Cyclooxygenase-2 as target for chemopreventive interventions: New approaches

Cancer Biomarkers

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 153-161

  Dvory Sobol, Hadas ^a   Arber, Nadir ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Chemoprevention; Colorectal cancer; Curcumin; Cyclooxygenase

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CELECOXIB; CURCUMIN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; GINGER EXTRACT; GINGEROL; GLUCOSE PENTAGALLATE; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; IBUPROFEN; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INDOMETACIN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PIROXICAM; PLACEBO; RESVERATROL; ROFECOXIB; SULINDAC;

ADENOMATOUS POLYP; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CARDIOTOXICITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CANCER; COLORECTAL ADENOMA; COLORECTAL CANCER; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; INOPERABLE CANCER; NONHUMAN; PRECANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECTUM CANCER; RECURRENT DISEASE; RISK REDUCTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SKIN CANCER; STROKE; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 34547105796     PISSN: 15740153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/CBM-2007-3306     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. M.H. Tattersall and H. Thomas, Recent advances: Oncology, BMJ 318 (1999), 445-448.
2. A. Jemal, A. Thomas, T. Murray and M. Thun, Cancer statistics, CA Cancer J Clin 52 (2002), 23-47.
3. J. Walsh and J. Terdiman, CRCscreening, JAMA 289 (2003), 1288-1296.
4. B.W. Steward and P. Kleihues, eds, Worm Cancer Report, Lyon, IARC Press, 2003, 198-202.
5. M.R. Keighley, Gastrointestinal cancers in Europe, Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18 (2003), 7-30.
6. H.K. Weir, M.J. Thun, B.F. Hankey, L.A. Ries, H.L. Howe, P.A. Wingo, A. Jemal, E. Ward, R.N. Anderson and B.K. Edwards, Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2000, featuring the uses of surveillance data for cancer prevention and control, J Natl Cancer Inst 95 (2003), 1276-1299.
7. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization. http://www.iarc.fr/
8. W.K Hong, S.M. Lippman, L.M. Itri, D.D. Karp, J.S. Lee, R.M. Byers, S.P. Schantz, A.M. Kramer, R. Lotan, L.J. Peters et al., Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck, N Engl J Med 323 (1990), 795-801.
9. M.C. King, S. Wieand, K. Hale, M. Lee, T. Walsh, K. Owens, J. Tait, L. Ford, B.K. Dann, J. Costantino, L. Wickerham, N. Wolmark and B. Fisher, National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project. Tamoxifen and breast cancer incidence among women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP-P1) Breast Cancer Prevention Trial, JAMA 286 (2001), 2251-2256.
10. J. Cuziek, J. Forbes, R. Edwards, M. Baron, S. Cawthorn, A. Coates, A. Hamed, A. Howell and T. Powles, IBIS investigators.. First results from the International Breast Cancer Intervention Study (IBIS-I): A randomised prevention trial, Lancet 360 (2002), 817-824.
11. C.S. Williams, W. Smalley and R.N. DuBois, Aspirin use and potential mechanisms for CRCprevention, J Clin Invest 100 (1997), 1325-1329.
12. N. Arber, Do NSAIDs prevent colorectal cancer? Can J Gastroenterol 14 (2000), 299-307.
13. M. Moorghen, P. Ince, K.J. Finney, J.P. Sunter, D.R. Appleton and A.J. Watson, A protective effect of sulindac against chemically induced primary colonic tumours in mice, J Pathol 156 (1988), 341-347.
14. C.V. Rao, A. Rivenson, B. Simi, E. Zang, G. Kelloff, V. Steele and B.S. Reddy, Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by sulindac, a nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory agent. Cancer Res 55 (1995 , 1464-1472.
15. W.R. Waddell and R.W. Loughry, Sulindac for polyposis of the colon, J Surg Oncol 24 (1983), 83-87.
16. E. Giovannucci, K.M. Egan, D.J. Hunter, M.J. Stampfer, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett and F.E. Speizer, Aspirin and the risk of CRCin women, N Engl J Med 333 (1995), 609-614.
17. D. Loren, J. Lewis and M. Kochman, CRC: Detection and prevention, Gastroenterology clinics of North America 31 (2002), 565-586.
18. L.M. Lichtenberger, Where is the evidence that cyclooxygenase inhibition is the primary cause of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastrointestinal injury? Topical injury revisited, Biochem Pharmacol 61 (2001), 631-637.
19. M.M. Wolfe, D.R. Lichtenstein and G. Singh, Gastrointestinal toxicity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, N Engl J Med 340 (1999), 1888-1899.
20. M.M. Taketo, Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in tumorigenesis, J Natl Cancer Inst 90 (1998), 1529-1536.
21. C.E. Eberhart, R.J. Coffey, A. Radhika, F.M. Giardiello, S. Ferrenbach and R.N. DuBois, Up regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinoman, Gastroenterology 107 (1994), 1183-1188.
22. T. Fujita, M. Matsui, K. Takaku, H. Uetake, W. Ichikawa, M.M. Taketo and K. Sugihara, Size and invasion dependent increase in cyclooxygenase 2 levels in human colorectal carcinomas, Cancer Res 58 (1998 , 4823-4826.
23. A.J. Dannenberg, N.K. Altorki, J.O. Boyle, C. Dang, L.R. Howe, B.B. Weksler and K. Subbaramaiah, Cyclo-oxygenase 2: A pharmacological target for the prevention of cancer, Lancet Oncol 2 (2001), 544-551.
24. W. Dempke, C. Rie, A. Grothey and H.J. Schmoll, Cyclooxygenase-2: A novel target for cancer chemotherapy? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 127 (2001), 411-417.
25. E.R. Fearon and B. Vogelstein, A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis, Cell 61 (1990), 759-767.
26. C.E. Eberhart, R.J. Coffey, A. Radhika, F.M. Giardiello, S. Ferrenbach and R.N. DuBois, Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas, Gastroenterology 107 (1994), 1183-1188.
27. H. Sano, Y. Kawahito, R.L. Wilder, A. Flashiramoto, S. Mukai, K. Asai, S. Kimura, H. Kato, M. Kondo and T. Hla, Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human colorectal cancer, Cancer Res 55 (1995), 3785-3789.
28. D.A. Dixon, Regulation of COX-2 expression in human cancer, Prog Exp Tumor Res 37 (2003), 52-71.
29. S.L. Kargman, G.P. O'Neill, P.J. Vickers, J.F. Evans, J.A. Mancini and S. Jothy, Expression of prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 and -2 protein in Human colon cancer, Cancer Res 55 (1995), 2556-2559.
30. C. Luong, A. Miller, J. Barnett, J. Chow, C. Ramesha and M.F. Browner, Flexibility of the NSAID binding site in the structure of human cyclooxygenase-2, Nat Struct Biol 3 (1996), 927-933.
31. R.G. Kurumbail, A.M. Stevens, J.K. Gierse, J.J. McDonald, R.A. Stegeman, J.Y. Pak, D. Gildehaus, J.M. Miyashiro, T.D. Penning, K. Seibert, P.C. Isakson and W.C. Stallings, Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents, Nature 384 (1996), 644-648.
32. D. Picot, P.J. Loll and P.M. Garavito, The x-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-l, Nature 367 (1994), 243-249.
33. E. Wong, C. Bayly, H.L. Waterman, D. Riendeau and J.A. Mancini, Conversion of prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 into an enzyme sensitive to PGHS-2-selective inhibitors by a double His513 → Arg and Ile523 → val mutation, J Biol Chem 272 (1997), 9280-9286.
34. F.E. Silverstein, G. Faich, J.L. Goldstein, L.S. Simon, T. Pincus, A. Whelton, R. Makuch, G. Eisen, N.M. Agrawal, W.F. Stenson, A.M. Burr, W.W. Zhao, J.D. Kent, J.B. Lefkowith, K.M. Verburg and G.S. Geis, Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: The CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-Term Arthritis Safety Study, JAMA 284 (2000), 1247-1255.
35. C. Bombardier, L. Laine, A. Reicin, D. Shapiro, R. Burgos-Vargas, B. Davis, R. Day, M.B. Ferraz, C.J. Hawkey, M.C. Hochberg, T.K. Kvien and T.J. Schnitzer, VIGOR Study Group. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR Study Group, N Engl J Med 343 (2000), 1520-1528, 2 p following 1528.
36. S.D. Solomon, J.J. McMurray, M.A. Pfeffer, J. Wittes, R. Fowler, P. Finn, W.F. Anderson, A. Zauber, E. Hawk and M. Bertagnolli, Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib (APC) Study Investigators. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention, N Engl J Med 352 (2005), 1071-1080.
37. R.S. Bresalier, R.S. Sandier, H. Quan, J.A. Bolognese, B. Oxenius, K. Horgan et al., Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial, N Engl J Med 352 (2005), 1092-1102.
38. M.M.E. Bertagnolli, CL and E.T. Hawk, Celecoxib reduces sporadic colorectal adenomas:rEsult from the Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib Trial, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 47 (2006), (Abstract CP-3).
39. N. Arber, Chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas with celecoxib in an international randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 47 (2006), (Abstarct CP-4).
40. N. Arber, C.J. Eagle, J. Spicak, I. Rácz, P. Dite, J. Hajer, M. Zavoral, M.J. Lechuga, P. Gerletti, J. Tang, R.B. Rosenstein, K. Macdonald, P. Bhadra, R. Fowler, J. Wittes, A.G. Zauber, S.D. Solomon and B. Levin, for the PreSAP Trial Investigators. Celecoxib for the Prevention of Colorectal Adenomatous Polyps, N Engl J Med, in press.
41. T.A. Chan, P.J. Morin, B. Vogelstein and K.W. Kinzler, Mechanisms underlying nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug mediated apoptosis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (1998), 681-686.
42. M. Tsujii, S. Kawano, S. Tsuji, H. Sawaoka, M. Hori and R.N. DuBois, Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells, Cell 93 (1998), 705-716.
43. P. Janne and R. Mayer, Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer, N Engl J Med 342 (2000), 1960-1968.
44. Y. Yamamoto, M.-J. Yin, K.-M. Lin and R.B. Gaynor, Sulindac inhibits activation of the NF-kappaB pathway, J Biol Chem 274 (1999 , 27307-27314.
45. T.-C. He, T.A. Chart, B. Vogelstein and K.W. Kinzler, PPARδ is an APC regulated target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Cell 99 (1999), 335-345.
46. S. Gately and R. Kerbel, Therapeutic potential of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in the management of tumor angiogenesis, Prog Exp Tumor Res 37 (2003), 179-192.
47. N. Chainani-Wu, Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin: A component of turmeric. (Curcuma longa), J Altern Complement Med 9 (2003), 161-168.
48. C.V. Rao, A. Rivenson, B. Simi and B.S. Reddy, Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary curcumin, a naturally occurring plant phenolic compound in mice, Cancer Res 55 (1995), 259-266.
49. T. Kawamori, R. Lubet, V.E. Steele, G.J. Kelloff, R.B. Kaskey, C.V. Rao and B.S. Reddy, Chemopreventive effect of curcumin, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent, during the promotion/progression stages of colon cancer, Cancer Res 59 (1999), 597-601.
50. N.N. Mahmoud, A.M. Carothers, D. Grunberger, R.T. Bilinski, M.R. Churchill, C. Martucci, H.L. Newmark and M.M. Bertagnolli, Plant phenolics decrease intestinal tumours in an animal model of familial adenomatous polyposis, Carcinogenesis 21 (2000), 921-927.
51. G.J. Kelloff, J.A. Crowell, E.T. Hawk, V.E. Steele, R.A. Lubet, C.W. Boone, J.M. Covey, L.A. Doody, G.S. Omenn, P. Greenwald, W.K. Hong, D.R. Parkinson, D. Bagheri, G.T. Baxter, M. Blunden, M.K. Doeltz, K.M. Eisenhaner, K. Johnson, G.G. Knapp, D.G. Longfellow, W.F. Malone, S.G. Nayfield, H.E. Seifried, L.M. Swallm and C.C. Sigman, Strategy and planning for chemopreventive drug development: Clinical development plans II, J Cell Biochem 26(Suppl) (1996), 54-71.
52. R.A. Sharma, H.R. McLelland, K.A. Hill, C.R. Ireson, S.A. Euden, M.M. Manson, M. Pirmohamed, L.J. Mamett, A.J. Gescher and W.P. Steward, Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer, Clin Cancer Res 7 (2001), 1894-1900.
53. A. Goel, C.R. Boland and D.P. Chauhan, Specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by dietary curcumin in HT-29 human colon cancer cells, Cancer Lett 172 (2001), 111-118.
54. M. Sonoshita, K. Takaku, N. Sasaki, Y. Sugimoto, F. Ushikubi, S. Narumiya, M. Oshima and M.M. Taketo, Acceleration of intestinal polyposis through prostaglandin receptor EP2 in Apc(_716) knockout mice, Nat Med 7 (2001), 1048-1051.
55. C. Williams, R.L. Shattuck-Brandt and R.N. DuBois, The role of COX-2 in intestinal cancer, Ann NY Acad Sci 889 (1999), 72-83.
56. L. Korutla, J.Y. Cheung, J. Mendelsohn and R. Kumar, Inhibition of ligand-induced activation of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine phosphorylation by curcumin, Carcinogenesis 16 (1995), 1741-1745.
57. M.C. Jiang, H.F. Yang-Yen, J.J. Yen and J.K. Lin, Curcumin induces apoptosis in immortalized NIH 3T3 and malignant cancer cell lines, Nutr Cancer 26 (1996), 111-120.
58. S. Singh and B.B. Aggarwal, Activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B is suppressed by curcumin (diferuloylmethane), J Biol Chem 270 (1995), 24995-25000.
59. S. Lev-Ari, L. Strier, D. Kazanov, L. Madar-Shapiro, H. Dvory-Sobol, I. Pinchuk, B. Marian, D. Lichtenberg and N. Arber, Curcumin potentiates the growth-inhibitory effect of celecoxib in Human CRCcells, Clin Can Res (accepted) 2005.
60. S. Lev-Ari, H. Zinger, D. Kazanov, D. Yona, E. Sagiv, S. Luria, R. BenYosef, A. Figer and N. Arber, Curcumin synergistically potentiates the growth-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects of celecoxib in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (accepted) 2005.
61. J.E. Paulsen, I.K. Elvsaas, I.L. Steffensen and J. Alexander, A fish oil derived concentrate enriched in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid as ethyl ester suppresses the formation and growth of intestinal polyps in the Min mouses, Carcinogenesis 18 (1997), 1905-1910.
62. M. Oshima, M. Takahashi, H, Oshima, M. Tsutsumi, K. Yazawa, T. Sugimura, S. Nishimura, K. Wakabayashi and M.M. Taketo, Effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on intestinal polyp development in Ape(△716) knockout mice, Carcinogenesis 16 (1995), 2605-2607.
63. T.A. Chan, P.J. Morin, B. Vogelstein and K.W. Kinzler, Mechanisms underlying nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-mediated apoptosis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (1998), 681-686.
64. J.E. Paulsen, T. Stamm and J. Alexander, A fish oil-derived concentrate enriched in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid as ethyl esters inhibits the formation and growth of aberrant crypt foci in rat colon, Pharmacol Toxicol 82 (1998), 28-33.
65. Y.J. Surh, K.S. Chun, H.H. Cha, S.S. Han, Y.S. Keum, K.K. Park and S.S. Lee, Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive activities of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals: Down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS through suppression of NF-kappa B activation, Mutat Res 480-481 (2001), 243-268.
66. S.H. Tsai, Y.C. Liang, L. Chen, F.M. Ho, M.S. Hsieh and J.K. Lin, Arsenite stimulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression through activating IkappaB kinase and nuclear factor kappaB in primary and ECV304 endothelial cells, J Cell Biochem 84 (2002), 750-758.
67. S.R. Adderley and D.J. Fitzgerald, Oxidative damage of cardiomyocytes is limited by extracellular regulated kinases 1/2-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2, J Biol Chem 274 (1999), 5038-5046.
68. H.Q. Wang, M.P. Kim, H.F. Tiano, R. Langenbuch and R.C. Smart, Protein kinase C-alpha coordinately regulates cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activity and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 through different mechanisms in mouse keratinocytes, Mol Pharmacol 59 (2001), 860-866.
69. H. Niiro, T. Otsuka, E. Ogami, K. Yamaoka, S. Nagano, M. Akahoshi, H. Nakashima, Y. Arinobu, K. Izuhara and Y. Niho, MAP kinasc pathways as a route for regulatory mechanisms of IL-10 and IL-4 which inhibit COX-2 expression in human monocytes, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 250 (1998), 200-205.
70. M. Jang, L. Cai, G.O. Udeani, K.V. Slowing, C.F. Thomas, C.W. Beecher, H.H. Fong, N.R. Farnsworth, A.D. Kinghorn, R.G. Mehta, R.C. Moon and J.M. Pezzuto, Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes, Science 275 (1997), 218-220.
71. Z.G. Li, T. Hong, Y. Shimada, I. Komoto, A. Kawabe, Y. Ding, J. Kaganoi, Y. Hashimoto and M. Imamura, Suppression of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in F344 rats by resveratrol, Carcinogenesis 23 (2002), 1531-1536.
72. K. Subbaramaiah, W.J. Chong, P. Michaluart, N. Telang, T. Tanabe, H. Inone, M. Jang, J.M. Pezzuto and A.J. Dannenberg, Resveratrol inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 transcription and activity in phorbol ester-treated human mammary epithelial cells, J Biol Chem 273 (1998), 21875-21882.
73. J. Garcia-Garcia, V. Micol, A. de Godos and J.C. Gomez-Fernandez, The cancer chemopreventive agent resveratrol is incorporated into model membranes and inhibits protein kinase C alpha activity, Arch Biochem Biophys 372 (1999), 382-388.
74. S.J. Lee, I.S. Lee and W. Mar, Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 activity by 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose in murine macrophage cells, Arch Pharm Res 26 (2003), 832-839.
75. Z.G. Li, Y. Shimada, F. Sato, M. Maeda, A. Itami, J. Kaganoi, I. Komoto, A. Kawabe and M. Imamura, Inhibitory effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in F344 rats, Int J Oncol 21 (2002), 1275-1283.
76. K.P. An, M. Athar, X. Tang, S.K. Katiyar, J. Russo, J. Beech, M. Aszterbaum, L. Kepelovich, E.H. Epstein Jr., H. Mukhtar and D.R. Bickers, Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in murine and human non-melanoma skin cancers: Implications for therapeutic approaches, Photochem Photobiol 76 (2002), 73-80.
77. J.K. Kundu, H.K. Na, K.S. Chan, Y.K. Kim, S.J. Lee, S.S. Lee, O.S. Lee, Y.C. Sim and Y.J. Surh, Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced COX-2 expression by epigallocatechin gallate in mouse skin and cultured human mammary epithelial cells, J Nutr 133 (2003), 3805S-3810S.
78. K.L. Koo, A.J. Ammit, V.H. Tran, C.C. Duke and B.D. Roufogalis, Gingerols and related analogues inhibit arachidonic acid-induced human platelet serotonin release and aggregation, Thromb Res 103 (2001), 387-397.
79. E. Tjendraputra, V.H. Tran, D. Liu-Brennan, B.D. Roufogalis and C.C. Duke, Effect of ginger constituents and synthetic analogues on cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme in intact cells, Bioorg Chem 29 (2001), 156-163.
80. C.V. Rao, C. Indranie, B. Simi, P.T. Manning, J.R. Connor and B.S. Reddy, Chemopreventive properties of a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in colon carcinogenesis, administered alone or in combination with celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, Cancer Res 62 (2002), 165-170.
81. R.A. Wagenaar-Miller, G. Hanley, R. Shattuck-Brandt, R.N. DuBois, R.L. Bell, L.M. Matrisian and D.W. Morgan, Cooperative effects of matrix metalloproteinase and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition on intestinal adenoma reduction, Br J Cancer 88 (2003), 1445-1452.
82. S.M. Fischer, C.J. Conti, J. Viner, C.M. Aldaz and R.A. Lubet, Celecoxib and difluoromethylomithine in combination have strong therapeutic activity against UV-induced skin tumors in mice, Carcinogenesis 24 (2003), 945-952.
83. C.J. Torrance, P.E. Jackson, E. Montgomery, K.W. Kinzler, B. Vogelstein, A. Wissner, M. Nunes, P. Frost and C.M. Discafani, Combinatorial chemoprevention of intestinal neoplasia, Nat Med 6 (2000), 1024-1028.
84. M. Mann, H. Sheng, J. Shao, C.S. Williams, P.I. Pisacane, M.X. Sliwkowski and R.N. DuBois, Targeting cyclooxygenase 2 and HER-2/neu pathways inhibits colorectal carcinoma growth, Gastroenterology 120 (2001), 1713-1719.
85. A.P. Dicker, T.L. Williams and D.S. Grant, Targeting angiogenic processes by combination rofecoxib and ionizing radiation, Am J Clin Oncol 24 (2001), 438-442.
86. M. Yao, S. Kargman, E.C. Lam, C.R. Kelly, Y. Zheng, P. Luk, E. Kwong, J.F. Evans and M.M. Wolfe, Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by rofecoxib attenuates the growth and metastatic potential of colorectal carcinoma in mice, Cancer Res 63 (2003), 586-592.