The role of the anesthesiologist in fast-track surgery: From multimodal analgesia to perioperative medical care

Anesthesia and Analgesia

Volumn 104, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 1380-1396

  White, Paul F ^a   Kehlet, Henrik ^b   Neal, Joseph M ^c   Schricker, Thomas ^d   Carr, Daniel B ^e,f   Carli, Franco ^d   Chung, Frances ^g   Fried, Gerald M ^d   Mayo, Nancy E ^d   Senagore, Anthony J ^h   Sessler, Daniel I ⁱ   Wilmore, Douglas ^j   Zavorsky, Gerald S ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Rigshospitalet   (Denmark)

^c Virginia Mason Medical Centre   (United States)

^d MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^e TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f Javelin Pharmaceuticals Inc   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^h Medical University of Ohio   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE   (United States)

^j HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIEMETIC AGENT; ATENOLOL; BENZODIAZEPINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BUPIVACAINE; CLONIDINE; DESFLURANE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; ESMOLOL; FENTANYL; ISOFLURANE; KETAMINE; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MIDAZOLAM; MORPHINE; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT; NITROUS OXIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPIATE; PARACETAMOL; PROPOFOL; REMIFENTANIL; ROPIVACAINE; SEDATIVE AGENT; SEVOFLURANE; SUFENTANIL; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIST; ANESTHETIC RECOVERY; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CONVALESCENCE; DOCTOR NURSE RELATION; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYDRATION; HYPOVENTILATION; ILEUS; LOCAL ANESTHESIA; META ANALYSIS; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; PEER REVIEW; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREMEDICATION; PREOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREOPERATIVE TREATMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; REVIEW; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SUPPLEMENTATION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERMOREGULATION; URINE RETENTION;

EID: 34249075716     PISSN: 00032999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000263034.96885.e1     Document Type: Article

References (275)

1. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome. Am J Surg 2002;183:630-41.
2. White PF. Ambulatory anesthesia advances into the new millennium. Anesth Analg 2000;90:1234-5.
3. Halaszynski TM, Juda R, Silverman DG. Optimizing postoperative outcomes with efficient preoperative assessment and management. Crit Care Med 2004;32:S76-86.
4. Hensel M, Schwenk W, Bloch A, et al. The role of anesthesiology in fast track concepts in colonic surgery. Anaesthesist 2006;55:80-92.
5. White PF. Pharmacologic and clinical aspects of preoperative medication. Anesth Analg 1986;65:963-74.
6. van Vlymen JM, Sa Rego MM, White PF. Benzodiazepine premedication: can it improve outcome in patients undergoing breast biopsy procedures. Anesthesiology 1999;90:740-7.
7. Zaugg M, Tagliente T, Lucchinetti E, et al. Beneficial effects from β-adrenergic blockade in elderly patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1674-86.
8. Johansen JW, Flaishon R, Sebel PS. Esmolol reduces anesthetic requirement for skin incision during propofol/nitrous oxide/morphine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1997;86:364-71.
9. Chia YY, Chan MH, Ko NH, Liu K. Role of β-blockade in anaesthesia and postoperative pain management after hysterectomy. Br J Anaesth 2004;93:799-805.
10. Segal IS, Jarvis DJ, Duncan SR, et al. Clinical efficacy of oral-transdermal clonidine combinations during the perioperative period. Anesthesiology 1991;74:220-5.
11. Arain SR, Ruehlow RM, Uhrich TD, Ebert TJ. The efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus morphine for postoperative analgesia after major inpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 2004;98:153-8.
12. Okuyama K, Inomata S, Toyooka H. The effects of prostaglandin E1 or oral clonidine premedication on blood loss during paranasal sinus surgery. Can J Anaesth 2005;52:546-7.
13. Wu CT, Jao SW, Borel CO, et al. The effect of epidural clonidine on perioperative cytokine response, postoperative pain, and bowel function in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg 2004;99:502-9.
14. Mertes N, Goetters C, Kuhlmann M, Zander JF. Postoperative α-2 adrenergic stimulation attenuates protein catabolism. Anesth Analg 1996;82:258-63.
15. Belhoula M, Ciebiera JP, De La Chapelle A, et al. Clonidine premedication improves metabolic control in type 2 diabetic patients during ophthalmic surgery. Br J Anaesth 2003;90:434-9.
16. Wallace AW, Galindez D, Salahieh A, et al. Effect of clonidine on cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2004;101:284-293.
17. Lindenauer PK, Pekow P, Wang K, et al. Perioperative β-blocker therapy and mortality after major noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 2005;353:349-61.
18. Devereaux P, Beattie W, Choi P, et al. How strong is the evidence for the use of perioperative β-blockers in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery? A systematic review and metaanalysis. BMJ 2005;331:313-21.
19. Herndon DN, Hart DW, Wolf SE, et al. Reversal of catabolism by β-blockade after severe burns. N Engl J Med 2001;345: 1223-9.
20. Maltby JR, Sutherland AD, Sale JP, Shaffer EA. Preoperative oral fluids is a five-hour fast justified prior to elective surgery. Anesth Analg 1986;11:1112-16.
21. Maltby JR, Pytka S, Watson NC, et al. Drinking 300 mL of clear fluid two hours before surgery has no effect on gastric fluid volume and pH in fasting and non-fasting obese patients. Can J Anaesth 2004;51:111-15.
22. Yogendran S, Asokumar B, Cheng D, Chung F. A prospective, randomized double-blind study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on adverse outcomes after outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 1995;80:682-6.
23. Maharaj CH, Kallam SR, Malik A, et al. Preoperative intravenous fluid therapy decreases postoperative nausea and pain in high risk patients. Anesth Analg 2005;100:675-82.
24. -1. Br J Anaesth 2004;93:381-5.
25. Holte K, Klarskov B, Christensen DS, et al. Liberal versus restrictive fluid administration to improve recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, double-blind study. Ann Surg. 2004;240:892-9.
26. Ljungqvist O, Nygren J, Thorell A. Insulin resistance and elective surgery. Surgery 2000;128:757-60.
27. Hausel J, Nygren J, Thorell A, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of oral preoperative carbohydrates on postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 2005;92:415-21.
28. Bisgaard T, Kristiansen VB, Hjortsoe NC, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing an oral carbohydrate beverage with placebo before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 2004;91:151-8.
29. Noblett SE, Watson DS, Huong W, et al. Pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading in colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Colorectal Dis 2006;8:563-69.
30. Grocott MP, Mythen MG, Gan TJ. Perioperative fluid management and clinical outcomes in adults. Anesth Analg 2005;100:1093-106.
31. Holte K, Kehlet H. Fluid therapy and surgical outcomes in elective surgery: a need for reassessment in fast-track surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2006;202:971-89.
32. Arkilic CF, Taguchi A, Charma N. Supplemental perioperative fluid administration increases tissue oxygen pressure. Surgery 2003;133:49-55.
33. Kabon B, Akca O, Taguchi A, et al. Supplemental intravenous crystalloid administration does not reduce the risk of surgical wound infection. Anesth Analg 2005;101:1546-1553.
34. Brandstrup B, Tonnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R, et al. The Danish Study Group on Perioperative Fluid Therapy. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens. A randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2003;238:640-50.
35. Nisanevich V, Felsenstein I, Almogy G, et al. Effect of intraoperative fluid management on outcome after intra-abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 2005;103:25-32.
36. Scheingraber S, Rehm M, Sehmisch C, Finsterer U. Rapid saline infusion produces hyperchloremic acidosis in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology 1999;90:1265-70.
37. Waters JH, Gottlieb A, Schoenwald P, et al. Normal saline versus lactated Ringer's solution for intraoperative fluid management in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm: an outcome study. Anesth Analg 2001;93:817-822.
38. Gan TJ, Soppitt A, Maroof M, et al. Goal directed intraoperative fluid administration reduces length of hospital stay after major surgery. Anesthesiology 2002;97:820-6.
39. Venn R, Steele R, Richardson P, et al. Randomized controlled trial to investigate influence of the fluid challenge on duration of hospital stay and perioperative morbidity in patients with hip fractures. Br J Anaesth 2002;88:65-71.
40. McAlister FA, Majumdar SR, Blitz S, et al. The relation between hyperglycemia and outcomes in 2471 patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. Diabetes Care 2005;28:810-15.
41. Gandhi GY, Nuttall GA, Abel MD, et al. Intraoperative hyperglycemia and perioperative outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:862-6.
42. Anderson RE, Klerdal K, Ivert T, et al. Are even impaired fasting glucose levels preoperatively associated with increased mortality after CABG surgery. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1513-18.
43. Quattara A, Lecomte P, LeManach Y, et al. Poor intraoperative blood glucose control is associated with a worsened hospital outcome after cardiac surgery in diabetic patients. Anesthesiology 2005;103:687-94.
44. Rady MY, Ryan T, Starr NJ. Perioperative determinants of morbidity and mortality in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 1998;26:225-35.
45. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1359-67.
46. Furnary A, Gao G, Grunkeimer GL, et al. Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125:1007-21.
47. Furnary AP, Zerr K, Grunkemeier GL, Starr A. Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:352-62.
48. Visser L, Zuurbier CJ, Hoek FJ, et al. Glucose, insulin and potassium applied as perioperative hyperinsulinaemic normoglycaemic clamp: effects on inflammatory response during coronary artery surgery. Br J Anaesth 2005;95:448-57.
49. Krinsley JS. Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:992-1000.
50. London MJ, Grunwald GK, Shroyer AL, Grover FL. Association of fast-track cardiac management and low-dose to moderate-dose glucocorticoid administration with perioperative hyperglycemia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000;14:631-8.
51. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of wound infection and temperature group. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1209-15.
52. Nesher N, Zisman E, Wolf T, et al. Strict thermoregulation attenuates myocardial injury during coronary artery bypass graft surgery as reflected by reduced levels of cardiac-specific troponin I. Anesth Analg 2003;96:328-35.
53. Schmied H, Kurz A, Sessler DI, et al. Mild hypothermia increases blood loss and transfusion requirements during total hip arthroplasty. Lancet 1996;347:289-92.
54. Lenhardt R, Marker E, Goll V, et al. Mild intraoperative hypothermia prolongs postanesthetic recovery. Anesthesiology 1997;87:1318-23.
55. Frank SM, Fleisher LA, Breslow MJ, et al. Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 1997;277:1127-34.
56. Hamza MA, Schneider BE, White PF, et al. Heated and humidified insufflation during laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery: effect on temperature, postoperative pain, and recovery outcomes. J Laparoendo Adv Surg Tech 2005;15:6-12.
57. Chung F, Ritchie E, Su J. Postoperative pain in ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1997;85:808-16.
58. Andersen FM, Nielsen K, Kehlet H. Combined ilioinguinal blockade and local infiltration anaesthesia for groin hernia repair-a double-blind randomized study. Br J Anaesth 2005;94:520-3.
59. Callesen T, Bech K, Kehlet H. One-thousand inguinal hernia repairs under unmonitored local anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2001;93:1373-76.
60. Ben-David B, DeMeo PJ, Lucyk C, Solosko D. A comparison of mini-dose lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia and local anesthesia/propofol infusion for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 2001;93:319-25.
61. Kehlet H, White PF. Optimizing anesthesia for inguinal herniorraphy: general, regional, or local anesthesia? (editorial). Anesth Analg 2001;93:1367-9.
62. Song D, Greilich NB, White PF, et al. Recovery profiles and costs of anesthesia for outpatient unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. Anesth Analg 2000;91:876-81.
63. Sa Régo M, Watcha MF, White PF. The changing role of monitored anesthesia care in the ambulatory setting. Anesth Analg 1997;85:1020-36.
64. Bhananker SM, Posner KL, Cheney FW, et al. Injury and liability associated with monitored anesthesia care: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 2006;104:228-34.
65. Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet 2006;367:1618-25.
66. White PF. The changing role of non-opioid analgesic techniques in the management of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 2005;01:S5-22.
67. Liu SS, Richman JM, Thirlby R, Wu CL. Efficacy of continuous wound catheters delivering local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Surg 2006;203:914-32.
68. White PF, Rawal S, Latham P, et al. Use of a continuous local anesthetic infusion for pain management after median sternotomy. Anesthesiology 2003;99:918-23.
69. Gupta A, Thorn SE, Axelsson K, et al. Postoperative pain relief using intermittent injections of 0.5% ropivacaine through a catheter after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 2002;95:450-56.
70. Li S, Coloma M, White PF, et al. Comparison of the costs and recovery profiles of three anesthetic techniques for ambulatory anorectal surgery. Anesthesiology 2000;93:1225-30.
71. Jensen P, Mikkelsen T, Kehlet H. Postherniorraphy urinary retention - effect of local, regional, and general anesthesia: a review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002;27:587-89.
72. Chan VWS, Peng PWH, Kaszas Z, et al. A comparative study of general anesthesia, intravenous regional anesthesia, and axillary block for outpatient hand surgery. Clinical outcome and cost. Anesth Analg 2001;93:1181-4.
73. Hadzic A, Arliss J, Kerimoglu B, et al. A comparison of infraclavicular nerve block versus general anesthesia for hand and wrist day-case surgeries. Anesthesiology 2004;101:127-32.
74. Ritchie E, Tong D, Chung F, et al. Suprascapular nerve block for postoperative pain relief in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a new modality? Anesth Analg 1997;84:1306-12.
75. Neal JM, McDonald SB, Larkin KL, Polissar NL. Suprascapular nerve block prolongs analgesia after nonarthroscopic shoulder surgery, but does not improve outcome. Anesth Analg 2003;96:982-6.
76. McCartney CJ, Brull R, Chan VW, et al. Early but no long-term benefit of regional compared with general anesthesia for ambulatory hand surgery. Anesthesiology 2004;101:461-7.
77. Hadzic A, Williams BA, Karaca PE, et al. For outpatient rotator cuff surgery, nerve block anesthesia provides superior same-day recovery after general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2005;102:1001-7.
78. Hadzic A, Kerimoglu B, Loreio D, et al. Paravertebral blocks provides superior same-day recovery over general anesthesia in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Anesth Analg 2006;102:1076-81.
79. Hadzic A, Karaca PE, Hobeika P, et al. Peripheral nerve blocks result in superior recovery profile compared with general anesthesia in outpatient knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 2005;100:976-81.
80. Hadzic A. Is regional anesthesia really better than general anesthesia? [editorial]. Anesth Analg 2005;101:1631-3.
81. Liu SS, Strodtbeck WM, Richman JM, Wu CL. A comparison of regional versus general anesthesia for ambulatory anesthesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg 2005;101:1634-42.
82. Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Enneking FK. Continuous infraclavicular brachial plexus block for postoperative pain control at home: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology 2002;96:1297-304.
83. White PF, Issioui T, Skrivanek GD, et al. The use of a continuous popliteal sciatic nerve block after surgery involving the foot and ankle: does it improve the quality of recovery. Anesth Analg 2003;97:1303-9.
84. Ilfeld BM, Enneking FK. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks at home: a review. Anesth Analg 2005;100:1822-33.
85. Capdevilla X, Dadure C, Bringuier S, et al. Effect of patient-controlled perineural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after ambulatory orthopaedic surgery: a multicenter randomized trial. Anesthesiology 2006;105:566-73.
86. Richman JM, Liu SS, Courpas G, et al. Does continuous peripheral nerve block provide superior pain control to opioids? A meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2006;102:248-57.
87. Liu S, Chiu A, Carpenter R, et al. Fentanyl prolongs lidocaine spinal anesthesia without prolonging recovery. Anesth Analg 1995;80:730-4.
88. Ben-David B, Solomon E, Levin H, et al. Intrathecal fentanyl with small-dose dilute bupivacaine: better anesthesia without prolonging recovery. Anesth Analg 1997;85:560-5.
89. Ben-David B, Maryanovsky M, Gurevitch A, et al. A comparison of minidose lidocaine-fentanyl and conventional dose lidocaine spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2000;91:865-70.
90. Vaghadia H, McLeod DH, Mitchell GW, et al. Small-dose hypobaric lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia for short duration outpatient laparoscopy. I. A randomised comparison with conventional dose hyperbaric lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1997;84:59-64.
91. Lennox PH, Vaghadia H, Henderson C, et al. Small-dose selective spinal anesthesia for short-duration outpatient laparoscopy: recovery characteristics compared with desflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2002;94:346-50.
92. Block MB, Liu SS, Rowlingson AJ, et al. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta analysis. JAMA 2003;290:2455-63.
93. Singh H, Bossard RF, White PH, Yeatts RW. Effects of ketorolac versus bupivacaine coadministration during patient-controlled hydromorphone epidural analgesia after thoracotomy procedures. Anesth Analg 1997;84:564-9.
94. Schug SA, Sidebotham DA, McGuinnety M, et al. Acetaminophen as an adjunct to morphine by patient-controlled analgesia in the management of acute postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1998;87:368-72.
95. Wu CL, Cohen SR, Richman JM, et al. Efficacy of postoperative patient-controlled and continuous infusion epidural analgesia versus intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with opioids. Anesthesiology 2005;103:1079-88.
96. Rigg JR, Jamrozik K, Myles PS, et al. MASTER Anaesthesia Trial Study Group. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomized trial. Lancet 2002;359:1276-82.
97. Schricker T, Wykes L, Eberhart L, et al. The anabolic effect of epidural blockade requires energy and substrate supply. Anesthesiology 2002;97:943-51.
98. Carli F, Halliday D. Continuous epidural blockade arrests the postoperative decrease in muscle protein fractional synthetic rate in surgical patients. Anesthesiology 1997;86:1033-40.
99. Carli F, Mayo N, Klubien K, et al. Epidural analgesia enhances functional exercise capacity and health-related quality of life after colon surgery. Anesthesiology 2002;97:540-9.
100. Norris EJ, Beattie C, Perler BA, et al. Double-masked randomized trial comparing alternate combinations of intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in abdominal aortic surgery. Anesthesiology 2001;95:1054-67.
101. Brodner G, Pogatzki E, Van Aken H, et al. A multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation in patients undergoing abdominothoracic esophagectomy. Anesth Analg 1998;86:228-34.
102. Liu SS, Carpenter RL, Mackey DC, et al. Effects of perioperative analgesic technique on rate of recovery after colon surgery. Anesthesiology 1995;83:757-65.
103. Steinbrook RA. Epidural anesthesia and gastrointestinal motility. Anesth Analg 1998;86:837-44.
104. Zutshi M, Delaney CP, Senagore AJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing the controlled rehabilitation with early ambulation and diet pathway versus the controlled rehabilitation with early ambulation and diet with preemptive epidural anesthesia/analgesia after laparotomy and intestinal resection. Am J Surg 2005;189:268-72.
105. Capdevila X, Barthelet Y, Biboulet P, et al. Effects of perioperative analgesic technique on the surgical outcome and duration of rehabilitation after major knee surgery. Anesthesiology 1999;91:8-15.
106. Foss NB, Kristensen BB, Jensen PS, Kehlet H. Effect of postoperative epidural analgesia and pain after hip fracture surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2005;102:1197-1204.
107. Taqi A, Hong X, Mistraletti G, et al. Thoracic epidural analgesia facilitates the restoration of bowel function and dietary intake in patients undergoing laparoscopic colon resection using a traditional, nonaccelerated, perioperative care program. Surg Endosc 2006;20:1-7.
108. Wolff BG, Michelassi F, Gerkin TM, et al. Alvimopan Postoperative Ileus Study Group. Alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting μ opioid antagonist: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus. Ann Surg 2004;240:728-34.
109. Carli F, Kehlet H. Continuous epidural analgesia for colonic surgery - what about the future? Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:140-2.
110. Zarate E, Latham P, White PF, et al. Fast-track cardiac anesthesia: a comparison of remifentanil plus intrathecal morphine with sufentanil in a desflurane-based anesthetic. Anesth Analg 2000;91:283-7.
111. Bettex DA, Schmidlin D, Chassot PG, Schmid ER. Intrathecal sufentanil-morphine shortens the duration of intubation and improves analgesia in fast-track cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 2002;49:711-17.
112. Lena P, Balarac N, Arnulf JJ, et al. Fast-track coronary artery bypass grafting surgery under general anesthesia with remifentanil and spinal analgesia with morphine and clonidine. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2005;19:49-53.
113. Cheng DCH. Regional analgesia and ultra-fast track cardiac anesthesia. Can J Anesth 2005;52:12-17.
114. White PF. Choice of peripheral nerve block for inguinal herniorrhaphy: is better the enemy of good. Anesth Analg 2006;102:1073-5.
115. Taylor E, Ghouri AF, White PF. Midazolam in combination with propofol for sedation during local anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 1992;4:213-16.
116. Arain SR, Ebert TJ. The efficacy, side effects, and recovery characteristics of dexmedetomidine versus propofol when used for intraoperative sedation. Anesth Analg 2002;95:461-6.
117. Badrinath S, Avramov MN, Shadrick M, et al. The use of a ketamine-propofol combination during monitored anesthesia care. Anesth Analg 2000;90:858-62.
118. Gesztesi Z, Sa Rego MM, White PF. The comparative effectiveness of fentanyl and its newer analogs during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy under monitored anesthesia care. Anesth Analg 2000;90:567-70.
119. Sa Rego MM, Inagaki Y, White PF. Remifentanil administration during monitored anesthesia care: are intermittent boluses an effective alternative to a continuous infusion? Anesth Analg 1999;88:518-22.
120. Pavlin DJ, Rapp SE, Polissar NL, et al. Factors affecting discharge time in adult outpatients. Anesth Analg 1998;87:816-26.
121. Tang J, Chen L, White PF, et al. Recovery profile, costs, and patient satisfaction with propofol and sevoflurane for fast-track office-based anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1999;91:253-261.
122. Song D, Joshi GP, White PF. Fast-track eligibility after ambulatory anesthesia: a comparison of desflurane, sevoflurane, and propofol. Anesth Analg 1998;86:267-73.
123. Fredman B, Sheffer O, Zohar E, et al. Fast-track eligibility of geriatric patients undergoing short urologic surgery procedures. Anesth Analg 2002;94:560-4.
124. Tang J, White PF, Wender RH, et al. Fast-track office-based anesthesia: a comparison of propofol versus desflurane with antiemetic prophylaxis in spontaneously breathing patients. Anesth Analg 2001;92:95-9.
125. Tang J, Chen L, White PF, et al. A use of propofol for office-based anesthesia: effect of nitrous oxide on recovery profile. J Clin Anesth 1999;11:226-30.
126. Song D, White PF. Remifentanil as an adjuvant during desflurane anesthesia facilitates early recovery after ambulatory surgery. J Clin Anesth 1999;11:364-7.
127. Song D, Whitten CW, White PF. Remifentanil infusion facilitates early recovery for obese outpatients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 2000;90:1111-13.
128. Smith I, Van Hemelrijck J, White PF. Efficacy of esmolol versus alfentanil as a supplement to propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1991;73:540-6.
129. Coloma M, Chiu JW, White PF, Armbruster SC. The use of esmolol as an alternative to remifentanil during desflurane anesthesia for fast-track outpatient gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. Anesth Analg 2001;92:352-7.
130. White PF, Wang B, Tang J, et al. The effect of intraoperative use of esmolol and nicardipine on recovery after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2003;97:1633-8.
131. Joshi GP, Inagaki Y, White PF, et al. Use of the laryngeal mask airway as an alternative to the tracheal tube during anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1997;85:573-7.
132. Tang J, Joshi GP, White PF. Comparison of rocuronium and mivacurium to succinylcholine during outpatient laparoscopic surgery. Anesth Analg 1996;82:994-8.
133. Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, et al. Impact of shorteracting neuromuscular blocking agents on fast-track recovery of the cardiac surgery patient. Anesthesiology 2002;96:600-6.
134. Miller RD. Sugammadex: An opportunity to change the practice of anesthesiology? Anesth Analg 2007;104:477-8.
135. Sacan O, White PF, Tufanogullari Sayin B, Klein K. Sugammadex reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade: a comparison with neostigmine-glycopyrrolate and edrophoniumatrophine. Anesth Analg 2007;104:569-74.
136. Apfel CC, Kranke P, Katz MH, et al. Volatile anaesthetics may be the main cause of early but not delayed postoperative vomiting: a randomized controlled trial of factorial design. Br J Anaesth 2002;88:659-68.
137. Tang J, Chen X, White PF, et al. Antiemetic prophylaxis for office-based surgery: are the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists beneficial. Anesthesiology 2003;98:293-8.
138. Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M, et al. IMPACT Investigators. A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2441-51.
139. Romundstad L, Breivik H, Roald H, et al. Methylprednisolone reduces pain, emesis, and fatigue after breast augmentation surgery: a single-dose, randomised, parallel-group study with methylprednisolone 125 mg, parecoxib 40 mg, and placebo. Anesth Analg 2006;102:418-25.
140. White PF. Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting - a multimodal solution to a persistent problem. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2511-12.
141. Kehlet H. Postoperative opioid sparing to hasten recovery. What are the issues? Anesthesiology 2005;102:1983-5.
142. Coloma M, Zhou T, White PF, et al. Fast-tracking after outpatient laparoscopy: reasons for failure after propofol, sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2001;93:112-15.
143. Apfelbaum JL, Walawander CA, Grasela TH, et al. Eliminating intensive postoperative care in same-day surgery patients using short-acting anesthetics. Anesthesiology 2002;97:66-74.
144. Patel RI, Verghese ST, Hannallah RS, et al. Fast-tracking children after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2001;92:918-22.
145. Gan TJ, Glass PS, Windsor A, et al. Bispectral index monitoring allows faster emergence and improved recovery from propofol, alfentanil, and nitrous oxide anesthesia. BIS Utility Group. Anesthesiology 1997;87:808-17.
146. Song D, Joshi GP, White PF. Titration of volatile anesthetics using bispectral index facilitates recovery after ambulatory anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1997;87:842-8.
147. Song D, van Vlymen J, White PF. Is the bispectral index useful in predicting fast-track eligibility after ambulatory anesthesia with propofol and desflurane. Anesth Analg 1998;87:1245-8.
148. White PF, Ma H, Tang J, et al. Does the use of electroencephalographic bispectral index or auditory evoked potential index monitoring facilitate recovery after desflurane anesthesia in the ambulatory setting? Anesthesiology 2004;100:811-17.
149. Zohar E, Luban I, White PF, et al. Bispectral index monitoring does not improve early recovery of geriatric outpatients undergoing brief surgical procedures. Can J Anaesth 2006;53:20-25.
150. Pavlin DJ, Chen C, Penazola DA, et al. Pain as a factor complicating recovery and discharge after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2003;97:1627-32.
151. Strassels SA, Chen C, Carr DB. Postoperative analgesia: economics, resource use, and patient satisfaction in an urban teaching hospital. Anesth Analg 2002;94:130-7.
152. Mattila K, Toivonen J, Janhunen L, et al. Postdischarge symptoms after ambulatory surgery: first-week incidence, intensity, and risk factors. Anesth Analg 2005;101:1643-50.
153. Wu Cl, Rowlingson AJ, Partin AW, et al. Correlation of postoperative pain to quality of recovery in the immediate postoperative period. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:516-22.
154. Liu SS, Wu CL. The effect of postoperative analgesia on major postoperative complications: a systematic update of the evidence. Anesth Analg 2007;104:689-702.
155. Guignard B, Bossard AE, Coste C, et al. Acute opioid tolerance: intraoperative remifentanil increases postoperative pain and morphine requirement. Anesthesiology 2000;93:409-17.
156. Oderda GM, Evans S, Lloyd J, et al. Cost of opioid-related adverse drug events in surgical patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;25:276-83.
157. Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF. Patient-controlled analgesia. Does a concurrent opioid infusion improve pain management after surgery? JAMA 1991;266:1947-52.
158. White PF, Kehlet H. Improving pain management: Are we jumping from the frying pan into the fire? Anesth Analg 2007;105 (In press).
159. Kehlet H, Dahl JB. The value of "multimodal" or "balanced analgesia" in postoperative pain treatment. Anesth Analg 1993;77:1048-56.
160. Michaloliakou C, Chung F, Sharma S. Preoperative multimodal analgesia facilitates recovery after ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1996;83:44-51.
161. Eriksson H, Tenhunen A, Korttila K. Balanced analgesia improves recovery and outcome after outpatient tubal ligation. Acta Anaesth Scand 1996;40:151-5.
162. Kehlet H, Dahl JB. Anesthesia, surgery and challenges in postoperative recovery. Lancet 2003;362:1921-8.
163. Rawal N, Allvin R, Amilon A, et al. Postoperative analgesia at home after ambulatory hand surgery: a controlled comparison of tramadol, metamizol, and paracetamol. Anesth Analg 2001;92:347-51.
164. Edwards JE, McQuay HJ, Moore RA, Collins SL. Reporting of adverse events in clinical trials should be improved: lessons from acute postoperative pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999;18:427-37.
165. Gray A, Kehlet H, Bonnet F, Rawal N. Predicting postoperative analgesia outcomes: NNT league tables or procedure-specific evidence? Br J Anaesth 2005;94:710-14.
166. Cepeda MS, Miranda N, Diaz A, et al. Comparison of morphine, ketorolac, and their combination for postoperative pain: results from a large, randomized, double blind trial. Anesthesiology 2005;103:1225-32.
167. Ashburn MA, Caplan RA, Carr DB, et al. Practice guidelines for acute pain management in the perioperative setting. An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Pain Management. Anesthesiology 2004;100:1573-81.
168. Marret E, Kurdi O, Zufferey P, Bonnet F. Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on patient-controlled analgesia morphine side effects. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology 2005;102:1249-60.
169. Elia N, Lysakowski C, Tramer MR. Does multimodal analgesia with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and patient-controlled analgesia morphine offer advantages over morphine alone? Meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesthesiology 2005;103:1296-04.
170. White PF, Sacan O, Tufanogullari B, et al. Effect of short-term postoperative celecoxib administration on patient outcome after outpatient laparoscopic surgery. Can J Anesth 2007;54.
171. Remy C, Marret E, Bonnet F. Effects of acetaminophen on morphine side-effects and consumption alter major surgery: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth 2005;94:505-13.
172. Curatolo M, Sveticic G. Drug combinations in pain treatment: a review of the Publisher evidence and a method for finding the optimal combination. Best Prac Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2002;16:507-19.
173. Gilron I, Milne B, Hong M. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in postoperative pain management. Current evidence and future directions. Anesthesiology 2003;99:1198-1208.
174. Sarantopoulos C, Fassoulaki A. Systemic opioids enhance the spread of sensory analgesia produced by intrathecal lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1994;79:94-7.
175. Moiniche S, Jorgensen H, Wetterslev J, Dahl JB. Local anesthetic infiltration for postoperative pain relief after laparoscopy: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review of intraperitoneal, port-site infiltration, and mesosalpinx block. Anesth Analg 2000;90:899-912.
176. Walker SM, Goudas LC, Cousins MJ, Carr DB. Combination spinal analgesic chemotherapy: a systematic review. Anesth Analg 2002;95:674-715.
177. Edwards JE, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Combination analgesic efficacy: individual patient data meta-analysis of single-dose oral tramadol plus acetaminophen in acute postoperative pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002;23:121-30.
178. Romsing J, Moiniche S, Dahl JB. Rectal and parenteral paracetamol, and paracetamol in combination with NSAIDs, for postoperative analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2002;88:215-26.
179. Zhang WY, Li Wan Po A. Analgesic efficacy of paracetamol and its combination with codeine and caffeine in surgical pain - a meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther 1996;21:261-82.
180. Armand S, Langlade A, Boutros A, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of extradural clonidine to relieve postoperative pain: an impossible task. Br J Anaesth 1998;81:126-34.
181. Dierking G, Duedahl TH, Rasmussen ML, et al. Effects of gabapentin on postoperative morphine consumption and pain after abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized, double-blind trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004;48:322-7.
182. Fassoulaki A, Patris K, Sarantopoulos C, Hogan Q. The analgesic effect of gabapentin and mexiletine after breast surgery for cancer. Anesth Analg 2002;95:985-91.
183. Fassoulaki A, Triga A, Melemeni A, Sarantopoulos C. Multimodal analgesia with gabapentin and local anesthetics prevents acute and chronic pain after breast surgery for cancer. Anesth Analg 2005;101:1427-32.
184. Turan A, White PF, Karamanlioglu B, et al. Gabapentin: an alternative to the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for perioperative pain management. Anesth Analg 2006;102:175-81.
185. Turan A, Kaya G, Karamanlioglu B, et al. Effect of oral gabapentin on postoperative epidural analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2006;96:242-6.
186. Aasboe V, Raeder JC, Groegaard B. Betamethasone reduces postoperative pain and nausea after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1998;87:319-23.
187. Holte K, Kehlet H. Perioperative single-dose glucocorticoid administration pathophysiologic effects and clinical implications. J Am Coll Surg 2002;195:694-712.
188. Moiniche S, Kehlet H, Dahl JB. A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief: the role of timing of analgesia. Anesthesiology 2002;96:725-41.
189. Romundstad L, Breivik H, Niemi G, et al. Methylprednisolone intravenously 1 day after surgery has sustained analgesic and opioid-sparing effects. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004;48:1223-31.
190. Aida S, Yamakura T, Baba H, et al. Preemptive analgesia by intravenous low-dose ketamine and epidural morphine in gastrectomy: a randomized double-blind study. Anesthesiology 2000;92:1624-30.
191. Bolcal C, Iyem H, Sargin M, et al. Comparison of magnesium sulfate with opioid and NSAIDs on postoperative pain management after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2005;19:714-18.
192. Duedahl TH, Romsing J, Moiniche S, Dahl JB. A qualitative systematic review of peri-operative dextromethorphan in postoperative pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006;50:1-13.
193. McCartney CJ, Sinha A, Katz J. A qualitative systematic review of the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in preventive analgesia. Anesth Analg 2004;98:1385-400.
194. Seyhan TO, Tugrul M, Sungur MO, et al. Effects of three different dose regimens of magnesium on propofol requirements, haemodynamic variables and postoperative pain relief in gynaecological surgery. Br J Anaesth 2006;96:247-52.
195. Lynch ME. Antidepressants as analgesics: a review of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2001;26:30-6.
196. Beilin B, Bessler H, Papismedov L, et al. Continuous physostigmine combined with morphine-based patient-controlled analgesia in the postoperative period. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005;49:78-84.
197. Chia YY, Chang TH, Liu K, et al. The efficacy of thoracic epidural neostigmine infusion after thoracotomy. Anesth Analg 2006;102:201-8.
198. Ho KM, Ismail H, Lee KC, Branch R. Use of intrathecal neostigmine as an adjunct to other spinal medications in perioperative and peripartum analgesia: a meta-analysis. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005;33:41-53.
199. Poyhia R. Cholinergic mechanisms of analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000;44:1033-4.
200. Lin T, Yeh Y, Yen Y, et al. Antiemetic and analgesic-sparing effects of diphenhydramine added to morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2005;94:835-9.
201. Lauretti GR, de Oliveira R, Reis MPD, et al. Transdermal nitroglycerine enhances spinal sufentanil postoperative analgesia following orthopedic surgery. Anesthesiology 1999;90:734-9.
202. Sen S, Ugur B, Aydin ON, et al. The analgesic effect of nitroglycerin added to lidocaine on intravenous regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2006;102:916-20.
203. Atanassoff PG, Hartmannsgruber MW, Thrasher J, et al. Ziconotide, a new N-type calcium channel blocker, administered intrathecally for acute postoperative pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000;25:274-8.
204. Choe H, Kim JS, Ko SH, et al. Epidural verapamil reduces analgesic consumption after lower abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 1998;86:786-90.
205. Coloma M, White PF, Huber PJ, et al. The effect of ketorolac on recovery after anorectal surgery: intravenous versus local administration. Anesth Analg 2000;90:1107-10.
206. Ma H, Tang J, White PF, et al. Perioperative rofecoxib improves early recovery after outpatient herniorrhaphy. Anesth Analg 2004;98:970-5.
207. Hyllested M, Jones S, Pedersen JL, Kehlet H. Comparative effect of paracetamol, NSAIDs or their combination in postoperative pain management: a qualitative review. Br J Anaesth 2002;88:199-214.
208. Issioui T, Klein KW, White PF, et al. The efficacy of premedication with celecoxib and acetaminophen in preventing pain after otolaryngologic surgery. Anesth Analg 2002;94:1188-93.
209. Issioui T, Klein KW, White PF, et al. Cost-efficacy of rofecoxib versus acetaminophen for preventing pain after ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiology 2002;97:931-7.
210. Watcha MF, Issioui T, Klein KW, White PF. Costs and effectiveness of rofecoxib, celecoxib, and acetaminophen for preventing pain after ambulatory otolaryngologic surgery. Anesth Analg 2003;96:987-94.
211. Lauretti GR, Mattos AL, Lima IC. Tramadol and β-cyclodextrin piroxicam: effective multimodal balanced analgesia for the intra- and postoperative period. Reg Anesth 1997;22:243-8.
212. Yeh CC, Wu CT, Lee MS, et al. Analgesic effects of preincisional administration of dextromethorphan and tenoxican following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004;48:1049-53.
213. Yeh CC, Jao SW, Huh BK, et al. Preincisional dextromethorphan combined with thoracic epidural anesthesia and analgesia improves postoperative pain and bowel function in patients undergoing colonic surgery. Anesth Analg 2005;100:1384-9.
214. Pedersen JL, Lilleso J, Hammer NA, et al. Bupivacaine in microcapsules prolongs analgesia after subcutaneous infiltration in humans: a dose-finding study. Anesth Analg 2004;99:912-18.
215. Rose JS, Neal JM, Kopacz DJ. Extended-duration analgesia: update on microspheres and liposomes. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005;30:275-85.
216. Soderberg L, Dyhre H, Roth B, Bjorkman S. Ultralong peripheral nerve block by lidocaine:prilocaine 1:1 mixture in a lipid depot formulation: comparison of in vitro, in vivo, and effect kinetics. Anesthesiology 2006;104:110-21.
217. Klein SM, Evans H, Nielsen KC, et al. Peripheral nerve block techniques for ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2005;101:1663-76.
218. White PF, Song D. New criteria for fast-tracking after outpatient anesthesia: a comparison with the modified Aldrete's scoring system. Anesth Analg 1999;88:1069-72.
219. Watcha M, White PF. Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Its etiology, treatment, and prevention. Anesthesiology 1992;77:162-84.
220. Apfel CC, Roewer N. Risk assessment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2003;41:13-32.
221. White PF, Watcha M. Postoperative nausea and vomiting: Prophylaxis versus treatment. Anesth Analg 1999;89:1337-9.
222. Scuderi PE, James RL, Harris L, Mims GR. Multimodal antiemetic management prevents early postoperative vomiting after outpatient laparoscopy. Anesth Analg 2000;91:1408-14.
223. Lee A, Done M. The use of nonpharmacologic techniques to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 1999;88:1362-9.
224. White PF, Issioui T, Hu J, et al. Comparative efficacy of acustimulation (ReliefBand) versus ondansetron (Zofran) in combination with droperidol for preventing nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 2002;97:1075-81.
225. Gan TJ, Jiao KR, Zenn M, Georgiade G. A randomized controlled comparision of electro-acupoint stimulation or ondansetron versus placebo for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2004;99:1070-5.
226. White PF. Use of alternative medical therapies in the perioperative period: is it time to get on board? Anesth Analg. 2007;104:251-4.
227. Holte K, Kehlet H. Postoperative ileus: a preventable event. Br J Surg 2000;87:1480-93.
228. Baig MK, Wexner SD. Postoperative ileus: a review. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:516-26.
229. Basse L, Torbol JE, Lossel K, Kehlet H. Colonic surgery with accelerated rehabilitation or conventional care. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:271-8.
230. Joshi GP. Intraoperative fluid restriction improves outcome after major elective gastrointestinal surgery. Anesth Analg 2005;101:601-5.
231. Lobo DN, Bostock KA, Neal KR, et al. Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:1812-18.
232. Delaney CP, Weese JL, Hyman NH, et al. Phase III trial of alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting, μ opioid antagonist, for postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:1114-25.
233. Viscusi ER, Goldstein S, Witkowski T, et al. Alvimopan, a peripherally acting μ-opiod receptor antagonist, compared with placebo in postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery. Results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Surg Endosc 2006;20:64-70.
234. Raeder JC, Steine S, Vatsgar TT. Oral ibuprofen versus paracetamol plus codeine for analgesia after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2001;92:1470-2.
235. Bozzetti F, Braga M, Gianotti G, Mariani L. Postoperative enteral versus parenteral nutrition in malnourished patients with gastrointestinal cancer: a randomized multicentre trial. Lancet 2001;358:1487-92.
236. Soop M, Carlson GL, Hopkinson J, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of immediate enteral nutrition on metabolic responses to major colorectal surgery in an enhanced recovery protocol. Br J Surg 2004;91:1138-45.
237. Gabor S, Renner H, Matzi V, et al. Early enteral feeding compared with parenteral nutrition after oesophageal or oesophagogastric resection and reconstruction. Br J Nutr 2005;93:509-13.
238. Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Study Group. Perioperative parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J Med 1991;325:525-9.
239. Schricker T, Meterissian S, Eberhardt L, et al. Postoperative protein sparing with epidural analgesia and hypocaloric dextrose. Ann Surg 2004;240:916-21.
240. Holte K, Kehlet H. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia - effects on surgical stress responses and implications for postoperative nutrition. Clin Nutr 2002;21:199-206.
241. Delaney CP, Zutshi M, Senagore AJ, et al. Prospective, randomized, controlled trial between a pathway of controlled rehabilitation with early ambulation and diet and traditional postoperative care after laparotomy and intestinal resection. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46:851-9.
242. Zutshi M, Delaney CP, Senagore AJ, Fazio VW. Shorter hospital stay associated with fastrack postoperative care pathways and laparoscopic intestinal resection are not associated with increased physical activity. Colorectal Dis 2004;6:477-80.
243. Kercher KW, Heniford BT, Matthews BD, et al. Laparoscopic versus open nephrectomy in 210 consecutive patients: outcomes, cost, and changes in practice patterns. Surg Endosc 2003;17:1889-95.
244. Abraham NS, Young JM, Solomon MJ. Meta-analysis of shortterm outcomes after laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2004;91:1111-24.
245. Kehlet H, Kennedy RH. Laparoscopic colonic surgery-mission accomplished or work in progress. Colorectal Dis 2006;8:514-17.
246. Basse L, Jakobsen DH, Bardram L, et al. Functional recovery after open versus laparoscopic colonic resection: a randomized, blinded study. Ann Surg 2005;241:416-23.
247. Katkhouda N, Mason RJ, Towfigh GA, Essani R. Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy. A prospective randomized double-blind study. Ann Surg 2005;242:439-50.
248. Raue W, Haase O, Junghans T, et al. "Fast-track" multimodal rehabilitation program improves outcome after laparoscopic sigmoidectomy: a controlled prospective evaluation. Surg Endosc 2004;18:1463-8.
249. Jakobsen DH, Sonne E, Andreasen J, Kehlet H. Convalescence after colonic surgery with fast-track vs conventional care. Colorectal Dis 2006;8:683-7.
250. Nygren J, Hausel J, Kehlet H, et al. A comparison in five European Centres of case mix, clinical management and outcomes following either conventional or fast-track perioperative care in colorectal surgery. Clin Nutr 2005;24:455-61.
251. Englelman RM. Mechanisms to reduce hospital stays. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;61:S26-9.
252. Grantcharov TP, Rosenberg J. Vertical compared with transverse incisions in abdominal surgery. Eur J Surg 2001;167:260-7.
253. Lindgren PG, Nordgren SR, Öresland T, Hultén L. Midline or transverse abdominal incision for right-sided colon cancer - a randomized trial. Colorectal Dis 2000;3:46-50.
254. Nelson R, Tse B, Edwards S. Systematic review of prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal operations. Br J Surg 2005;92:673-80.
255. Petrowsky H, Demartines N, Rousson V, Clavien PA. Evidence-based value of prophylactic drainage in gastrointestinal surgery. A systematic review and meta-analyses. Ann Surg 2004;420:1074-85.
256. Bucher P, Mermillod B, Gervaz P, Morel P. Mechanical bowel preparation for elective colorectal surgery. A meta-analysis. Arch Surg 2004;139:1359-64.
257. Slim K, Vicaut E, Panis Y, Chipponi J. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of colorectal surgery with or without mechanical bowel preparation. Br J Surg 2004;91:1125-30.
258. Lewis SJ, Egger M, Sylvester PA, Thomas S. Early interal feeding versus "nil per mouth" after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. BMJ 2001;323:773-6.
259. Carli F, Zavorsky GS. Optimizing functional exercise capacity in the elderly surgical population. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005;8:23-32.
260. Arthur HM, Daniels C, McKelvie R, et al. Effect of a preoperative intervention on preoperative and postoperative outcomes in low-risk patients awaiting elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:253-62.
261. Hulzebos EHJ, Helders PJM, Favie NJ, et al. Preoperative intensive inspiratory muscle training to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications in high risk patients undergoing CABG surgery. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2006;296:1851-7.
262. Gilbey HJ, Ackland TR, Wang AW, et al. Exercise improves early functional recovery after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003;408:193-200.
263. Brooks D, Parsons J, Tran D, et al. The two-minute walk test as a measure of functional capacity in cardiac surgery patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1525-30.
264. Watkins AC, White PF. Fast-tracking after ambulatory surgery. J Perianesth Nurs 2001;16:379-87.
265. White PF, Rawal S, Nguyen J, Watkins A. PACU fast-tracking: an alternative to "bypassing" the PACU for facilitating the recovery process after ambulatory surgery. J Perianesth Nurs 2003;18:247-53.
266. Pasero C, Belden J. Evidence-based perianesthesia care; accelerated postoperative recovery programs. J Perianesth Nurs 2006;21:168-76.
267. Papadakos PJ. Physician and nurse consideration for recovery fast-track patients in the ICU. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1995;9:21-3.
268. Davenport DL, Henderson WG, Kuhri SF, Mentzer RM. Preoperative risk factors and surgical complexity are more predictive of costs than postoperative complications: a case study using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) Database. Ann Surg 2005;242:463-71.
269. Kehlet H. Surgical stress and outcome - from here to where. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006;31:47-52.
270. Foss NB, Christensen DS, Krasheninnikoff M, et al. Postoperative rounds by anaesthesiologists after hip fracture surgery: a pilot study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006;50:437-42.
271. Goldhill DR. Preventing surgical death: critical care and intensive care outreach services in the postoperative period. Br J Anaesth 2005;95:88-94.
272. Dahl JB, Kehlet H. Perioperative medicine - a new subspecialty or a multidisciplinary strategy to improve perioperative management and outcome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002;46:121-122.
273. Hudson ME, Handley L, Dunworth B, et al. Implementation of a multidisciplinary or management team improves overall operating room efficiency. Anesth Analg 2006;102:A1300.
274. Recart A, Duchene D, White PF, et al. Efficacy and safety of fast-track recovery strategy for patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy. J Endourol 2005;19:1165-9.
275. Kaba A, Laurent SR, Detroz BJ, et al. Intravenous Lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation after laparoscopic colectomy. Anesthesiology 2007;106:11-8.