Regenerative dental medicine: Stem cells and tissue engineering in dentistry

Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 537-569

  Reed, Jill A ^a   Patarca, Roberto ^b  

^a NOVA SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Endovascular Division   (United States)

Author keywords

Bone morphogenetic protein; Dental implants; Dental pulp cells; Regenerative medicine; Stem cells; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL TRAIT; BONE REGENERATION; BONE REMODELING; CELL CULTURE; CELL FUNCTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DENTISTRY; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC ENGINEERING; HUMAN; KNOWLEDGE; MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL; NONHUMAN; ORGAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE REPAIR;

EID: 33749021953     PISSN: 07318898     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.v25.i3.10     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. Nakashima M, Akamine A. The application of tissue engineering to regeneration of pulp and dentin in endodontics. J Endodont. 2005;31:711-8.
2. Yen AH, Sharpe PT. Regeneration of teeth using stem cell-based tissue engineering. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2006;6:9-16.
3. Balic A, Mina M. Analysis of developmental potentials of dental pulp in vitro using GFP transgenes. Orthodont Craniofac Res. 2005;8:252-8.
4. Weissman IL. Translating stem and progenitor cell biology to the clinic: barriers and opportunities. Science. 2000;287(5457):1442-6.
5. Van der Kooy D, Weiss S. Why stem cells? Science. 2000;287(5457):1439-41.
6. Vescovi AL, Galli R, Gritti A. The neural stem cells and their transdifferentiation capacity. Biomed Pharmacother. 2001;55:201-5.
7. Slack JM. Stem cells in epithelial tissues. Science. 2000;287(5457):1431- 1433.
8. Ho AD, Punzel M. Hematopoietic stem cells: can old cells learn new tricks? J Leuk Biol. 2003;73:547-55.
9. Passier R, Mummery C. Origin and use of embryonic and adult stem cells in differentiation and tissue repair. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;58:324-35.
10. Pfendler KC, Kawase E. The potential of stem cells. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003;58:197-208.
11. Waite L, Nindl G. Human embryonic stem cell research: an ethical controversy in the US & Germany. Biomed Sci Instrument. 2003;39:567-72.
12. Gardner RL, Beddington RS. Multi-lineage 'stem' cells in the mammalian embryo. J Cell Sci (Suppl). 1988;10:11-27.
13. Rao MS, Mattson MP. Stem cells and aging: expanding the possibilities. Mechan Ageing Dev. 2001;122:713-34.
14. Van Gansen P, Van Lerberghe N. Potential and limitations of cultivated fibroblasts in the study of senescence in animals. A review on the murine skin fibroblasts system. Arch Gerontol Geriat. 1988;7:31-74.
15. Bayreuther K, Francz PI, Gogol J, Hapke C, Maier M, Meinrath HG. Differentiation of primary and secondary fibroblasts in cell culture systems. Mutat Res. 1991;256:233-42.
16. Ballas CB, Zielske SP, Gerson SL. Adult bone marrow stem cells for cell and gene therapies: implications for greater use. J Cell Biochem (Suppl). 2002;38:20-8.
17. Triffitt JT. Stem cells and the philosopher's stone. J Cell Biochem (Suppl). 2002;38:13-9.
18. Wernig M, Brustle O. Fifty ways to make a neuron: shifts in stem cell hierarchy and their implications for neuropathology and CNS repair. J Neuropathol Exper Neurol. 2002;61:101-10.
19. Bianchi G, Muraglia A, Daga A, Corte G, Cancedda R, Quarto R. Microenvironment and stem properties of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells. Wound Repair Regener. 2001;9:460-6.
20. Watt FM, Hogan BL. Out of Eden: stem cells and their niches. Science. 2000;287(5457):1427-30.
21. Martin PJ, Schoch G, Fisher L, Byers V, Appelbaum FR, McDonald GB, Storb R, Hansen JA. A retrospective analysis of therapy for acute graft-versus-host- disease: Secondary treatment. Blood. 1991;77:1821-8.
22. Pain B, Chenevier P, Samarut J. Chicken embryonic stem cells and transgenic strategies. Cells Tissues Organs. 1999;165:212-9.
23. Thomson JA, Marshall VS. Primate embryonic stem cells. Curr Topics Dev Biol. 1998;38:133-65.
24. Prelle K, Zink N, Wolf E. Pluripotent stem cells - model of embryonic development, tool for gene targeting, and basis of cell therapy. Anat Histol Embryol. 2002;31:169-86.
25. Trounson A. Human embryonic stem cells: mother of all cell and tissue types. Reprod Biomed Online. 2002;4 (Suppl 1):58-63.
26. Greco B, Recht L. Somatic plasticity of neural stem cells: fact or fancy? J Cell Biochem. 2003;88:51-6.
27. Slack J. Skinny dipping for stem cells. Nature Cell Biol. 2001;3:E205-6.
28. Gu G, Brown JR, Melton DA. Direct lineage tracing reveals the ontogeny of pancreatic cell fates during mouse embryogenesis. Mech Devices. 2003;120:35-43.
29. Bishop AE, Buttery LD, Polak JM. Embryonic stem cells. J Pathol. 2002;197:424-9.
30. Lovell-Badge R. The future for stem cell research. Nature. 2001;414(6859):88-91.
31. Odorico JS, Kaufman DS, Thomson JA. Multilineage differentiation from human embryonic stem cell lines. Stem Cells. 2001;19:193-204.
32. Zandstra PW, Nagy A. Stem cell bioengineering. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2001;3:275-305.
33. Vats A, Tolley NS, Polak JM, Buttery LD. Stem cells: sources and applications. Clin Otolaryngol. 2002;27:227-32.
34. Ringe J, Kaps C, Burmester GR, Sittinger M. Stem cells for regenerative medicine: advances in the engineering of tissues and organs. Naturwissenschaften. 2002;89:338-51.
35. Gardner RL. Stem cells: potency, plasticity and public perception. J Anat. 2002;200 (Pt 3):277-82.
36. Krebsbach PH, Robey PG. Dental and skeletal stem cells: potential cellular therapeutics for craniofacial regeneration. J Dent Ed. 2002;66:766-73.
37. Peshavaria M, Pang K. Manipulation of pancreatic stem cells for cell replacement therapy. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2000;2:453-60.
38. Oh IH, Kim DW. Three-dimensional approach to stem cell therapy. J Korean Med Sci. 2002;17:151-60.
39. Spradling A, Drummond-Barbosa D, Kai T. Stem cells find their niche. Nature. 2001;414(6859):98-104.
40. Brawley C, Matunis E. Regeneration of male germline cells by spermatogonial dediferentation in vivo. Science. 2004;304(5675):1331-4.
41. Petitte JN, Karagenc L, Ginsburg M. The origin of the avian germ line and transgenesis in birds. Poultry Sci. 1997;76:1084-92.
42. Jeanisch R, Eggan K, Humpherys D, Rideout W, Hochedlinger K. Nuclear cloning, stem cells, and genomic reprogramming. Clon Stem Cells. 2002;4:389-96.
43. Tada T, Tada M. Toti-/pluripotential stem cells and epigenetic modifications. Cell Struct Funct. 2001;26:149-60.
44. Stocum DL. Stem cells in regenerative biology and medicine. Wound Repair Regener. 2001;9:429-42.
45. Ledermann B. Embryonic stem cells and gene targeting. Exper Physiol. 2000;85:603-13.
46. Frisen J. Stem cell plasticity? Neuron. 2002;35:415-8.
47. Preston SL, Alison MR, Forbes SJ, Direkze NC, Poulsom R, Wright NA. The new stem cell biology: something for everyone. Mol Pathol. 2003;56:86-96.
48. Prockop DJ. Further proof of the plasticity of adult stem cells and their role in tissue repair. J Cell Biol. 2003;160:807-9.
49. Cai J, Rao MS. Stem cell and precursor cell therapy. Neuromol Med. 2002;2:233-49.
50. Hadjantonakis A, Papaioannou V. The stem cells of early embryos. Differentiation. 2001;68:159-66.
51. Theise ND. New principles of cell plasticity. Crit Rev Biol. 2002;325:1039-43.
52. Almeida-Porada G, Porada C, Zanjani ED. Adult stem cell plasticity and methods of detection. Rev Clin Exper Hematol. 2001;5:26-41.
53. Dushnik-Levinson M, Benvenisty N. Embryogenesis in vitro: study of differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Biol Neonate. 1995;67:77-83.
54. Pelton TA, Bettess MD, Lake J, Rathjen J, Rathjen PD. Developmental complexity of early mammalian pluripotent cell populations in vivo and in vitro. Reprod Fert Develop. 1998;10: 535-49.
55. Desbaillets I, Ziegler U, Groscurth P, Gassmann M. Embryoid bodies: an in vitro model of mouse embryogenesis. Exper Physiol. 2000;85: 645-51.
56. O'Shea KS. Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells: genetic and epigenetic methods. Wound Rep Regener. 2001;9:443-59.
57. Alison MR, Poulsom R, Forbes S, Wright NA. An introduction to stem cells. J Pathol. 2002;197:419-23.
58. Ishiwata I, Tokeida Y, Iguchi M, Ishiwata C, Kiguchi K, Yasumoto S, Sato K, Tachibana T, Hashimoto H, Ishikawa H. New approach for the establishment of mouse early embryonic stem cells and induction of their differentiation. Hum Cell. 2001;14:283-91.
59. Pera MF. Human pluripotent stem cells: a progress report. Curr Opin Gen Dev. 2001;11:595-9.
60. Hole N. Embryonic stem cell-derived haematopoiesis. Cells Tissues Organs. 1999;165:181-9.
61. Scholz G, Pohl I, Genschow E, Klemm M, Spielmann H. Embryotoxicity screening using embryonic stem cells in vitro: correlation to in vivo teratogenicity. Cells Tiss Organs. 1999;165:203-11.
62. Rosenberger RF. The initiation of senescence and its relationship to embryonic cell differentiation. Bioessays. 1995;17:257-60.
63. Smith AG. Embryo-derived stem cells: of mice and men. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2001;17:435-62.
64. Trounson AO. The derivation and potential use of human embryonic stem cells. Reprod Fert Develop. 2001;13:523-32.
65. Amit M, Itskovitz-Eldor J. Derivation and spontaneous differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. J Anat. 2002;200 (Pt 3):225-32.
66. Jones JM, Thomson JA. Human embryonic stem cell technology. Semin Reprod Med. 2000;18:219-23.
67. Wobus AM. Potential of embryonic stem cells. Mol Aspects Med. 2001;22:149-64.
68. Hollands P. Comparative stem cell biology. Int J Dev Biol. 1997;41:245-54.
69. Rathjen J, Rathjen PD. Mouse ES cells: experimental exploitation of pluripotent differentiation potential. Curr Opin Gen Dev. 2001;11:587-94.
70. Suzuki A, Nakano T. Development of hematopoietic cells from embryonic stem cells. Int J Hematol. 2001;73:1-5.
71. Babinet C, Cohen-Tannoudji M. Genome engineering via homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells: an amazingly versatile tool for the study of mammalian biology. Anal Acad Brasil Ciencia. 2001;73:365-83.
72. Sato M, Nakano T. Embryonic stem cell. Intern Med. 2001;40:195-200.
73. Rizzino A. Embryonic stem cells provide a powerful and versatile model system. Vitamins Hormones. 2002;64:1-42.
74. Niwa H. Molecular mechanism to maintain stem cell renewal of ES cells. Cell Struct Funct. 2001;26:137-48.
75. Rathjen PD, Lake J, Whyatt LM, Bettess MD, Rathjen J. Properties and uses of embryonic stem cells: prospects for application to human biology and gene therapy. Reprod Fert Dev. 1998;10:31-47.
76. Smith A. Cell therapy: in search of pluripotency. Curr Biol. 1998;8:R802-4.
77. Gardner RL, Brook FA. Reflections on the biology of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Int J Dev Biol. 1997;41:235-43.
78. Lavon N, Benvenisty N. Differentiation and genetic manipulation of human embryonic stem cells and the analysis of the cardiovascular system. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2003;13:47-52.
79. Tiedemann H, Asashima M, Grunz H, Knochel W. Pluripotent cells (stem cells) and their determination and differentiation in early vertebrate embryogenesis. Dev Growth Differ. 2001;43:469-502.
80. Temple S. The development of neural stem cells. Nature. 2001;414(6859):112-7.
81. Robertson JA. Human embryonic stem cell research: ethical and legal issues. Nature Rev Gen. 2001;2:74-8.
82. Pera MF. Scientific considerations relating to the ethics of the use of human embryonic stem cells in research and medicine. Reprod Fert Dev. 2001;13:23-9.
83. Caplan AI. The mesengenic process. Clin Plastic Surg. 1994;21:429-35.
84. Minguell JJ, Erices A, Conget P. Mesenchymal stem cells. Exper Biol Med (Maywood). 2001;226:507-20.
85. Caplan AI, Bruder SP. Mesenchymal stem cells: building blocks for molecular medicine in the 21st century. Trends Mol Med. 2001;7:259-64.
86. Bruder SP, Fink DJ, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells in bone development, bone repair, and skeletal regeneration therapy. J Cell Biochem. 1994;56:283-94.
87. Devine SM. Mesenchymal stem cells: will they have a role in the clinic? J Cell Biochem (Suppl). 2002;38:73-9.
88. Joshi CV, Enver T. Plasticity revisited. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2002;14:749-55.
89. Hay ED. Role of cell-matrix contacts in cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Cell Differ Dev. 1990;32:367-75.
90. Fleury V, Watanabe T. Morphogenesis of fingers and branched organs: how collagen and fibroblasts break the symmetry of growing biological tissue. Crit Rev Biol. 2002;325:571-83.
91. Filipak M, Estervig DN, Tzen CY, Minoo P, Hoerl BJ, Maercklein PB, Zschunke MA, Edens M, Scott RE. Integrated control of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Environ Health Perspect. 1989;80:117-25.
92. Caterson EJ, Nesti LJ, Albert T, Danielson K, Tuan R. Application of mesenchymal stem cells in the regeneration of musculoskeletal tissues. Med Gen Med. 2001;E1-4.
93. Ferretti P, Brockes JP. Cell origin and identity in limb regeneration and development. Glia. 1991;4:214-24.
94. Devine SM, Hoffman R. Role of mesenchymal stem cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Curr Opin Hematol. 2000;7:358-63.
95. Phinney DG. Building a consensus regarding the nature and origin of mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 2002;38:7-12.
96. MacKenzie TC, Flake AW. Human mesenchymal stem cells: insights from a surrogate in vivo assay system. Cells Tiss Organs. 2002;171:90-5.
97. Pierdomenico L, Bonsi L, Calvitti M, Rondelli D, Arpinati M, Chirumbolo G, Becchetti E, Marchionni C, Alviano F, Fossati V, Staffolani N, Franchina M, Grossi A, Bagnara GP. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells with immunosuppressive activity can be easily isolated from dental pulp. Transplantation. 2005;80:836-42.
98. Kirchhof N, Harder F, Petrovic S, Kreutzfeldt S, Schmittwolf C, Durr M, KirstenJ, Muhl B, Merkel A, Muller AM. Developmental potential of hematopoietic and neural stem cells: unique or all the same? Cells Tissues Organs. 2002;171:77-89.
99. Andrews PW. From teratocarcinomas to embryonic stem cells. Phil Trans Roy Soc London Bull Biol Sci. 2002;357(1420): 405-17.
100. Zhou P, Ly DH. Embryonic stem cells: a perfect marriage between gene regulation and regenerative medicine. Curr Top Med Chem. 2003;3:725-37.
101. Tajbakhsh S, Cossu G. Establishing myogenic identity during somitogenesis. Curr Opin Gen Dev. 1997;7:634-41.
102. Morsczeck C. Gene expression of runx2, Osterix, c-fos, DLX-3, DLX-5, and MSX2 in dental follicle cells during osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Calc Tiss Int. 2006;78:98-102.
103. Almushayt A, Narayanan K, Zaki AE, George A. Dentin matrix protein 1 induced cytodifferentiation of dental pulp stem cells into odontoblasts. Gene Therapy. 2006 Apr;;13(7):611-20.
104. Liu J, Jin T, Ritchie HH, Smith AJ, Clarkson BH. In vitro differentiation and mineralization of human dental pulp cells by dentin extract. In Vitro Cell Develop Biol Anim. 2005;41:232-8.
105. Chang J, Zhang C, Tani-Ishii N, Shi S, Wang CY. NF-kappaB activation in human dental pulp stem cells by TNF and LPS. J Dent Res. 2005;84:994-8.
106. Bruder SP, Jaiswal N, Ricalton NS, Mosca JD, Kraus KH, Kadiyala S. Mesenchymal stem cells in osteobiology and applied bone regeneration. Clin Orthop. 1998;(355 Suppl):S247-56.
107. Pelled G, G T, Aslan H, Gazit Z, Gazit D. Mesenchymal stem cells for bone gene therapy and tissue engineering. Curr Pharm Des. 2002;8:1917-28.
108. Hayashi S, Yamane T, Miyamoto A, Hemmi H, Tagaya H, Tanio Y, Kanda H, Yamazaki H, Kunisada T. Commitment and differentiation of stem cells to the osteoclast lineage. Biochem Cell Biol. 1998;76:911-22.
109. Aubin JE. Bone stem cells. J Cell Biochem (Suppl) 1998;30-31:73-82.
110. Kumabe S, Nakatsuka M, Kim GS, Jue SS, Aikawa F, Shin JW, Iwai Y. Human dental pulp cell culture and cell transplantation with an alginate scaffold. Okajimas Folia Anat Japon. 2006;82:147-55.
111. Guo HY, Wu BL, Guo XM, Yang C, Xu P, Wang CY. Reconstruction of dentin-pulp complex structure by tissue engineering technology. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2005;40):511-4.
112. Laino G, Graziano A, d'Aquino R, Pirozzi G, Lanza V, Valiante S, De Rosa A, Naro F, Vivarelli E, Papaccio G. An approachable human adult stem cell source for hard-tissue engineering. J Cell Physiol. 2006;206:693-701.
113. Takeda S, Shiba H, Mizuno N, Hasegawa N, Mouri Y, Hirachi A, Yoshino H, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances periodontal tissue regeneration. Tissue Eng. 2005;11:1618-29.
114. Boyne PJ, Salina S, Nakamura A, Audia F, Shabahang S. Bone regeneration using rhBMP-2 induction in hemimandibulectomy type defects of elderly sub-human primates. Cell Tissue Bank. 2006;7:1-10.
115. Yoo JU, Johnstone B. The role of osteochondral progenitor cells in fracture repair. Clin Orthop. 1998;(355 Suppl):S73-81.
116. Testa G, Harris J. Ethics and synthetic gametes. Bioethics. 2005;19:146-66.
117. Fibbe WE, Noort WA. Mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2003;996:235-44.
118. Pedersen RA. Studies of in vitro differentiation with embryonic stem cells. Reprod Fert Dev. 1994;6:543-52.
119. Brinster RL. Stem cells and transgenic mice in the study of development. Int J Dev Biol. 1993;37:89-99.
120. Pierce GB. Teratocarcinoma: model for a developmental concept of cancer. Curr Top Dev Biol. 1967;2:. 223-46.
121. Sherley JL. Asymmetric cell kinetics genes: the key to expression of adult stem cells in culture. Stem Cells. 2002;20:561-72.
122. Burdon T, Chambers I, Stracey C, Niwa H, Smith A. Signaling mechanisms regulating self-renewal and differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Cells Tissues Organs. 1999;165:131-43.
123. Donovan PJ, Gearhart J. The end of the beginning for pluripotent stem cells. Nature. 2001;414(6859):92-7.
124. Rossant J, Papaioannou VE. The relationship between embryonic, embryonal carcinoma and embryo-derived stem cells. Cell Diff. 1984;15:155-61.
125. Skerjanc IS. Cardiac and skeletal muscle development in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 1999;9:139-43.
126. Skottman H, Dilber MS, Hovatta O. The derivation of clinical-grade human embryonic stem cell lines. FEBS Lett. 2006;580:2875-8. Epub 2006 Apr 7.
127. McLaren A, Durcova-Hills G. Germ cells and pluripotent stem cells in the mouse. Repr Fert Dev. 2001;13:661-4.
128. Nakashima M. Tissue engineering in endodontics. Austral Endodont J. 2005;31:111-3.
129. Smith AG. Mouse embryo stem cells: their identification, propagation and manipulation. Semin Cell Biol. 1992;3:385-99.
130. Lemischka IR. Retroviral lineage studies: some principals and applications. Curr Opin Gen Dev. 1993;3:115-8.
131. Wognum AW. Hematopoietic stem cells. Mini Rev Stem Cell Technol Cat. 2003: 87-90.
132. Milsom MD, Woolford LB, Margison GP, Humphries RK, Fairbairn LJ. Enhanced in vivo selection of bonemarrow cells by retroviral-mediated coexpression of mutant O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase and HOXB4. Mol Ther. 2004;10:862-73.
133. Rossant J, Bernelot-Moens C, Nagy A. Genome manipulation in embryonic stem cells. Phil Trans Roy Soc London Bull Biol Sci. 1993;339(1288):207-15.
134. Fung-Leung WP, Mak TW. Embryonic stem cells and homologous recombination. Curr Opin Immunol. 1992;4:189-94.
135. Bradley A, Ramirez-Solis R, Zheng H, Hasty P, Davis A. Genetic manipulation of the mouse via gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Ciba Found Symp. 1992;165:256-69; discussion 269-76.
136. Chang JC, Ye L, Kan YW. Correction of the sickle cell mutation in embryonic stem cells. Proc. Nat Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:1036-40.
137. Ramirez-Solis R, Bradley A. Advances in the use of embryonic stem cell technology. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1994;5:528-33.
138. Joyner AL, Auerbach A, Skarnes WC. The gene trap approach in embryonic stem cells: the potential for genetic screens in mice. Ciba Found Symp. 1992;165:277-88; discussion 288-97.
139. Mayer U, Kohfeldt E, Timpl R. Structural and genetic analysis of laminin-nidogen interaction. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;857:130-42.
140. You Y, Browning VL, Schimenti JC. Generation of radiation-induced deletion complexes in the mouse genome using embryonic stem cells. Methods. 1997;13:409-21.
141. Serov O, Matveeva N, Kuznetsov S, Kaftanovskaya E, Mittmann J. Embryonic hybrid cells: a powerful tool for studying pluripotency and reprogramming of the differentiated cell chromosomes. Anal Acad Brasil Ciencia. 2001;73:561-8.
142. Moreadith RW, Radford NB. Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells: the new physiology and metabolism. J Mol Med. 1997;75:208-16.
143. Camper SA, Saunders TL, Kendall SK, Keri RA, Seasholtz AF, Gordon DF, Birkmeier TS, Keegan CE, Karolyi IJ, Roller ML, Burrows HI, Samuelson LC. Implementing transgenic and embryonic stem cell technology to study gene expression, cell-cell interactions and gene function. Biol Reprod. 1995;52:246-57.
144. O'Shea KS. Embryonic stem cell models of development. Anat Rec. 1999;257:32-41.
145. Daley GQ. From embryos to embryoid bodies: generating blood from embryonic stem cells. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2003;996:122-31.
146. Wakayama T. Cloned mice and embryonic stem cell lines generated from adult somatic cells by nuclear transfer. Oncol Res. 2003;13:309-14.
147. Solter D. Cloning and embryonic stem cells: a new era in human biology and medicine. Croatian Med J. 1999;40:309-18.
148. Wilmut I, Paterson L. Somatic cell nuclear transfer. Oncol Res. 2003;13:303-7.
149. Kirby SL. Bone marrow: target for gene transfer. Hosp Practice. 1999;34:59-62, 69-70, 73-6.
150. Bradley A, Ramirez-Solis R, Zheng H, Hasty P, Davis A. Genetic manipulation of the mouse via gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Ciba Found Symp. 1992;165:256-69; discussion 269-76.
151. Robertson EJ, Conlon FL, Barth KS, Costantini F, Lee JJ. Use of embryonic stem cells to study mutations affecting postimplantation development in the mouse. Ciba Found Symp. 1992;165:237-50; discussion 250-5.
152. Joyner AL. Gene targeting and gene trap screens using embryonic stem cells: new approaches to mammalian development. Bioessays. 1991;13:649-56.
153. Mansour SL. Gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells: introduction of specific alterations into the mammalian genome. Gen Anal Tech Applic. 1990;7:219-27.
154. Skarnes WC. Entrapment vectors: a new tool for mammalian genetics. Biotechnology (New York) 1990;8:827-31.
155. Williams DA. Embryonic stem cells as targets for gene transfer: a new approach to molecular manipulation of the murine hematopoietic system. Bone Marrow Transpl. 1990;5:141-4.
156. Baribault H, Kemler R. Embryonic stem cell culture and gene targeting in transgenic mice. Mol Biol Med. 1989;6:481-92.
157. Capecchi MR. Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science. 1989;244(4910):1288-92.
158. Papaioannou VE. Embryonic stem cells and mouse models of human syndromes: examples from the T-box gene family. Reprod Biomed Online. 2002;4 (Suppl 1):68-71.
159. Cherny RA, Stokes TM, Merei J, Lom L, Brandon MR, Williams RL. Strategies for the isolation and characterization of bovine embryonic stem cells. Reprod Fert Dev. 1994;6:569-75.
160. Wheeler MB. Development and validation of swine embryonic stem cells: a review. Reprod Fert Dev. 1994;6:563-8.
161. First NL, Sims MM, Park SP, Kent-First MJ. Systems for production of calves from cultured bovine embryonic cells. Reprod Fert Dev. 1994;6:553-62.
162. Revel M. Ongoing research on mammalian cloning and embryo stem cell technologies: bioethics of their potential medical applications. Israeli Med Assoc J. 2000;2 (Suppl):8-14.
163. Colman A, Kind A. Therapeutic cloning: concepts and practicalities. Trends Biotechnol. 2000;18:192-6.
164. McLaren A. Ethical and social considerations of stem cell research. Nature. 2001;414(6859):129-31.
165. Holm S. Going to the roots of the stem cell controversy. Bioethics. 2002;16: 493-507.
166. Zoloth L. Stem cell research: a target article collection: Part I - Jordan's banks, a view from the first years of human embryonic stem cell research. Am J Bioethics. 2002;2:3-11, 30.
167. Van Zant G. Genetic control of stem cells: implications for aging. Int J Hematol. 2003;77:29-36.
168. Hwang WS, Ryu YJ, Park JH, Park ES, Lee EG, Koo JM, Jeon HY, Lee BC, Kang SK, Kim SJ, Ahn C, Hwang JH, Park KY, Cibelli JB, Moon SY.. Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst. Science. 2004;303 (5664):1669-74. (see Refs. 169 and 170).
169. Hwang WS, Roh SI, Lee BC, Kang SK, Kwon DK, Kim S, Kim SJ, Park SW, Kwon HS, Lee CK, Lee JB, Kim JM, Ahn C, Paek SH, Chang SS, Koo JJ, Yoon HS, Hwang JH, Hwang YY, Park YS, Oh SK, Kim HS, Park JH, Moon SY, Schatten G. Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived fro human SCNT blastocysts. Science. 2005;308 (5729):1777-83. (see Ref. 170).
170. Kennedy D. Editorial retraction. Retraction of: Hwang WS, Roh SI, Lee BC, Kang SK, Kwon DK, Kim S, Kim SJ, Park SW, Kwon HS, Lee CK, Lee JB, Kim JM, Ahn C, Paek SH, Chang SS, Koo JJ, Yoon HS, Hwang JH, Hwang YY, Park YS, Oh SK, Kim HS, Park JH, Moon SY, Schatten G. Science. 2005 Jun 17;308 (5729):1777-83.
171. (and of:) Hwang WS, Ryu YJ, Park JH, Park ES, Lee EG, Koo JM, Jeon HY, Lee BC, Kang SK, Kim SJ, Ahn C, Hwang JH, Park KY, Cibelli JB, Moon SY. Science. 2004 Mar 12;303 (5664):1669-74.
172. Science. 2006;311: 335. Epub 2006 Jan 12.
173. Johnston J. New rules for embryo research: bill C-56 and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research stem cell research guidelines. J Obst Gynaecol Canada. 2002;24:722-6.
174. Baylis F. Human embryonic stem cell lines: the ethics of derivation. J Obstet Gynaecol Canada. 2002;24:159-63.
175. Wexler E, Palmer T. Where, oh where, have my stem cells gone? Trends Neurosci. 2002;25:225-7.
176. Maienschein J. Stem cell research: a target article collection: Part II - what's in a name: embryos, clones, and stem cells. Am J Bioethics. 2002;2:12-9, 30.
177. Bruce A. The search for truth and freedom: ethical issues surrounding human cloning and stem cell research. J Law Med. 2002;9:323-35.
178. Daley GQ. Prospects for stem cell therapeutics: myths and medicines. Curr Opin Gen Develop. 2002;12:607-13.
179. Edwards BE, Gearhart JD, Wallach EE. The human pluripotent stem cell: impact on medicine and society. Fert Ster. 2000;74:1-7.
180. Gilbert DM. The future of human embryonic stem cell research: addressing ethical conflict with responsible scientific research. Med Sci Monitor. 2004;10:RA99-RA103.