel particulate emissions. 2. Instruments for elemental and organic carbon measurements
    • Moosmüller H., Arnott W.P., Rogers C.F., Bowen J.L., Gillies J.A., Pierson W.R., et al. Time resolved characterization of diesel particulate emissions. 2. Instruments for elemental and organic carbon measurements. Environmental Science Technology 35 (2001) 1935-1942
    • (2001) Environmental Science Technology , vol.35 , pp. 1935-1942
    • Moosmüller, H.1    Arnott, W.P.2    Rogers, C.F.3    Bowen, J.L.4    Gillies, J.A.5    Pierson, W.R.6
  • 146
    • 0029278267 scopus 로고
    • Laser ionization mass spectroscopy of single aerosol particles
    • Murphy D.M., and Thomson D.S. Laser ionization mass spectroscopy of single aerosol particles. Aerosol Science and Technology 22 (1995) 237-249
    • (1995) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.22 , pp. 237-249
    • Murphy, D.M.1    Thomson, D.S.2
  • 147
    • 33845792426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myneni, S. C. B. (2002). Soft X-ray spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy studies of organic molecules in the environment. In P. Fenter, M. Rivers, N. Sturchio, & S. Sutton (Eds.), Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry applications of synchrotron radiation in low-temperature geochemistry and environmental science (Vol. 49, pp. 485-579).
  • 148
    • 0036135198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DMA as a gas converter from aerosol to "argonsol" for real-time chemical analysis using ICP-MS
    • Myojo T., Takaya M., and Ono-Ogasawara M. DMA as a gas converter from aerosol to "argonsol" for real-time chemical analysis using ICP-MS. Aerosol Science and Technology 36 (2002) 76-83
    • (2002) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.36 , pp. 76-83
    • Myojo, T.1    Takaya, M.2    Ono-Ogasawara, M.3
  • 150
    • 0020124104 scopus 로고
    • Identification of nitroaromatics in diesel exhaust particulate using gas ghromatorgraphy/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and other techniques
    • Newton D.L., Erickson M.D., Tomer K.B., Pellizzari E.D., Gentry P., and Zweidinger R.B. Identification of nitroaromatics in diesel exhaust particulate using gas ghromatorgraphy/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and other techniques. Environmental Science & Technology 16 (1982) 206-213
    • (1982) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.16 , pp. 206-213
    • Newton, D.L.1    Erickson, M.D.2    Tomer, K.B.3    Pellizzari, E.D.4    Gentry, P.5    Zweidinger, R.B.6
  • 151
    • 35449005813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NIOSH (1996). Elemental carbon (diesel exhaust). In NIOSH manual of analytical methods. Cincinnati, OH: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.
  • 152
    • 0029660461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Real-time measurement of correlated size and composition profiles of individual aerosol particles
    • Noble C.A., and Prather K.A. Real-time measurement of correlated size and composition profiles of individual aerosol particles. Environmental Science & Technology 30 (1996) 2667-2680
    • (1996) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.30 , pp. 2667-2680
    • Noble, C.A.1    Prather, K.A.2
  • 153
    • 0037108247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trimethylsilyl derivatives of organic compounds in source samples and in atmospheric fine particulate matter
    • Nolte C.G., Schauer J.J., Cass G.R., and Simoneit B.R.T. Trimethylsilyl derivatives of organic compounds in source samples and in atmospheric fine particulate matter. Environmental Science & Technology 36 (2002) 4273-4281
    • (2002) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.36 , pp. 4273-4281
    • Nolte, C.G.1    Schauer, J.J.2    Cass, G.R.3    Simoneit, B.R.T.4
  • 154
    • 35448937981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NREL (2007). Gasoline/diesel PM split study. National Renewable Energy Laboratory 〈http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/nfti/feat_split_study.html 〉.
  • 155
    • 35449008425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ntziachristos, L., Mamakos, A., Samaras, Z., Mathis, U., Mohr, M., Thompson, N., et al. (2004). Overview of the European "Particulates" Project on the characterisation of exhaust particulate emissions from road vehicles: Results for light-duty vehicles. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1985.
  • 157
    • 0035387461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sampling and Raman confocal microspectroscopic analysis of airborne particulate matter using poly(dimethylsiloxane) solid-phase microextraction fibers
    • Odziernkowski M., Koziel J.A., Irish D.E., and Pawliszyn J. Sampling and Raman confocal microspectroscopic analysis of airborne particulate matter using poly(dimethylsiloxane) solid-phase microextraction fibers. Analytical Chemistry 73 (2001) 3131-3139
    • (2001) Analytical Chemistry , vol.73 , pp. 3131-3139
    • Odziernkowski, M.1    Koziel, J.A.2    Irish, D.E.3    Pawliszyn, J.4
  • 158
    • 0026334691 scopus 로고
    • Emission factors of PCDD and PCDF for road vehicles obtained by tunnel experiment
    • Oehme M., Larssen S., and Brevik E.M. Emission factors of PCDD and PCDF for road vehicles obtained by tunnel experiment. Chemosphere 23 (1991) 1699-1708
    • (1991) Chemosphere , vol.23 , pp. 1699-1708
    • Oehme, M.1    Larssen, S.2    Brevik, E.M.3
  • 159
    • 35448967807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Okada, S., Kweon, C.-B., Stetter, J. C., Foster, D. E., Shafer, M. M., Christensen, C. G., et al. (2003). Measurement of trace metal composition in diesel engine particulate and its potential for determining oil consumption. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0076.
  • 160
    • 0036247914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosol spectrometer for size and composition analysis of nanoparticles
    • Okada Y., Yabumoto J., and Takeuchi K. Aerosol spectrometer for size and composition analysis of nanoparticles. Journal of Aerosol Science 33 (2002) 961-965
    • (2002) Journal of Aerosol Science , vol.33 , pp. 961-965
    • Okada, Y.1    Yabumoto, J.2    Takeuchi, K.3
  • 161
    • 0024715012 scopus 로고
    • Real-time laser spark spectroscopy of particulates in combustion environments
    • Ottesen D.K., Wang J.C.F., and Radziernski L.J. Real-time laser spark spectroscopy of particulates in combustion environments. Applied Spectroscopy 43 (1989) 967-976
    • (1989) Applied Spectroscopy , vol.43 , pp. 967-976
    • Ottesen, D.K.1    Wang, J.C.F.2    Radziernski, L.J.3
  • 163
    • 35448984870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Park, C., Kook, S., & Bae, C. (2004). Effects of multiple injections in a HSDI diesel engine equipped with common rail injection system. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0127.
  • 164
    • 0032446632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate forcing by carbonaceous and sulfate aerosols
    • Penner J.E., Chuang C.C., and Grant K. Climate forcing by carbonaceous and sulfate aerosols. Climate Dynamics 14 (1998) 839-851
    • (1998) Climate Dynamics , vol.14 , pp. 839-851
    • Penner, J.E.1    Chuang, C.C.2    Grant, K.3
  • 165
  • 168
    • 0000756326 scopus 로고
    • Real-time characterization of individual aerosol particles using time-of-flight mass spectrometry
    • Prather K.A., Nordmeyer T., and Salt K. Real-time characterization of individual aerosol particles using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 66 (1994) 1403-1407
    • (1994) Analytical Chemistry , vol.66 , pp. 1403-1407
    • Prather, K.A.1    Nordmeyer, T.2    Salt, K.3
  • 169
    • 29244478917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platinum group element concentrations and osmium isotopic composition in urban airborne particles from Boston Massachusetts
    • Rauch S., Hemond H.F., Peucker-Ehrenbrink B., Ek K.H., and Morrison G.M. Platinum group element concentrations and osmium isotopic composition in urban airborne particles from Boston Massachusetts. Environmental Science & Technology 39 (2005) 9464-9470
    • (2005) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.39 , pp. 9464-9470
    • Rauch, S.1    Hemond, H.F.2    Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B.3    Ek, K.H.4    Morrison, G.M.5
  • 170
    • 0034538879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous elemental composition and size distributions of submicron particles in real time using laser atomization/ionization mass spectrometry
    • Reents W.D., and Ge Z. Simultaneous elemental composition and size distributions of submicron particles in real time using laser atomization/ionization mass spectrometry. Aerosol Science and Technology 33 (2000) 122-134
    • (2000) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.33 , pp. 122-134
    • Reents, W.D.1    Ge, Z.2
  • 171
    • 0032530438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Real-time characterization of the organic composition and size of individual diesel engine smoke particles
    • Reilly P.T.A., Gieray R.A., Whitten W.B., and Ramsey J.M. Real-time characterization of the organic composition and size of individual diesel engine smoke particles. Environmental Science & Technology 32 (1998) 2672-2679
    • (1998) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.32 , pp. 2672-2679
    • Reilly, P.T.A.1    Gieray, R.A.2    Whitten, W.B.3    Ramsey, J.M.4
  • 173
    • 0021078074 scopus 로고
    • Is the direct mutagenic activity of diesel particulate matter a sampling artifact?
    • Risby T.H., and Lestz S.S. Is the direct mutagenic activity of diesel particulate matter a sampling artifact?. Environmental Science & Technology 17 (1983) 621-624
    • (1983) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.17 , pp. 621-624
    • Risby, T.H.1    Lestz, S.S.2
  • 174
    • 29244467401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cold temperature PM emissions measurement: Method evaluation and application to light duty vehicles
    • Ristimäki J., Keskinen J., Virtanen A., Maricq M., and Aakko P. Cold temperature PM emissions measurement: Method evaluation and application to light duty vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 39 (2005) 9424-9430
    • (2005) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.39 , pp. 9424-9430
    • Ristimäki, J.1    Keskinen, J.2    Virtanen, A.3    Maricq, M.4    Aakko, P.5
  • 175
    • 0026100059 scopus 로고
    • Molecular speciation of microparticles: Application of pattern recognition techniques to laser microprobe mass spectrometric data
    • Ro C.-U., Musselman I.H., and Linton R.W. Molecular speciation of microparticles: Application of pattern recognition techniques to laser microprobe mass spectrometric data. Analytica Chimica Acta 243 (1991) 139-147
    • (1991) Analytica Chimica Acta , vol.243 , pp. 139-147
    • Ro, C.-U.1    Musselman, I.H.2    Linton, R.W.3
  • 177
    • 0027298875 scopus 로고
    • Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks
    • Rogge W.F., Hildemann L.M., Mazurek M.A., and Cass G.R. Sources of fine organic aerosol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks. Environmental Science & Technology 27 (1993) 636-651
    • (1993) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.27 , pp. 636-651
    • Rogge, W.F.1    Hildemann, L.M.2    Mazurek, M.A.3    Cass, G.R.4
  • 178
    • 0017328347 scopus 로고
    • Raman scattering and the characterization of atmospheric aerosol particles
    • Rosen H., and Novakov T. Raman scattering and the characterization of atmospheric aerosol particles. Nature 266 (1977) 708-710
    • (1977) Nature , vol.266 , pp. 708-710
    • Rosen, H.1    Novakov, T.2
  • 179
    • 19744372616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raman microspectroscopy of soot and related carbonaceous materials: Spectral analysis and structural information
    • Sadezky A., Muckenhuber H., Grothe H., Niessner R., and Pöschl U. Raman microspectroscopy of soot and related carbonaceous materials: Spectral analysis and structural information. Carbon 43 (2005) 1731-1742
    • (2005) Carbon , vol.43 , pp. 1731-1742
    • Sadezky, A.1    Muckenhuber, H.2    Grothe, H.3    Niessner, R.4    Pöschl, U.5
  • 188
    • 35448992836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scheer, V., Kirchner, U., Casati, R., Vogt, R., Wehner, B., Philippin, S., et al. (2005). Composition of semi-volatile particles from diesel exhaust. SAE Technical Paper, 2005-01-0197.
  • 189
  • 190
    • 0036903062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutagenicity and in vivo toxicity of combined particulate and semivolatile organic fractions of gasoline and diesel engine emissions
    • Seagrave J.-C., McDonald J.D., Gigliotti A.P., Nikula K.J., Seilkop S.K., Gurevich M., et al. Mutagenicity and in vivo toxicity of combined particulate and semivolatile organic fractions of gasoline and diesel engine emissions. Toxicological Sciences 70 (2002) 212-226
    • (2002) Toxicological Sciences , vol.70 , pp. 212-226
    • Seagrave, J.-C.1    McDonald, J.D.2    Gigliotti, A.P.3    Nikula, K.J.4    Seilkop, S.K.5    Gurevich, M.6
  • 191
    • 0037810368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro relative toxicity screening of combined particulate and semivolatile organic fractions of gasoline and diesel engine emissions
    • Seagrave J.C., Seilkop S.K., and Mauderly J.L. In vitro relative toxicity screening of combined particulate and semivolatile organic fractions of gasoline and diesel engine emissions. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 66 (2003) 1113-1132
    • (2003) Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health , vol.66 , pp. 1113-1132
    • Seagrave, J.C.1    Seilkop, S.K.2    Mauderly, J.L.3
  • 193
    • 2342523485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emission rates of particulate matter and elemental and organic carbon from in-use diesel engines
    • Shah S.D., Cocker D.R., Miller J.W., and Norbeck J.M. Emission rates of particulate matter and elemental and organic carbon from in-use diesel engines. Environmental Science & Technology 38 (2004) 2544-2550
    • (2004) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.38 , pp. 2544-2550
    • Shah, S.D.1    Cocker, D.R.2    Miller, J.W.3    Norbeck, J.M.4
  • 195
    • 0000527178 scopus 로고
    • Multivariate statistics for large data sets: Applications to individual aerosol particles
    • Shattuck T.W., Germani M.S., and Buseck P.R. Multivariate statistics for large data sets: Applications to individual aerosol particles. Analytical Chemistry 63 (1991) 2646-2656
    • (1991) Analytical Chemistry , vol.63 , pp. 2646-2656
    • Shattuck, T.W.1    Germani, M.S.2    Buseck, P.R.3
  • 196
    • 0001298549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of particles from a current technology heavy-duty diesel engine
    • Shi J.P., Mark D., and Harrison R.M. Characterization of particles from a current technology heavy-duty diesel engine. Environmental Science & Technology 34 (2000) 748-755
    • (2000) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.34 , pp. 748-755
    • Shi, J.P.1    Mark, D.2    Harrison, R.M.3
  • 197
    • 0343580451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On-line characterization of individual particles from automobile emissions
    • Silva P.J., and Prather K.A. On-line characterization of individual particles from automobile emissions. Environmental Science & Technology 31 (1997) 3074-3080
    • (1997) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.31 , pp. 3074-3080
    • Silva, P.J.1    Prather, K.A.2
  • 198
    • 0034240607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of mass spectra from organic compounds in aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry
    • Silva P.J., and Prather K.A. Interpretation of mass spectra from organic compounds in aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 72 (2000) 3553-3562
    • (2000) Analytical Chemistry , vol.72 , pp. 3553-3562
    • Silva, P.J.1    Prather, K.A.2
  • 199
    • 33748803581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of particulate matter from gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust emissions on silicate stones sulfation
    • Simão J., Ruiz-Agudo E., and Rodriguez-Navarro C. Effects of particulate matter from gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust emissions on silicate stones sulfation. Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006) 6905-6917
    • (2006) Atmospheric Environment , vol.40 , pp. 6905-6917
    • Simão, J.1    Ruiz-Agudo, E.2    Rodriguez-Navarro, C.3
  • 200
    • 0033198236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and evaluation of a prototype ultrafine particle concentrator
    • Sioutas C., Kim S., and Chang M. Development and evaluation of a prototype ultrafine particle concentrator. Journal of Aerosol Science 30 (1999) 1001-1012
    • (1999) Journal of Aerosol Science , vol.30 , pp. 1001-1012
    • Sioutas, C.1    Kim, S.2    Chang, M.3
  • 202
    • 35448993412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sluder, C. S., Storey, J. M. E., Lewis, S. A., & Lewis, L. A. (2005). Low temperature urea decomposition and SCR performance. SAE Technical Paper, 2005-01-1858.
  • 204
    • 20744444393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of single particle mass spectral signatures from light duty vehicle emissions
    • Sodeman D.A., Toner S.M., and Prather K.A. Determination of single particle mass spectral signatures from light duty vehicle emissions. Environmental Science & Technology 39 (2005) 4569-4580
    • (2005) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.39 , pp. 4569-4580
    • Sodeman, D.A.1    Toner, S.M.2    Prather, K.A.3
  • 205
    • 33747889642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examination of the oxidation behavior of biodiesel soot
    • Song J., Alam M., Boehman A.L., and Kim U. Examination of the oxidation behavior of biodiesel soot. Combustion and Flame 146 (2006) 589-604
    • (2006) Combustion and Flame , vol.146 , pp. 589-604
    • Song, J.1    Alam, M.2    Boehman, A.L.3    Kim, U.4
  • 206
    • 0033558244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classification of single particles analyzed by ATOFMS using an artificial neural network ART-2A
    • Song X.H., Hopke P.K., Fergenson D.P., and Prather K.A. Classification of single particles analyzed by ATOFMS using an artificial neural network ART-2A. Analytical Chemistry 71 (1999) 860-865
    • (1999) Analytical Chemistry , vol.71 , pp. 860-865
    • Song, X.H.1    Hopke, P.K.2    Fergenson, D.P.3    Prather, K.A.4
  • 207
    • 33745996733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of oil and fuel particle chemical signatures with particle emissions from heavy and light duty vehicles
    • Spencer M.T., Schields L.G., Sodeman D.A., Toner S.M., and Prather K.A. Comparison of oil and fuel particle chemical signatures with particle emissions from heavy and light duty vehicles. Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006) 5224-5235
    • (2006) Atmospheric Environment , vol.40 , pp. 5224-5235
    • Spencer, M.T.1    Schields, L.G.2    Sodeman, D.A.3    Toner, S.M.4    Prather, K.A.5
  • 208
    • 35448932331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stöhr, J. (1992). NEXAFS spectroscopy. Springer series in surface science (Vol. 25). Berlin: Springer.
  • 210
    • 0037208233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermogravimetric analysis of soot emitted by a modern diesel engine run on catalyst-doped fuel
    • Stratakis G.A., and Stamatelos A.M. Thermogravimetric analysis of soot emitted by a modern diesel engine run on catalyst-doped fuel. Combustion and Flame 132 (2003) 157-169
    • (2003) Combustion and Flame , vol.132 , pp. 157-169
    • Stratakis, G.A.1    Stamatelos, A.M.2
  • 211
    • 35448930211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stumpp, G., & Ricco, M. (1996). Common rail-an attractive fuel injection system for passenger car DI diesel engines. SAE Technical Paper, 960870.
  • 212
    • 0000963617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass spectrometry of aerosols
    • Suess D.T., and Prather K.A. Mass spectrometry of aerosols. Chemical Reviews 99 (1999) 3007-3035
    • (1999) Chemical Reviews , vol.99 , pp. 3007-3035
    • Suess, D.T.1    Prather, K.A.2
  • 213
    • 0036897192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproducibility of single particle chemical composition during a heavy duty diesel truck dynamometer study
    • Suess D.T., and Prather K.A. Reproducibility of single particle chemical composition during a heavy duty diesel truck dynamometer study. Aerosol Science and Technology 36 (2002) 1139-1141
    • (2002) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.36 , pp. 1139-1141
    • Suess, D.T.1    Prather, K.A.2
  • 216
    • 35448929810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thalagavara, A. M., Johnson, J. H., Bagley, S. T., & Shende, A. S. (2005). The effects of a catalyzed particulate filter and ultra low sulfur fuel on heavy duty diesel engine emissions. SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0473.
  • 217
    • 0035356566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical analysis of diesel engine nanoparticles using a nano-DMA/thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer
    • Tobias H.J., Beving D.E., Ziemann P.J., Sakurai H., Zuk M., McMurry P.H., et al. Chemical analysis of diesel engine nanoparticles using a nano-DMA/thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer. Environmental Science & Technology 35 (2001) 2233-2243
    • (2001) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.35 , pp. 2233-2243
    • Tobias, H.J.1    Beving, D.E.2    Ziemann, P.J.3    Sakurai, H.4    Zuk, M.5    McMurry, P.H.6
  • 218
    • 0034543597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Real-time chemical analysis of organic aerosols using a thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer
    • Tobias H.J., Kooiman P.M., Docherty K.S., and Ziemann P.J. Real-time chemical analysis of organic aerosols using a thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer. Aerosol Science Technology 33 (2000) 170-190
    • (2000) Aerosol Science Technology , vol.33 , pp. 170-190
    • Tobias, H.J.1    Kooiman, P.M.2    Docherty, K.S.3    Ziemann, P.J.4
  • 219
    • 33745150399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single particle characterization of ultrafine and accumulation mode particles from heavy duty diesel vehicles using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry
    • Toner S.M., Sodeman D.A., and Prather K.A. Single particle characterization of ultrafine and accumulation mode particles from heavy duty diesel vehicles using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Environmental Science & Technology 40 (2006) 3912-3921
    • (2006) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.40 , pp. 3912-3921
    • Toner, S.M.1    Sodeman, D.A.2    Prather, K.A.3
  • 220
    • 33845683508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twigg, M. V. (2007). Progress and future challenges in controlling automotive exhaust gas emissions. Applied Catalysis B, 70, 2-15.
  • 221
    • 0035905740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US EPA (2001). Control of air pollution from new motor vehicles: Heavyduty engine and vehicle standards and highway diesel fuel sulfur control requirements. Final Rule, Federal Register, 66, 5002-5173.
  • 222
    • 35448988428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US EPA (2004). Clean air nonroad diesel-tier 4 Final Rule〈 http://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/2004fr.htm〉.
  • 223
    • 35448979048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US EPA (2007a). MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator) 〈http://www.epa.gov/otaq/ngm.htm〉.
  • 224
    • 34147106133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US EPA (2007b). Control of emissions of air pollution from locomotive engines and marine compression-ignition engines less than 30 liters per cylinder. Federal Register, 72, 15937-15986 〈http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2007/April/Day-03/a1107a.htm 〉.
  • 225
  • 226
    • 35448949913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaaraslahti, K., Virtanen, A., Ristimäki, J., & Keskinen, J. (2004b). Effect of after-treatment systems on size distribution of heavy duty diesel exhaust aerosol. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1980.
  • 227
    • 0035518829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science and technology of catalytic diesel particulate filters
    • van Setten B.A.A.L., Makkee M., and Moulijn J.A. Science and technology of catalytic diesel particulate filters. Catalysis Reviews 43 (2001) 489-564
    • (2001) Catalysis Reviews , vol.43 , pp. 489-564
    • van Setten, B.A.A.L.1    Makkee, M.2    Moulijn, J.A.3
  • 228
    • 0028161585 scopus 로고
    • Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elemental carbon. 1. Sampling, measurement methods, and source characterization
    • Venkataraman C., Lyons J.M., and Friedlander S.K. Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elemental carbon. 1. Sampling, measurement methods, and source characterization. Environmental Science & Technology 28 (1994) 555-562
    • (1994) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.28 , pp. 555-562
    • Venkataraman, C.1    Lyons, J.M.2    Friedlander, S.K.3
  • 229
    • 0037373991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of diesel exhaust particles at an autobahn, urban and rural location using single-particle mass spectrometry
    • Vogt R., Kirchner U., Scheer V., Hinz K.P., Trimborn A., and Spengler B. Identification of diesel exhaust particles at an autobahn, urban and rural location using single-particle mass spectrometry. Journal of Aerosol Science 34 (2003) 319-337
    • (2003) Journal of Aerosol Science , vol.34 , pp. 319-337
    • Vogt, R.1    Kirchner, U.2    Scheer, V.3    Hinz, K.P.4    Trimborn, A.5    Spengler, B.6
  • 230
    • 0042190219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On-road measurement of particle emission in the exhaust plume of a diesel passenger car
    • Vogt R., Scheer V., Casati R., and Benter T. On-road measurement of particle emission in the exhaust plume of a diesel passenger car. Environmental Science & Technology 37 (2003) 4070-4076
    • (2003) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.37 , pp. 4070-4076
    • Vogt, R.1    Scheer, V.2    Casati, R.3    Benter, T.4
  • 231
    • 0038557198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometer for ultrafine particle chemical composition
    • Voisin D., Smith J.N., Sakurai H., McMurry P.H., and Eisele F.L. Thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometer for ultrafine particle chemical composition. Aerosol Science and Technology 37 (2003) 471-475
    • (2003) Aerosol Science and Technology , vol.37 , pp. 471-475
    • Voisin, D.1    Smith, J.N.2    Sakurai, H.3    McMurry, P.H.4    Eisele, F.L.5
  • 232
    • 0242301074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particulate matter mass measurements for low emitting diesel powered vehicles: What's next?
    • Vouitsis E., Ntziachristos L., and Samaras Z. Particulate matter mass measurements for low emitting diesel powered vehicles: What's next?. Progress in Energy Combustion Science 29 (2003) 635-672
    • (2003) Progress in Energy Combustion Science , vol.29 , pp. 635-672
    • Vouitsis, E.1    Ntziachristos, L.2    Samaras, Z.3
  • 233
    • 0034652831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emissions from nine heavy trucks fueled by diesel and biodiesel blend without engine modification
    • Wang W.G., Lyons D.W., Clark N.N., Gautam M., and Norton P.M. Emissions from nine heavy trucks fueled by diesel and biodiesel blend without engine modification. Environmental Science & Technology 34 (2000) 933-939
    • (2000) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.34 , pp. 933-939
    • Wang, W.G.1    Lyons, D.W.2    Clark, N.N.3    Gautam, M.4    Norton, P.M.5
  • 234
    • 35448950799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warner, J. R., Johnson, J. H., Bagley, S. T., & Huynh, C. T. (2003). Effects of a catalyzed particulate filter on emissions from a diesel engine: Chemical characterization data and particulate emissions measured with thermal optical and gravimetric methods. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0049.
  • 236
    • 6044266134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of non-volatile fractions of atmospheric aerosol particles with traffic influence
    • Wehner B., Philippin S., Wiedensohler A., Scheer V., and Vogt R. Variability of non-volatile fractions of atmospheric aerosol particles with traffic influence. Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004) 6081-6090
    • (2004) Atmospheric Environment , vol.38 , pp. 6081-6090
    • Wehner, B.1    Philippin, S.2    Wiedensohler, A.3    Scheer, V.4    Vogt, R.5
  • 238
    • 0036143661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at low temperatures. 1. New low-temperature H-TDMA instrument: Setup and first applications
    • Weingartner E., Gysel M., and Baltensperger U. Hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at low temperatures. 1. New low-temperature H-TDMA instrument: Setup and first applications. Environmental Science & Technology 36 (2002) 55-62
    • (2002) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.36 , pp. 55-62
    • Weingartner, E.1    Gysel, M.2    Baltensperger, U.3
  • 240
    • 35448945526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weiss, M. A., Heywood, J. B., Drake, E., Schafer, A., & AuYeung, F. (2000). On the road in 2020: A life-cycle analysis of new automobile technologies. Energy Laboratory Report #MIT EL-00-003, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • 241
    • 35448953333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x traps. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-3023.
  • 242
    • 0035324412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of exhaust emissions from Swedish environmental classified diesel fuel (MK1) and European program on emissions, fuels and engine technologies (EPEFE) reference fuel: A chemical and biological characterization, with viewpoints on cancer risk
    • Westerholm R., Christensen A., Törnqvist M., Ehrenberg L., Rannug U., Sjögren M., et al. Comparison of exhaust emissions from Swedish environmental classified diesel fuel (MK1) and European program on emissions, fuels and engine technologies (EPEFE) reference fuel: A chemical and biological characterization, with viewpoints on cancer risk. Environmental Science & Technology 35 (2001) 1748-1754
    • (2001) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.35 , pp. 1748-1754
    • Westerholm, R.1    Christensen, A.2    Törnqvist, M.3    Ehrenberg, L.4    Rannug, U.5    Sjögren, M.6
  • 243
    • 0028028444 scopus 로고
    • Exhaust emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles: Chemical composition, impact of exhaust after treatment, and fuel parameters
    • Westerholm R., and Egebäck K.-E. Exhaust emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles: Chemical composition, impact of exhaust after treatment, and fuel parameters. Environmental Health Perspectives 102 Suppl. 4 (1994) 13-23
    • (1994) Environmental Health Perspectives , vol.102 , Issue.SUPPL. 4 , pp. 13-23
    • Westerholm, R.1    Egebäck, K.-E.2
  • 244
    • 0028437061 scopus 로고
    • A multivariate statistical analysis of fuel-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from heavy-duty vehicles
    • Westerholm R., and Li H. A multivariate statistical analysis of fuel-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from heavy-duty vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology 28 (1994) 965-972
    • (1994) Environmental Science & Technology , vol.28 , pp. 965-972
    • Westerholm, R.1    Li, H.2
  • 245
    • 35448992027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whitacre, S. D. (2003). 2007 Lubricant impact on emissions. ACES Workshop, Denver.
  • 246
    • 0035872318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative detection of aromatic compounds in single aerosol particle mass spectrometry
    • Woods E., Smith G.D., Dessiaterik Y., Baer T., and Miller R.E. Quantitative detection of aromatic compounds in single aerosol particle mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 73 (2001) 2317-2322
    • (2001) Analytical Chemistry , vol.73 , pp. 2317-2322
    • Woods, E.1    Smith, G.D.2    Dessiaterik, Y.3    Baer, T.4    Miller, R.E.5
  • 247
    • 35449003582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zelenka, P., Egert, M., & Cartellieri, W. (2000). Ways to meet future emissions standards with diesel engine powered sport utility vehicles SUV. SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0181.
  • 248
    • 18344364174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zereini, F., Alt, F., Messerchmidt, J., Wiseman, C. Feldmann, I., von Bohlen, A., et al. (2005). Concentration and distribution of heavy metals in urban airborne particulate matter in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 2983-2989.
  • 250
    • 33846257233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zereini, F., Wiseman, C., & Püttmann, W. (2007). Changes in palladium, platinum, and rhodium concentrations, and their spatial distribution in soils along a major highway in Germany from 1994 to 2004. Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 451-456.
  • 251
    • 85012546361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of two-step laser mass spectrometry to the chemical analysis of aerosol particle surfaces
    • Zhan O., Voumard P., and Zenobi R. Application of two-step laser mass spectrometry to the chemical analysis of aerosol particle surfaces. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (2005) 119-127
    • (2005) Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry , vol.9 , pp. 119-127
    • Zhan, O.1    Voumard, P.2    Zenobi, R.3
  • 252
    • 0029409097 scopus 로고
    • Laser-induced breakdown spectra in a coal-fired MHD facility
    • Zhang H., Singh J.P., Yueh F.Y., and Cook R.L. Laser-induced breakdown spectra in a coal-fired MHD facility. Applied Spectroscopy 49 (1995) 1617-1623
    • (1995) Applied Spectroscopy , vol.49 , pp. 1617-1623
    • Zhang, H.1    Singh, J.P.2    Yueh, F.Y.3    Cook, R.L.4
  • 253
    • 0347963937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry as a multimetal continuous-emission monitor
    • Zhang H., Yueh F.-Y., and Singh J.P. Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry as a multimetal continuous-emission monitor. Applied Optics 38 (1999) 1459-1466
    • (1999) Applied Optics , vol.38 , pp. 1459-1466
    • Zhang, H.1    Yueh, F.-Y.2    Singh, J.P.3
  • 254
    • 0348171023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diesel engine exhaust gas recirculation-a review on advanced and novel concepts
    • Zheng M., Reader G.T., and Hawley J.G. Diesel engine exhaust gas recirculation-a review on advanced and novel concepts. Energy Conversion & Management 45 (2004) 883-900
    • (2004) Energy Conversion & Management , vol.45 , pp. 883-900
    • Zheng, M.1    Reader, G.T.2    Hawley, J.G.3
  • 255
    • 0036742861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel traffic
    • Zhu Y., Hinds W.C., Kim S., Shen S., and Sioutas C. Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel traffic. Atmospheric Environment 36 (2002) 4323-4335
    • (2002) Atmospheric Environment , vol.36 , pp. 4323-4335
    • Zhu, Y.1    Hinds, W.C.2    Kim, S.3    Shen, S.4    Sioutas, C.5
  • 258
    • 35448990821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J., Stockwell, W., McDonald, J., Seagrave, J.-C., Wiesen, P., et al. (2006). Investigation of atmospheric transformations of diesel emissions in the European photoreactor (EUPHORE). In I. Barnes, & K. J. Rudzinski (Eds.), NATO science series (Vol. 62, pp. 279-284). Netherlands: Springer.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.