Science and technology of catalytic diesel particulate filters

Catalysis Reviews - Science and Engineering

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 489-564

  Van Setten, Barry A A L ^a   Makkee, Michiel ^a   Moulijn, Jacob A ^a  

^a DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Catalyst; Diesel; Exhaust purification; Filter; Oxidation; Regeneration; Soot

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035518829     PISSN: 01614940     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/CR-120001810     Document Type: Review

References (202)

1. Amiridis, M.D.; Zhang, T.; Farrauto, R.J. Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide by Hydrocarbons. Appl. Catal. B 1996, 10, 203-227.
2. x Catalysis. Appl. Catal. B 1997, 13, 1-25.
3. x with Hydrocarbons. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 1999, 30, 3-41.
4. Pârvulescu, V.I.; Grange, P.; Delmon, B. Catalytic Removal of NO. Catal. Today 1998, 46, 233-316.
5. Smith, O.I. Fundamentals of Soot Formation in Flames with Application to Diesel Engine Particulate Emissions. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 1981, 7, 275-291.
6. Haynes, B.S.; Wagner, H.G. Soot Formation. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 1981, 7, 229-273.
7. Neumüller, O.A. Römpps Chemie-Lexikon; Franckh'sche Verlaghandlung: Stuttgart, 1987.
8. Ishiguro, T.; Takatori, Y.; Akihama, K. Microstructure of Diesel Soot Particles Probed by Electron Microscopy: First Observation of Inner Core and Outer Shell. Combust. Flame 1997, 108, 231-234.
9. Kittelson, D.B. Engines and Nanoparticles: A Review. J. Aerosol. Sci. 1998, 29, 575-588.
10. Klingenberg, H. Automobile Exhaust Emission Testing. Measurement of Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Gas Components, Exhaust Emission Tests; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1996.
11. Baumgard, K.J.; Johnson, J.H. The Effect of Fuel and Engine Design on Diesel Exhaust Particle Size Distributions. SAE Paper 960131, 1996.
12. Cooper, B.J.; Thoss, J.E. Role of NO in Diesel Particulate Emission Control. SAE Paper 890404, 1989.
13. Lide, D.R., Ed. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics; 73rd Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1993.
14. Merkel, G.A.; Cutler, W.A.; Warren, C.J. Thermal Durability of Wall-Flow Ceramic Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE paper 2001-01-0190, 2001.
15. Diesel-Fuel Exhaust Is Deemed Less Carcinogenic. Chem. Eng. 2000, January, 25.
16. McKechnie, J.L., Ed. Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary; 2nd Ed.; Simon and Schuster: New York, 1979.
17. Chemical Methods for the Measurement of Nonregulated Diesel Emissions. In SAE Handbook, Vol. 3, Engines, Fuels, Lubricants, Emissions and Noise; Society of Automotive Engineers: Warrendale, PA, 1993; 25-38.
18. Lüders, H.; Stommel, P.; Backe, R. Applications for the Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Traps by Combining Different Regeneration Systems. SAE paper 970470, 1997.
19. Neeft, J.P.A.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. Diesel Particulate Emission Control. Fuel Process Technol. 1996, 47, 1-69.
20. Spiro, T.G.; Stigliani, W.M. Chemistry of the Environment; Prentice-Hall: London, 1996.
21. Mészáros, E. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry; Akadémiai Kiadó: Budapest, 1999.
22. Diesel Emissions and Lung Cancer: Epidemiology and Quantitative Risk Assessment, Health Effects Institute, Cambridge (US), 1999, http://www. healtheffects.org/pubs-special.htm (accessed April 2001).
23. Maynard, R.L.; Howard, C.V., Eds. Particulate Matter: Properties and Effects upon Health; BIOS: Oxford, 1999.
24. Dieselnet Diesel Emissions Online. http://www.dieselnet.com (accessed April 2001).
25. Walsh, M.P. Global Trends in Diesel Emissions Control. A 1999 Update. SAE paper 1999-01-0107, 1999.
26. U.S. Diesel Engine Makers Reach $1 Billion Deal with the EPA. Dieselnet Diesel Emissions Online. http://www.dieselnet.com/news/9810epa.html (accessed April 2001).
27. Seaton, A.; MacNee, W.; Donaldson, K.; Godden, D. Particulate Air Pollution and Acute Health Effects. Lancet 1995, 345, 176-178.
28. Donaldson, K.; Beswick, P.H.; Gilmour, P.S. Free Radical Activity Associated with the Surface of Particles: A Unifying Factor in Determining Biological Activity? Toxicol. Lett. 1996, 88, 293-298.
29. Ferin, J.; Oberdörster, G.; Penney, D.P. Pulmonary Retention of Ultrafine and Fine Particles in Rats. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1992, 6, 535-542.
30. Bagley, S.T.; Baumgard, K.J.; Gratz, L.D.; Johnson, J.H.; Leddy, D.G. Characterization of Fuel and Aftertreatment Device Effects on Diesel Emissions. Technical Report; Health Effects Institute: Cambridge, MA, 1996.
31. Mayer, A.; Matter, U.; Scheidegger, G.; Czerwinski, J.; Wyser, M.; Kieser, D.; Weidhofer, J. Particulate Traps for Retro-fitting Construction Site Engines. VERT: Final Measurements and Implementation. SAE paper 1999-01-0116, 1999.
32. Mayer, A. VERT: Curtailing Emissions of Diesel Engines in Tunnel Sites. Dieselnet Technical Report, April 1998; Dieselnet Diesel Emissions Online, http:// www.dieselnet.com/papers/9804mayer.html (accessed April 2001).
33. Mayer, A. Selection Criteria for Diesel Particulate Trap Systems: VERT Experience. Dieselnet Technical Report, December 1998; Dieselnet Diesel Emissions Online. http://www.dieselnet.com/papers/9812mayer.html (accessed April 2001).
34. Simon, G.M.; Stark, T.L.; Hoffman, M.B. Diesel Exhaust Particulate Control Techniques for Light-Duty trucks. SAE paper 860137, 1986.
35. Hüthwohl, G.; Pischinger, F.; Lepperhoff, G. Self-Supporting Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Traps. SAE paper 870017, 1987.
36. Higuchi, N.; Mochida, S.; Kojima, M. Optimized Regeneration Conditions of Ceramic Honeycomb Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE paper 830078, 1983.
37. Bloom, R.L.; Brunner, N.R.; Schroeer, S.C. Fiber Wound Diesel Particulate Filter Durability Experience with Metal Based Additives. SAE paper 970180, 1997.
38. Laine, N.R.; Vastola, F.J.; Walker, P.L., Jr. The Importance of Active Surface Area in the Carbon-Oxygen Reaction. J. Phys. Chem. 1963, 67, 2030-2034.
39. Neeft, J.P.A.; Nijhuis, T.X.; Smakman, E.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. Kinetics of the Oxidation of Diesel Soot. Fuel 1997, 76, 1129-1136.
40. Chen, S.G.; Yang, R.T.; Kapteijn, F.; Moulijn, J.A. A New Surface Oxygen Complex on Carbon: Towards a Unified Mechanism for Carbon Gasification Reactions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993, 32, 2835-2840.
41. 2 Gasification Study. Carbon 1994, 32, 1223-1231.
42. Moulijn, J.A.; Kapteijn, F. Towards a Unified Theory of Reactions of Carbon with Oxygen-Containing Molecules. Carbon 1995, 33, 1155-1165.
43. Otto, K.; Sieg, M.H.; Zinbo, M.; Bartosiewicz, L. The Oxidation of Soot Deposits from Diesel Engines. SAE paper 800336, 1980.
44. Bhatia, S.K.; Perlmutter, D.D. A Random Pore Model for Fluid-Solid Reactions: I. Isothermal, Kinetic Control. AIChE J. 1980, 26, 379-386.
45. Reyes, S.; Jensen, K.F. Percolation Concepts in Modelling of Gas-Solid Reactions. I. Application to Char Gasification in the Kinetic Regime. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1986, 41, 333-343.
46. Ishiguro, T.; Suzuki, N.; Fujitani, Y.; Morimoto, H. Microstructural Changes of Diesel Soot During Oxidation. Combust. Flame 1991, 85, 1-6.
47. Rao, V. D., White, J. E., Wade, W. R., Aimone, M. G., Cikanek, H. A. Advanced Techniques for Thermal and Catalytic Diesel Particulate Trap Regeneration. SAE paper 850014, 1985.
48. Wade, W.R.; White, J.E.; Florek, J.J.; Cikanek, H. A. Thermal and Catalytic Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Traps. SAE paper 830083, 1983.
49. Tuteja, A.D.; Hoffman, M.B.; Lopez-Crevillen, J.M.; Singh, S.; Stomber, R.R.; Wallace, G.C. Selection and Development of a Particulate Trap System for a Light Duty Diesel Engine. SAE paper 920142, 1992.
50. Shirk, R.; Bloom, R.; Kitahara, Y.; Shinzawa, M. Fiber Wound Electrically Regenerable Diesel Particulate Filter Cartridge for Small Diesel Engines. SAE paper 950153, 1995.
51. Garner, C.P.; Dent, J.C. Microwave Assisted Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Traps. SAE paper 890174, 1989.
52. Salvat, O.; Marez, P.; Belot, G. Passenger Car Serial Application of a Particulate Filter System on a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine. SAE paper 2000-01-0473, 2000.
53. Gantawar, A.K.; Opris, C.N.; Johnson, J.H. A Study of the Regeneration Characteristics of Silicon Carbide and Cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters Using a Copper Fuel Additive. SAE paper 970187, 1997.
54. Walton, F.B.; Hayward, P.J.; Wren, D.J. Controlled Energy Deposition in Diesel Particulate Filters During Regeneration by Means of Microwave Irradiation. SAE paper 900327, 1990.
55. Nixdorf, R.D.; Green, J.B.; Story, J.M.; Wagner, R.M. Microwave-Regenerated Diesel Exhaust Particulate Filter. SAE paper 2001-01-0903, 2001.
56. Sekhar, J.A.; Gupta, V.; Penumella, S. Filter Manufactured by Micropyrectic Synthesis. WO Patent application 9606814, 1996.
57. Larsen, C.A.; Levendis, Y.A.; Shimato, K. Filtration Assessment and Thermal Effects on Aerodynamic Regeneration in Silicon Carbide and Cordierite Particulate Filters. SAE paper 1999-01-0466, 1999.
58. Oey, F.; Mehta, S.; Levendis, Y.A. Diesel Vehicle Application of an Aerodynamically Regenerated Trap and EGR System. SAE paper 950370, 1995.
59. x Reduction by Plasma. SAE paper 971715, 1997.
60. Hoard, J. Plasma-Catalysis for Diesel Exhaust Treatment - Current State of the Art. SAE paper 2001-01-0185, 2001.
61. x Technology for Diesel Engines. SAE paper 1999-01-3684, 1999.
62. x Destruction in Air and Nitrogen by Dielectric Barrier Corona Discharge. SAE paper 982510, 1998.
63. x Remediation. SAE paper 982429, 1998.
64. x from Diesel Exhaust. SAE paper 982431, 1998.
65. Lepperhoff, G.; Scharr, D.; Pischinger, S.; Neff, W.; Trompeter, F.J.; Pochner, K. Exhaust Emission Reduction of Combustion Engines by Barrier Discharge. A New Reactor/Generator System. SAE paper 1999-01-3638, 1999.
66. x-Removal and Byproduct Formation. SAE paper 1999-01-3632, 1999.
67. x Reduction on Surfaces in Plasma. SAE paper 982511, 1998.
68. 2 in a Plasma. SAE paper 1999-01-3687, 1999.
69. x for Diesel Cars. SAE paper 982428, 1998.
70. x in Diesel Exhaust: Test Bench Measurements. SAE paper 1999-01-3633, 1999.
71. x and Particulate Removal from Diesel Exhaust Using a Non-thermal Plasma. Proceedings of the 22nd CIMAC International Congress on Combustion Engines, 1998; Vol. 5, 1157-1166.
72. Thomas, S.E.; Martin, A.R.; Raybone, D.; Shawcross, J.T.; Log Ng, K.; Beech, P.; Whitehead, J.C. Non Thermal Plasma Aftertreatment of Particulates - Theoretical Limits and Impact on Reactor Design. SAE paper 2000-01-1926, 2000.
73. Levendis, Y.A.; Larsen, C.A. Use of Ozone-Enriched Air for Diesel Particulate Trap Regeneration. SAE paper 1999-01-0114, 1999.
74. Christensen, H.; Dinesen, J.; Hare Engell, H.; Kammer Hansen, K. Electrochemical Reactor for Exhaust Gas Purification. SAE paper 1999-01-0472, 1999.
75. Christensen, H.; Dinesen, J.; Hare Engell, H.; Christian Larsen, L.; Kammer Hansen K.; Skou, E.M. Electrochemical Exhaust Gas Purification. SAE paper 2000-01-0478, 2000.
76. Long, F.J.; Sykes, K.W. The Catalysis of the Oxidation of Carbon. J. Chim. Phys. 1950, 47, 361-378.
77. Neumann, B.; Kröger, C.; Fingas, E. Die Wasserdampfzersetzung an Kohlenstoff mit aktivierenden Zusätzen. Zeitschr. Anorgan. Allgemeine Chem. 1931, 197, 321-338.
78. McKee, D.W. Carbon Oxidation Catalyzed by Low Melting Point Oxide Phases. Carbon 1987, 25, 587-588.
79. Amariglio, H.; Duval, X. Etude de la Combustion Catalytique du Graphite. Carbon 1966, 4, 323-332.
80. Hennig, G.R. Electron Microscopy of Reactivity Changes Near Lattice Defects in Graphite. Chem. Phys. Carbon 1966, 2, 1-49.
81. Baker, R.T.K.; Harris, P.S. Controlled Atmosphere Electron Microscopy. J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 1972, 5, 793-797.
82. Goethel, P.J.; Yang, R.T. Mechanism of Catalyzed Graphite Oxidation by Monolayer Channeling and Monolayer Edge Recession. J. Catal. 1989, 119, 201-214.
83. Baker, R.T.K. Catalytic Gasification of Graphite. Chem. Ind. 1982, 18, 698-702.
84. Baker, R.T.K. Factors Controlling the Mode by Which a Catalyst Operates in the Graphite-Oxygen Reaction. Carbon 1986, 24, 715-717.
85. Baker, R.T.K.; Lund, C.R.F.; Chludzinski, J.J. Catalytic Gasification of Graphite by Barium in Steam, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Hydrogen. J. Catal. 1984, 87, 255-264.
86. Baumgarten, E.; Schuck, A. Oxygen Spillover and Its Possible Role in Coke Burning. Appl. Catal. 1988, 37, 247-257.
87. Baker, R.T.K.; Chludzinski, J.J. Catalytic Gasification of Graphite by Chromium and Copper in Oxygen, Steam and Hydrogen. Carbon 1981, 19, 75-82.
88. 2. J. Catal. 1998, 179, 258-266.
89. Inui, T.; Otowa, T. Catalytic Combustion of Benzene-Soot Captured on Ceramic Foam Matrix. Appl. Catal. 1985, 14, 83-93.
90. Inui, T.; Otowa, T.; Takegami, Y. Enhancement of Oxygen Transmission in the Oxidation of Active Carbon by the Composite Catalyst. J. Catal. 1982, 76, 84-92.
91. Löwe, A.; Mendoza-Frohn, C. Zum Problem der Dieselrußverbrennung auf einem Katalysator beschichteten Filter-Der Kontakt zwischen Katalysator und Feststoff. Chem.-Ing. Tech. 1990, 62, 759-762.
92. Neeft, J.P.A.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. Metal Oxides as Catalysts for the Oxidation of Soot. Chem. Eng. J. 1996, 64, 295-302.
93. Neeft, J.P.A.; van Pruissen, O.P.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. Catalysts for the Oxidation of Soot from Diesel Exhaust Gases II. Contact Between Soot and Catalyst Under Practical Conditions. Appl. Catal. B 1997, 12, 21-31.
94. Watabe, Y.; Yamada, C.; Irako, K.; Murakami, Y. Catalyst for Use in Cleaning Exhaust Gas Particulates. European Patent 0092023, 1983.
95. Mul, G.; Neeft, J.P.A.; Kapteijn, F.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. Soot Oxidation Catalyzed by a Cu/K/Mo/Cl Catalyst: Evaluation of the Chemistry and Performance of the Catalyst. Appl. Catal. B 1995, 6, 339-352.
96. Neeft, J.P.A.; Schipper, W.; Mul, G.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. Feasibility Study Towards a Cu/K/Mo/(Cl) Soot Oxidation Catalyst for Application in Diesel Exhaust Gases. Appl. Catal. B 1997, 11, 365-382.
97. Neeft, J.P.A.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. Catalysts for the Oxidation of Soot from Diesel Exhaust Gases I. An Exploratory Study. Appl. Catal. B 1996, 8, 57-78.
98. Ciambelli, P.; Corbo, P.; Parrella, P.; Scialo, M. Catalytic Oxidation of Soot from Diesel Exhaust Gases 1. Screening of Metal Oxide Catalysts by TG-DTG-DTA Analysis. Thermochim. Acta 1990, 162, 83-89.
99. Ciambelli, P.; Palma, V.; Russo, P.; Vaccaro, S. The Effect of NO on Cu/V/K/Cl Catalysed Soot Combustion. Appl. Catal. B 1999, 22, L5-L10.
100. Ciambelli, P.; Palma, V.; Vaccaro, S. Low Temperature Carbon Particulate Oxidation on a Supported Cu/V/K Catalyst. Catal. Today 1993, 17, 71-78.
101. Ciambelli, P.; Parrella, P.; Vaccaro, S. Kinetics of Soot Oxidation on Potassium-Copper-Vanadium Catalyst. Studies Surface Sci. Catal. 1991, 30, 323-335.
102. Badini, C.; Serra, V.; Saracco, G.; Montorsi, M. Thermal Stability of Cu-K-V Catalyst for Diesel Soot Combustion. Catal. Lett. 1996, 37, 247-254.
103. Badini, C.; Saracco, G.; Serra, V.; Specchia, V. Suitability of Some Promising Soot Combustion Catalysts for Application in Diesel Exhaust Treatment. Appl. Catal. B 1998, 18, 137-150.
104. Badini, C.; Saracco, G.; Serra, V. Combustion of Carbonaceous Materials by Cu-K-V Based Catalysts I. Role of Copper and Potassium Vanadates. Appl. Catal. B 1997, 11, 307-328.
105. Serra, V.; Saracco, G.; Badini, C.; Specchia, V. Combustion of Carbonaceous Materials by Cu-K-V Based Catalysts II. Reaction Mechanism. Appl. Catal. B 1997, 11, 329-346.
106. Mul, G.; Kapteijn, F.; Moulijn, J.A. Catalytic Oxidation of Model Soot by Metal Chlorides. Appl. Catal. B 1997, 12, 33-47.
107. Querini, C.A.; Ulla, M.A.; Requejo, F.; Soria, J.; Sedrán, U.A.; Miró, E.E. Catalytic Combustion of Diesel Soot Particles. Activity and Characterization of Co/MgO and Co,K/MgO Catalysts. Appl. Catal. B 1998, 15, 5-19.
108. Badini, C.; Saracco, G.; Specchia, V. Combustion of Carbon Particulate Catalysed by Mixed Potassium Vanadates and KI. Catal. Lett. 1998, 55, 201-206.
109. Ahlström, A.F.; Odenbrand, C.U.I. Combustion of Soot Deposits from Diesel Engines on Mixed Oxides of Vanadium Pentoxide and Cupric Oxide. Appl. Catal. 1990, 60, 157-172.
110. Jelles, S.J.; van Setten, B.A.A.L.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. Molten Salts as Promising Catalysts for Oxidation of Diesel Soot: Importance of Experimental Conditions in Testing Procedures. Appl. Catal. B 1999, 21, 35-49.
111. van Setten, B.A.A.L.; van Dijk, R.; Jelles, S.J.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. The Potential of Supported Molten Salts in the Removal of Soot from Diesel Exhaust Gas. Appl. Catal. B 1999, 21, 51-61.
112. x on Soot Combustion with Supported Molten Salt Catalysts. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1999, 67, 3-7.
113. van Setten, B.A.A.L.; Bremmer, J.; Jelles, S.J.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. Ceramic Foam as a Potential Molten Salt Oxidation Catalyst Support in the Removal of Soot from Diesel Exhaust Gas. Catal. Today 1999, 53, 613-621.
114. van Setten, B.A.A.L.; Schouten, J.M.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. Realistic Contact for Soot with an Oxidation Catalyst for Laboratory Studies. Appl. Catal. B 2000, 28, 253-257.
115. 4 Catalyst. Appl. Catal. B 1997, 12, 237-247.
116. Teraoka, Y.; Nakano, K.; Shangguan, W.; Kagawa, S. Simultaneous Catalytic Removal of Nitrogen Oxides and Diesel Sool Particulale over Perovskite-Related Oxides. Catal. Today 1996, 27, 107-113.
117. Lepperhoff, G.; Lüders, H.; Barthe, P.; Lemaire, J. Quasi-continuous Particle Trap Regeneration by Cerium-Additives. SAE Paper 950369, 1995.
118. Lemaire, J. Eolys Fuel-Borne Catalyst for Diesel Particulars Abatement: A Key Component of an Integrated System. Dieselnet Technical Report, 1999, Dieselnet Diesel Emissions Online. http://www.dieselnet.com/papers/9909rhodia (accessed April 2001).
119. Richards, P.J.; Vincent, M.W.; Cook, S.L. Operating Experience of Diesel Vehicles Equipped wilh Particulate Filters and Using Fuel Additive for Regeneration. SAE paper 2000-01-0474, 2000.
120. Hardenberg, H.O. Urban Bus Application of a Ceramic Coil Particulate Trap. SAE paper 870011, 1987.
121. Hardenberg, H.O.; Daudel, H.L.; Erdmannsdorfer, H.J. Particulate Trap Regeneration Induced by Means of Oxidizing Agents Injected into the Exhaust Gas. SAE paper 870016, 1987.
122. Oser, P.; Thomas, U. Particulate Control Systems for Diesel Engines Using Catalytically Coated and Uncoated Traps with Consideration of Regeneration Techniques. SAE paper 830087, 1983.
123. Jelles, S.J.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A.; Acres, G.J.K.; Peter-Hoblyn, J.D. Diesel Particulate Control. Application of an Activated Particulate Trap in Combination with Fuel Additives at an Ultra Low Dose Rate. SAE paper 1999-01-0113, 1999.
124. Daly, D.T.; McKinnon, D.L.; Martin, J.R.; Pavlich, D.A. A Diesel Particulate Regeneration System Using a Copper Fuel Additive. SAE paper 930131, 1993.
125. Valentine, J.M.; Peter-Hoblyn, J.D.; Acres, G.K. Emission Reduction and Improved Fuel Economy Performance from a Bimetallic Platinum/Cerium Diesel Fuel Additive at Ultra-Low Dose Rate. SAE paper 2000-01-1934, 2000.
126. U.S. Department of Energy. Phase I Interim Data Report No. 4: Diesel Particulate Filters - Final Report: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network, Office of Transportation Technologies. January 2000 http://www.ott.doe.gov/decse/ (accessed April 2001).
127. Oehme, M.; Larssen, S.; Brevik, E.M. Emission Factors of PCDD and PCDF for Road Vehicles Obtained by Tunnel Experiment. Chemosphere 1991, 23, 1699-1708.
128. Gullet, B.K.; Bruce, K.R.; Beach, L.O.; Drago, A.M. Mechanistic Steps in the Production of PCDD and PCDF During Waste Combustion. Chemosphere 1992, 25, 1387-1392.
129. Luijk, R.; Akkerman, D.M.; Slot, P.; Olie, K.; Kapteijn, F. Mechanism of Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Catalyzed Combustion of Carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994, 28, 312-321.
130. Neeb, N.V. Influence of Particulate Trap Systems on the Composition of Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas Emissions (Part II). EMPA-Research Report 172847. Technical Report; EMPA: Dübendorf, Switzerland, 1998.
131. Neeb, N.V. Influence of Particulate Trap Systems on the Composition of Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas Emissions. EMPA-Research Report 167985; Technical Report; EMPA: Dübendorf, Switzerland, 1998.
132. Clunies-Ross, C.; Stanmore, B.R.; Millar, G.J. Dioxins in Diesel Exhaust Gas. Nature 1996, 381, 379.
133. Pataky, G.M.; Baumgard, K.J.; Gratz, L.D.; Bagley, S.T.; Leddy, D.G.; Johnson, J.H. Effects of an Oxidation Catalytic Converter on Regulated and Unregulated Diesel Emissions. SAE paper 940243, 1994.
134. Allansson, R.; Cooper, B.J.; Thoss, J.E.; Uusimäki, A.; Walker, A.P.; Warren, J.P. European Experience of High Mileage Durability of Continuously Regenerating Diesel Particulate Filter Technology. SAE paper 2000-01-0480, 2000.
135. Schuster, H.D. Verminderung der Partikelemission am Pkw-Dieselmotor. VDI Berichte 1985, 559, 117-137.
136. Stroom, P.D.; Merry, R.P.; Gulati, S.T. Systems Approach to Packaging Design for Automotive Catalytic Converters. SAE paper 900500, 1990.
137. 3M Interam Catalytic Converter Mat Products. Designer's Guide. 3M Automotive Division. Version 78-6970-7513-9 Rev. A; 3M: St. Paul, MN, 1997.
138. Gulati, S.T.; Sherwood, D.L.; Corn, D.H. Robust Packaging System for Diesel/Natural Gas Oxidation Catalysts. SAE paper 960471, 1996.
139. Gulati, S.T.; Reddy, K.P. Measurement of Biaxial Compressive Strength of Cordierite Ceramic Honeycombs. SAE paper 930165, 1993.
140. Gulati, S.T.; Reddy, K.P. High Temperature Compressive Strength of Extruded Cordierite Ceramic Substrates. SAE paper 950787, 1995.
141. Reddy, K.P.; Helfinstine, J.D.; Gulati, S.T. New Tests for Characterizing the Durability of a Ceramic Catalytic Converter Package. SAE paper 960559, 1996.
142. Hattori, M.; Uesugi, G.; Machida, M.; Optimization of Catalytic Converter Location Achieved with a Curve Catalytic Honeycomb Substrate. SAE paper 940743, 1994.
143. Ohno, K.; Shimato, N.; Taoka, N.; Santae, H.; Ninomiya, T.; Komori, T.; Salvat, O. Characterization of SiC-DPF for Passenger Car. SAE paper 2000-01-0185, 2000.
144. Ladegaard, N.; Sorenson, S.C.; Schramm, J.; Gratz, L.; Stobbe, P. Fuel Additive Effects on Particulate Emissions from a Diesel Engine. SAE paper 970181, 1997.
145. Gulati, S.T. Ceramic Catalyst Supports for Gasoline Fuel. In Structured Catalysts and Reactors; Series Chemical Industries, Vol. 71; Cybulski, A., Moulijn, J.A., Eds.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1998; 15-58.
146. Høj, J.W.; Sorenson, S.C.; Stobbe, P. Thermal Loading in SiC Particle Filters. SAE paper 950151, 1995.
147. 5. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 1994, 13, 275-282.
148. Lucchini, E.; Maschio, S. Thermal Shock Resistance of Cordieritic Filter for Diesel Engines. Mater. Sci. Technol. 1995, 11, 605-610.
149. Dario, M.T.; Bachiorrini, A. Interaction of Some Pollutant Oxides on Durability of Silicon Carbide as a Material for Diesel Vehicle Filters. J. Mater. Sci. 1998, 33, 139-145.
150. Spivey, J.J.; Butt, J.B. Deactivation of Catalysts in the Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds. Catal. Today 1992, 11, 465-500.
151. van Doom, J.; Varloud, J.; Mériaudeau, P.; Perrichon, V.; Chevrier, M.; Gauthier, C. Effect of Support Material on the Catalytic Combustion of Diesel Soot Particulates. Appl. Catal. B 1992, 1, 117-127.
152. Ahlström, A.F.; Odenbrand, C.U.I. Catalytic Combustion of Soot Deposits from Diesel Engines. Appl. Catal. 1990, 60, 143-156.
153. McKee, D.W. The Copper-Catalyzed Oxidation of Graphite. Carbon 1970, 8, 131-139.
154. van Setten, B.A.A.L. Private communication with Stork Wärtsilä Diesel NSD, Zwolle (the Netherlands), May 1996.
155. PSA Peugeot Citroen presents the first particle filter system to be fitted as standard equipment in a vehicle at the start of the year 2000. PSA Peugeot-Citroën Homepage. http://www.psa.fr/presse/en_99018.html (accessed April 2001).
156. Konstandopoulos, A.G.; Johnson, J.H. Wall-Flow Diesel Particulate Filters. Their Pressure Drop and Collection Efficiency. SAE Paper 890405, 1989.
157. Howitt, J.S.; Montierth, M.R. Cellular Ceramic Diesel Particulate Filter. SAE Paper 810114, 1981.
158. Opris, C.N.; Johnson, J.H. A 2-D Computational Model Describing the Flow and Filtration Characteristics of a Ceramic Diesel Particulate Trap. SAE Paper 980545, 1998.
159. Perry, R.H.; Green, D.W.; Maloney, J.O., Eds. Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook; 6th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1984.
160. Saggio-Woyansky, J.; Scott, C.E.; Minnear, W.P. Processing of Porous Ceramics. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 1992, 71, 1674-1682.
161. Mizrah, T.; Maurer, A.; Gauckler, L.; Gabathuler, J.P. Open-Pore Ceramic Foam as Diesel Particulate Filter. SAE Paper 890172, 1989.
162. Erben, E.; Schmiedeck, W.; Klaunig, W.D.; Reichte, E.M. Untersuchung zur Verminderung der Dieselpartikelemission von Nutzfahrzeugen mittels Schaumkeramik. Motortech. Zeitschr. 1988, 49, 511-512.
163. Gabathuler, J.P.; Mizrah, T.; Eckert, L.; Fischer, A.; Käser, P.; Maurer, A. New Developments of Ceramic Foam as a Diesel Particulate Filter. SAE Paper 910325, 1991.
164. Tutko, J.J.; Lestz, S.S.; Brockmeyer, J.W.; Dore, J.E. Feasibility of Ceramic Foam as a Diesel Particulate Trap. SAE paper 840073, 1984.
165. Helferich, R.; Yoshida, K.; Ogasawara, K. Regeneration Performance of a Catalyzed Versus a Non-catalyzed Ceramic Membrane Diesel Particulate Trap. SAE paper 910327, 1991.
166. Frei, O.; Frish, M.; Bodmer, V.; Mizrah, T. Ceramic Foam for Filters for Cleaning Exhaust Gases of Diesel Engines. US Patent 4965101, 1990.
167. Taoka, N.; Ohno, K.; Hong, S.; Sato, H.; Yoshida, Y.; Komori, T. Effect of SiC-DPF with High Cell Density for Pressure Loss and Regeneration. SAE paper 2001-01-0191, 2001.
168. Ludecke, O.A.; Dimick, D.L. Diesel Exhaust Particulate Control System Development. SAE paper 830085, 1983.
169. van Hardenveld, R.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A.; Jelles, S.J. Method for the Oxidation of Liquid or Solid Pollutants in Gas Streams. WO Patent 9723268, 1997.
170. Dullien, F. A.L. Theory and Practice of a New Class of Equipment for Separation of Particulates from Gases: The Turbulent Flow Precipitator. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. 1999, 54, 565-575.
171. Maganas, T.C.; Harrington, A.L. Methods for Low Temperature Degradation of Diesel Exhaust and Other Organic Matter. US Patent 5,928,618, 1999.
172. Cooper, B.J.; Roth, S.A. Flow-Through Catalysts for Diesel Engine Emissions Control. Platinum Coated Monoliths Reduce Particulates. Platinum Metals Rev. 1991, 35, 178-187.
173. Horiuchi, M.; Saito, K.; Ichihara, S. The Effects of Flow-Through Type Oxidation Catalysts on the Particulate Reduction of 1990's Diesel Engines. SAE Paper 900600, 1990.
174. Lox, E.S.J.; Engler, B.H. Environmental Catalysis. In Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis; Ertl, G., Knözinger, H., Weitkamp, J., Eds.; VCH: Weinheim, 1997, 1559-1633.
175. Farrauto, R.J.; Voss, K.E. Monolithic Diesel Oxidation Catalysts. Appl. Catal. B 1996, 10, 29-51.
176. Zelenka, P.; Kriegler, W.; Herzog, P.L.; Cartellieri, W.P. Ways Toward the Clean Heavy-Duty Diesel. SAE paper 900602, 1990.
177. Hawker, P.; Myers, N.; Hüthwohl, G.; Vogel, H.Th.; Bates, B.; Magnusson, L.; Bronnenberg, P. Experience with a New Particulate Trap Technology in Europe. SAE paper 970182, 1997.
178. Hawker, P.; Hüthwohl, G.; Henn, J.; Koch, W.; Lüders, H.; Lüers, B.; Stommel, P. Effect of a Continuously Regenerating Diesel Particulate Filter on Non-regulated Emissions and Particle Size Distribution. SAE paper 980189, 1998.
179. Lanni, T.; Chatterjee, S.; Conway, R.; Windawi, H.; Rosenblatt, D.; Bush, C.; Lowell, D.; Evans, J.; McLean, R. Performance and Durability Evaluation of Continuously Regenerating Particulate Filters on Diesel Powered Urban Buses at NY City Transit. SAE paper 2001-01-0511, 2001.
180. Zelenka, P.; Reczek, W.; Mustel, W.; Rouveirolles, P. Towards Securing the Particulate Trap Regeneration: A System Combining a Sintered Metal Filter and Cerium Fuel Additive. SAE paper 982598, 1999.
181. Typical prices of a three-way catalyst. Quoted by Johnson Matthey, Royston (UK), 2000.
182. x/PM Reduction. SAE paper 2000-01-1933, 2000.
183. x and PM Legislation. SAE paper 2000-01-0188, 2000.
184. Krijnsen, H.C.; Bertin, S.S.; Makkee, M.; van den Bleek, C.M.; Moulijn, J.A.; Calis, H.P.A. Bench-Scale Demonstration of an Integrated deSoot deNOx System. SAE paper 2001-01-0515, 2001.
185. Johnson, J.H.; Bagley, S.T.; Gratz, L.D.; Leddy, D.G. A Review of Diesel Particulate Control Technology and Emissions Effects. 1992 Horning Memorial Award Lecture. SAE paper 940233, 1994.
186. Kraftstoffverbrauchs- und Emissions-Typprüfwerte von Kraftfahrzeugen mit allgemeiner Betriebserlaubnis EGW-Typgenehmigung. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt: Flensburg (Germany), 1999.
187. Lüders, H.; Stommel, P.; Geckler, S.; Diesel Exhaust Treatment. New Approaches to Ultra Low Emission Diesel Vehicles. SAE paper 1999-01-0108, 1999.
188. McKee, D.W. Mechanisms of the Alkali Metal Catalysed Gasification of Carbon. Fuel 1983, 62, 170-175.
189. Mims, C.A Catalytic Gasification of Carbon: Fundamentals and Mechanism. In Fundamental Issues in Control of Carbon Gasification Reactivity; Series NATO ASI. Series E. Applied Sciences, Lahaye, J., Ehrburger, P. Eds.; Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht, 1991; 383-407.
190. Kitagawa, J.; Hijikata, T.; Makino, M. Effects of DPF Volume on Thermal Shock Failures During Regeneration. SAE paper 890173, 1989.
191. Engine Characteristics and Fuel Specifications of the Wärtsilä 6L38 Electricity Generator. Quoted by Stork-Wärtsilä, Zwolle (The Netherlands), 1997.
192. Characteristics of a Typical Heavy-Duty Truck Engine. Quoted by Johnson Matthey, Royston (UK), January 2000.
193. Characteristics of a 1998 DI Light-Duty Passenger Car Diesel Engine. Quoted by Centro Ricerche FIAT, Torino (Italy), 1999.
194. Matweb The Online Materials Information Resource. http://www.matweb.com (accessed April 2001).
195. Heat Capacity of 3M Interam 100. Quoted by 3M, Neuss (Germany), January 2000.
196. Challen, B.; Baranescu, R., Eds. Diesel Engine Reference Book. Society of Automotive Engineers: Warrendale, PA, 1999.
197. Bellaloui, A.; Varloud, J.; Mériaudeau, P.; Perrichon, V.; Lox, E.; Chevrier, M.; Gauthier, C.; Mathis, F. Low Temperature Diesel Soots Combustion Using Copper Based Catalysts Modified by Niobium and Potassium Promoters. Catal. Today 1996, 29, 421-425.
198. 2. Effect of Potassium Promoter on the Activity. Appl. Catal. B 1994, 3, 319-333.
199. Agostini, L.; de Portu, G.; Guicciardi, S.; Borello, C.; Demaestri, P.P.; Giachello, A. Characteristics of Porous Cordierite Traps Intentionally Contaminated with Calcium and Zinc. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines 1991, 1154-1161.
200. Bachiorrini, A. New Hypotheses on the Mechanism of the Deterioration of Cordierite Diesel Filters in the Presence of Metal Oxides. Ceram. Int. 1996, 22, 73-77.
201. Helferich, R.L.; Schenck, R.C. Evaluation of a Stacked Element Diesel Particulate Trap using a Newly Developed Membrane Covered Ceramic Foam Filtering Media. SAE paper 890787, 1989.
202. Shinozaki, O.; Shinoyama, E.; Saito, K. Trapping Performance of Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE paper 900107, 1990.