Affibody molecules: Potential for in vivo imaging of molecular targets for cancer therapy

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 555-568

  Tolmachev, Vladimir ^a,b,c   Orlova, Anna ^a,b   Nilsson, Fredrik Y ^a,b   Feldwisch, Joachim ^a,b   Wennborg, Anders ^a   Abrahmsén, Lars ^a  

^a Affibody AB   (Sweden)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Affibody molecules; HER2; Molecular imaging; Personalized medicine; Radionuclide targeting

Indexed keywords

1,4,7,10 TETRAAZACYCLODODECANE 1,4,7,10 TETRAACETIC ACID; AFFIBODY; BENZYL DERIVATIVE; BROMINE 76; CARBON 11; CETUXIMAB; COBALT CO 55; COPPER 64; COPPER CU 61; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GALLIUM 67; GALLIUM 68; GALLIUM GA 66; HYBRID PROTEIN; INDIUM 111; IODINE 123; IODINE 124; IODINE 125; NITROGEN 13; OXYGEN 15; PENTETIC ACID; SCAFFOLD PROTEIN; TECHNETIUM 99M; THALLIUM 201; TRACER; TRASTUZUMAB; TUMOR ANTIGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; YTTRIUM 86; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; Z(HER2.4)2 AFFIBODY;

AFFINITY LABELING; BLADDER CARCINOMA; BREAST CANCER; CANCER THERAPY; COMPARTMENT MODEL; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHAGE DISPLAY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RADIOIODINATION; REVIEW; SCINTISCANNING; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; TUMOR DIAGNOSIS; TUMOR LOCALIZATION; TUMOR XENOGRAFT; EXPERT WITNESS; IMMUNOLOGY; NEOPLASM;

ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; EXPERT TESTIMONY; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS;

EID: 34047155118     PISSN: 14712598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.4.555     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. ADAMS GP, WEINER LM: Monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Nat. Biotechnol. (2005) 23(9):1147-1157.
2. SHARKEY RM, GOLDENBERG DM: Targeted therapy of cancer: new prospects for antibodies and immunoconjugates. CA Cancer. J. Clin. (2006) 56(4):226-243.
3. TRAIL PA, KING HD, DUBOWCHIK GM: Monoclonal antibody drug immunoconjugates for targeted treatment of cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (2003) 52(5):328-337.
4. WU AM, SENTER PD: Arming antibodies: prospects and challenges for immunoconjugares. Nat. Biotechnol. (2005) 23(9):1137-1146.
5. SHARKEY RM, GOLDENBERG DM: Advances in radioimmunotherapy in the age of molecular engineering and pretargeting. Cancer Invest. (2006) 24(1):82-97.
6. WEISSLEDER R: Molecular imaging in cancer. Science (2006) 312(5777):1168-1171.
7. CHOY G, CHOYKE P, LIBUTTI SK: Current advances in molecular imaging: noninvasive in vivo bioluminescent and fluorescent optical imaging in cancer research. Mol. Imaging (2003) 2(4):303-312.
8. HOFFMAN RM: Advantages of multi-color fluorescent proteins for whole-body and in vivo cellular imaging. J. Biomed. Opt. (2005) 10(4):41202-41212.
9. KLIBANOV AL: Microbubble contrast agents: targeted ultrasound imaging and ultrasound-assisted drug-delivery applications. Invest. Radiol. (2006) 41(3):354-362.
10. CZERNIN J, WEBER WA, HERSCHMAN HR: Molecular imaging in the development of cancer therapeutics. Annu. Rev. Med. (2006) 57:99-118.
11. FUJIBAYASHI Y, FURUKAWA T, TAKAMATSU S, YONEKURA Y: Molecular imaging: an old and new field connecting basic science and clinical medicine. J. Cell. Biochem. (2002) 39(Suppl.):85-89.
12. ANGER HO: Scintillation camera. Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1958) 1(1):27-33.
13. BRITZ-CUNNINGHAM SH, ADELSTEIN SJ: Molecular targeting with radionuclides: state of the science. J. Nucl. Med. (2003) 44(12):1945-1961. • A very good review on present status of radionuclide molecular imaging.
14. LUNDQVIST H, LUBBERINK M, TOLMACHEV V: Positron emission tomography. Eur. J. Phys. (1998) 19(5):537-552.
15. WESTER HJ, SCHOTTELIUS M, POETHKO T, BRUUS-JENSEN K, SCHWAIGER M: Radiolabeled carbohydrated somatostatin analogs: a review of the current status. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. (2004) 19(2):231-244.
16. 18F-labelled tracer suitable for routine clinical imaging of sst receptor-expressing tumours using positron emission tomography. Clin. Cancer Res. (2004) 10(11):3593-3606.
17. 68Ga-labelled peptides in tumour imaging. J. Nucl. Med. (2005) 46(Suppl. 1):172S-178S
18. LUNDQVIST H, TOLMACHEV V: Targeting peptides and positron emission tomography. Biopolymers (2002) 66(6):381-392.
19. RUSSEVA MG, ADAMS GP: Radioimmunotherapy with engineered antibodies. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. (2004) 4(2):217-231.
20. BATRA SK, JAIN M, WITTEL UA, CHAUHAN SC, COLCHER D: Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of genetically engineered antibodies. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. (2002) 13(6):603-608.
21. HEPPELER A, FROIDEVAUX S, EBERLE AN, MAECKE HR: Receptor targeting for tumour localisation and therapy with radiopeptides. Curr. Med. Chem. (2000) 7(9):971-994. • An excellent review on the use of radiolabeled peptides in oncology.
22. WEINER RE, THAKUR ML: Radiolabeled peptides in the diagnosis and therapy of oncological diseases. Appl. Radiat. Izot. (2002) 57(5):749-763.
23. LANDON LA, DEUTSCHER SL: Combinatorial discovery of tumour targeting peptides using phage display. J. Cell. Biochem. (2003) 90(3):509-517.
24. BEHR TM, GOTTHARDT M, BARTH A, BEHE M: Imaging tumours with peptide-based radioligands. Q. J. Nucl. Med. (2001) 45(2):189-200.
25. NYGREN PA, UHLÉN M: Scaffolds for engineering novel binding sites in proteins. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. (1997) 7(4):463-469.
26. MARTIN L, VITA C: Engineering novel bioactive mini-proteins from small size natural and de novo designed scaffolds. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. (2000) 1(4):403-430.
27. SKERRA A: Engineered protein scaffolds for molecular recognition. J. Mol. Recognit. (2000) 13(4):167-187.
28. NYGREN PA, SKERRA A: Binding proteins from alternative scaffolds. J. Immunol. Methods (2004) 290(1-2):3-28.
29. BINZ HK, AMSTUTZ P, PLUCKTHUN A: Engineering novel binding proteins from nonimmunoglobulin domains. Nat. Biotechnol. (2005) 23(10):1257- 1268.
30. HEY T, FIEDLER E, RUDOLPH R, FIEDLER M: Artificial, non-antibody binding proteins for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Trends Biotechnol. (2005) 23(10):514-522.
31. HOSSE RJ, ROTHE A, POWER BE: A new generation of protein display scaffolds for molecular recognition. Protein Sci. (2006) 15(1):14-27.
32. NORD K, NILSSON J, NILSSON B, UHLEN M, NYGREN PA: A combinatorial library of an alpha-helical bacterial receptor domain. Protein Eng. (1995) 8(6):601-608. • The first paper describing selection of an Affibody molecule.
33. NORD K, GUNNERIUSSON E, RINGDAHL J, STAHL S, UHLEN M, NYGREN PA: Binding proteins selected from combinatorial libraries of an alpha-helical bacterial receptor domain. Nat. Biotechnol. (1997) 15(8):772-777.
34. NILSSON B, MOKS T, JANSSON B et al.: A synthetic IgG-binding domain based on staphylococcal protein A. Protein Eng. (1987) 1(2):107-113.
35. JANSSON B, UHLEN M, NYGREN PA: All individual domains of staphylococcal protein A show Fab binding. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. (1998) 20(1):69-78.
36. WINTER G, GRIFFITHS AD, HAWKINS RE, HOOGENBOOM HR: Making antibodies by phage display technology. Annu. Rev. Immunol. (1994) 12:433-455.
37. HANSSON M, RINGDAHL J, ROBERT A et al.: An in vitro selected binding protein (affibody) shows conformation-dependent recognition of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G protein. Immunotechnology (1999) 4(3-4):237-252.
38. GUNNERIUSSON E, NORD K, UHLEN M, NYGREN P: Affinity maturation of a Taq DNA polymerase specific affibody by helix shuffling. Protein Eng. (1999) 12(10):873-878.
39. WIKMAN M, STEFFEN AC, GUNNIERIUSSON E et al.: Selection and characterisation of HER2/neu-binding affibody ligands. Protein Eng. Des. Sel. (2004) 17(5):455-462. • The first paper describing selection of an anti-HER2 Affibody molecule for biomedical use.
40. ORLOVA A, MAGNUSSON M, ERIKSSON T et al.: Tumour imaging using a picomolar affinity HER2 binding Affibody molecule. Cancer Res. (2006) 66(8):4339-4348. • A paper demonstrating advantages of the high affinity of Affibody molecules for radionuclide tumour targeting.
41. NORD K, NORD O, UHLEN M, KELLEY B, LJUNGQVIST C, NYGREN PA: Recombinant human Factor VIII-specific affinity ligands selected from phage-displayed combinatorial libraries of protein A. Eur. J. Biochem. (2001) 268(15):4269-4277.
42. WAHLBERG E, LENDEL C, HELGSTRAND M et al.: An affibody in complex with a target protein: structure and coupled folding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(6):3185-3190.
43. HOGBOM M, EKLUND M, NYGREN PA, NORDLUND P: Structural basis for recognition by an in vitro evolved affibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(6):3191-3196.
44. ENGFELDT T, RENBERG B, BRUMER H, NYGREN PÅ, KARLSTRÖM EA: Chemical synthesis of triple-labelled three-helix bundle binding proteins for specific fluorescent detection of unlabelled protein. Chembiochem (2005) 6(6):1043-1050. • A paper demonstrating feasibility of complete peptide synthesis of Affibody molecules.
45. 99mTc- chelating mercaptoacetyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl(MAG3) sequence. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging (2007) (In Press).
46. AUNOBLE B, SANCHES R, DIDIER E, BIGNON YJ. Major oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes involved in epithelial ovarian cancer (review). Int. J. Oncol. (2000) 16(3):567-576.
47. CARLSSON J, NORDGREN H, SJOSTROM J et al.: HER2 expression in breast cancer primary tumours and corresponding metastases. Original data and literature review. Br. J. Cancer (2004) 90(12):2344-2348.
48. GARDMARK T, WESTER K, DE LA TORRE M, CARLSSON J, MALMSTROM PU: Analysis of HER2 expression in primary urinary bladder carcinoma and corresponding metastases. BJU Int. (2005) 95(7):982-286.
49. BAST RC JR, RAVDIN P, HAYES DF et al.: American Sociery of Clinical Oncology Tumour Markers Expert Panel. 2000 update of recommendations for the use of tumour markers in breast and colorectal cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 19(6):1865-1878.
50. MOLINA R, BARAK V, VAN DALEN A et al.: Tumour markers in breast cancer-European Group on Tumour Markers recommendations. Tumour Biol. (2005) 26(6):281-293.
51. ZIDAN J, DASHKOVSKY I, STAYERMAN C, BASHER W, COZACOV C, HADARY A: Comparison of HER-2 overexpression in primary breast cancer and metastatic sites and its effect on biological targeting therapy of metastatic disease. Br. J. Cancer (2005) 93(5):552-556.
52. NAHTA R, ESTEVA FJ: HER2 therapy: molecular mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance. Breast Cancer Res. (2006) 8(6):215.
53. NECKERS L: Effects of geldanamycin and other naturally occurring small molecule antagonists of heat shock protein 90 on HER2 protein expression. Breast Dis. (2000) 11:49-59.
54. 18F-FDG PET. J. Nucl. Med. (2006) 47(5):793-796.
55. 125I]-N-succinimidyl-para-iodobenzoate using chlotamine-T for labelling of proteins. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (2000) 246(1):207-213.
56. STEFFEN AC, WIKMAN M, TOLMACHEV V et al.: In vitro characterization of a bivalent anti-HER-2 affibody with potential for radionuclide based diagnostics. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. (2005) 20(3):239-248.
57. STEFFEN AC, ORLOVA A, WIKMAN M et al.: Affibody mediated tumour targeting of HER-2 expressing xenografts in mice. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging (2006) 33(6):631-638.
58. ORLOVA A, NILSSON F, WIKMAN M, STÅHL S, CARLSSON J, TOLMACHEV V: Comparative in vivo evaluation of iodine and technetium labels on anti-HER2 affibody for single-photon imaging of HER2 expression in tumours. J. Nucl. Med. (2006) 47(3):512-519.
59. WAIBEL R, ALBERTO R, WILLUDA J et al.: Stable one-step technetium-99m labeling of His-tagged recombinant proteins with a novel Tc(I)-carbonyl complex. Nat. Biotechnol. (1999) 17(9):897-901.
60. MUME E, ORLOVA A, NILSSON F et al.: Evaluation of (4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl)maleimide for site-specific radiobromination of anti-HER2 affibody. Bioconjug. Chem. (2005) 16(6):1547-1555.
61. TOLMACHEV V, ORLOVA A, MUME E, NILSSON A, SJÖBERG S, NILSSON FY: Improving tumour targeting by the use of ((4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl)maleimide (I-HPEM) for radioiodination of anti-HER2 Affibody molecules. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging (2005) 32(Suppl. 1):S79.
62. ADAMS GP, SCHIER R, MARSHALL K et al.: Increased affinity leads to improved selective tumor delivery of single-chain Fv antibodies. Cancer Res. (1998) 58(3):485-490.
63. NIELSEN UB, ADAMS G P, WEINER LM, MARKS JD: Targeting of bivalent anti-ErbB2 diabody antibody fragments to tumor cells is independent of the intrinsic antibody affinity. Cancer Res. (2000) 60(22):6434-6440.
64. ADAMS GP, SCHIER R, MCCALL AM et al.: High affinity restricts the localization and tumor penetration of single-chain Fv antibody molecules. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(12):4750-4755.
65. ADAMS GP, MCCARTNEY JE, TAI MS et al.:, Highly specific in vivo tumor targeting by monovalent and divalent forms of 741F8 anti-c-erbB-2 single-chain Fv. Cancer Res. (1993) 53(17):4026-4034.
66. HUSTON JS, ADAMS GP, MCCARTNEY JE et al.: Tumor targeting in a murine tumor xenograft model with the (sFv′)2 divalent form of anti-c-erbB-2 single-chain Fv. Cell Biophys. (1994) 24-25:267-278.
67. MCCARTNEY JE, TAI MS, HUDZIAK RM et al.: Engineering disulfide-linked single-chain Fv dimers [(sFv′)2] with improved solution and targeting properties: anti-digoxin 26-10 (sFv′)2 and anti-c-erbB-2 741F8 (sFv′)2 made by protein folding and bonded through C-terminal cysteinyl peptides. Protein Eng. (1995) 8(3):301-314.
68. TRAN T, ORLOVA A, SIVAEV IB, SANDSTRÖM M, TOLMACHEV V. Comparative evaluation of iodo-closo-dodecaborate -and para-iodobenzoate- based labels for anti-HER2 affibody. Int. J. Mol. Med. (2007) (In Press).
69. 211At labelled HER-2 binding affibody molecules. In: Radiolabelled HER-2 Binding Affibody Molecules for Tumour Targeting: Preclinical Studies. PhD thesis. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine. Steffen AC. ISSN 1651-6206. 127 (2006).
70. HER2:342, an Affibody-based conjugate for in vivo imaging of HER2 expression in malignant tumours. J. Nucl. Med. (2006) 47(5):846-853.
71. BEHR TM, SHARKEY RM, SGOUROS G et al.: Overcoming the nephrotoxicity of radiometal-labelled immunoconjugates: improved cancer therapy administered to a nude mouse model in relation to the internal radiation dosimetry. Cancer (1997) 80(12 Suppl.):2591-2610. • An excellent paper elucidating accumulation of radiometal-labeled antibody fragments in kidney and possible approaches to handle it.
72. HER2:342 for imaging of HER2 expression in malignant tumours. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging (2006) 33(Suppl.14):S90.
73. HER2:342 Affibody molecule for imaging of HER2 expressing tumours. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging (2006) 33(Suppl.14):S226.
74. HER2:342. Bioconjug. Chem. (2007) (In Press).
75. ORLOVA A, TOLMACHEV V, PEHRSON R et al.: Synthetic Affibody molecules: a novel class of affinity ligands for molecular imaging of HER2 expressing malignant tumors. Cancer Res. (2007) 67(5):2178-2189.
76. BAUM RP, ORLOVA A, TOLMACHEV V, FELDWISCH J: A novel molecular imaging agent for diagnosis of recurrent HER2 positive breast cancer. First time in human study using an Indium-111- or Gallium-68-labelled Affibody molecule. Abstracts of Annual Congress of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, Athens, Greece (2006) Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. (2006) 33(Suppl. 14):S91. • An abstract describing first application of radiolabeled Affibody molecules in patients.
77. NORDBERG E, FRIEDMAN M, NILSSON F et al.: Biological characterization in vitro and in vivo of a new EGFR binding Affibody molecule. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging (2006) 33(Suppl. 14):S284.
78. YARDEN Y, SLIWKOWSKI MX: Untangling the ErbB signaling network. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. (2001) 2(2):127-137.
79. WALKER RA, DEARING SJ: Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA and protein in primary breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (1999) 53(2):167-176.
80. WITTON CJ, REEVES JR, GOING JJ, COOKE TG, BARTLETT JM: Expression of the HER1-4 family of receptor tyrosine kinases in breast cancer. J. Pathol. (2003) 200(3):290-297.
81. HIRSCH FR, VARELLA-GARCIA M, BUNN PA JR et al.: Epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small-cell lung carcinomas: correlation berween gene copy number and protein expression and impact on prognosis. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21(20):3798-3807
82. NEAL DE, MELLON K: The epidermal growth factor receptor and bladder cancer: a review. Urol. Int. (1992) 48(4):365-371.
83. CUNNINGHAM D, HUMBLET Y, SIENA S et al.: Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (2004) 351(4):337-345.
84. WONG SF: Cetuximab: an epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Clin. Ther. (2005) 27(6):684-694.
85. WAINBERG Z, HECHT JR: Panitumumab in colon cancer: a review and summary of ongoing trials. Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther. (2006) 6(11):1229- 1235.
86. CASTILLO L, ETIENNE-GRIMALDI MC, FISCHEL JL, FORMENTO P, MAGNE N, MILANO G: Pharmacological background of EGFR targeting. Ann. Oncol. (2004) 15(7):1007-1012.
87. VAN CUTSEM E: Challenges in the use of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in colotectal cancer. Oncologist (2006) 11(9):1010- 1017.
88. NORD K, GUNNERIUSSON E, UHLEN M, NYGREN PA: Ligands selected from combinatorial libraries of protein A for use in affinity capture of apolipoprotein A-1M and taq DNA polymerase. J. Biotechnol. (2000) 80(1):45-54.
89. GRASLUND S, EKLUND M, FALK R, UHLEN M, NYGREN PA, STAHL S: A novel affinity gene fusion system allowing protein A-based recovery of non-immunoglobulin gene products. J. Biotechnol. (2002) 99(1):41-50.
90. RONNMARK J, HANSSON M, NGUYEN T et al.: Consttuction and characterization of affibody-Fc chimeras produced in Escherichia coli. J. Immunol. Methods (2002) 261(1-2):199-211.
91. KARLSTROM A, NYGREN PA: Dual labeling of a binding protein allows for specific fluorescence detection of native protein. Anal. Biochem. (2001) 295(1):22-30.
92. NORD O, GUSTRIN A, NYGREN PA: Fluorescent detection of beta-lactamase activity in living Escherichia coli cells via esterase supplementation. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. (2005) 242(1):73-79.
93. SANDSTROM K, XU Z, FORSBERG G, NYGREN PA: Inhibition of the CD28-CD80 co-stimulation signal by a CD28-binding affibody ligand developed by combinatorial protein engineering. Protein Eng. (2003) 16(9):691-697.
94. ZHANG N, AHSAN M, MODI K et al.: In vivo fluorescent imaging of SKOV3 tumours with a HER2 binding Affibody. Mol. Imaging (2006) 5(3):317.
95. WESTER K, SJOSTROM A, DE LA TORRE M, CARLSSON J, MALMSTROM PU: HER-2-a possible target for therapy of metastatic urinary bladder carcinoma. Acta Oncol. (2002) 41(3):282-288.
96. HER2:342-3 Affibody molecule for the treatment of urinary bladder carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Med. (2006) 19(2):285-291.
97. 2 Affibody molecule for radionuclide therapy of disseminated HE2-expressing tumours. J. Lab. Comp. Radiopharm. (2005) 48(S1):S119.
98. 177Lu-labeled HER2-specific Affibody molecule. Cancer Res. (2007) (In Press).
99. HENNING P, MAGNUSSON MK, GUNNERIUSSON E et al.: Genetic modification of adenovirus 5 tropism by a novel class of ligands based on a three-helix bundle scaffold derived from staphylococcal protein A. Hum. Gene Ther. (2002) 13(12):1427-1439.
100. MYHRE S, HENNING P, GRANIO O et al.: Decreased immune reactivity towards a knobiess, affibody-targeted adenovirus Type 5 vector. Gene Ther. (2007) 14(4):376-381.
101. WIKMAN M, ROWCLIFFE E, FRIEDMAN M et al.: Selection and characterization of an HIV-1 gp120-binding affibody ligand. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. (2006) 45(Pt 2):93-105.
102. GRONWALL C, JONSSON A, LINDSTROM S, GUNNERIUSSON E, STAHL S, HERNE N: Selection and characterization of Affibody ligands binding to Alzheimer amyloid beta peptides. J. Biotechnol. (2007) 128(1):162-183.
103. MUYLDERMANS S: Single domain camel antibodies: current status. J. Biotechnol. (2001) 74(4):277-302.
104. CORTEZ-RETAMOZO V, BACKMANN N, SENTER PD et al.: Efficient cancer therapy with a nanobody-based conjugate. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(8):2853-2857.
105. ZAHND C, PECORARI F, STRAUMANN N, WYLER E, PLUCKTHUN A: Selection and characterization of Her2 binding-designed Ankyrin repeat proteins. J. Biol. Chem. (2006) 281(46):35167-35175.
106. HICKE BJ, STEPHENS AW, GOULD T et al.: Tumour targeting by an aptamer. J. Nucl. Med. (2006) 47(4):668-678.