Regulation of muscle blood flow in obesity

Microcirculation

Volumn 14, Issue 4-5, 2007, Pages 273-288

  Hodnett, Benjamin L ^a   Hester, Robert L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Arachidonic acid; Myogenic; Nitric oxide

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE SENSITIVE POTASSIUM CHANNEL; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CALCIUM ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL; ENDOTHELIUM DERIVED HYPERPOLARIZING FACTOR; INSULIN;

DISEASE MODEL; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; EXERCISE; HUMAN; HYPEREMIA; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC REGULATION; METABOLISM; MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SYMPATHETIC TONE; VASODILATATION;

ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; HYPEREMIA; MUSCLES; OBESITY; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW;

EID: 34447302843     PISSN: 10739688     EISSN: 15498719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10739680701282143     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Agapitov, A. V., Correia, M. L., Sinkey, C. A., Dopp, J. M. and Haynes, W. G. (2002) Impaired skeletal muscle and skin microcirculatory function in human obesity. J Hypertens, 20, pp. 1401-1405.
2. Alvarez, G. E., Beske, S. D., Ballard, T. P. and Davy, K. P. (2002) Sympathetic neural activation in visceral obesity. Circulation, 106, pp. 2533-2536.
3. Archer, S. L., Huang, J MC, Hampl, V., Nelson, D. P., Shultz, P. J. and Weir, E. K. (1994) Nitric oxide and cGMP cause vasorelaxation by activation of a charybdotoxin-sensitive K channel by cGMP-dependent protein kinase. PNAS, 91, pp. 7583-7587.
4. Arvola, P., Kahonen, M., Makynen, H., Riutta, A., Mucha, I., Solakivi, T., Kainulainen, H. and Porsti, I. (1999) Exercise enhances vasorelaxation in experimental obesity associated hypertension. Cardiovasc Res, 43, pp. 992-1002.
5. Bagi, Z. and Koller, A. (2003) Lack of nitric oxide mediation of flow-dependent arteriolar dilation in type I diabetes is restored by sepiapterin. J Vasc Res, 40, pp. 47-57.
6. Beaty, O. and Donald, D. E. (1979) Contribution of prostaglandins to muscle blood flow in anesthetized dogs at rest, during exercise, and following inflow occlusion. Circ Res, 44, pp. 67-75.
7. Beckman, J. A., Goldfine, A. B., Gordon, M. B. and Creager, M. A. (2001) Ascorbate restores endothelium-dependent vasodilation impaired by acute hyperglycemia in humans. Circulation, 103, pp. 1618-1623.
8. Berg, B. R., Cohen, K. D. and Sarelius, I. H. (1997) Direct coupling between blood flow and metabolism at the capillary level in striated muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 272, pp. H2693-H2700.
9. Boegehold, M. A. (1996) Shear-dependent release of venular nitric oxide: effect on arteriolar tone in rat striated muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 271, pp. H387-H395.
10. Brook, R. D., Bard, R. L., Rubenfire, M., Ridker, P. M. and Rajagopalan, S. (2001) Usefulness of visceral obesity (waist/hip ratio) in predicting vascular endothelial function in healthy overweight adults. Am J Cardiol, 88, pp. 1264-1269.
11. Bruning, T. A., Chang, P. C., Blauw, G. J., Vermeij, P. and van Zwieten, P. A. (1993) Serotonin-induced vasodilatation in the human forearm is mediated by the "nitric oxide-pathway": No evidence for involvement of the 5-HT3-receptor. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 22, pp. 44-51.
12. + channels in rat cerebral artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 278, pp. H1883-H1890.
13. + channels from arteries of type 2 diabetic Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 290, pp. H1520-H1527.
14. Campbell, W. B., Gebremedhin, D., Pratt, P. F. and Harder, D. R. (1996) Identification of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors. Circ Res, 78, pp. 415-423.
15. Campbell, W. B. and Harder, D. R. (1999) Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors and vascular cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid in the regulation of tone. Circ Res, 84, pp. 484-488.
16. Carl, A., Lee, H. K. and Sanders, K. M. (1996) Regulation of ion channels in smooth muscles by calcium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 271, pp. C9-C34.
17. Carrier, G. O., Fuchs, L. C., Winecoff, A. P., Giulumian, A. D. and White, R. E. (1997) Nitrovasodilators relax mesenteric microvessels by cGMP-induced stimulation of Ca-activated K channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 273, pp. H76-H84.
18. Clifford, P. S. and Hellsten, Y. (2004) Vasodilatory mechanisms in contracting skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol, 97, pp. 393-403.
19. Clifton, P. M., Keogh, J. B., Foster, P. R. and Noakes, M. (2005) Effect of weight loss on inflammatory and endothelial markers and FMD using two low-fat diets. Int J Obes, 29, pp. 1445-1451.
20. Cohen, K. D. and Sarelius, I. H. (2002) Muscle contraction under capillaries in hamster muscle induces arteriolar dilatation via KATP channels and nitric oxide. J Physiol (Lond), 539, pp. 547-555.
21. Coleman, H. A., Tare, M. and Parkington, H. C. (2004) Endothelial potassium channels, endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization and the regulation of vascular tone in health and disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 31, pp. 641-649.
22. Cosentino, F., Eto, M., De Paolis, P., van der Loo, B., Bachschmid, M., Ullrich, V., Kouroedov, A., Gatti, C Delli, Joch, H., Volpe, M. and Luscher, T. F. (2003) High glucose causes upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and alters prostanoid profile in human endothelial cells: Role of protein kinase C and reactive oxygen species. Circulation, 107, pp. 1017-1023.
23. Cuevas, A. M., Guasch, V., Castillo, O., Irribarra, V., Mizon, C., Martin, A San, Strobel, P., Perez, D., Germain, A. M. and Leighton, F. (2000) A high-fat diet induces and red wine counteracts endothelial dysfunction in human volunteers. Lipids, 35, pp. 143-148.
24. Daniel, T. O. and Ives, H. E. (1989) Endothelial control of vascular function. News Physiol Sci, 4, pp. 139-142.
25. Davies, P. F. (1995) Flow-mediated endothelial mechanotransduction. Physiol Rev, 75, pp. 519-560.
26. Davis, M. J. and Hill, M. A. (1999) Signaling mechanisms underlying the vascular myogenic response. Physiol Rev, 79, pp. 387-423.
27. Davy, K. P. and Hall, J. E. (2004) Obesity and hypertension: Two epidemics or one?. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 286, pp. R803-R813.
28. Dawes, M., Sieniawska, C., Delves, T., Dwivedi, R., Chowienczyk, P. J. and Ritter, J. M. (2002) Barium reduces resting blood flow and inhibits potassium-induced vasodilation in the human forearm. Circulation, 105, pp. 1323-1328.
29. Dengel, D. R., Kelly, A. S., Olson, T. P., Kaiser, D. R., Dengel, J. L. and Bank, A. J. (2006) Effects of weight loss on insulin sensitivity and arterial stiffness in overweight adults. Metabolism, 55, pp. 907-911.
30. Dimitropoulou, C., Han, G., Miller, A. W., Molero, M., Fuchs, L. C., White, R. E. and Carrier, G. O. (2002) Potassium (BKCa) currents are reduced in microvascular smooth muscle cells from insulin-resistant rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 282, pp. H908-H917.
31. + channels (KIR) inhibits bradykinin-induced vasodilatation in human forearm resistance vasculature. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 25, pp. e7-e9.
32. + is an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in rat arteries. Nature, 396, pp. 269-272.
33. Erdei, N., Toth, A., Pasztor, E. T., Papp, Z., Edes, I., Koller, A. and Bagi, Z. (2006) High-fat diet-induced reduction in nitric oxide-dependent arteriolar dilation in rats: Role of xanthine oxidase-derived superoxide anion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 291, pp. H2107-H2115.
34. Erdos, B., Miller, A. W. and Busija, D. W. (2002) Alterations in KATP and KCa channel function in cerebral arteries of insulin-resistant rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 283, pp. H2472-H2477.
35. Erdos, B., Simandle, S. A., Snipes, J. A., Miller, A. W. and Busija, D. W. (2004) Potassium channel dysfunction in cerebral arteries of insulin-resistant rats is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Stroke, 35, pp. 964-969.
36. Erdos, B., Snipes, J. A., Miller, A. W. and Busija, D. W. (2004) Cerebrovascular dysfunction in Zucker obese rats is mediated by oxidative stress and protein kinase C. Diabetes, 53, pp. 1352-1359.
37. Fitzgerald, S. M., Kemp-Harper, B. K., Tare, M. and Parkington, H. C. (2005) Role of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in endothelial dysfunction during diabetes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 32, pp. 482-487.
38. 2+-independent activation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase in response to tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors and fluid shear stress. Circ Res, 82, pp. 686-695.
39. Frisbee, J. C. (2004) Enhanced arteriolar α-adrenergic constriction impairs dilator responses and skeletal muscle perfusion in obese Zucker rats. J Appl Physiol, 97, pp. 764-772.
40. Frisbee, J. C. (2005) Hypertension-independent microvascular rarefaction in the obese Zucker rat model of the metabolic syndrome. Microcirculation, 12, pp. 383-392.
41. Frisbee, J. C. (2001) Impaired dilation of skeletal muscle microvessels to reduced oxygen tension in diabetic obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 281, pp. H1568-H1574.
42. Frisbee, J. C. (2003) Impaired skeletal muscle perfusion in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 285, pp. R1124-R1134.
43. Frisbee, J. C. (2005) Reduced nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to skeletal muscle microvessel rarefaction in the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 289, pp. R307-R316.
44. Frisbee, J. C. (2003) Remodeling of the skeletal muscle microcirculation increases resistance to perfusion in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 285, pp. H104-H111.
45. Frisbee, J. C., Maier, K. G. and Stepp, D. W. (2002) Oxidant stress-induced increase in myogenic activation of skeletal muscle resistance arteries in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 283, pp. H2160-H2168.
46. Frisbee, J. C., Roman, R. J., Krishna, U. M., Falck, J. R. and Lombard, J. H. (2001) 20-HETE modulates myogenic response of skeletal muscle resistance arteries from hypertensive Dahl-SS rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 280, pp. H1066-H1074.
47. Frisbee, J. C., Samora, J. B., Peterson, J. and Bryner, R. (2006) Exercise training blunts microvascular rarefaction in the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 291, pp. H2483-H2492.
48. Frisbee, J. C. and Stepp, D. W. (2001) Impaired NO-dependent dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles in hypertensive diabetic obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 281, pp. H1304-H1311.
49. Fulton, D., Harris, M. B., Kemp, B. E., Venema, R. C., Marrero, M. B. and Stepp, D. W. (2004) Insulin resistance does not diminish eNOS expression, phosphorylation, or binding to HSP-90. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 287, pp. H2384-H2393.
50. Furchgott, R. F. and Zawadzki, J. V. (1980) The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature, 288, pp. 373-376.
51. Green, D. J., Maiorana, A., O'Driscoll, G. and Taylor, R. (2004) Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. J Physiol (Lond), 561, pp. 1-25.
52. Gutterman, D. D., Miura, H. and Liu, Y. (2005) Redox modulation of vascular tone: Focus of potassium channel mechanisms of dilation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 25, pp. 671-678.
53. Hashimoto, M., Akishita, M., Eto, M., Kozaki, K., Ako, J., Sugimoto, N., Yoshizumi, M., Toba, K. and Ouchi, Y. (1998) The impairment of flow-mediated vasodilatation in obese men with visceral fat accumulation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 22, pp. 477-484.
54. Higashi, Y., Sasaki, S., Nakagawa, K., Matsuura, H., Chayama, K. and Oshima, T. (2001) Effect of obesity on endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in normotensive individuals and patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 14, pp. 1038-1045.
55. Hogikyan, R. V., Galecki, A. T., Pitt, B., Halter, J. B., Greene, D. A. and Supiano, M. A. (1998) Specific impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in subjects with type 2 diabetes independent of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83, pp. 1946-1952.
56. Hoshiyama, M., Yao, J., Harada, T., Morioka, T. and Oite, T. (2003) Effect of high glucose on nitric oxide production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein expression in human glomerular endothelial cells. Nephron Exp Nephrol, 95, pp. e62-e68.
57. Huang, A., Sun, D., Kaley, G. and Koller, A. (1998) Superoxide released to high intra-arteriolar pressure reduces nitric oxide-mediated shear stress- and agonist-induced dilations. Circ Res, 83, pp. 960-965.
58. Ignarro, L. J., Buga, G. M., Wood, K. S., Byrns, R. E. and Chaudhuri, G. (1987) Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. PNAS, 84, pp. 9265-9269.
59. Jackson, W. F. (1993) Arteriolar tone is determined by activity of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 265, pp. H1797-H1803.
60. Jackson, W. F. (2000) Ion channels and vascular tone. Hypertension, 35, pp. 173-178.
61. Jackson, W. F. (2005) Potassium channels in the peripheral microcirculation. Microcirculation, 12, pp. 113-127.
62. + channels in arteriolar muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 274, pp. H27-H34.
63. Jackson, W. F., Konig, A., Dambacher, T. and Busse, R. (1993) Prostacyclin-induced vasodilation in rabbit heart is mediated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 264, pp. H238-H243.
64. Jasperse, J. L. and Laughlin, M. H. (1997) Flow-induced dilation of rat soleus feed arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 273, pp. H2423-H2427.
65. Jeremy, J. Y., Mikhailidis, D. P. and Dandona, P. (1983) Simulating the diabetic environment modifies in vitro prostacyclin synthesis. Diabetes, 32, pp. 217-221.
66. Kamata, K., Miyata, N. and Kasuya, Y. (1989) Functional changes in potassium channels in aortas from rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol, 166, pp. 319-323.
67. Kamper, A. M., Paul, L. C. and Blauw, G. J. (2002) Prostaglandins are involved in acetylcholine- and 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced, nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation in human forearm. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 40, pp. 922-929.
68. Karagiannis, J., Reid, J. J., Darby, I., Roche, P., Rand, M. J. and Li, C. G. (2003) Impaired nitric oxide function in the basilar artery of the obese Zucker rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 42, pp. 497-505.
69. 2) levels during incremental dynamic exercise in humans determined by in vivo microdialysis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 64, pp. 259-263.
70. Karamouzis, M., Langberg, H., Skovgaard, D., Bulow, J., Kjaer, M. and Saltin, B. (2001) In situ microdialysis of intramuscular prostaglandin and thromboxane in contracting skeletal muscle in humans. Acta Physiol Scand, 171, pp. 71-76.
71. Katakam, P VG, Tulbert, C. D., Snipes, J. A., Erdos, B., Miller, A. W. and Busija, D. W. (2005) Impaired insulin-induced vasodilation in small coronary arteries of Zucker obese rats is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 288, pp. H854-H860.
72. Kelly, A. S., Wetzsteon, R. J., Kaiser, D. R., Steinberger, J., Bank, A. J. and Dengel, D. R. (2004) Inflammation, insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents: The role of exercise. J Pediatr, 145, pp. 731-736.
73. Kilbom, A. and Wennmalm, A. (1976) Endogenous prostaglandins as regulators of blood flow in man: Effect of indomethacin on reactive and functional hyperaemia. J Physiol (Lond), 257, pp. 109-121.
74. Kim, S. H., Park, K. W., Kim, Y. S., Chae, I. H., Kim, H. S. and Kim, C. H. (2003) Effects of acute hyperglycemia on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose metabolism. Endothelium, 10, pp. 65-70.
75. Kingwell, B. A. (2000) Nitric oxide-mediated metabolic regulation during exercise: Effects of training in health and cardiovascular disease. FASEB J, 14, pp. 1685-1696.
76. Kingwell, B. A., Formosa, M., Muhlmann, M., Bradley, S. J. and McConell, G. K. (2003) Type 2 diabetic individuals have impaired leg blood flow responses to exercise: Role of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Diabetes Care, 26, pp. 899-904.
77. Koller, A., Dornyei, G. and Kaley, G. (1998) Flow-induced responses in skeletal muscle venules: Modulation by nitric oxide and prostaglandins. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 275, pp. H831-H836.
78. Koller, A. and Kaley, G. (1990) Endothelium regulates skeletal muscle microcirculation by a blood flow velocity-sensing mechanism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 258, pp. H916-H920.
79. Kosmas, E. N., Levy, R. D. and Hussain, S. N. (1995) Acute effects of glyburide on the regulation of peripheral blood flow in normal humans. Eur J Pharmacol, 274, pp. 193-199.
80. Kuboki, K., Jiang, Z. Y., Takahara, N., Ha, S. W., Igarashi, M., Yamauchi, T., Feener, E. P., Herbert, T. P., Rhodes, C. J. and King, G. L. (2000) Regulation of endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase gene expression in endothelial cells and in vivo: A specific vascular action of insulin. Circulation, 101, pp. 676-681.
81. Kuchan, M. J. and Frangos, J. A. (1994) Role of calcium and calmodulin in flow-induced nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 266, pp. C628-C636.
82. Kuniyoshi, F HS, Trombetta, I. C., Batalha, L. T., Rondon, M UPB, Laterza, M. C., Gowdak, M MG, Barretto, A CP, Halpern, A., Villares, S MF, Lima, E. G. and Negrao, C. E. (2003) Abnormal neurovascular control during sympathoexcitation in obesity. Obesity Res, 11, pp. 1411-1419.
83. 2-isoprostane evidence of oxidant stress in the insulin resistant, obese Zucker rat: Effects of vitamin E. Eur J Pharmacol, 377, pp. 89-92.
84. Laight, D. W., Kengatharan, K. M., Gopaul, N. K., Anggard, E. E. and Carrier, M. J. (1998) Investigation of oxidant stress and vasodepression to glyceryl trinitrate in the obese Zucker rat in vivo. Br J Pharmacol, 125, pp. 895-901.
85. Landino, L. M., Crews, B. C., Timmons, M. D., Morrow, J. D. and Marnett, L. J. (1996) Peroxynitrite, the coupling product of nitric oxide and superoxide, activates prostaglandin biosynthesis. PNAS, 93, pp. 15069-15074.
86. Lange, A., Gebremedhin, D., Narayanan, J. and Harder, D. (1997) 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-induced vasoconstriction and inhibition of potassium current in cerebral vascular smooth muscle is dependent on activation of protein kinase C. J Biol Chem, 272, pp. 27345-27352.
87. Ledoux, J., Werner, M. E., Brayden, J. E. and Nelson, M. T. (2006) Calcium-activated potassium channels and the regulation of vascular tone. Physiology, 21, pp. 69-78.
88. Lee, I. K., Kim, H. S. and Bae, J. H. (2002) Endothelial dysfunction: its relationship with acute hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidemia. Int J Clin Pract Suppl, 129, pp. 59-64.
89. + channels in coronary arterial smooth muscle cells in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Diabetes, 54, pp. 2155-2163.
90. Mayhan, W. G. (1994) Effect of diabetes mellitus on response of the basilar artery to activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Brain Res, 636, pp. 35-39.
91. Mayhan, W. G. and Faraci, F. M. (1993) Responses of cerebral arterioles in diabetic rats to activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 265, pp. H152-H157.
92. Mayhan, W. G., Sun, H., Mayhan, J. F. and Patel, K. P. (2004) Influence of exercise on dilatation of the basilar artery during diabetes mellitus. J Appl Physiol, 96, pp. 1730-1737.
93. McInnis, K. J. (2000) Exercise and obesity. Coron Artery Dis, 11, pp. 111-116.
94. McVeigh, G. E., Brennan, G. M., Johnston, G. D., McDermott, B. J., McGrath, L. T., Henry, W. R., Andrews, J. W. and Hayes, J. R. (1992) Impaired endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 35, pp. 771-776.
95. Menon, R. K., Grace, A. A., Burgoyne, W., Fonseca, V. A., James, I. M. and Dandona, P. (1992) Muscle blood flow in diabetes mellitus. Evidence of abnormality after exercise. Diabetes Care, 15, pp. 693-695.
96. Messina, E. J., Sun, D., Koller, A., Wolin, M. S. and Kaley, G. (1994) Increases in oxygen tension evoke arteriolar constriction by inhibiting endothelial prostaglandin synthesis. Microvasc Res, 48, pp. 151-160.
97. Meyer, A. A., Kundt, G., Lenschow, U., Schuff-Werner, P. and Kienast, W. (2006) Improvement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise program. J Am Coll Cardiol, 48, pp. 1865-1870.
98. Meyer, A. A., Kundt, G., Steiner, M., Schuff-Werner, P. and Kienast, W. (2006) Impaired flow-mediated vasodilation, carotid artery intima-media thickening, and elevated endothelial plasma markers in obese children: the impact of cardiovascular risk factors. Pediatrics, 117, pp. 1560-1567.
99. Morgan, D. A., Anderson, E. A. and Mark, A. L. (1995) Renal sympathetic nerve activity is increased in obese Zucker rats. Hypertension, 25, pp. 834-838.
100. Naik, J. S., Xiang, L. and Hester, R. L. (2006) Enhanced role for RhoA-associated kinase in adrenergic-mediated vasoconstriction in gracilis arteries from obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 290, pp. R154-R161.
101. Negrao, C. E., Trombetta, I. C., Batalha, L. T., Ribeiro, M. M., Rondon, M UPB, Tinucci, T., Forjaz, C LM, Barretto, A CP, Halpern, A. and Villares, S MF (2001) Muscle metaboreflex control is diminished in normotensive obese women. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 281, pp. H469-H475.
102. Nelson, M. T. and Quayle, J. M. (1995) Physiological roles and properties of potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 268, pp. C799-C822.
103. 2. Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Res, 6, pp. 129-137.
104. Ogita, H. and Liao, J. K. (2004) Endothelial function and oxidative stress. Endothelium, 11, pp. 123-132.
105. 2 receptor agonist cicaprost via a cyclic AMP-independent mechanism. Cardiovasc Res, 69, pp. 107-115.
106. + channels in cerebral vasodilatation induced by increases in cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in the rat. Stroke, 27, pp. 1603-1608.
107. Perticone, F., Ceravolo, R., Candigliota, M., Ventura, G., Iacopino, S., Sinopoli, F. and Mattioli, P. L. (2001) Obesity and body fat distribution induce endothelial dysfunction by oxidative stress: protective effect of vitamin C. Diabetes, 50, pp. 159-165.
108. Pohl, U., Holtz, J., Busse, R. and Bassenge, E. (1986) Crucial role of endothelium in the vasodilator response to increased flow in vivo. Hypertension, 8, pp. 37-44.
109. Quayle, J. M., Nelson, M. T. and Standen, N. B. (1997) ATP-sensitive and inwardly rectifying potassium channels in smooth muscle. Physiol Rev, 77, pp. 1165-1232.
110. Quilley, J. and McGiff, J. C. (1990) Renal vascular responsiveness to arachidonic acid in experimental diabetes. Br J Pharmacol, 100, pp. 336-340.
111. Raitakari, M., Ilvonen, T., Ahotupa, M., Lehtimaki, T., Harmoinen, A., Suominen, P., Elo, J., Hartiala, J. and Raitakari, O. T. (2004) Weight reduction with very-low-caloric diet and endothelial function in overweight adults: Role of plasma glucose. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, pp. 124-128.
112. Ray, R. and Shah, A. M. (2005) NADPH oxidase and endothelial cell function. Clin Sci (Lond), 109, pp. 217-226.
113. Ribeiro, M. M., Silva, A. G., Santos, N. S., Guazzelle, I., Matos, L NJ, Trombetta, I. C., Halpern, A., Negrao, C. E. and Villares, S MF (2005) Diet and exercise training restore blood pressure and vasodilatory responses during physiological maneuvers in obese children. Circulation, 111, pp. 1915-1923.
114. Ribeiro, M. M., Trombetta, I. C., Batalha, L. T., Rondon, M UPB, Forjaz, C LM, Barretto, A CP, Villares, S MF and Negrao, C. E. (2001) Muscle sympathetic nerve activity and hemodynamic alterations in middle-aged obese women. Braz J Med Biol Res, 34, pp. 475-478.
115. Ritter, J. M., Barrow, S. E., Blair, I. A. and Dollery, C. T. (1983) Release of prostacyclin in vivo and its role in man. Lancet, 1, pp. 317-319.
116. Saito, Y., McKay, M., Eraslan, A. and Hester, R. L. (1996) Functional hyperemia in striated muscle is reduced following blockade of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 270, pp. H1649-H1654.
117. Sandow, S. L., Tare, M., Coleman, H. A., Hill, C. E. and Parkington, H. C. (2002) Involvement of myoendothelial gap junctions in the actions of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. Circ Res, 90, pp. 1108-1113.
118. 2 receptor in human platelet membranes. J Biol Chem, 261, pp. 3025-3029.
119. 2 and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptors in platelets and vascular smooth muscle. Circulation, 72, pp. 1202-1207.
120. Schror, K., Darius, H., Matzky, R. and Ohlendorf, R. (1981) The antiplatelet and cardiovascular actions of a new carbacyclin derivative (ZK 36 374)-equipotent to PGI2 in vitro. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 316, pp. 252-255.
121. Schubert, R., Serebryakov, V. N., Engel, H. and Hopp, H. H. (1996) Iloprost activates KCa channels of vascular smooth muscle cells: Role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, 271, pp. C1203-C1211.
122. Schubert, R., Serebryakov, V. N., Mewes, H. and Hopp, H. H. (1997) Iloprost dilates rat small arteries: Role of KATP- and KCa-channel activation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 272, pp. H1147-H1156.
123. Segal, S. S. (2000) Integration of blood flow control to skeletal muscle: Key role of feed arteries. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 168, pp. 511-518.
124. Segal, S. S. and Duling, B. R. (1987) Propagation of vasodilation in resistance vessels of the hamster: Development and review of a working hypothesis. Circ Res, 61, pp. II20-II25.
125. Shivalkar, B., Dhondt, D., Goovaerts, I., Van Gaal, L., Bartunek, J., Van Crombrugge, P. and Vrints, C. (2006) Flow mediated dilatation and cardiac function in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol, 97, pp. 77-82.
126. + permeability in the smooth muscle cells of the canine carotid artery. Eicosanoids, 2, pp. 213-222.
127. Siegel, G., Emden, J., Wenzel, K., Mironneau, J. and Stock, G. (1992) Potassium channel activation in vascular smooth muscle. Adv Exp Med Biol, 311, pp. 53-72.
128. Smiesko, V., Lang, D. J. and Johnson, P. C. (1989) Dilator response of rat mesenteric arcading arterioles to increased blood flow velocity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 257, pp. H1958-H1965.
129. Smith, W. L. (1986) Prostaglandin biosynthesis and its compartmentation in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Annu Rev Physiol, 48, pp. 251-262.
130. Smith, W. L. (1992) Prostanoid biosynthesis and mechanisms of action. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 263, pp. F181-F191.
131. Smith, W. L., Marnett, L. J. and De Witt, D. L. (1991) Prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis. Pharmacol Ther, 49, pp. 153-179.
132. Spector, A. A., Fang, X., Snyder, G. D. and Weintraub, N. L. (2004) Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs): Metabolism and biochemical function. Prog Lipid Res, 43, pp. 55-90.
133. Steinberg, H. O., Chaker, H., Leaming, R., Johnson, A., Brechtel, G. and Baron, A. D. (1996) Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction: Implications for the syndrome of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest, 97, pp. 2601-2610.
134. Stepp, D. W. (2006) Impact of obesity and insulin resistance on vasomotor tone: Nitric oxide and beyond. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 33, pp. 407-414.
135. Stepp, D. W. and Frisbee, J. C. (2002) Augmented adrenergic vasoconstriction in hypertensive diabetic obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 282, pp. H816-H820.
136. Thorneloe, K. S. and Nelson, M. T. (2005) Ion channels in smooth muscle: regulators of intracellular calcium and contractility. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 83, pp. 215-242.
137. Touyz, R. M. and Schiffrin, E. L. (2004) Reactive oxygen species in vascular biology: Implications in hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol, 122, pp. 339-352.
138. Traupe, T., Lang, M., Goettsch, W., Munter, K., Morawietz, H., Vetter, W. and Barton, M. (2002) Obesity increases prostanoid-mediated vasoconstriction and vascular thromboxane receptor gene expression. J Hypertens, 20, pp. 2239-2245.
139. Trombetta, I. C., Batalha, L. T., Rondon, M UPB, Laterza, M. C., Kuniyoshi, F HS, Gowdak, M MG, Barretto, A CP, Halpern, A., Villares, S MF and Negrao, C. E. (2003) Weight loss improves neurovascular and muscle metaboreflex control in obesity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 285, pp. H974-H982.
140. Van Guilder, G. P., Hoetzer, G. L., Dengel, D. R., Stauffer, B. L. and De Souza, C. A. (2006) Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in normotensive and normoglycemic obese adult humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 47, pp. 310-313.
141. Vanelli, G., Chang, H. Y., Gatensby, A. G. and Hussain, S. N. (1994) Contribution of potassium channels to active hyperemia of the canine diaphragm. J Appl Physiol, 76, pp. 1098-1105.
142. Vanelli, G. and Hussain, S. N. (1994) Effects of potassium channel blockers on basal vascular tone and reactive hyperemia of canine diaphragm. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 266, pp. H43-H51.
143. Vanhoutte, P. M. and Mombouli, J. V. (1996) Vascular endothelium: vasoactive mediators. Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 39, pp. 229-238.
144. 1α and determination of the urinary excretion rates in healthy humans under normal conditions and following drugs. Prostaglandins, 28, pp. 139-154.
145. Vigili, D. E, Kreutzenberg, S., Kiwanuka, E., Tiengo, A. and Avogaro, A. (2003) Visceral obesity is characterized by impaired nitric oxide-independent vasodilation. Eur Heart J, 24, pp. 1210-1215.
146. Vigili, D. E., Kreutzenberg, S., Puato, M., Kiwanuka, E., Prato, S Del, Pauletto, P., Pasini, L., Tiengo, A. and Avogaro, A. (2003) Elevated non-esterified fatty acids impair nitric oxide independent vasodilation, in humans: Evidence for a role of inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Atherosclerosis, 169, pp. 147-153.
147. Weinstock, R. S., Dai, H. and Wadden, T. A. (1998) Diet and exercise in the treatment of obesity: Effects of 3 interventions on insulin resistance. Arch Intern Med, 158, pp. 2477-2483.
148. 2 metabolites during leg exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 255, pp. H15-H18.
149. Wigg, S. J., Tare, M., Tonta, M. A., O'Brien, R. C., Meredith, I. T. and Parkington, H. C. (2001) Comparison of effects of diabetes mellitus on an EDHF-dependent and an EDHF-independent artery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 281, pp. H232-H240.
150. Williams, I. L., Wheatcroft, S. B., Shah, A. M. and Kearney, M. T. (2002) Obesity, atherosclerosis and the vascular endothelium: Mechanisms of reduced nitric oxide bioavailability in obese humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 26, pp. 754-764.
151. Wilson, J. R. and Kapoor, S. C. (1993) Contribution of prostaglandins to exercise-induced vasodilation in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 265, pp. H171-H175.
152. Xiang, L., Naik, J. and Hester, R. L. (2005) Exercise-induced increase in skeletal muscle vasodilatory responses in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 288, pp. R987-R991.
153. Xiang, L., Naik, J. S., Abram, S. R. and Hester, R. L. (2007) Chronic hyperglycemia impairs functional vasodilation via increasing thromboxane receptor-mediated vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 292, pp. H231-H236.
154. Xiang, L., Naik, J. S., Hodnett, B. L. and Hester, R. L. (2006) Altered arachidonic acid metabolism impairs functional vasodilation in metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 290, pp. R134-R138.
155. Yamaki, F., Kaga, M., Horinouchi, T., Tanaka, H., Koike, K., Shigenobu, K., Toro, L. and Tanaka, Y. (2001) MaxiK channel-mediated relaxation of guinea-pig aorta following stimulation of IP receptor with beraprost via cyclic AMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 364, pp. 538-550.
156. Young, E. W. and Sparks, H. V. (1979) Prostaglandin E release from dog skeletal muscle during restricted flow exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 236, pp. H596-H599.
157. Young, J. L., Pendergast, D. R. and Steinbach, J. (1991) Oxygen transport and peripheral microcirculation in long-term diabetes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 196, pp. 61-68.
158. Yu, H. I., Sheu, W. H., Lai, C. J., Lee, W. J. and Chen, Y. T. (2001) Endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects with peripheral artery disease. Int J Cardiol, 78, pp. 19-25.
159. Zebekakis, P. E., Nawrot, T., Thijs, L., Balkestein, E. J., van der Heijden-Spek, J., Van Bortel, L. M., Struijker-Boudier, H. A., Safar, M. E. and Staessen, J. A. (2005) Obesity is associated with increased arterial stiffness from adolescence until old age. J Hypertens, 23, pp. 1839-1846.
160. Zhang, Y., Oltman, C. L., Lee, H-C, Dellsperger, K. C. and Van Rollins, M. (2001) EET homologs potently dilate coronary microvessels and activate BKCa channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 280, pp. H2430-H2440.
161. Zhao, X., Dey, A., Romanko, O. P., Stepp, D. W., Wang, M-H, Zhou, Y., Jin, L., Pollock, J. S., Webb, R. C. and Imig, J. D. (2005) Decreased epoxygenase and increased epoxide hydrolase expression in the mesenteric artery of obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 288, pp. R188-R196.
162. Zhou, W., Wang, X-L, Kaduce, T. L., Spector, A. A. and Lee, H- (2005) Impaired arachidonic acid-mediated dilation of small mesenteric arteries in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 288, pp. H2210-H2218.
163. + channel openers in cerebral arteries from diabetic rats. Circ Res, 81, pp. 996-1004.
164. + channel in renal arterioles. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 270, pp. R228-R237.
165. Zou, M-H, Cohen, R. and Ullrich, V. (2004) Peroxynitrite and vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Endothelium, 11, pp. 89-97.
166. 2 receptor-mediated apoptosis and adhesion molecule expression in cultured human aortic endothelial cells. Diabetes, 51, pp. 198-203.