Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease

Pediatric Research

Volumn 61, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 653-659

  Aggoun, Yacine ^a,b  

^a GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

^b Hopital des Enfants Hopitaux universitaires de Geneve   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACYLATION STIMULATING PROTEIN; ADIPONECTIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; EOTAXIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; LEPTIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; RESISTIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA RECEPTOR;

APPETITE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHILD; DIET; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; EXERCISE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VASCULAR DISEASE;

ADULT; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BLOOD VESSELS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHILD; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY;

EID: 34249305159     PISSN: 00313998     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31805d8a8c     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Kant AK, Graubard BI 2006 Secular trends in patterns of self-reported food consumption of adult Americans: NHANES 1971-1975 to NHANES 1999-2002. Am J Clin Nutr 84:1215-1223
2. Zimmermann MB, Gubeli C, Puntener C, Molinari L 2004 Detection of overweight and obesity in a national sample of 6-12-y-old Swiss children: accuracy and validity of reference values for body mass index from the US centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the International Obesity Task Force. Am J Clin Nutr 79:838-843
3. Stamler R, Stamler J, Riedlinger WF, Algera G, Roberts RH 1978 Weight and blood pressure. Findings in hypertension screening of 1 million Americans. JAMA 240:1607-1610
4. Stamler R, Ford CE, Stamler J 1991 Why do lean hypertensives have higher mortality rates than other hypertensives? Findings of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program. Hypertension 17:553-564
5. Czernichow S, Mennen L, Bertrais S, Preziosi P, Hercberg S, Oppert JM 2002 Relationships between changes in weight and changes in cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged French subjects: Effects of dieting. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:1138-1143
6. Wang TJ, Parise H, Levy D, D'Agostino RB Sr, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ 2004 Obesity and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 292:2471-2477
7. McGee DL 2005 Body mass index and mortality: A meta-analysis based on person-level data from twenty-six observational studies. Ann Epidemiol 15:87-97
8. Barker DJ, Martyn CN, Osmond C, Hales CN, Fall CH 1993 Growth in utero and serum cholesterol concentrations in adult life. BMJ 307:1524-1527
9. Singhal A, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Deanfield J, Lucas A 2004 Is Slower Early Growth Beneficial for Long-Term Cardiovascular Health? Circulation 109:1108-1113
10. Newman WP, Freedman DS, Voors AW, Gard PD, Srinivasan SR, Cresanta JL, Williamson GD, Webber LS, Berenson GS 1986 Relation of serum lipoprotein levels and systolic blood pressure to early atherosclerosis. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med 314:138-144
11. Leeson CP, Whincup PH, Cook DG, Donald AE, Papacosta O, Lucas A, Deanfield JE 1997 Flow-Mediated Dilation in 9- to 11-Year-Old Children. The Influence of Intrauterine and Childhood Factors. Circulation 96:2233-2238
12. Singhal A, Farooqi I, O'Rahilly S, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A 2002 Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. Am J Clin Nutr 75:993-999
13. Vanhala M, Vanhala P, Kumpusalo E, Halonen P, Takala J 1998 Relation between obesity from childhood to adulthood and the metabolic syndrome: population based study. BMJ 317:319
14. Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Elkasabany A, Berenson GS 1999 The association of cardiovascular risk factor clustering related to insulin resistance syndrome (Syndrome X) between young parents and their offspring: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 145:197-205
15. World Health Organization Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications; Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: department of Non-communicable Disease Surveillance 1999
16. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults 2001 Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Programm (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285:2486-2497
17. American College of Endocrinology Task Force on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome 2003 American College of Endocrinology Position Statement on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome Endocr Pract 9:236-239
18. Zimmet PZ, Alberti KG, Shaw JE 2005 Mainstreaming the metabolic syndrome: a definitive definition. Med J Aust 183:175-176
19. Magliano DJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ 2006 How to best define the metabolic syndrome. Ann Med 38:34-41
20. Ornstein RM, Jacobson MS 2006 Supersize teens: The metabolic syndrome. Adolesc Med Clin 17:565-587
21. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsen B, Lahti K, Nissen M, Taskinen MR, Groop L 2001 Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24:683-689
22. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH 2002 Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 287:356-359
23. Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Niskanen LK, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT, Lakka TA 2002 Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus: application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 156:1070-1077
24. Meigs JB, Wilson PW, David NM, D'Agostino RB Sr, Williams K, Haffner SM 2003 Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies. Diabetes 52:2160-2167
25. Hauner H 2002 Insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome-a challenge of the new millennium. Eur J Clin Nutr Suppl 56 Suppl 1:S25-S29
26. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO, Criqui M, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y, Myers GL, Rifai N, Smith SC, Taubert K, Tracy RP, Vinicor F 2003 Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: Application to clinical and public health practice. A statement for healthcare professionals for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107:499-511
27. Sinaiko AR, Steinberger J, Moran A, Prineas RJ, Vessby B, Basu S, Tracy R, Jacobs DR Jr 2005 Relation of Body Mass Index and Insulin Resistance to Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Inflammatory Factors, and Oxidative Stress During Adolescence. Circulation 111:1985-1991
28. Halle M, Korsten-Reck U, Wolfarth B, Berg A 2004 Low-grade systemic inflammation in overweight children: impact of physical fitness Exerc Immunol Rev 10:66-74
29. Weiss R, Caprio S 2005 The metabolic consequences of childhood obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 19:405-419
30. Xu JW, Morita I, Ikeda K, Miki T, Yamori Y 2007 C-reactive protein suppresses insulin signaling in endothelial cells. Role of Syk tyrosine kinase. Mol Endocrinol 21:564-573
31. Kapiotis S, Holzer G, Schaller G, Haumer M, Widhalm H, Weghuber D, Jilma B, Roggla G, Wolzt M, Widhalm K, Wagner OF 2006 A proinflammatory state is detectable in obese children and is accompanied by functional and morphological vascular changes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26:2541-2546
32. Yudkin JS 2003 Adipose tissue, insulin action and vascular disease: inflammatory signals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27:S25-S28
33. Singhal A, Kattenhorn M, Cole TJ, Deanfield J, Lucas A 2001 Preterm birth, vascular function, and risk factors for atherosclerosis. Lancet 358:1159-1160
34. Hermann TS, Rask-Madsen C, Ihlemann N, Domínguez H, Jensen CB, Storgaard H, Vaag AA, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C 2003 Normal Insulin-Stimulated Endothelial Function and Impaired Insulin-Stimulated Muscle Glucose Uptake in Young Adults with Low Birth Weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1252-1257
35. Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ 2006 Reciprocal Relationships Between Insulin Resistance and Endothelial Dysfunction Molecular and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Circulation 113:1888-1904
36. Safar ME, Czernichow S, Blacher J 2006 Obesity, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:S109-S111
37. Whitehead JP, Richards AA, Hickman IJ, Macdonald GA, Prins JB 2006 Adiponectin - a key adipokine in the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 8:264-280
38. Ekmekci H, Ekmekci OB 2006 The Role of Adiponectin in Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 12:163-168
39. Okamoto Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Nishida M, Arita Y, Kumada M, Ohashi K, Sakai N, Shimomura I, Kobayashi H, Terasaka N, Inaba T, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y 2002 Adiponectin reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 106:2767-2770
40. Tan KC, Xu A, Chow WS, Lam MC, Ai VH, Tam SC, Lam KS 2004 Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:765-769
41. Singhal A, Jamieson N, Fewtrell M, Deanfield J, Lucas A, Sattar N 2005 Adiponectin predicts insulin resistance but not endothelial function in young, healthy adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4615-4621
42. Silha JV, Krsek M, Skrha JV, Sucharda P, Nyomba BL, Murphy LJ 2003 Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: correlations with insulin resistance. Eur J Endocrinol 149:331-335
43. Trujillo ME, Scherer PE 2005 Adiponectin - Journey from an adipocyte secretory protein to biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. J Intern Med 257:167-175
44. Asakawa A, Inui A, Kaga T, Katsuura G, Fujimiya M, Fujino MA, Kasuga M 2003 Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice. Gut 52:947-952
45. de Jongh RT, Serne EH, Ijzerman RG, de Vries G, Stehouwer CD 2004 Free fatty acid levels modulate microvascular function: relevance for obesity-associated insulin resistance, hypertension, and microangiopathy. Diabetes 53:2873-2882
46. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Okamoto Y, Hotta K, Nishida M, Takahashi M, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y 1999 Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 100:2473-2476
47. Katugampola SD, Maguire JJ, Kuc RE, Wiley KE, Davenport AP 2002 Discovery of recently adopted orphan receptors for apelin, urotensin II, and ghrelin identified using novel radioligands and functional role in the human cardiovascular system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 80:369-374
48. Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Keno Y, Kotani K, Tokunaga K 1995 Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of visceral fat obesity. Obes Res. 3:187S-194S
49. Packard CJ 1996 LDL subfractions and atherogenicity: an hypothesis from the university of Glassgow. Curr Med Res Opin 13:379-390
50. Mansoub S, Khum M, Adeli K 2006 Gap analysis of pediatric reference intervals for risk biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Biochem 39:569-587
51. Hanson P, Schumaker P, Debugne T, Clerin M 1992 Evaluation of somatic and autonomic small fibers neuropathy in diabetes. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 71:44-47
52. Vinik AI, Holland MT, Le Beau JM, Liuzzi FJ, Stansberry KB, Colen LB 1992 Diabetic neuropathies. Diabetes Care 15:1926-1975
53. McArthur JC, Stocks EA, Hauer P, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW 1998 Epidermal nerve fiber density: normative reference range and diagnostic efficiency. Arch Neurol 55:1513-1520
54. Hirai A, Yasuda H, Joko M, Maeda T, Kikkawa R 2000 Evaluation of diabetic neuropathy through the quantitation of cutaneous nerves. J Neurol Sci 172:55-62
55. Singhal A 2005 Endothelial dysfunction: role in obesity-related disorders and the early origins of CVD. Proc Nutr Soc 64:15-22
56. Arcaro G, Zamboni M, Rossi L, Turcato E, Covi G, Armellini F, Bosello O, Lechi A 1999 Body fat distribution predicts the degree of endothelial dysfunction in uncomplicated obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23:936-942
57. Westerbacka J, Vehkavaara S, Bergholm R, Wilkinson I, Cockcroft J, Yki-Jarvinen H 1999 Marked resistance of the ability of insulin to decrease arterial stiffness characterizes human obesity. Diabetes 48:821-827
58. Tounian P, Aggoun Y, Dubern B, Varille V, Guy-Grand B, Sidi D, Girardet JP, Bonnet D 2001 Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: a prospective study. Lancet 358:1400-1404
59. Iannuzzi A, Licenziati MR, Acampora C, Renis M, Agrusta M, Romano L, Valerio G, Panico S, Trevisan M 2006 Carotid artery stiffness in obese children with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 97:528-531
60. Zebekakis PE, Nawrot T, Thijs L, Balkestein EJ, van der Heijden-Spek J, Van Bortel LM, Struijker-Boudier HA, Safar ME, Staessen JA 2005 Obesity is associated with increased arterial stiffness from adolescence until old age. J Hypertens 23:1839-1846
61. Juonala M, Jarvisalo MJ, Maki-Torkko N, Kahonen M, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT 2005 Risk factors identified in childhood and decreased carotid artery elasticity in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation 112:1486-1493
62. Levent E, Goksen D, Ozyurek AR, Darcan S, Mahmut C, Coker M, Guven H, Parlar A 2002 Stiffness of the abdominal aorta in obese children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15:405-409
63. Resnick LM, Militianu D, Cunnings AJ, Pipe JG, Evelhoch JL, Soulen RL 1997 Direct magnetic resonance determination of aortic distensibility in essential hypertension: relation to age, abdominal visceral fat, and in situ intracellular free magnesium. Hypertension 30:654-659
64. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS 2001 Relationship of childhood obesity to coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood: the Bogulusa Heart study. Pediatrics 108:712-718
65. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Miller OI, Sullivan ID, Lloyd JK, Deanfield JE 1992 Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet 340:1111-1115
66. Sorensen KE, Celermajer DS, Georgakopoulos D, Hatcher G, Betteridge DJ, Deanfield JE 1994 Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation is an early event in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and is related to the lipoprotein(a) level. J Clin Invest 93:50-55
67. Aggoun Y, Bonnet D, Sidi D, Girardet JP, Brucker E, Polak M, Safar ME, Levy BI 2000 Arterial mechanical changes in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:2070-2075
68. Jarvisalo MJ, Raitakari M, Toikka JO, Putto-Laurila A, Rontu R, Laine S, Lehtimaki T, Ronnemaa T, Viikari J, Raitakari OT 2004 Endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial intima-media thickness in children with type 1 diabetes. Circulation 109:1750-1755
69. Singh TP, Groehn H, Kazmers A 2003 Vascular function and carotid intimalmedial thickness in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:661-665
70. Celermajer DS, Sorensen K, Ryalls M, Robinson J, Thomas O, Leonard JV, Deanfield JE 1993 Impaired endothelial function occurs in the systemic arteries of children with homozygous homocystinuria but not in their heterozygous parents. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:854-858
71. Davies JI, Struthers AD 2003 Pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity: a critical review of their strengths and weaknesses. J Hypertens 21:463-472
72. Chen CH, Nevo E, Fetics B, Pak PH, Yin FC, Maughan WL, Kass DA 1997 Estimation of central aortic pressure waveform by mathematical transformation of radial tonometry pressure. Validation of generalized transfer function. Circulation 95:1827-1836
73. Toto-Moukouo JJ, Achimatos A, Asmar RG, Hugues CJ, Safar ME 1986 Pulse wave velocity in patients with obesity and hypertension. Am Heart J 112:136-140
74. Sutton-Tyrrell K, Newman A, Simonsick EM, Havlik R, Pahor M, Lakatta E, Spurgeon H, Vaitkevicius P 2001 Aortic stiffness is associated with visceral adiposity in older adults enrolled in the study of health, aging, and body composition. Hypertension 38:429-433
75. Wildman RP, Mackey RH, Bostom A, Thompson T, Sutton-Tyrell K 2003 Measures of obesity are associated with vascular stiffness in young and older adults. Hypertension 42:468-473
76. Czernichow S, Bertrais S, Oppert JM, Galan P, Blacher J, Ducimetiere P, Hercberg S, Zureik M 2005 Body composition and fat repartition in relation to structure and function of large arteries in middle-aged adults (the SU.VI.MAX. study). Int J Obes 29:826-832
77. Pomilio M, Mohn A, Verrotti A, Chiarelli F 2002 Endothelial dysfunction in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 15:343-361
78. Romano M, Pomilio M, Vigneri S, Falco A, Chiesa PL, Chiarelli F, Davi G 2001 Endothelial perturbation in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: association with markers of the inflammatory reaction. Diabetes Care 24:1674-1678
79. Jarvisalo MJ, Jartti L, Nanto-Salonen K, Irjala K, Ronnemaa T, Hartiala JJ, Celermajer DS, Raitakari OT 2001 Increased aortic intima-media thickness: a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in high-risk children. Circulation 104:2943-2947
80. Pena AS, Wiltshire E, Gent R, Hirte C, Couper J 2004 Folic acid improves endothelial function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 144:500-504
81. Reinehr T, Kiess W, de Sousa G, Stoffel-Wagner B, Wunsch R 2006 Intima media thickness in childhood obesity. Relations to inflammatory marker, glucose metabolism, and blood pressure. Metabolism 55:113-118
82. Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Papamichael C, Constantopoulos A, Zakopoulos N 2005 Adolescent obesity is associated with high ambulatory blood pressure and increased carotid intimal-medial thickness. J Pediatr 147:651-656
83. Zhu W, Huang X, He J, Li M, Neubauer H 2005 Arterial intima-media thickening and endothelial dysfunction in obese Chinese children. Eur J Pediatr 164:337-344
84. Iannuzzi A, Licenziati MR, Acampora C, Salvatore V, Auriemma L, Romano ML, Panico S, Rubba P, Trevisan M 2004 Increased carotid intima-media thickness and stiffness in obese children. Diabetes Care 27:2506-2508
85. Woo KS, Chook P, Yu CW, Sung RY, Qiao M, Leung SS, Lam CW, Metreweli C, Celermajer DS 2004 Overweight in children is associated with arterial endothelial dysfunction and intima-media thickening. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28:852-857
86. Mangge H, Schauenstein K, Stroedter L, Griesl A, Maerz W, Borkenstein M 2004 Low grade inflammation in juvenile obesity and type 1 diabetes associated with early signs of atherosclerosis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 112:378-382
87. Di Salvo G, Pacileo G, Del Giudice EM, Natale F, Limongelli G, Verrengia M, Rea A, Fratta F, Castaldi B, D'Andrea A, Calabro P, Miele T, Coppola F, Russo MG, Caso P, Perrone L, Calabro R 2006 Abnormal myocardial deformation properties in obese, non-hypertensive children: an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, standard echocardiographic, and strain rate imaging study. Eur Heart J 27:2689-2695
88. Wunsch R, de Sousa G, Reinehr T 2005 Intima media thickness in obesity: relation to hypertension and dyslipidemia. Arch Dis Child 90:1097
89. Juonala M, Raitakari M, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT 2006 Obesity in youth is not an independent predictor of carotid IMT in adulthood. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Atherosclerosis 185:388-393
90. Poredos P 2002 Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 32:274-277
91. Constans J, Conri C 2006 Circulating markers of endothelial function in cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 368:33-47
92. Salomaa V, Riley W, Kark JD, Nardo C, Folsom AR 1995 Non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus and fasting glucose and insulin concentrations are associated with arterial stiffness indexes: the ARIC Study: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation 91:1432-1443
93. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW 1999 C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:972-978
94. Yasmin, McEniery CM, Wallace S, Mackenzie IS, Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB 2004 C-reactive protein is associated with arterial stiffness in apparently healthy individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:969-974
95. Retnakaran R, Hanley AJ, Connelly PW, Harris SB, Zinman B 2006 Elevated C-reactive protein in Native Canadian children: an ominous early complication of childhood obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 8:483-491
96. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A 2002 Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 105:1135-1143
97. Singhal A, Farooqi IS, Cole TJ, O'Rahilly S, Fewtrell M, Kattenhorn M, Lucas A, Deanfield J 2002 Influence of leptin on arterial distensibility: a novel link between obesity and cardiovascular disease? Circulation 106:1919-1924
98. Kim HM, Park J, Kim HS, Kim DH, Park SH 2006 Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korean Children and Adolescents Aged 10-18 Years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998 and 2001. Am J Epidemiol 164:787-793
99. Kuusisto J, Mykkanen L, Pyorala K, Laakso M 1995 Hyperinsulinemic microalbuminuria: a new risk indicator for coronary heart disease. Circulation 91:831-837
100. Mykkanen L, Zaccaro DJ, Wagenknecht LE, Robbins DC, Gabriel M, Haffner SM 1998 Microalbuminuria is associated with insulin resistance in nondiabetic subjects - the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes 47:793-800
101. Hiratsuka N, Shiba K, Nishida K, Iizima S, Kimura M, Kobayashi S 1998 Analysis of urinary albumin, transferrin, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-2-microglobulin in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. J Clin Lab Anal 12:351-355
102. Meigs JB, D'Agostino RB Sr, Nathan DM, Rifai N, Wilson PW, Framingham Offspring Study 2002 Longitudinal association of glycemia and microalbuminuria: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes Care 25:977-983
103. Csernus K, Lanyi E, Erhardt E, Molnar D 2005 Effect of childhood obesity and obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors on glomerular and tubular protein excretion. Eur J Pediatr 164:44-49
104. Harper MG 2006 Childhood obesity: strategies for prevention. Fam Community Health 29:288-298
105. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa M Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group 2001 Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344:1343-1350
106. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group 2002 Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346:393-403.
107. Dattilo AM, Kris-Etherton PM 1992 Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 56:320-328
108. Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR, Lee IM, Appel LJ, Smith West D, Milas NC, Mattfeldt-Beman M, Belden L, Bragg C, Millstone M, Raczynski J, Brewer A, Singh B, Cohen J Trials for the Hypertension Prevention Research Group 2001 Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med 134:1-11
109. Raitakari M, Ilvonen T, Ahotupa M, Lehtimaki T, Harmoinen A, Suominen P, Elo J, Hartiala J, Raitakari OT 2004 Weight reduction with very-low-caloric diet and endothelial function in overweight adults: role of plasma glucose. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:124-128
110. Dengel DR, Kelly AS, Olson TP, Kaiser DR, Dengel JL, Bank AJ 2006 Effects of weight loss on insulin sensitivity and arterial stiffness in overweight adults. Metabolism 55:907-911
111. Kirk S, Zeller M, Claytor R, Santangelo M, Khoury PR, Daniels SR 2005 The relationship of health outcomes to improvement in BMI in children and adolescents. Obes Res 13:876-882
112. Wabitsch M, Hauner H, Heinze E, Muche R, Bockmann A, Parthon W, Mayer H, Teller W 1994 Body-fat distribution and changes in the atherogenic riskfactor profile in obese adolescent girls during weight reduction. Am J Clin Nutr 60:54-60
113. Reinehr T, Andler W 2004 Changes in the atherogenic risk factor profile according to degree of weight loss. Arch Dis Child 89:419-422
114. Sung RY, Yu CW, Chang SK, Mo SW, Woo KS, Lam CW 2002 Effects of dietary intervention and strength training on blood lipid level in obese children. Arch Dis Child 86:407-410
115. Watts K, Beye P, Siafarikas A, O'Driscoll G, Jones TW, Davis EA, Green DJ 2004 Effects of exercise training on vascular function in obese children. J Pediatr 144:620-625
116. Watts K, Beye P, Siafarikas A, Davis EA, Jones TW, O'Driscoll G, Green DJ 2004 Exercise training normalizes vascular dysfunction and improves central adiposity in obese adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1823-1827
117. Meyer AA, Kundt G, Lenschow U, Schuff-Werner P, Kienast W 2006 Improvement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise program. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1865-1870
118. Williams IL, Chowienczyk PJ, Wheatcroft SB, Patel AG, Sherwood RA, Momin A, Shah AM, Kearney MT 2005 Endothelial function and weight loss in obese humans. Obes Surg 15:1055-1060
119. Gokce N, Vita JA, McDonnell M, Forse AR, Istfan N, Stoeckl M, Lipinska I, Keaney JF Jr, Apovian CM 2005 Effect of medical and surgical weight loss on endothelial vasomotor function in obese patients. Am J Cardiol 95:266-268
120. Karason K, Wikstrand J, Sojostrom L, Wendelhag I 1999 Weight loss and progression of early atherosclerosis in the carotid artery: a four-year controlled study of obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23:948-956
121. Kelly AS, Wetzsteon RJ, Kaiser DR, Steinberger J, Bank AJ, Dengel DR 2004 Inflammation, insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents: the role of exercise. J Pediatr 145:731-736
122. Woo KS, Chook P, Yu CW, Sung RY, Qiao M, Leung SS, Lam CW, Metreweli C, Celermajer DS 2004 Effect of diet and exercise on obesity-related vascular dysfunction in children. Circulation 109:1981-1986
123. Schmitz MK, Jeffery RW 2000 Public health interventions for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Med Clin North Am 84:491-512
124. Borra ST, Schwartz NE, Spain CG, Natchipolsky MM 1995 Food, physical activity and fun: inspiring America's kids to more healthful lifestyles. J Am Diet Assoc 95:816-818
125. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS 2002 Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet 360:473-482
126. Rzehak P, Heinrich J 2006 Development of relative weight, overweight and obesity from childhood to young adulthood. A longitudinal analysis of individual change of height and weight. Eur J Epidemiol 21:661-672
127. Eriksson J, Forsen T, Osmond C, Barker D 2003 Obesity from cradle to grave. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27:722-727
128. Wang Y, Ge K, Popkin BM 2000 Tracking of body mass index from childhood to adolescence: a 6-y follow-up study in China. Am J Clin Nutr 72:1018-1024
129. Trudeau F, Shephard RJ, Arsenault F, Laurencelle L 2001 Changes in adiposity and body mass index from late childhood to adult life in the Trois-Rivieres study. Am J Hum Biol 13:349-355
130. Gordon-Larsen P, Adair LS, Nelson MC, Popkin BM 2004 Five-year obesity incidence in the transition period between adolescence and adulthood: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Am J Clin Nutr 80:569-575
131. Kemper HC, Post GB, Twisk JW, van Mechelen W 1999 Lifestyle and obesity in adolescence and young adulthood: results from the Amsterdam Growth And Health Longitudinal Study (AGAHLS). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 23:S34-S40
132. Casey VA, Dwyer JT, Coleman KA, Valadian I 1992 Body mass index from childhood to middle age: a 50-y follow-up. Am J Clin Nutr 56:14-18
133. Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, Seidel KD, Dietz WH 1997 Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med 337:869-873