How to keep oxidative stress under control?

Current Nutrition and Food Science

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 222-235

  Pire, Laetitia ^a   Deby Dupont, Ginette ^a   Lemineur, Thierry ^a   Preiser, Jean Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Anti oxidants; Oxidants; Oxidative stress; Reactive nitrogen oxygen species

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; APOCYNIN; ASCORBIC ACID; CATALASE; COPPER DERIVATIVE; DEFEROXAMINE; DIPHENYLIODONIUM SALT; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; IRON BINDING PROTEIN; MANGANESE DERIVATIVE; MITOCHONDRIAL ENZYME; MYELOPEROXIDASE; N(G) METHYLARGININE; N(G) METHYLARGININE HYDROCHLORIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; OXYGEN; PLACEBO; REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE 2; RESVERATROL; RETINOL; SELENIUM DERIVATIVE; THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; XANTHINE OXIDASE; ZINC DERIVATIVE;

ANEMIA; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BLOOD VESSEL TONE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; HYPEROXIA; IN VIVO STUDY; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; KIDNEY DISEASE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION STATE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REPERFUSION INJURY; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEPSIS; SHOCK; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 34547914465     PISSN: 15734013     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157340107781369143     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Deby-Dupont G, Deby C, Lamy M. Oxygen therapy in intensive care patients: a vital poison? Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Springer Ed, Heidelberg 1999; 417-432.
2. Deby C. Antioxidant therapy. Curr Top Intens Care 2 1995; 175-205.
3. Hamilton GA. Chemicals models and mechanisms for oxygenases. In: Hayashi O Ed, Molecular mechanisms of oxygen activation. Acad Press, NY, 1974; 405-452.
4. Deby C, Gunner R. New Perspectives on the Biochemistry of Superoxide Anion and the Efficiency of Superoxide Dismutases. Biochem Pharm 1990; 39(3): 399-405.
5. Pryor WA, Squadrito GL. The Chemistry of Peroxynituite - A Product from the Reaction of Nitric-Oxide with Superoxide. Am J Physiol-Lung Cell Mol Physiol 1995; 12(5): L699-L722.
6. Inoue S, Kawanishi S. Oxidative Dna-Damage Induced by Simultaneous Generation of Nitric-Oxide and Superoxide. FEBS Lett 1995: 371(1): 86-88.
7. Quijano C, Alvarez B, Gatti RM, Augusto O, Radi R. Pathways of peroxynitrite oxidation of thiol groups. Biochem J 1997; 322: 167-173.
8. Beckman IS, Beckman TW, Chen J, Marshall PA, Freeman BA. Apparent Hydroxyl Radical Production by Peroxynitrite - Implications for Endothelial Injury from Nitric-Oxide and Superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87(4): 1620-1624.
9. Beckman JS. Oxidative damage and tyrosine nitration from peroxynitrite. Chem Res Toxicol 1996; 9(5): 836-844.
10. Mouithys-Mickalad A, Kohnen S, Deby C, Noels AF, Lamy M, Deby-Dupont G. Peroxynitrite reacts with biological nitrogen-containing cyclic molecules by a radical pathway, as demonstrated by ultraweak luminescence coupled with ESR technique. Biochem Biophys Res Common 1999; 259(2): 460-464.
11. Deby-Dupont G, Deby C, Lamy M. Neutrophil myeloperoxydase revisited: its role in health and disease. Intens Care Med 1999; 36: 500-513.
12. Koppenol WH. The Haber-Weiss cycle - 71 years later. Redox Rep 2002; 7(1): 59-60.
13. Winterbourn CC, Kettle AJ. Biomarkers of myeloperoxidase-derived hypochlorous acid. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29(5): 403-409.
14. Babior BM. NADPH oxidase: An update. Blood 1999; 93(5): 1464-1476.
15. Cross AR, Segal AW. The NADPH oxidase of professional phagocytes - prototype of the NOX electron transport chain systems. Biochim Biophys Acta-Bioenergetics 2004; 1657(1): 1-22.
16. Thannickal VJ, Fanburg BL. Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling. Am J Physiol-Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279(6): L1005-L1028.
17. Griendling KK, Sorescu D, Ushio-Fukai M. NAD(P)H oxidase - Role in cardiovascular biology and disease. Circ Res 2000; 86(5): 494-501.
18. Ushio-Fukai M. Redox signaling in angiogenesis: Role of NADPH oxidase. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 71(2): 226-235.
19. Milstien S, Katusic Z. Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin by peroxynitrite: Implications for vascular endothelial function. Biochem Biophys Res Common 1999; 263(3): 681-684.
20. Stuehr DJ. Mammalian nitric oxide synthases. Biochim Biophys Acta-Bioenergetics 1999; 1411(2-3): 217-230.
21. Ghafourifar P, Cadenas E. Mituchondrial nitric oxide synthase. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005; 26(4): 190-195.
22. Deby-Dupont G, Deby C, Lamy M. In: Vincent JL Ed, Yearbook In Intensive care and Emergency Medicine. Berlin, Springer Verlag, 1998; 75-89.
23. Eiserich JP, Hristova M, Cross CE, et al. Formation of nitric oxide derived inflammatory oxidants by myeloperoxidase in neutrophils. Nature 1998; 391(6665): 393-397.
24. Sampson JB, Ye YZ, Rosen H, Beckman JS. Myeloperoxidase and horseradish peroxidase catalyze tyrosine nitration in proteins from nitrite and hydrogen peroxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 356(2): 207-213.
25. Hazen SL. Formation of nitric oxide-derived oxidants by myeloperoxidase in monocytes. J Invest Med 1999; 47(4): 192A.
26. Van Dalen CJ, Winterbourn CC, Senthilmohan R, Kettle AJ. Nitrite as a substrate and inhibitor of myeloperoxidase - Implications for nitration and hypochlorous acid production at sites of inflammation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275(16): 11638-11644.
27. Lau D, Baldus S. Myeloperoxidase and its contributory role in inflammatory vascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2006: 111(1): 16-26.
28. Brennan ML, Hazen SL, Emerging role of myeloperoxidase and oxidant stress markers in cardiovascular risk assessment. Curr Opin Lipid 2003; 14(4): 353-359.
29. Baldus S, Rudolph V, Roiss M, et al. Hepatitis increase endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability, by liberating vessel-immobilized myeloperoxidase. Circulation 2006; 113(15): 1871-1878.
30. Brennan ML, Wu WJ, Fu XM, et al. A tale of two controversies - Defining both the role of peroxidases in nitrotyrosine formation in vivo using eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase-deficient mice, and the nature of peroxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(20): 17415-17427.
31. Turrens JF. Superoxide production by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Biosci Rep 1997; 17(1): 3-9.
32. Genova ML, Bianchi C, Lenaz G. Supercomplex organization of the mitochondrial respiratory and the role of the Coenzyme Q pool: Pathophysiological implications. Biofactors 2005: 25(14): 5-20.
33. Nohl H, Staniek K, KozIov AV. The existence of a mitochondrial nitrite-reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta-Bioenergetics 2004; 1658: 53.
34. Sheu SS, Nauduri D, Anders MW. Targeting antioxidants to mitochondria: A new therapeutic direction. Biochim Biophys Acta-Molecular Basis of Disease 2006; 1762(2): 256-265.
35. Bolanos JP, Almeida A, Stewart V, et al. Nitric oxide-mediated mitochondrial damage in the brain: Mechanisms and implications for neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 1997; 68(6): 2227-2240.
36. Koeck T, Fu XM, Hazen SL, Crabb JW, Stuehr DJ, Aulak KS. Rapid and selective oxygen-regulated protein tyrosine denitration and nitration in mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2004; 279(26): 27257-27262.
37. Mcadam BF, Mardini IA, Habib A, et al. Effect of regulated expression of human cyclooxygenase isoforms on eicosanoid and isoeicosanoid production in inflammation. J Clin Invest 2000; 105(10): 1473-1482.
38. Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: The good, the bad, and the ugly, Am J Physiol-Cell Physiol 1996; 40(5): C1424-C1437.
39. Vincent JL, Zhang H, Szabo C, Preiser JC. Effects of nitric oxide in septic shock. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2000: 161(6): 1781-1785.
40. Chandra J, Samali A, Orrenius S. Triggering and modulation of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29(3-4): 323-333.
41. Hensley K, Robinson KA, Gabbita SP, Salsman S, Floyd RA. Reactive oxygen species, cell signaling, and cell injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28(10): 1456-1462.
42. Cai JY, Jones DP. Communication - Superoxide in apoptosis - Mitochondrial generation triggered by cytochrome c loss. J Biol Chem 1998; 273(19): 11401-11404.
43. Arner ESJ, Holmgren A. Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. Eur J Biochem 2000; 267(20): 6102-6109.
44. Linares E, Giorgio S, Mortara RA, Santos CXC, Yamada AT, Augusto O. Role of peroxynitrite in macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in vivo revealed by protein nitration and hydroxylation. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30(11): 1234-1242.
45. Cuzzocrea S, Riley DP, Caputi AP, Salvemini D. Antioxidant therapy: A new pharmacological approach in shock, inflammation, and ischemia/ reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Rev 2001; 53(1): 135-159.
46. Crimi E, Sica V, Slutsky AS, et al. Role of oxidative stress in experimental sepsis and multisystem organ dysfunction. Free Radic Res 2006; 40(7): 665-672.
47. Magder S. Reactive oxygen species: toxic molecules or spark of life? Crit Care 2006; 10(1).
48. Knight SA, Smith CV, Welty SE. Iron and oxidized beta-casein in the lavages of hyperoxic Fischer-344 rats. Life Sci 1997; 62(2): 165-176.
49. Kloner RA, Przyklenk K, Whittaker P. Deleterious Effects of Oxygen Radicals in Ischemia Reperfusion - Resolved and Unresolved Issues. Circulation 1989; 80(5): 1115-1127.
50. Rezkalla SH, Kloner RA. No-reflow phenomenon. Circulation 2002; 105(5): 656-661
51. Chamoun F, Burne M, O'Donnell M, Rabb H. Pathophysiologic role of selectins and their ligands in ischemia reperfusion injury. Front Biosci 2000; 5: E103-E109.
52. Lopez-Neblina F, Toledo-Pereyra LH. Phosphoregulation of signal transduction pathways in ischemia and reperfusion. J Surg Res 2006; 134(2): 292-299.
53. Walford GA, Moussignac RL, Scribner AW, Loscalzo J, Leopold JA. Hypoxia potentiates nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis in endothelial cells via peroxynitrite-induced activation of mitochondria-dependent and - independent pathways. J Biol Chem 2004; 279(6): 4425-4432.
54. Kaminski KA, Bonda TA, Korecki I, Musial WJ. Oxidative stress and neutrophil activation - the two keystones of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int J Cardiol 2002; 86(1): 41-59.
55. Das DK, Engelman RM, Maulik N. Oxygen free radical signaling in ischemic preconditioning. Heart Stress 1999; 874: 49-65.
56. Mouithys-Mickalad A, Mathy-Hartert M, Du GN, et al. Oxygen consumption and electron spin resonance studies of free radical production by alveolar cells exposed to anoxia: inhibiting effects of the antibiotic ceftazidime. Redox Rep 2002; 7(2): 85-94.
57. Hernandez LA, Grisham MB, Twohig B, Arfors KE, Harlan JM. Granger DN. Role of Neutrophils in Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Microvascular Injury. Am J Physiol 1987; 253(3): H699-H703.
58. Mantell LL, Horowitz S, Davis JM, Kazzaz JA. Hyperoxia-induced cell death in the lung - the correlation of apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammation. Mechan Cell Death 1999; 887: 171-180.
59. Sanders SP, Zweier JL, Kuppusamy P, et al. Hyperoxic sheep pulmonary microvascular endothelial-cells generate free-radicals via mitochondrial electron-transport. J Clin Invest 1993; 91(1): 46-52.
60. Nozik ES, Huang YCT, Piantadosi CA. L-Arginine Enhances Injury in the Isolated Rabbit Lung During Hyperoxia. Respir Physiol 1995; 100(1): 63-74.
61. Haddad IY, Ischiropoulos H, Holm BA, Beckman JS, Baker JR, Matalon S. Mechanisms of Peroxynitrite-Induced Injury to Pulmonary Surfactants. Am J Physiol 1993; 265(6): L555-L564.
62. Vilar RE, Ghael D, Li M, et al. Nitric oxide degradation of heparin and heparan sulphate. Biochem J 1997; 324: 473-479.
63. Autor A, Bonham A.C, Thies R.L. Toxicity of oxygen radicals in cultured endothelial cells. J Toxicol Environ Health 1984; 13: 387-395.
64. Lee PJ, Choi AMK. Pathways of cell signaling in hyperoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35(4): 341-350.
65. Ahmad A, Ahmad S, Chang LY, Schaack J, White CW. Endothelial Akt activation by hyperoxia: Role in cell survival. Free Radic Biol Med 2006: 40(7): 1108-1118.
66. Droge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 2002; 82(1): 47-95.
67. Carr AC, Zhu BZ, Frei B. Potential antiatherogenic mechanisms of ascorbate (vitamin C) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Circ Res 2000; 87: 349-354.
68. Packer L, Landvik S. Vitamin-e - Introduction to Biochemistry and Health Benefits. Ann New York Acad Sci 1989; 570: 1-6.
69. Bast A, Haenen GRMM. The toxicity of antioxidants and their metabolites. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2002: 11(3-4): 251-258.
70. Chow CK. Vitamin-e and Oxidative Stress. Free Radic Biol Med 1991: 11(2): 215-232.
71. Song JH, Shin SH, Ross GM. Prooxidant effects of ascorbate in rat brain slices. J Neurosci Res 1999; 58(2): 328-336.
72. Yoshino M, Haneda M, Naruse M, Murakami K. Prooxidant activity of flavonoids: Copper-dependent strand breaks and the formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in DNA. Mol Genet Metab 1999; 68(4): 468-472.
73. Berger TM, Polidori MC, Dabbagh A, et al. Antioxidant activity of vitamin C in iron-overloaded human plasma. J Biol Chem 1997: 272(25): 15656-15660.
74. Smith AC, Boyd MR. Preferential effects of 1.3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) on pulmonary glutathione reductase and glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratios: possible implications for lung toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1984: 229(3), 658-663.
75. Odonnell VB, Tew DG, Jones OTG, England PJ. Studies on the Inhibitory Mechanism of Iodonium Compounds with Special Reference to Neutrophil Nadph Oxidase. Biochem J 1993; 290: 41-49.
76. Deby-Dupont G, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Serteyn D, Lamy M, Deby C. Resveratrol and curcumin reduce the respiratory burst of Chlamydia-primed THP-1 cells. Biochem Bioph Res Com 2005; 333(1): 21-27.
77. Dodd O, Pearse DB. Effect of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin on ischemia-reperfusion lung injury. Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279(1): H303-H312.
78. Franck T, Kohnen S, Deby-Dupont G, Grulke S, Deby C, Serteyn D. A specific method for measurement of equine active myeloperoxidase in biological samples and in in vitro tests. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 18(4): 326-334.
79. Jones DP. Redefining oxidative stress. Antioxidants Redox Signal 2006; 8(9-10): 1865-1879.
80. Rotstein OD. Oxidants and antioxidant therapy. Crit Care Clin 2001; 17(1): 239-+.
81. Bulger EM, Maier RV. Antioxidants in critical illness. Arch Surg 2001; 136(10): 1201-1207.
82. Mathy-Hartert M, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Kohnen S, Deby-Dupont G, Lamy M, Hans P. Effects Of propofol on endothelial cells subjected to a peroxynitrite donor (SIN-1). Anaesthesia 2000; 55(11): 1066-1071.
83. Tsuchiya M, Asada A, Kasahara E, Sato EF, Shindo M, Inoue M. Antioxidant protection of propofol and its recycling in erythrocyte membranes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165(1): 54-60.
84. Kang MY, Tsuchiya M, Packer L, Manabe M. In vitro study on antioxidant potential of various drugs used in the perioperative period. Acta Anaest Scand 1998; 42(1): 4-12.
85. Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Weiss A, et al. High-dose catecholamine treatment decreases polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytic capacity and reactive oxygen production. Clin Diag Lab Immunol 1996; 3(4): 423-428.
86. Preiser JC, Van Gossum A, Berre J, Vincent JL, Carpentier Y. Enteral feeding with a solution enriched with antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E enhances the resistance to oxidative stress. Crit Care Med 2000; 28(12): 3828-3832.
87. Collins AR. Assays for oxidative stress and antioxidant status: applications to research into the biological effectiveness of polyphenols. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81(1): 261S-267S.
88. Azzi A, Gysin R, Kempna P, et al. Regulation of gene and protein expression by vitamin E. Free Radic Res 2002; 36: 30-35.
89. Berger MM, Shenkin A. Vitamins and trace elements: Practical aspects of supplementation. Nutrition 2006; 22(9): 952-955.
90. Rayman MP. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 2000; 356(9225): 233-241.
91. Forceville X, Vitoux D, Gauzit R, Combes A, Lahilaire P, Chappuis P. Selenium, systemic immune response syndrome, sepsis, and outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1998; 26(9): 1536-1544.
92. Angstwurm MWA, Schottdorf J, Schopohl J, Gaertner R. Selenium replacement in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome improves clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 1999; 27(9): 1807-1813.
93. Preiser JC, Wernerman J. Glutamine, a life-saving nutrient, but why? Crit Care Med 2003; 31(10): 2555-2556.
94. Flaring UB, Rooyackers OE, Wernerman J, Hammarqvist F. Glutamine attenuates post-traumatic glutathione depletion in human muscle. Clin Sci 2003; 104(3): 275-282.
95. Boelens PG, Houdijk APJ, de Thouars HN, et al. Plasma taurine concentrations increase after enteral glutamine supplementation in trauma patients and stressed rats. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77(1): 250-256.
96. Walsh TS, Lee A. N-acetylcysteine administration in the critically ill. Int Care Med 1999; 25(5): 432-434.
97. Paterson RL, Galley HF, Webster NR. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on nuclear factor-KB activation, interleukin-6, interteukin-8, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(11): 2574-2578.
98. Rotstein OD. Antioxidant therapy in critical illness. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(2): 610-611.
99. Domenico R. Pharmacology of nitric oxide: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Curr Pharm Des 2004: 10(14): 1667-1676.
100. Watson D, Grover R, Anzueto A, et al. Cardiovascular effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-G-methyl-L-arginine hydrochloride (546C88) in patients with septic shock: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled multicenter study (study no. 144-002). Crit Care Med 2004; 32(1): 13-20.
101. Bakker J, Grover R, McLuckie A, et al. Administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-G-Methyl-L-arginine hydrochloride (546C88) by intravenous infusion for up to 72 hours can promote the resolution of shock in patients with severe sepsis: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study (study no. 144-002). Crit Care Med 2004; 32(1): 1-12.
102. Lopez A, Lorente JA, Steingrub J, et al. Multiple-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 546C88: Effect on survival in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(1): 21-30.
103. Hercberg S, Czernichow S, Galan P. Antioxidant vitamins and minerals in prevention of cancers: lessons from the SU.VI.MAX study. Br J Nutr 2006; 96: S28-S30.
104. Roussel AM, Arnaud J, Glaan P, et al. Suvimax - Pilot-Study on 400 French Volunteers. FASEB J 1994; 8(4): A441.
105. Berger MM. Can oxidative damage be treated nutritionally? Clin Nutr 2005; 24(2): 172-183.
106. Panayiotidis M, Collins AR. Ex vivo assessment of lymphocyte antioxidant status using the comet assay. Free Radic Res 1997; 27(5): 533-537.
107. Collins BH, Horska A, Hotten PM, Riddoch C, Collins AR. Kiwifruit protects against oxidative DNA damage in human cells and in vitro. Nutr Cancer Int J 2001; 39(1): 148-153.
108. Collins AR, Harrington V, Drew J, Melvin R. Nutritional modulation of DNA repair in a human intervention study. Carcinogenesis 2003; 24(3): 511-515.
109. Porrini M, Riso P. Lymphocyte lycopene concentration and DNA protection from oxidative damage is increased in women after a short period of tomato consumption. J Nutr 2000; 130(2): 189-192.
110. de Vega JMA, Diaz J, Serrano E, Carbonell LF. Plasma redox status relates to severity in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2000; 28(6): 1812-1814.
111. Curtin JF, Donovan M, Cotter TG. Regulation and measurement of oxidative stress in apoptosis. J Immunol Methods 2002; 265(1-2): 49-72.
112. Lovat R, Preiser JC. Antioxidant therapy in intensive care. Curr Opin Crit Care 2003; 9: 266-270.
113. Neve J. Selenium as a 'nutraceutical': how to conciliate physiological and supra-nutritional effects for an essential trace element. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002; 5(6): 659-663.
114. Paterson RL, Galley HF, Webster NR. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on nuclear factor-KB activation, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(11): 2574-2578.
115. Berger MM, Cavadini C, Chiolero R, Dirren H. Copper, selenium, and zinc status and balances after major trauma. J Trauma-Injury Infection and Crit Care 1996; 40(1): 103-109.
116. Preiser JC, Van Gossum A, Berre J, Vincent JL, Carpentier Y. Enteral feeding with a solution enriched with antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E enhances the resistance to oxidative stress. Crit Care Med 2000; 28(12): 3828-3832.
117. Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Suchner U, Berger MM. Antioxidant nutrients: a systematic review of trace elements and vitamins in the critically ill patient. Int Care Med 2005; 31(3): 327-337.
118. Bramley PM, Elmadfa I, Kafatos A, et al. Vitamin E, J Sci Food Agri 2000; 80(7): 913-938.
119. Abuja PM. When might an antioxidant become a prooxidant? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998; 42: 229-230.
120. Deitch EA, Adams C, Lu Q, Xu DZ. A time course study of the protective effect of mesenteric lymph duct ligation on hemorrhagic shock-induced pulmonary injury and the toxic effects of lymph from shocked rats on endothelial cell monolayer permeability. Surgery 2001; 129(1): 39-47.
121. Nascimento NRF, Lessa LMA, Kemtopf MR, et al. Inositols prevent and reverse endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rat and rabbit vasculature metabolically and by scavenging superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103(1): 218-223.
122. Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, et al. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic Hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2006; 295(14): 1681-1687.
123. Du XL, Edelstein D, Rossetti L, et al. Hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction activates the hexosamine pathway and induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by increasing Spl glycosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(22): 12222-12226.
124. Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, et al. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature 2000; 404(6779): 787-790.
125. Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Paolisso G. Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes Care 1996; 19(3): 257-267.
126. Devos P, Preiser JC. Tight blood glucose control: a recommendation applicable to any critically ill patient? Crit Care 2004: 8(6): 427-429.
127. Agarwal R. Chronic kidney disease is associated with oxidative stress independent of hypertension. Clin Nephr 2004; 61(6): 377-383.
128. Terawaki H, Yoshimura K, Hasegawa T, et al. Oxidative stress is enhanced in correlation with renal dysfunction: Examination with the redox state of albumin. Kidney Int 2004; 66(5): 1988-1993.
129. Morena M, Cristol JP, Senecal L, Leray-Moragues H, Krieter D, Canaud B. Oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients: Is NADPH oxidase complex the culprit? Kidney Int 2002; 61: S109-S114.
130. Canaud B, Cristol JP, Morena M, Leray-Moragues H. Bosc JY, Vaussenat F. Imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants in haemodialysis patients. Blood Purif 1999; 17(2-3): 99-106.
131. Koenig JS, Fischer M, Bulant E, Tiran B, Elmadfa I, Druml W, Antioxidant status in patients on chronic hemodialysis therapy: Impact of parenteral selenium supplementation. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1997; 109(1): 13-19.
132. Shyu KG, Cheng JJ, Kuan PL. Acetylcysteine protects against acute renal damage in patients with abnormal renal function undergoing a coronary procedure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40(8): 1383-1388.
133. Wratten ML, Sereni L, Tetta C. Hemolipodialysis attenuates oxidative stress and removes hydrophobic toxins. Artif Org 2000; 24(9): 685-690.
134. Miyazaki H, Matsuoka H, Itabe H, et al. Hemodialysis impairs endothelial function via oxidative stress - Effects of vitamin E-coated dialyzer. Circulation 2000; 101(9): 1002-1006.
135. Halliwell B. Antioxidants in human health and disease. Ann Rev Nutr 1996; 16: 33-50.
136. Rahman I, Biswas SK, Kode A. Oxidant and antioxidant balance in the airways and airway diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533(1-3): 222-239.
137. Paolin A, Nardin L, Gaetani P, Baena RRY, Pansarasa O, Marzatico F. Oxidative damage after severe head injury and its relationship to neurological outcome. Neurosurgery 2002; 51(4): 949-954.
138. Alexandrova M, Bochev P, Markova V, et al. Dynamics of free radical processes in acute ischemic stroke: influence on neurological status and outcome. J Clin Neurosci 2004; 11(5): 501-506.
139. Sims NR, Anderson MF. Mitochondrial contributions to tissue damage in stroke. Neurochemistry Int 2002; 40(6): 511-526.
140. Polidori MC, Mecocci P, Frei B. Plasma vitamin C levels are decreased and correlated with brain damage in patients with intracranial hemorrhage or head trauma. Stroke 2001; 32(4): 898-902.
141. Grech ED, Dodd NJF, Jackson MJ, Morrison WL, Faragher EB, Ramsdale DR. Evidence for free radical generation after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty recanalization in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77(2): 122-127.
142. Kato K, Shao QM, Elimban V, Lukas A, Dhalla NS. Mechanism of depression in cardiac sarcolemmal Na+-K+-ATPase by hypochlorous acid. Am J Physiol-Cell Physiol 1998; 44(3): C826-C831.
143. Arduini A, Mezzetti A, Porreca E, et al. Effect of Ischemia and Reperfusion on Antioxidant Enzymes and Mitochondrial Inner Membrane-Proteins in Perfused Rat-Heart. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988;970(2): 113-121.
144. Carlucci F, Tabucchi A, Biagioli B, et al. Cardiac surgery: myocardial energy balance, antioxidant status, and endothelial function after ischemia-reperfusion. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56(10): 483-491.
145. Matata BM, Sosnowski AW, Galinanes M. Off-pump coronary bypass graft surgery: Evidence of a significant reduction in protein nitration and oxidative stress. Circulation 1999; 100(18): 666.
146. Cavalca V, Sisillo E, Veglia F, et al. Isoprostanes and oxidative stress in off-pump and on-pump coronary bypass surgery, Ann Ther Surg 2006; 81(2): 562-567.
147. Gonenc A, Hacisevki A, Bakkaloglu B, et al. Oxidative stress is decreased in off-pump versus on-pump, coronary artery surgery. J Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 39(4): 377-382.
148. Li JM, Shah AM. Endothelial cell superoxide generation: regulation and relevance for cardiovascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol-Regulat Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 287(5): R1014-R1030.
149. Eiselt J, Racek J, Opatrny K. Oxidative stress: the effect of erythropoietin and the dialysis membrane. Inter J Artif Org 2000; 23(1): 33-40.
150. Lassnigg A, Punz A, Barker R, et al. Influence of intravenous vitamin E supplementation in cardiac surgery on oxidative stress: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled study. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90(2): 148-154.
151. Sisto T, Paajanen H, MetsaKetela T, Harmoinen A, Nordback I, Tarkka M. Pretreatment with Antioxidants and Allopurinol Diminishes Cardiac Onset Events in Coronary-Artery Bypass-Grafting. Ann Ther Surg 1995; 59(6): 1519-1523.
152. Westhuyzen J, Cochrane AD, Tesar PJ, et al. Effect of preoperative supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on myocardial injury in patients undergoing cardiac operations. J Ther Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 113(5): 942-948.
153. Mickle DAG, Weisel RD, Burton GW, Ingold KU. Effect of Orally-Administered Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate on Human Myocardial Alpha-Tocopherol Levels. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1991; 5: 309-312.
154. Halpner AD, Handelman GJ, Harris JM, Belmont CA, Blumberg JB. Protection by vitamin C of loss of vitamin E in cultured rat hepatocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 359(2): 305-309.
155. Ballmer PE, Reinhart WH, Jordan P, Buhler E, Moser UK, Gey KF. Depletion of Plasma Vitamin-C But Not of Vitamin-e in Response to Cardiac Operations. J Ther Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 108(2): 311-320.
156. Gadek JE, DeMichele SJ, Karlstad MD, et al. Effect of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1999; 27(8): 1409-1420.
157. Jepsen S, Herlevsen P, Knudsen P, Bud MI, Klausen NO. Antioxidant Treatment with N-Acetylcysteine During Adult Respiratory-Distress Syndrome - A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Crit Care Med 1992; 20(7): 918-923.
158. Domenighetti G, Suter PM, Schaller MD, Ritz. R, Perret C. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine during acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. J Crit Care 1997; 12(4): 177-182.
159. Nathens AB, Neff MJ, Jurkovich GJ, et al. Randomized, prospective trial of antioxidant supplementation in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 2002; 236(6): 814-822.
160. Salvemini D, Cuzzocrea S. Therapeutic potential of superoxide dismutase mimetics as therapeutic agents in critical care medicine. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(1): S29-S38.
161. Thiemermann C. Membrane-permeable radical scavengers (tempol) for shock, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and inflammation. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(1): S76-S84.
162. Ignarro LJ, Napoli C, Loscalzo J. Nitric oxide donors and cardiovascular agents modulating the bioactivity of nitric oxide - An overview. Circ Res 2002; 90(1): 21-28.
163. Fan J, Shek PN, Suntres ZE, Li YH, Oreopoulos GD, Rotstein OD. Liposomal antioxidants provide prolonged protection against acute respiratory distress syndrome. Surgery 2000; 128(2): 332-338.