N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the retina

Molecular Neurobiology

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 163-179

  Shen, Yin ^a   Liu, Xiao Ling ^b   Yang, Xiong Li ^a  

^a FUDAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b WENZHOU MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Excitotoxicity; Glutamate; Information processing; NMDA; NMDA receptor; Retina

Indexed keywords

DIZOCILPINE; FLUPIRTINE; MEMANTINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CELL DEATH; EXCITOTOXICITY; GANGLION; HUMAN; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; NONHUMAN; PHOTORECEPTOR; RECEPTOR AFFINITY; RETINA; RETINA AMACRINE CELL; RETINA BIPOLAR GANGLION CELL;

EID: 33847077279     PISSN: 08937648     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1385/MN:34:3:163     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. Miyachi E., Hidaka S., and Murakami M. (1999) Electrical couplings of retinal neurons. In The Retinal Basis of Vision. Toyada J., Murakami M., Kaneko A., Saito T., eds, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 171-184.
2. Thoreson W. B. and, Witkovsky P. (1999) Glutamate receptors and circuits in the vertebrate retina. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 18, 765-810.
3. Yang X. L. (2004) Characterization of receptors for glutamate and GABA in retinal neurons. Prog. Neurobiol. 73, 127-150.
4. Ozawa S., Kamiya H., and Tsuzuki K. (1998) Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 54, 581-618.
5. Dingledine R., Borges K., Bowie D., and Traynelis S. F. (1999) The glutamate receptor ion channels. Pharmacol. Rev. 51, 7-61.
6. Dowling J. E. (1987) The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press.
7. Newman E. and Reichenbach A. (1996) The Müller cell: a functional element of the retina. Trends Neurosci. 19, 307-312.
8. Hasegawa J., Obara T., Tanaka K., and Tachibana M. (2006) High-density presynaptic transporters are required for glutamate removal from the first visual synapse. Neuron 50, 63-74.
9. Cull-Candy S., Brickley S., and Farrant M. (2001) NMDA receptor subunits: diversity, development and disease. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 327-335.
10. Haddad J. J. (2005) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways: a revolving neurochemical axis for therapeutic intervention? Prog. Neurobiol. 77, 252-282.
11. McBain C. J. and Mayer M. L. (1994) N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor structure and function. Physiol. Rev. 74, 723-760.
12. Michaelis E. K. (1998) Molecular biology of glutamate receptors in the central nervous system and their role in excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and aging. Prog. Neurobiol. 54, 369-415.
13. Nong Y., Huang Y. Q., and Salter M. W. (2004) NMDA receptors are movin' in. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 14, 353-361.
14. Lipton S. A. (2003) Possible role for memantine in protecting retinal ganglion cells from glaucomatous damage. Surv. Ophthalmol. 48 48(Suppl 1)., S38-S46.
15. Lipton S. A. (2001) Retinal ganglion cells, glaucoma and neuroprotection. Prog. Brain Res. 131, 712-718.
16. Kalloniatis M. and, Tomisich G. (1999) Amino acid neurochemistry of the vertebrate retina. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 18, 811-866.
17. Bliss T. V. and, Collingridge G. L. (1993) A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 361, 31-39.
18. Carroll R. C. and Zukin R. S. (2002) NMDAreceptor trafficking and targeting: implications for synaptic transmission and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 25, 571-577.
19. Li B., Chen N., Luo T., Otsu Y., Murphy T. H., and Raymond L. A. (2002) Differential regulation of synaptic and extra-synaptic NMDA receptors. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 833-834.
20. Monyer H., Burnashev N., Laurie D. J., Sakmann B., and Seeburg P. H. (1994) Developmental and regional expression in the rat brain and functional properties of four NMDA receptors. Neuron 12, 529-540.
21. Prybylowski K., Fu Z., Losi G., et al. (2002) Relationship between availability of NMDA receptor subunits and their expression at the synapse. J Neurosci. 22, 8902-8910.
22. Sucher N. J., Kohler K., Tenneti L., et al. (2003) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR3A in the retina: developmental expression, cellular localization, and functional aspects. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 4451-4456.
23. Prybylowski K. and, Wenthold R. J. (2004) N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors: subunit assembly and trafficking to the synapse. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 9673-9676.
24. Durand G. M., Gregor P., Zheng X., Bennett M. V., Uhl G. R., and Zukin R. S. (1992) Cloning of an apparent splice variant of the rat N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NMDAR1 with altered sensitivity to polyamines and activators of protein kinase C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89, 9359-9363.
25. Sugihara H., Moriyoshi K., Ishii T., Masu M., and Nakanishi S. (1992) Structures and properties of seven isoforms of the NMDA receptor generated by alternative splicing. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 185, 826-832.
26. Das S., Sasaki Y. F., Rothe T., et al. (1998) Increased NMDA current and spine density in mice lacking the NMDA receptor subunit NR3A. Nature 393, 377-381.
27. Chazot P. L. (2004) The NMDA receptor NR2B subunit: a valid therapeutic target for multiple CNS pathologies. Curr. Med. Chem. 11, 389-396.
28. Luo J., Wang Y., Yasuda R. P., Dunah A. W., and Wolfe B. B. (1997) The majority of N-methyl-Daspartate receptor complexes in adult rat cerebral cortex contain at least three different subunits (NR1/NR2A/NR2B). Mol. Pharmacol. 51, 79-86.
29. 2+ in cultured frog tectal cells mediated by direct activation of NMDA receptor channels. Neuron 6, 259-267.
30. MacDermott A. B., Mayer M. L., Westbrook G. L., Smith S. J., and Barker J. L. (1986) NMDAreceptor activation increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration in cultured spinal cord neurones. Nature 321, 519-522.
31. Siliprandi R., Canella R., Carmignoto G., et al. (1992) N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced neurotoxicity in the adult rat retina. Vis. Neurosci. 8, 567-573.
32. 2+ flux in mammalian central neurons. Neuroreport 1, 29-32.
33. Sucher N. J., Aizenman E., and Lipton S. A. (1991) N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists prevent kainate neurotoxicity in rat retinal ganglion cells in vitro. J. Neurosci. 11, 966-971.
34. Sucher N. J., Lipton S. A., and Dreyer E. B. (1997) Molecular basis of glutamate toxicity in retinal ganglion cells. Vision Res. 37, 3483-3493.
35. 2+ of NMDA responses in spinal cord neurones. Nature 309, 261-263.
36. Boje K. M., Skolnick P., Raber J., Fletcher R. T., and Chader G. (1992) Strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors in embryonic chick retina: characteristics and modulation of NMDA neurotoxicity. Neurochem. Int. 20, 473-486.
37. Johnson J. W. and, Ascher P. (1987) Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons. Nature 325, 529-531.
38. Kleckner N. W. and, Dingledine R. (1988) Requirement for glycine in activation of NMDA-receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Science 241, 835-837.
39. Ishii T., Moriyoshi K., Sugihara H., et al. (1993) Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 2836-2843.
40. Kutsuwada T., Kashiwabuchi N., Mori H., et al. (1992) Molecular diversity of the NMDA receptor channel. Nature 358, 36-41.
41. Stevens E. R., Esguerra M., Kim P. M., et al. (2003) D-serine and serine racemase are present in the vertebrate retina and contribute to the physiological activation of NMDA receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100, 6789-6794.
42. Mori H. and, Mishina M. (1995) Structure and function of the NMDA receptor channel. Neuropharmacology 34, 1219-1237.
43. Parsons C. G., Danysz W., Quack G., et al. (1997) Novel systemically active antagonists of the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor: electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioral characterization. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 283, 1264-1275.
44. Guzikowski A. P., Cai S. X., Espitia S. A., et al. (1996) Analogs of 3-hydroxy-1H-1-benzazepine-2,5-dione: structure-activity relationship at Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptor glycine sites. J. Med. Chem. 39, 4643-4653.
45. Vandenbranden C. A., Kamphuis W., Nunes Cardozo B., and Kamermans M. (2000) Expression and localization of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in the goldfish retina - an in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical study. J. Neurocytol. 29, 729-742.
46. Eliasof S. and, Werblin F. (1993) Characterization of the glutamate transporter in retinal cones of the tiger salamander. J. Neurosci. 13, 402-411.
47. Sarantis M., Everett K., and Attwell D. (1988) A presynaptic action of glutamate at the cone output synapse. Nature 332, 451-453.
48. Tachibana M. and, Kaneko A. (1988) L-glutamate-induced depolarization in solitary photoreceptors: a process that may contribute to the interaction between photoreceptors in situ. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85, 5315-5319.
49. Fletcher E. L., Hack I., Brandstätter J. H., and Wässle H. (2000) Synaptic localization of NMDA receptor subunits in the rat retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 420, 98-112.
50. Kalloniatis M., Sun D., Foster L., Haverkamp S., and Wässle H. (2004) Localization of NMDA receptor subunits and mapping NMDA drive within the mammalian retina. Vis. Neurosci. 21, 587-597.
51. Yoshikami D. (1981) Transmitter sensitivity of neurons assayed by autoradiography. Science 212, 929-930.
52. Goebel D. J., Aurelia J. L., Tai Q., Jojich L., and Poosch M. S. (1998) Immunocytochemical localization of the NMDA-R2A receptor subunit in the cat retina. Brain Res. 808, 141-154.
53. Blanco R. and, de la Villa P. (1999) Ionotropic glutamate receptors in isolated horizontal cells of the rabbit retina. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 867-873.
54. Eliasof S. and, Jahr C. E. (1997) Rapid AMPA receptor desensitization in catfish cone horizontal cells. Vis. Neurosci. 14, 13-18.
55. Lu T., Shen Y., and Yang X. L. (1998) Desensitization of AMPA receptors on horizontal cells isolated from crucian carp retina. Neurosci. Res. 31, 123-135.
56. Shen Y., Zhou Y., and Yang X. L. (1999) Characterization of AMPA receptors on isolated amacrine-like cells in carp retina. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 4233-4240.
57. Shen Y., Lu T., and Yang X. L. (1999) Modulation of desensitization at glutamate receptors in isolated crucian carp horizontal cells by concanavalin A, cyclothiazide, aniracetam and PEPA. Neuroscience 89, 979-990.
58. Yang J. H., Maple B., Gao F., Maguire G., and Wu S. M. (1998) Postsynaptic responses of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina are mediated by AMPA-preferring receptors. Brain Res. 797, 125-134.
59. Marc R. E. (1999) Mapping glutamatergic drive in the vertebrate retina with a channel-permeant organic cation. J. Comp. Neurol. 407, 47-64.
60. Gründer T., Kohler K., Kaletta A., and Guenther E. (2000) The distribution and developmental regulation of NMDA receptor subunit proteins in the outer and inner retina of the rat. J. Neurobiol. 44, 333-342.
61. Picaud S., Hicks D., Forster V., Sahel J., and Dreyfus H. (1998) Adult human retinal neurons in culture: Physiology of horizontal cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39, 2637-2648.
62. Ariel M., Mangel S. C., and Dowling J. E. (1986) N-methyl D-aspartate acts as an antagonist of the photoreceptor transmitter in the carp retina. Brain Res. 372, 143-148.
63. Zhou Z. J., Fain G. L., and Dowling J. E. (1993) The excitatory and inhibitory amino acid receptors on horizontal cells isolated from the white perch retina. J. Neurophysiol. 70, 8-19.
64. Harsanyi K., Wang Y., and Mangel S. C. (1996) Activation of NMDA receptors produces dopamine-mediated changes in fish retinal horizontal cell light responses. J. Neurophysiol. 75, 629-647.
65. O'Dell T. J. and, Christensen B. N. (1989) Horizontal cells isolated from catfish retina contain two types of excitatory amino acid receptors. J. Neurophysiol. 61, 1097-1109.
66. Davis S. F. and, Linn C. L. (2003) Activation of NMDA receptors linked to modulation of voltage-gated ion channels and functional implications. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 284, C757-C768.
67. Davis S. F. and Linn C. L. (2003) Mechanism linking NMDA receptor activation to modulation of voltage-gated sodium current in distal retina. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 284, C1193-C1204.
68. Shen Y., Zhang M., Jin Y., and Yang X. L. (2006) Functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are expressed in cone-driven horizontal cells in carp retina. Neurosignals, 15, 174-179.
69. Nelson R. and Kolb H. (2003) ON and OFF pathways in the vertebrate retina and visual system. In: The Visual Neurosciences. Chalupa L. M., Werner J. S., eds., The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 260-278.
70. Wässle H. (2004) Parallel processing in the mammalian retina. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 747-757.
71. Euler T., Schneider H., and Wässle H. (1996) Glutamate responses of bipolar cells in a slice preparation of the rat retina. J. Neurosci. 16, 2934-2944.
72. Hartveit E. (1996) Membrane currents evoked by ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists in rod bipolar cells in the rat retinal slice preparation. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 401-422.
73. Thoreson W. B. and Miller R. F. (1993) Membrane currents evoked by excitatory amino acid agonists in ON bipolar cells of the mudpuppy retina. J. Neurophysiol. 70, 1326-1338.
74. Sasaki T. and Kaneko A. (1996) L-Glutamateinduced responses in OFF-type bipolar cells of the cat retina. Vision Res. 36, 787-795.
75. Grunert U., Lin B., and Martin P. R. (2003) Glutamate receptors at bipolar synapses in the inner plexiform layer of primate retina: light microscopic analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 466, 136-147.
76. Brandstätter J. H., Hartveit E., Sassoe-Pognetto M., and Wässle H. (1994) Expression of NMDA and high-affinity kainate receptor subunit mRNAs in the adult rat retina. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 1100-1112.
77. Wenzel A., Benke D., Mohler H., and Fritschy J. M. (1997) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors containing the NR2D subunit in the retina are selectively expressed in rod bipolar cells. Neuroscience 78, 1105-1112.
78. Müller F., Greferath U., Wässle H., Wisden W., and Seeburg P. (1992) Glutamate receptor expression in the rat retina. Neurosci. Lett. 138, 179-182.
79. Hughes T. E. (1997) Are there ionotropic glutamate receptors on the rod bipolar cell of the mouse retina? Vis. Neurosci. 14, 103-109.
80. Lo W., Molloy R., and Hughes T. E. (1998) Ionotropic glutamate receptors in the retina: moving from molecules to circuits. Vision Res. 38, 1399-1410.
81. Karschin A. and, Wässle H. (1990) Voltage- and transmitter-gated currents in isolated rod bipolar cells of rat retina. J. Neurophysiol. 63, 860-876.
82. Hartveit E. (1997) Functional organization of cone bipolar cells in the rat retina. J. Neurophysiol. 77, 1716-1730.
83. MacNeil M. A. and, Masland R. H. (1998) Extreme diversity among amacrine cells: implications for function. Neuron 20, 971-982.
84. MacNeil M. A., Heussy J. K., Dacheux R. F., Raviola E., and Masland R. H. (1999) The shapes and numbers of amacrine cells: matching of photofilled with Golgi-stained cells in the rabbit retina and comparison with other mammalian species. J. Comp. Neurol. 413, 305-326.
85. Masland R. H. (2001) The fundamental plan of the retina. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 877-886.
86. Slaughter M. M. and Miller R. F. (1983) The role of excitatory amino acid transmitters in the mudpuppy retina: an analysis with kainic acid and N-methyl aspartate. J. Neurosci. 3, 1701-1711.
87. Massey S. C. and Miller R. F. (1990) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors of ganglion cells in rabbit retina. J. Neurophysiol. 63, 16-30.
88. Dixon D. B. and Copenhagen D. R. (1992) Two types of glutamate receptors differentially excite amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina. J. Physiol. 449, 589-606.
89. Coleman P. A. and Miller R. F. (1988) Do N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate synaptic responses in the mudpuppy retina? J. Neurosci. 8, 4728-4733.
90. Lukasiewicz P. D. and, McReynolds J. S. (1985) Synaptic transmission at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the proximal retina of the mudpuppy. J. Physiol. 367, 99-115.
91. Tran M. N., Higgs M. H., and Lukasiewicz P. D. (1999) AMPA receptor kinetics limit retinal amacrine cell excitatory synaptic responses. Vis. Neurosci. 16, 835-842.
92. 2+. Brain Res. 664, 252-256.
93. Huba R. and Hofmann H. D. (1991) Transmitter-gated currents of GABAergic amacrine-like cells in chick retinal cultures. Vis. Neurosci. 6, 303-314.
94. Ientile R., Pedale S., Picciurro V., Macaione V., Fabiano C., and Macaione S. (1997) Nitric oxide mediates NMDA-evoked [3H]GABA release from chick retina cells. FEBS Lett. 417, 345-348.
95. Kubrusly R. C., de Mello M. C., and de Mello F. G. (1998) Aspartate as a selective NMDA receptor agonist in cultured cells from the avian retina. Neurochem. Int. 32, 47-52.
96. Yamashita M., Huba R., and Hofmann H. D. (1994) Early in vitro development of voltage- and transmitter-gated currents in GABAergic amacrine cells. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 82, 95-102.
97. Boos R., Schneider H., and Wässle H. (1993) Voltage- and transmitter-gated currents of AIIamacrine cells in a slice preparation of the rat retina. J. Neurosci. 13, 2874-2888.
98. Hartveit E. and Veruki M. L. (1997) AII amacrine cells express functional NMDA receptors. Neuroreport 8, 1219-1223.
99. Hartveit E. (1999) Reciprocal synaptic interactions between rod bipolar cells and amacrine cells in the rat retina. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 2923-2936.
100. Hartveit E., Brandstätter J. H., Sassoe-Pognetto M., Laurie D. J., Seeburg P. H., and Wässle H. (1994) Localization and developmental expression of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2A in the mammalian retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 348, 570-582.
101. Brandstätter J. H., Koulen P., and Wässle H. (1998) Diversity of glutamate receptors in the mammalian retina. Vision Res. 38, 1385-1397.
102. Mittman S., Taylor W. R., and Copenhagen D. R. (1990) Concomitant activation of two types of glutamate receptor mediates excitation of salamander retinal ganglion cells. J. Physiol. 428, 175-197.
103. Zhou Z. J., Marshak D. W., and Fain G. L. (1994) Amino acid receptors of midget and parasol ganglion cells in primate retina. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91, 4907-4911.
104. Cohen E. D. and Miller R. F. (1994) The role of NMDA and non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors in the functional organization of primate retinal ganglion cells. Vis. Neurosci. 11, 317-332.
105. Hensley S. H., Yang X. L., and Wu S. M. (1993) Identification of glutamate receptor subtypes mediating inputs to bipolar cells and ganglion cells in the tiger salamander retina. J. Neurophysiol. 69, 2099-2107.
106. Diamond J. S. and, Copenhagen D. R. (1993) The contribution of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors to the light-evoked input-output characteristics of retinal ganglion cells. Neuron 11, 725-738.
107. Yu W. and Miller R. F. (1996) The mechanism by which NBQX enhances NMDA currents in retinal ganglion cells. Brain Res. 709, 184-196.
108. Cohen E. D. and Miller R. F. (1995) Quinoxalines block the mechanism of directional selectivity in ganglion cells of the rabbit retina. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92, 1127-1131.
109. Kittila C. A. and Massey S. C. (1997) Pharmacology of directionally selective ganglion cells in the rabbit retina. J. Neurophysiol. 77, 675-689.
110. Gottesman J. and Miller R. F. (2003) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors contribute to the baseline noise of retinal ganglion cells. Vis. Neurosci. 20, 329-333.
111. Lukasiewicz P. D. and Roeder R. C. (1995) Evidence for glycine modulation of excitatory synaptic inputs to retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurosci. 15, 4592-4601.
112. Baranano D. E., Ferris C. D., and Snyder S. H. (2001) Atypical neural messengers. Trends Neurosci. 24, 99-106.
113. O'Brien K. B., Esguerra M., Klug C. T., Miller R. F., and Bowser M. T. (2003) A high-throughput on-line microdialysis-capillary assay for D-serine. Electrophoresis 24, 1227-1235.
114. Chen S. and Diamond J. S. (2002) Synaptically released glutamate activates extrasynaptic NMDA receptors on cells in the ganglion cell layer of rat retina. J. Neurosci. 22, 2165-2173.
115. Higgs M. H. and Lukasiewicz P. D. (1999) Glutamate uptake limits synaptic excitation of retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurosci. 19, 3691-3700.
116. Matsui K., Hosoi N., and Tachibana M. (1998) Excitatory synaptic transmission in the inner retina: paired recordings of bipolar cells and neurons of the ganglion cell layer. J. Neurosci. 18, 4500-4510.
117. Taylor W. R., Chen E., and Copenhagen D. R. (1995) Characterization of spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents in salamander retinal ganglion cells. J. Physiol. 486 (Pt 1), 207-221.
118. Taschenberger H., Engert F., and Grantyn R. (1995) Synaptic current kinetics in a solely AMPA-receptor-operated glutamatergic synapse formed by rat retinal ganglion neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 74, 1123-1136.
119. Tian N., Hwang T. N., and Copenhagen D. R. (1998) Analysis of excitatory and inhibitory spontaneous synaptic activity in mouse retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 1327-1340.
120. (C) receptor-mediated feedback in the mouse inner retina. J. Neurophysiol. 86, 2285-2298.
121. Vigh J. and von Gersdorff H. (2005) Prolonged reciprocal signaling via NMDA and GABA receptors at a retinal ribbon synapse. J. Neurosci. 25, 11,412-11,423.
122. Kim T. W., Kang K. B., Choung H. K., Park K. H., and Kim D. M. (2000) Elevated glutamate levels in the vitreous body of an in vivo model of optic nerve ischemia. Arch. Ophthalmol. 118, 533-536.
123. Neal M. J., Cunningham J. R., Hutson P. H., and Hogg J. (1994) Effects of ischaemia on neurotransmitter release from the isolated retina. J. Neurochem. 62, 1025-1033.
124. Quigley H. A. (1999) Neuronal death in glaucoma. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 18, 39-57.
125. Osborne N. N., Safa R., and Nash M. S. (1999) Photoreceptors are preferentially affected in the rat retina following permanent occlusion of the carotid arteries. Vision Res. 39, 3995-4002.
126. Lam T. T., Abler A. S., Kwong J. M., and Tso M. O. (1999) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) - induced apoptosis in rat retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40, 2391-2397.
127. Vorwerk C. K., Kreutz M. R., Dreyer E. B., and Sabel B. A. (1996) Systemic L-kynurenine administration partially protects against NMDA, but not kainate-induced degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and reduces visual discrimination deficits in adult rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37, 2382-2392.
128. Dreyer E. B., Zhang D., and Lipton S. A. (1995) Transcriptional or translational inhibition blocks low dose NMDA-mediated cell death. Neuroreport 6, 942-944.
129. Schumer R. A. and Podos S. M. (1994) The nerve of glaucoma! Arch. Ophthalmol. 112, 37-44.
130. 2+: toxicity is blocked by the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK-801. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85, 6556-6560.
131. Mosinger J. L., Price M. T., Bai H. Y., Xiao H., Wozniak D. F., and Olney J. W. (1991) Blockade of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors is required for optimal protection against ischemic neuronal degeneration in the in vivo adult mammalian retina. Exp. Neurol. 113, 10-17.
132. Otori Y., Wei J. Y., and Barnstable C. J. (1998) Neurotoxic effects of low doses of glutamate on purified rat retinal ganglion cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39, 972-981.
133. Osborne N. N. and Herrera A. J. (1994) The effect of experimental ischaemia and excitatory amino acid agonists on the GABA and serotonin immunoreactivities in the rabbit retina. Neuroscience 59, 1071-1081.
134. Lombardi G., Moroni F., and Moroni F. (1994) Glutamate receptor antagonists protect against ischemia-induced retinal damage. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 271, 489-495.
135. Ullian E. M., Barkis W. B., Chen S., Diamond J. S., and Barres B. A. (2004) Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 26, 544-557.
136. Manabe S., Gu Z., and Lipton S. A. (2005) Activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 via neuronal nitric oxide synthase contributes to NMDA-induced retinal ganglion cell death. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46, 4747-4753.
137. Chang C. and Werb Z. (2001) The many faces of metalloproteases: cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Cell Biol. 11, S37-S43.
138. Lipton S. A., Choi Y. B., Pan Z. H., et al. (1993) Aredox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds. Nature 364, 626-632.
139. Narumiya S., Ishizaki T., and Watanabe N. (1997) Rho effectors and reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. FEBS Lett. 410, 68-72.
140. Kitaoka Y., Kitaoka Y., Kumai T., et al. (2004) Involvement of RhoA and possible neuroprotective effect of fasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor, in NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in the rat retina. Brain Res. 1018, 111-118.
141. Lam T. T., Siew E., Chu R., and Tso M. O. (1997) Ameliorative effect of MK-801 on retinal ischemia. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 13, 129-137.
142. Osborne N. N. (1999) Memantine reduces alterations to the mammalian retina, in situ, induced by ischemia. Vis. Neurosci. 16, 45-52.
143. Osborne N. N., Schwarz M., and Pergande G. (1996) Protection of rabbit retina from ischemic injury by flupirtine. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37, 274-280.
144. 2+. J. Physiol. 562, 319-331.
145. Masu M., Iwakabe H., Tagawa Y., et al. (1995) Specific deficit of the ON response in visual transmission by targeted disruption of the mGluR6 gene. Cell 80, 757-765.
146. Perkins B. D., Nicholas C. S., Baye L. M., Link B. A., and Dowling J. E. (2005) dazed gene is necessary for late cell type development and retinal cell maintenance in the zebrafish retina. Dev. Dyn. 233, 680-694.
147. (C) receptors on bullfrog retinal bipolar cells. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 666-676.
148. Shen W. and Slaughter M. M. (2001) Multireceptor GABAergic regulation of synaptic communication in amphibian retina. J. Physiol. 530, 55-67.
149. Tachibana M. and Kaneko A. (1988) Retinal bipolar cells receive negative feedback input from GABAergic amacrine cells. Vis. Neurosci. 1, 297-305.
150. Watanabe M., Mishina M., and Inoue Y. (1994) Differential distributions of the NMDA receptor channel subunit mRNAs in the mouse retina. Brain Res. 634, 328-332.
151. Wong R. O. (1995) Effects of glutamate and its analogs on intracellular calcium levels in the developing retina. Vis. Neurosci. 12, 907-917.