Oxygen free radical signaling in ischemic preconditioning

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 874, Issue , 1999, Pages 49-65

  Das, Dipak K ^a,b   Engelman, Richard M ^a,b   Maulik, Nilanjana ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b BAYSTATE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; OXYGEN RADICAL; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SYNAPTOPHYSIN;

ADAPTATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE INDUCTION; HEART INFARCTION PREVENTION; SECOND MESSENGER; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0032780404     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09224.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (107)

1. 1. FLACK, J., Y. KIMURA, R.M. ENGLEMAN & D.K. DAS. 1991. Preconditioning the heart by repeated stunning improves myocardial salvage. Circulation 84: III369-III374.
2. 2. TOSAKI, A., G.A. CORDIS, P. SZERDAHELYI, R.M. ENGELMAN & D.K. DAS. 1994. Effects of preconditioning on reperfusion arrhythmias, myocardial functions, formation of free radicals and ion shifts in isolated ischemic/reperfused rat hearts. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 23: 365-373.
3. 3. KIMURA, Y., J. IYENGAR, R. SUBRAMANIAN, G.A. CORDIS & D.K. DAS. 1992. Myocardial adaptation by repeated short term ischemia reduces post-isehemic dysfunction. Basic Res. Cardiol. 87: 128-138.
4. 4. ASIMAKIS, G.K., K. INNERS-MCBRIDE, G. MEDELLIN & V.R. CONTI. 1992. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates acidosis and postischemic dysfunction in isolated rat heart. Am. J. Physiol. 263: H887-H894.
5. 5. SCHOTT, R.J., S. ROHMANN, E.R. BRAUN & W. SCHAPER. 1990. Ischemic preconditioning reduces infarct size in swine myocardium. Circ. Res. 66: 1133-1142.
6. 6. LI, G.C., B.S. VASQUEZ, K.P. GALLAGHER & B.R. LUCCHESI. 1990. Myocardial protection with preconditioning. Circulation 82: 609-619.
7. 7. LAWSON, C.S., D.J.O. COLTART & D.J. HEARSE. 1992. Ischemic preconditioning and protection against reperfusion-induced arrhythmias, reduction in vulnerability or delay in onset? Studies in the isolated blood perfused rat heart. Eur. Heart J. 13: 23-34.
8. 8. LIU, G.S., J. THORNTON, D.M. VANWINKLE, A.W.H. STANLEY, R.A. OLSSON & J.M. DOWNEY. 1991. Protection against infarction afforded by preconditioning is mediated by A1 adenosine receptors in rabbit heart. Circulation 84: 350-356.
9. 9. GROSS, G.J. & J.A. AUCHAMPACH. 1991. Blockade of ATP-sensitive potassium channels prevents myocardial preconditioning in dogs. Circ. Res. 70: 223-233.
10. 10. BANERJEE, A., C. LOCKE-WINTER, K.B. ROGERS, M.B. MITCHELL, E.C. BREW, C.B. CAIRNS, D.D. BENSARD & A.H. HARKEN. 1993. Preconditioning against myocardial dysfunction after ischemia and reperfusion by an alpha 1-adrenergic mechanism. Circ. Res. 73: 656-670.
11. 11. TOSAKI, A., N.S. BEHJET, D.T. ENGELMAN, R.M. ENGELMAN & D.K. DAS. 1995. α-1 adrenergic agonist-induced preconditioning in isolated working rat hearts. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273: 689-694.
12. 12. SHIZUKUDA, Y., T. IWAMOTO, R.T. MALLET & H.F. DOWNEY. 1993, Hypoxic preconditioning attenuates stunning caused by repeated coronary artery occlusions in dog heart. Cardiovasc. Res. 27: 559-564.
13. 13. ENGELMAN, R.M., M. WATANABE, R.M. ENGELMAN, J.A. ROUSOU, E. KISIN, V.E. KAGAN, N. MAULIK & D.K. DAS. 1995. Hypoxic preconditioning preserves antioxidant reserve in the working rat heart. Cardiovasc. Res. 29: 133-140.
14. 14. MAULIK, N., M. WATANABE, D. ENGELMAN, R.M. ENGELMAN & D.K. DAS. 1995. Oxidative stress adaptation improves postischemic ventricular recovery. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 144: 67-74.
15. 15. MAULIK, N., W. WATANABE, D. ENGELMAN, R.M. ENGELMAN, V.E. KAGAN, E. KISIN, V. TYURIN, G.A. CORDIS & D.K. DAS. 1995. Myocardial adaptation to ischemia by oxidative stress induced by endotoxin. Am J. Physiol. 269: C907-C916.
16. 16. MAULIK, N., R.M, ENGELMAN, Z. WEI, D. LU, J.A. ROUSOU & D.K. DAS. 1993. Interleukin-1α preconditioning reduces myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Circulation 88(suppl II): 387-394.
17. 17. MAULIK, N., Z. WEI, X. LIU, R.M. ENGELMAN, J.A. ROUSOU & D.K. DAS. 1994. Improved postischemic ventricular recovery by amphetamine is linked with its ability to induce heat shock. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 137: 17-24.
18. 18. LIU, X., R.M. ENGELMAN, I.I. MORARU, J.A. ROUSOU, J.E. FLACK, D.W. DEATON, N. MAULIK & D.K. DAS. 1992. Heat Shock: A new approach for myocardial preservation in cardiac surgery. Circulation 86 (suppl II): 358-363.
19. 19. MAULIK, N. & D.K. DAS. 1996. Hunting for differentially expressed mRNA species in preconditioned myocardium. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 793: 240-258.
20. 20. DAS, D.K., I.I. MORARU, N. MAULIK & R.M. ENGELMAN. 1994. Gene expression during myocardial adaptation to ischemia and reperfusion. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 723: 292-307.
21. 21. MAULIK, N., M. WATANABE, Y.L. ZU, C.K. HUANG, G.A. CORDIS, J.A. SCHLEY & D.K. DAS, 1996. Ischemic preconditioning triggers the activation of MAP kinases and MAPKAP kinase 2 in rat hearts. FEBS Lett. 396: 233-237.
22. 22. DAS, D.K., N. MAULIK, T. YOSHIDA, R.M. ENGELMAN & Y.L. ZU. 1996. Preconditioning potentiates molecular signaling for myocardial adaptation to ischemia. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 793: 191-209.
23. 23. MAULIK, N., M. WATANABE, A. TOSAKI, D.T. ENGELMAN, R.M. ENGELMAN, J.A. ROUSOU, D.W. DEATON, J.E. FLACK & D.K. DAS. 1996. Tyrosine kinase regulation of phospholipase D-protein C kinase pathway in ischemic preconditioning. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 27: 385A.
24. 24. SCHIEVEN, G.L., J.M. KIRIHARA, D.E. MYERS, J.A. LEDBETTER & F.M. UCKUN. 1993. Reactive oxygen intermediates activate NFkB in a tyrosine fcinase-dependent mechanism and in combination with vanadate activate the p56 1ck and p59 fyn tyrosine kinases in human lymphocytes. Blood 82: 1212-1220.
25. 25. MAULIK, N., M. SATO, B.D. PRICE & D.K. DAS. 1998. An essential role of NFkB in tyrosine kinase signaling of p38 MAP kinase regulation of myocardial adaptation to ischemia. FEBS Lett. 429: 365-369.
26. 26. MURRY, C.E., R.B. JENNINGS & K.A. REIMER. 1986. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation 74: 1124-1136.
27. 27. MAULEK, N., R.M. ENGELMAN, Z. WEI, X. LUI, J.A. ROUSOU, J. FLACK, D. DEATON & D.K. DAS. 1995. Drug-induced heat shock improves post-ischemic ventricular recovery after cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 92(Suppl II): 381-388.
28. 28. MAULIK, N., M. WATANABE, R.M. ENGELMAN, V.E. KAGAN, E. KISIN, V. TYURIN, G.A. CORDIS & D.K. DAS. 1995. Myocardial adaptation to ischemia by oxidative stress induced by endotoxin. Am. J. Physiol. (Cell Physiol.) 269: C907-C916.
29. 29. DAS, D.K. & N. MAULIK. 1995. Cross talk between heat shock and oxidative stress inducible genes during myocardial adaptation to ischemia. In Cell Biology of Trauma. J.J. Lemasters & C. Oliver, Eds.: 193-211. CRC Press. Florida.
30. 30. DAS, D.K., N. MAULIK & I.I. MORARU. 1995. Gene expression in acute myocardial stress. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 27: 181-193.
31. 31. DAS, D.K., R.M. ENGELMAN & Y. KIMURA. 1993. Molecular adaptation of cellular defences following preconditioning of the heart by repeated ischemia. Cardiovasc. Res. 27: 578-584.
32. 32. MAULIK, N., H.S. SHARMA & D.K. DAS. 1996. Induction of the hcme oxygenase gene expression during the reperfusion of ischemic rat myocardium. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 28: 1261-1270.
33. 33. DAS, D.K., N. MAULIK, R.M. ENGELMAN, J.A. ROUSOU, D. DEATON & J.E. FLACK. 1999. Signal transduction pathway leading to HSP 27 and HSP 70 gene expression during myocardial adaptation to stress. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. This volume.
34. 34. ZU, Y.-L., Y. AI, A. GILCHRIST, N. MAULIK, J. WATRAS, R.I. SHA'AFI, D.K. DAS & C.-K. HUANG. 1997. High expression and activation of MAP kinase-activatcd protein kinase 2 in myocardium. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 29: 2150-2168.
35. 35. DAS, D.K. 1998. Intracellular signaling mechanisms in delayed preconditioning. In Delayed Preconditioning and Adaptive Cardioprotection. G. Baxter & D. Yellon, Eds.: 91-103. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands.
36. 36. HUNTER, T., C.B. ALEXANDER & J.A. COOPER. 1985. Protein tyrosine kinases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54: 897-930.
37. 37. SADOWSKI, H.B., K. SHUAI, J.E. DARNELL & M.Z. GILMAN. 1993. A common nuclear signal transduction pathway activated by growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science 261: 1739-1744.
38. 38. CARPENTER, C.L., K.R. AUGER, M. CHANUDHURI, M. YOAKIM, B. SCHAFFHAUSEN, S. SHOELSON & L.C. CANTLEY. 1993. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase is activated by phosphopeptides that bind to the SH2 domains of the 85-kDa subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 9478-9483.
39. 39. QUILLIAM, L.A., S.Y. HUFF, K.M. RABUN, W. WEI, W. PARK, D. BROEK & C.J. DER. 1994. Membrane-targeting potentiates guanine nucleotide exchange factor CDC25 and SOS1 activation of Ras transforming activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 8512-8516.
40. 40. PRASAD, M.R. & R.M. JONES. 1992. Enhanced membrane protein fcinase C activity in myocardial ischemia. Basic Res. Cardiol. 87: 19-26.
41. 41. HENRICH, C.J. & P.C. SIMPSON. 1988. Differential acute and chronic response of protein kinase C in cultured neonatal rat heart myocytes to a1-adrenergic and phorbol ester stimulation. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 20: 1081-1085.
42. 42. FEARON, C.W. & A.H. TASHJIAN. 1985. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone induces redistribution of protein kinase C in GH4C1 rat pitutary cells. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 8366-8371.
43. 43. YTREHUS, K., Y. LIU & J.M. DOWNEY. 1994. Preconditioning protects ischemic rabbit heart by protein kinase C activation. Am. J. Physiol. 266: H1145-H1152.
44. 44. MITCHELL, M.B., X. MENG, J. BROWN, A.H. HARKEN & A. BANERJEE. 1994. Preconditioning of isolated rat heart is mediated by protein kinase C activation. Am. J. Physiol. 266: H1145-H1152.
45. 45. NISHIZUKA, Y. 1996. Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C. Science 233: 305-312.
46. 46. BRAND, T., H.S. SHARMA, K.E. FLEISCHMANN, D.J. DUNCKER, E.O. MCFALLA, P.D. VERDOUW & W. SCHAPER. 1992. Proto-oncogene expression in porcine myocardium subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Circ. Res. 71: 1351-1360.
47. 47. HEADS, R.J., D.S. LATCHMAN & D.M. YELLON. 1995. Differential stress protein mRNA expression during early ischemic preconditioning in the rabbit heart and its relationship to adenosine receptor function. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 27: 2133-2148.
48. 48. BUGGE, E. & K. YTREHUS. 1995. Ischemic preconditioning is protein kinase C dependent but not through stimulation of α adrenergic or adenosine receptors in the isolated rat heart. Cardiovasc. Res. 29: 401-406.
49. 49. DIXON, B.S, R.V. SHARMA, T. DICKERSON & J. FORTUNE. 1994. Bradykinin and angiotensin II: activation of protein kinase C in arterial muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 266: C1406-C1420.
50. 50. GOTO, M., Y. LIU, X.M. YANG, J.L. ARDELL, M.V. COHEN & J.M. DOWNEY. 1995. Role of bradykinin in protection of ischemic preconditioning in rabbit hearts. Circ. Res. 77: 611-621.
51. 51. LIU, Y., A. TSUCHIDA, M.V. COHEN & J.M. DOWNEY. 1995. Pretreatment with angiotensin II activates protein kinase C and limits myocardial infarction in isolated rabbit hearts. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 27: 883-892.
52. 52. YAMAZAKI, T., I. KOMURO, S. KUDOH, Y. ZOU, I. SHIOJIMA, Y. HIROI, T. MIZUNO, K. MAEMURA, H. KURIHARA, R. AIKAWA, H. TAKANO & Y. YAZAKI. 1996. Endothelin-1 is involved in mechanical stress-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 3221-3228.
53. 53. LENORMAND, P., C. SARDET, G. PAGES, G. L'ALLEMAIN, A. BRUNET & J. POUYSSEGUR. 1993. Growth factors induce nuclear translocation of MAP kinases (p42MAPK and p44 MAPK) hut not of their activator MAP kinase kinase (P45 MAPKK) in fibroblasts. J. Cell. Biol. 122: 1079-1088.
54. 54. HAN, J., J.D. LEE, L. BIBBS & R.J. ULEVITCH. 1994. A MAP kinase targeted by endotoxin and hyperosmolarity in mammalian cells. Science 265: 808-811.
55. 55. FRESHNEY, N.W., L. RAWLINSON, F. GUESDON, E. JONES, S. COWLEY, J. HSUAN & J. SAKLATVALA. 1994. Interleukin-1 activates a novel protein kinase cascade that results in the phosphorylation of HSP 27. Cell 78: 1039-1049.
56. 56. EGAN, S.E. & R.A. WEINBERG. 1993. The pathway to signal achievement. Nature 65: 781-783.
57. 57. DAVIS, R.J. 1994. MAPKs: New JNK expands the group. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19: 470-477.
58. 58. RAINGEAUD, J., A.J. WHITMARSH, T. BARRETT, B. DERIJARD & R.J. DAVIES. 1996. MKK3-and MKK6-regulated gene expression is mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 1247-1255.
59. 59. OLSON, M.F., A. ASHWORTH & A. HALL. 1995. An essential role for Rho, Rac, and Cdc 42 GTPases in cell cycle. Science 269: 1270-1272.
60. 60. DOZA, Y.N., A. CUENDA, G.M. THOMAS, P. COHEN & A.R. NEBREDA. 1995. Activation of the MAP kinase homologue RK requires the phosphorylation of Thr-180 and Tyr-182 and both residues are phosphorylated in chemically stressed KB cells. FEBS Lett. 364: 223-228.
61. 61. RAINGEAUD, J., S. GUPTA, J. ROGERS, M. DICKENS, J. HAN, R.J. ULEVITCH & R.J. DAVIS. 1995. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 7420-7426.
62. 62. ROUSE, J., P. COHEN, S. TRIGON, M. MORANGE, A. ALONSO-LLAMAZARES, D. ZAMANILLO, T. HUNT & A.R. NEBREDA. 1994. A novel kinase cascade triggered by stress and heat shock that stimulates MAPKAP kinase 2 and phosphorylation of the small heat shock proteins. Cell 78: 1027-1037.
63. 63. LEE, J.C., J.T. LAYDON, P.C. MCDONNELL, T.F. GALLAGHER, S. KUMAR, D. GREEN, D. MCNULTY, M.J. BLUMENTHAL, J.R. HEYS, S.W. LANDVATTER, J.E. STRICKLER, M.M. MCLAUGHLIN, I.R. SIEMENS, S.M. FISHER, G.P. LIVI, J.R. WHITE, J.L. ADAMS & P.R. YOUNG. 1994. A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis. Nature 372: 739-746.
64. 64. DERIJARD, B., J. RAINGEAUD, T. BARRETT, I.H. WU, J. HAN, R.J. ULEVITCH & R.J. DAVIS. 1995. Independent human MAP kinase signal transduction pathways defined by MEK. and MKK isoforms. Science 269: 17.
65. 65. FORCE, T., J.V. BONVENTREM, G. HEIDECKER, U. RAPP, J. AVRUCH & L.M. KYRIAKIS. 1994. Enzymatic characteristics of the Raf-1 protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 1270-1274.
66. 2+ signaling pathways. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18: 1470-1479.
67. 67. DIMON-GADAL, S., P. GERBAUD, G. KERYER, W. ANDERSON, D. EVAIN-BRION & F. RAYNAUD. 1998. In vitro effects of oxygen-derived free radicals in type I and type II c-AMP-dependent protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 22833-22840.
68. 68. AKAMA, K.T., C. ALBANESE, R.G. PESTELL. & L.J. VAN ELDIK. 1998. Amyloid beta-peptide stimulated nitric oxide production in astrocytes through an NFkB-dependent mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 5795-5800.
69. 69. VESELY, D.L. 1997. Signal transduction: activation of the guanylate cyclase-cyclic guanosine-3′-5′ monophosphate system by hormones and free radicals. Am. J. Med. Sci. 314: 311-323.
70. 70. COHEN, M.V., Y. LIU, G. LIU, P. WANG, C. WEINBRENNER, G.A. CORDIS, D.K. DAS & J.M. DOWNEY. 1996. Phospholipase D plays a role in ischemic preconditioning in rabbit heart. Circulation 94: 1713-1718.
71. 71. MAULIK, N., T. YOSHIDA, Y.-L. ZU, M. SATO, A. BANERJEE & D.K. DAS. 1998. Ischemic stress adaptation of heart triggers a tyrosine kinase regulated signaling pathway. A potential role for MAPKAP kinase 2. Am. J. Physiol. 275: H1857-H1864.
72. 2. Role in cell survival following oxidant injury. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 4138-4142.
73. 73. HAN, J., J.-D. LEE, P.S. TOBIAS & R.J. ULEVITCH. 1993. Endotoxin induces rapid protein tyrosine phosphorylation in 70z/3 cells expression cD14. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 25009-25014.
74. 74. SHAROV, V.G., H.N. SABBAH, H. SHIMOYAMA, A.V. GOUSSEV, M. LESCH & S. GOLDSTEIN. 1996. Evidence of cardiocyte apoptosis in myocardium of dogs with chronic heart failure. Am. J. Pathol. 148: 141-149.
75. 75. BROMME, H.J. & J. HOLTZ. 1996. Apoptosis in the heart: when and why? Mol. Cell. Biochem. 163/164: 261-275.
76. 76. KAISTURA, J., W. CHENG, K. REISS, W.A. CLARK, E.H. SONNENBLICK, S. KRAJEWSKI, J.C. REED, G. OLIVETTI & P. ANVERSA. 1996. Apoptotic and necrotic myocyte cell deaths are independent contributing variables of infarct size in rats. Lab. Invest. 74: 86-107.
77. 77. FLISS, H. & D. GATTINGER. 1996. Apoptosis in ischemic and reperfused rat myocardsium. Circ. Res. 79: 949-956.
78. 78. MAULIK, N., R.M. ENGELMAN, D. DEATON, J.E. FLACK, J.A. ROUSOU & D.K. DAS. 1996. Reperfusion of ischemic myocardium induces apoptosis and DNA laddering with enhanced expression of protooncogene c-myc mRNA. Circulation 94: 1415.
79. 79. MAULIK, N., T. YOSHIDA & D.K. DAS. 1998. Oxidative stress developed during the reperfusion of ischemic myocardium induces apoptosis. Free Radical Biol. Med. 24: 869-875.
80. 80. MAULIK, N., V.E. KAGAN, A. VLADIMIR & D.K. DAS. 1998. Redistribution of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine precedes reperfusion-induced apoptosis. Am. J. Physiol. 274: H242-H248.
81. 81. BUERKE, M., T. MUROHARA, C. SHURK, C. NUSS, K. TOMASELLI & A.M. LEFER. 1995. Cardioprotective effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 in myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 8031-8035.
82. 82. GOTTLIEB, R.A., K.O. BURLESON, R.A. KLONER, B.M. BABIOR & R.L. ENGLER. 1994. Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 94: 1621-1628.
83. 83. MAULIK, N., T. YOSHIDA, R.M. ENGELMAN, J.A. ROUSOU, J.E. FLACK, D. DEATON & D.K. DAS. 1997. Oxidative stress developed during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium downregulates BCL-2 gene and induces apoptosis and DNA laddering. Surg. Forum 48: 245-248.
84. 84. MAULIK, N., T. YOSHIDA, R.M. ENGELMAN, D. DEATON, J.E. FLACK, J.A. ROUSOU & D.K. DAS. 1999. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates apoptotic cell death associated with ischemia/reperfusion. Mol. Cell. Biochem. In press.
85. 85. MAULIK, N. & D.K. DAS. 1999. Regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in ischemic reperfused mouse heart by glutathione peroxidase. Mol. Cell. Biochem. In press.
86. 86. DAS, D.K. & N. MAULIK. 1994. Evaluation of antioxidant effectiveness in ischemia reperfusion tissue injury methods. Methods Enzymol. 233: 601-610.
87. 87. TOSAKI, A., D. BAGCHI, A. HELLEGOUARCH, T. PALI, G.A. CORDIS & D.K. DAS. 1993. Comparisons of ESR and HPLC methods for the detection of hydroxyl radicals in ischemic/reperfused hearts. A relationship between the genesis of oxygen-free radicals and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45: 961-969.
88. 88. KRAMER, J.H., V. MISIK & W.B. WEGLICKI. 1994. Lipid peroxidation-derived free radical production and postischemic myocardial reperfusion injury. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 723: 180-196.
89. 89. BUTTKE, T.M. & P.A. SANDSTROM. 1994. Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis. Immunol. Today 15: 7-10.
90. 90. HOCKENBERY, D.M., Z.N. OLTVAI, X.M. YIN, C.L. MILLIMAN & S.J. KORSMEYER. 1993. Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 75: 241-251.
91. 91. KANE, D.J., T.J. SARAFIAN, R. ANTON, H. HAHN, E.B. GRALLA, J.S. VALENTINE & D.E. BREDESEN. 1997. Bcl-2 inhibition of neuronal death: Decreased generation of reactive oxygen species. Science 262: 1274-1277.
92. 92. GREENLUND, L.J., T.L. DECKWERTH & E.M. JOHNSON, JR. 1995. Superoxide dismutase delays neuronal apoptosis: A role for reactive oxygen species in programmed neuronal death. Neuron 14: 303-315.
93. 93. VERITY, M.A., D.E. BREDESEN & T. SARAFIAN. 1995. Role of reactive oxygen species in neuronal degeneration. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 765: 340-345.
94. 94. MUEHLEMATTER, D., R. LARSSON & P. CERUTTI. 1988. Active oxygen induced DNA strand breakage and poly ADP-ribosylation in promotable and non-promotable JB6 mouse epidermal cells. Carcinogenesis 9: 239-245.
95. 95. DAS, D.K. & N. MAULIK. 1998. Apoptosis in ischemia reperfusion injury. In Biological Oxidants and Antioxidants. L. Packer & A.S.H. Ong, Eds.: 165-177. AOCS Press. Champaign, IL.
96. 96. NOGUCHI, N., Y. YOSHIDA, H. KANEDA, Y. YAMAMOTO & E. NIKI. 1992. Action of ebselen as an antioxidant against lipid peroxidation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 44: 39-44.
97. 97. UEDA, S., T. YOSHIKAWA, S. TAKAHASHI, Y. NAITO, H. OYAMADA, T. TAKEMURA, Y. MORITA, T. TANIGAWA, S. SUGINO & M. KONDO. 1990. Protection by seleno-organic compound, ebselen, against acute gastric mucosal injury induced by ischemia-reper-fusion in rats. In Antioxidant in Therapy and Preventive Medicine. I. Emerit, Ed.: 187-191. Plenum. New York, NY.
98. 98. FRASS, O., H.S. SHARMA, R. KNOLL, D.J. DUNCKER, E.O. MCFALLS, P.D. VERDOUW & W. SCHAPER. 1993. Enhanced gene expression of calcium regulatory proteins in stunned porcine myocardium. Cardiovasc. Res. 27: 2037-2043.
99. 99. SHARMA, H.S., M. WUNCH, R. KANDOLF & W. SCHAPER. 1989. Angiogenesis by slow coronary artery occlusion in the pig heart: Expression of different growth factors mRNAs. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 21(Suppl III): 69.
100. 100. DAS, D.K., N. MAULIK, M. SATO & P. RAY. 1999. Reactive oxygen species function as second messenger during ischemic preconditioning of heart. Mol. Cell. Biochem. In press.
101. 101. MAULIK, N., S. GOSWAMI, N. GALANG & D.K. DAS. 1999. Differential regulation of Bcl-2, AP-1 and NFkB on cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial ischemic stress adaptation. FEBS Lett. 443: 331-336.
102. 102. TOLEDANO, M. & W.J. LEONARD. 1991. Modulation of transcription factor NF-kappa B binding activity by oxidation-reduction in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 5974-5978.
103. 2 and antioxidants have opposite effects on activation of NF-kappa B and AP-1 in intact cells: AP-I as secondary antioxidant-responsive factor. EMBO J. 12: 2005-2015.
104. 104. SCHRECK, R., P. RIEBER & P.A. BAEUERLE. 1991. Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J. 10: 2247-2258.
105. 105. SUZUKI, Y.J., M. MIZUNO & L. PACKER, 1994. Signal transduction for nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Proposed location of antioxidant inhibitable step. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 210: 537-541.
106. 106. BAGCHI, D., D.K. DAS, R.M. ENGELMAN, M.R. PRASAD & R. SUBRAMANIAN. 1990. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes as potential source of free radicals in the ischemia-reperfused myocardium. Eur. Heart J. 11: 800-813.
107. 107. GHOSH, S., A.M. GIFFORD, L.R. RIVIERE, P. TEMPST, G.P. NOLAN & D. BALTIMORE. 1990. Cloning of the p50 DNA binding subunit of NF-kappa B: homology to rel and dorsal. Cell 62: 1019-1029.