Evaluation of 1047-nm photoacoustic instruments and photoelectric aerosol sensors in source-sampling of black carbon aerosol and particle-bound PAHs from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 39, Issue 14, 2005, Pages 5398-5406

  Arnott, W P ^a   Zielinska, B ^a   Rogers, C F ^a   Sagebiel, J ^a   Park, Kihong ^a   Chow, Judith ^a   Moosmüller, Hans ^a   Watson, John G ^a   Kelly, K ^b   Wagner, D ^b   Sarofim, A ^b   Lighty, J ^b   Palmer, G ^c  

^a DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^c Hill Air Force Base   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; CARBON BLACK; DYNAMOMETERS; IGNITION; PHOTOELECTRIC CELLS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; SENSORS; SOLID STATE LASERS;

IGNITION COMPRESSION VEHICLES; PHOTOACOUSTIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOELECTRIC AEROSOL SENSORS (PAS); SPARK COMPRESSION VEHICLES;

PHOTOACOUSTIC EFFECT;

CARBON;

AEROSOL; BLACK CARBON; PAH; SENSOR;

AIR FORCE; ARTICLE; DILUTION; ELECTRONIC SENSOR; EXHAUST GAS; FILTER; HEATING; MEASUREMENT; NONHUMAN; PHOTOELECTRIC AEROSOL SENSOR; SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY;

ACOUSTICS; AEROSOLS; AIR POLLUTANTS; CALIFORNIA; CARBON; CARCINOGENS; GASOLINE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; SEASONS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; VEHICLE EMISSIONS;

EID: 22344454470     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es049595e     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Andreae, M. O. The dark side of aerosols. Nature 2001, 409, 671-672.
2. Lighty, J. S.; Veranth, J. M.; Sarofim, A. F. Combustion aerosols: Factors governing their size and composition and implications to human health. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2001, 50, 1565-1618.
3. Ramanathan, V.; Crutzen, P. J. New Directions: Atmospheric Brown "Clouds". Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 4033-4035.
4. Novakov, T.; Ramanathan, V.; Hansen, J. E.; Kirchstetter, T. W.; Sato, M.; Sinton, J. E.; Sathaye, J. A. Large historical changes of fossil-fuel black carbon aerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2003, 30, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016345.
5. Zielinska, B.; Sagebiel, J.; Arnott, W. P.; Rogers, C. F.; Kelly, K. E.; Wagner, D. A.; Lighty, J. S.; Sarofim, A. F.; Palmer, G. Phase and size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel and gasoline vehicle emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 2557-2567.
6. Mader, B. T.; Pankow, J. F. Study of the effects of particle-phase carbon on the gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere using controlled field experiments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 11.
7. Naumova, Y. Y.; Eisenreich, S. J.; Turpin, B. J.; Weisel, C. P.; Morandi, M. T.; Colome, S. D.; Totten, L. A.; Stock, T. H.; Winer, A. M.; Alimokhtari, S.; Kwon, J.; Shendell, D.; Jones, J.; Maberti, S.; Wall, S. J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the indoor and outdoor air of three cities in the U.S. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 8.
8. Naumova, Y. Y.; Offenberg, J. H.; Eisenreich, S. J.; Meng, Q.; Polidori, A.; Turpin, B. J.; Weisel, C. P.; Morandi, M. T.; Colome, S. D.; Stock, T. H.; Winer, A. M.; Alimokhtari, S.; Kwon, J.; Maberti, S.; Shendell, D.; Jones, J.; Farrar, C. Gas/particle distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coupled outdoor/indoor atmospheres. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 18.
9. Pankow, J. F. Gas/particle partitioning of neutral and ionizing compounds to single and multiphase aerosol particles 1 Unified modeling framework. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 12.
10. NTP 10th Report on Carcinogen; National Toxicology Program. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program, 2003.
11. IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2003.
12. Nel, A. E.; Diaz-Sanchez, D.; Ng, D.; Hiura, T.; Saxon, A. Updates on cells and cytokines - Enhancement of allergic inflammation by the interaction between diesel exhaust particles and the immune system. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1998, 102, 539-554.
13. Arnott, W. P.; Hamasha, K.; Moosmüller, H.; Sheridan, P. J.; Ogren, J. A. Towards aerosol light absorption measurements with a 7-wavelength Aethalometer: Evaluation with a photoacoustic instrument and a 3 wavelength nephelometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 17-29.
14. Horvath, H. Systematic deviations of light absorption measurements by filter transmission methods. J. Aerosol Sci. 1997, 28, S55-S56.
15. Sheridan, P. J.; Arnott, W. P.; Ogren, J. A.; Anderson, B. E.; Atkinson, D. B.; Covert, D. S.; Moosmuller, H.; Petzold, A.; Schmid, B.; Strawa, A. W.; Varma, R.; Virkkula, A. The Reno aerosol optics study: An Evaluation of Aerosol Absorption Measurement Methods. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 1-16.
16. EPA Field and Laboratory Analyses of a Real-Time PAH Analyzer; EPA/600/R-97/034; EPA Office of Research and Development, 1997.
17. Wilson, N. K.; Barbour, R. K. Evaluation of a real-time monitor for fine particle-bound PAH in air, Polycyclic Aromatic Compound. Polycyclic Aromat. Compd. 1994, 5, 167-174.
18. Wilson, N. K.; Chuang, J. C. Sampling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air. Indoor Air 1991, 4, 512-513.
19. Agnesod, G.; Maria, R. D.; Fontana, M.; Zublena, M. Determination of PAH in airborne paniculate; Comparison between off-line sampling techniques and an automatic analyser based on a photoelectric aerosol sensor. Sci. Total Environ. 1996, 189-190, 443-449.
20. Chetwittayachan, T.; Shimazaki, D.; Yamamoto, K. A comparison of temporal variation of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) concentration in different urban environments: Tokyo, Japan, and Bangkok, Thailand. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 2027-2037.
21. Chuang, J. C.; Callahan, P. J.; Lyu, C. W.; Wilson, N. K. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures of children in low-income families. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1999, 2, 85-98.
22. Roessler, D. M. Photoacoustic insights on diesel exhaust particles. Appl Opt. 1984, 23, 1148-1155.
23. Japar, S. M.; Killinger, D. K. Photoacoustic and absorption spectrum of airborne carbon particulate using a tunable dye laser. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1979, 66, 207-209.
24. Japar, S. M.; Szkarlat, A. C. Measurement of diesel vehicle exhaust particulate using photoacoustic spectroscopy. Combust. Sci. Technol. 1981, 24, 215-219.
25. Terhune, R. W.; Anderson, J. E. Spectrophone measurements of the absorption Divisible light by aerosols in the atmosphere. Opt. Lett. 1977, 1, 70-72.
26. Japar, S. M.; Szkarlat, A. C. In Real-time measurements of diesel vehicle exhaust particulate using photoacoustic spectroscopy and total light extinction, Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Tulsa OK, 1981; SAE: Tulsa OK, 1981; pp 1-8.
27. Japar, S. M.; Szkarlat, A. C.; Pierson, W. R. The determination of the optical properties of airborne particle emissions from diesel vehicles. Sci. Total Environ. 1984, 36, 121-130.
28. Arnott, W. P.; Moosmüller, H.; Rogers, C. F.; Jin, T.; Bruch, R. Photoacoustic spectrometer for measuring light absorption by aerosols: Instrument description. Atmos. Environ. 1999, 33, 2845-2852.
29. Moosmüller, H.; Arnott, W. P.; Rogers, C. F.; Bowen, J. L.; Gillies, J. A.; Pierson, W. R.; Collins, J. F.; Durbin, T. D.; Norbeck, J. M. Time-resolved characterization of particulate emission: 2. Instruments for elemental and organic carbon measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 1935-1942.
30. Petzold, A.; Niessner, R. In The Photoacoustic Soot Sensor for Black Carbon Monitoring, Fifth International Conference on Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere, Berkeley, CA, 1994; p 72.
31. Petzold, A.; Niessner, R. Novel design of a resonant photoacoustic spectrophone for elemental carbon mass monitoring. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1995, 66, 1285-1287.
32. 2 from atmospheric samples. Atmos. Environ. 1986, 20, 1211-1215.
33. Arnott, W. P.; Moosmüller, H.; Walker, J. W. Nitrogen dioxide and kerosene-flame soot calibration of photoacoustic instruments for measurement of light absorption by aerosols. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2000, 71, 4545-4552.
34. Arnott, W. P.; Moosmueller, H.; Walker, J. W. Photoacoustic instrument for measuring particles in a gas. U.S. Patent 6,662,627, December 16, 2003.
35. Dalzell, W. H.; Sarofim, A. F. Optical constants of soot and their application to heat flux calculations. J. Heat Transfer 1969, 100-104.
36. Fuller, K. A.; Malm, W. C.; Kreidenweis, S. M. Effects of mixing on extinction by carbonaceous particles. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104, 15941-15954.
37. Chow, J. C.; Watson, J. G.; Pritchett, L. C.; Pierson, W. R.; Frazier, C. A.; Purcell, R. G. The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality studies. Atmos. Environ. 1993, 27A, 1185-1201.
38. Rogers, C. F.; Sagebiel, J. C.; Zielinska, B.; Arnott, W. P.; Fujita, E. M.; McDonald, J. D.; Griffin, J. B.; Kelly, K.; Overacker, D.; Wagner, D.; Lighty, J. S.; Sarofim, A.; Palmer, G. Characterization of submicron exhaust particles from engines operating without load on diesel and JP-8 fuels. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 355-368.
39. Chow, J.; Watson, J.; Crow, D.; Lowenthal, D.; Merrifield, T. Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 23-34.
40. Watson, J. G.; Chow, I. C.; Lowenthal, D. H.; Pritchett, L. C. Differences in the carbon composition of source profiles for diesel- and gasoline-powered vehicles. Atmos. Environ. 1994, 28, 2493-2505.
41. Kelly, K. E.; Wagner, D. A.; Lighty, J. S.; Sarofim, A. F.; Rogers, C. F.; Sagebiel, J.; Zielinska, B.; Arnotl, W. P.; Palmer, G. Characterization of exhaust particles from military vehicles fueled with diesel, gasoline, and JP-8. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2003, 53, 273-282.
42. Burtscher, H. Measurement and characteristics of combustion aerosols with special consideration of photoelectric charging and charging by flame ions. J. Aerosol Sci. 1992, 23, 549-595.
43. Burtscher, H.; Siegmann, H. C. Monitoring PAH-emissions from combustion processes by photoelectric charging. Combust. Sci. Technol. 1994, 101, 327-332.
44. Niessner, R.; Wilbring, P. Ultrafine particles as trace catchers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: The photoelectric aerosol sensor as a tool for in situ sorption and desorption studies. Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 708-714.
45. Baltensperger, U. E.; Weingartner, H.; Burtscher, J.; Keskienen, J. Dynamic mass and surface area measurements. In Aerosol Measurement; Baron, P. A., Willeke, K., Eds.; Wiley: New York, 2001; pp 387-418.
46. Steiner, D.; Burtscher, H. Studies on the dynamics of adsorption and desorption from combustion particles, by temperature-dependent measurement of size, mass, and photoelectric yield. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1993, 68, 159-176.
47. Hueglin, C.; Scherrer, L.; Burtscher, H. An accurate, continuously adjustable dilution system (1:10 to 1:10/4) for submicron aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 1997, 28, 1049-1055.
48. McDow, S.; Giger, W.; Burtscher, H.; Schmidt-ott, A.; Siegmann, H. C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and combustion aerosol photoemission. Atmos. Environ. 1990, 24, 2911-2916.
49. Miguel, A. H.; Kirchstetter, T. W.; Harley, R. A.; Hering, S. V. On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 6.
50. Allen, J. O.; Sarofim, A. F.; Smith, K. A. A critical evaluation of two proposed atmospheric partitioning mechanisms, adsorption and absorption, using atmospheric data for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Aerosol Sci. 1997, 28, S335-S336.
51. Dong, Y.; Hallett, J. Charge separation by ice and water drops during growth and evaporation. J. Geophys. Res. 1992, 97, (D18), 20,361.
52. Lawless, P. A.; Rodes, C. E.; Evans, G.; Sheldon, L.; Creason, J. Aerosol concentrations during the 1999 Fresno exposure studies as functions of size, season, and meterology. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001, 34, 66-74.
53. Hansen, A. D. A.; Rosen, H.; Novakov, T. The aethalometer - An instrument for the real-time measurement of optical absorption by aerosol particles. Sci. Total Environ. 1984, 36, 191-196.